
Class -Q_KjAS. 

Book._Jl£ 

GojpghtN 



COPyRIGHT DEPOSfT. 



FLORA 



OF 



Western Middle California 



WILLIS LINN JEPSON, Ph.D. 

Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of California 



Issued Aprii 16, 1901 



ENCINA PUBLISHING COMPANY 
Berkeley, California 






THE LIBRARY OF 
CONGRESS. 

Two Copies Received 

FEB 27 1903 

. Copyright Entry 
CLASS 

COPY B. "" 



pyrtgM 5.ntry 
5 ^< XXc. No 



Copyright 

i 901 

By Willis L. Jepson 



HISTORICAL NOTE. 

Prom 1789 to 1876 the botanical literature relating to California 
was confined chiefly to the descriptions of new species or annotated 
catalogues of collections made by various expeditions or by local 
collectors. 

The first systematic treatise upon the plants of California was pre- 
sented in the Botany of California, the first volume of which 
appeared in 1876. the second being published four years later. In 
these two volumes we have the first -general account of the California 
flora. The work was based primarily upon a study of the plant 
collections of the California. Geological Survey made by W. H. 
Brewer from 1860 to 1865 and later by H. N. Bolander, and also upon 
the rather considerable collections of the Pacific Kailroad Surveys 
from 1851 to 1857. This material was supplemented by collections, 
some small, some considerable, made by resident collectors. The 
manuscript of the Polypetala? was produced by the combined labors 
of W. H. Brewer and Sereno Watson; the Gamopetalae were done by 
Asa Gray, while the second volume from the Apetalse to the Crypta- 
gams was elaborated by Watson with the assistance of specialists in 
various groups. 

The two volumes made a pretentious work. As we are now able to 
perceive, there were many omissions, there were errors of judgment, 
and little is suggested of the amount of variation which is prevalent 
in so many Californian genera and species. But if one note the 
exceedingly inadequate material at the disposal of these authors, oft- 
times extremely meager, then we may well wonder that the work 
was so capably done, that it has stood so well the test of two decades 
of constant use. At this time our judgment is qualified by experi- 
ence with its merits and demerits, and it is a secure judgment that 
although progression has left the Botany of California behind, it 
will always occupy the position of a classic. 

In 1878 and in 1884 Asa Gray gave to the botanical world two 
parts of the Synoptical Flora of North America, in which were, of 
course, very considerable additions to the knowledge of the Califor- 
nian flora. This work, so widely used, still remains as the only gen- 
eral revision of the North American Gamopetalae. 

From 1885 to 1895 the most active contributor to Californian 
botanical literature was E. L. Greene. His papers upon plant 

(iii) 



IV HISTORICAL NOTE. 

nomenclature have, doubtless, made him most widely known, since 
in America no other writer has bo pronounced and extreme views 
upon this Bubject Nearly all of his many writings, whatever the 
title or topic, are colored by the ideas of nomenclature which have 
brought him into prominence. The particular contributions which 
are most available to the Californian student are the Flora Francis- 
cans, still incomplete, and the Manual of Botany of the Region of 
San Francisco Bay, in both of which his principles of nomenclature 
are exemplified. He has what is termed a keen eye for specific differ- 
ences, has published a very large number of new species, and is the 
author of larger number of new names and new combinations than 
any other American botanist or zoologist He has also an apprecia- 
tion of natural relationships which has led him to propose new 
arrangements for many genera and species. It should be added that 
many of these changes have found wide acceptance. 

During this long period there have been many other resident 
workers on the flora of western middle California. Of these mention 
should be made of Dr. Albert Kellogg, one of the founders of the 
California Academy of Sciences; Dr. Hejynann H. Behr, author of a 
Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco; Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, 
formerly Mrs. Curran, who has studied very thoroughly the local 
flora for many years and published revisions of genera and of species; 
Mr. Volney Rattan, Miss Alice Eastwood, and many others whose 
names find mention in the following pages. 



PREFATORY NOTE. 

The present volume embodies the results of a prolonged and 
studious examination into the flora of western middle California. It 
is, in brief, an attempt to present in book form an account of the 
seed plants of the region by descriptions of the living plants — of the 
plants as they actually exist. It is as little as may be at the present 
time a revision of what has been written about plants of the region, 
or of plants or of species ascribed to it. The author has enlarged his 
laboratory and herbarium experience by innumerable excursions and 
expeditions into the canons and mountains, through the valleys and 
along the water-curses of California. The diagnoses have been 
derived mainly from fresh specimens collected by the author or by 
his colleagues in the Department of Botany, and from similar abun- 
dant material supplied by many helpful correspondents resident in 
various parts of the state. 

As to the recognition of species, that is the determination of the 
number of species present in our region and the working out of their 
relationships, field studies played an important part. In the larger 
or more variable genera resort was had to the following method: The 
material of a given genus was segregated into a certain number of 
forms (regarded as distinct) or varieties of these forms, the judgment 
passed being in large measure controlled by field studies. The 
descriptions of such forms were drawn up from fresh material or 
herbarium material. The results of these studies could not in all 
cases, however, be correlated- with the existing literature, but to the 
descriptions such names were applied as were available in the litera- 
ture and with all care and caution. Therefore, a particular descrip- 
tion stands for a natural type (that is to say the usual or dominating 
or most marked form), while the name may belong to a form of the 
species which is unusual or abnormal, or may, indeed, belong to a 
very different plant since the original description by which such a 
name was published may be so vagu\ so loose, or so broad that exact 
determination is difficult or impossible. Difficulties of this nature 
may only be settled by a study of the original or type specimens, but 
these are, to us, largely inaccessible. Moreover, type specimens are 
not infrequently so poor or so fragmentary that nothing can be made 
of them. It should be understood, therefore, that the author's con- 
ception of the species here ijiven place is expressed by the descriptions 
rather than by the names; that there is here an account of the plants 
of the region rather than a list of species gleaned from the literature. 

One other course was open. Instead of presenting a fresh account 
of the plants known to us as occurring in our region it would have 
been quite possible to list the species attributed to middle Ca'ifornia 
and copy the paraphrased descriptions which we have inherited, 
adding more or less new matter and emending where it seemed neces- 
sary. To one, however, whose facilities as to type-specimens are 
limited but whose advantages as to the study of the living flora are in 

(1) 



PREFATORY NOTE. 

many wave unlimited, surely there could be but one choice as to what 

his task should be. 

Nevertheless, it is not in the least the intention to deny to the liter- 
ature a debt which is plain, but the obligation to some of the more 
recent "systematic'' literature must be -aid to be dubious when one 
remembers the paucity of monographic work and contrasts the long 
lint of 'new species." It i- not too much to say that a considerable 
proportion of these " new species consists of isolated descriptions, 
that there i.- a lack of coordination with species already known, and 
that a- to many of them even their nearest relatives are not acknowl- 
edged. It has i x < > t been possible t<> investigate all such. Some an 
obviously to be rejected — in any event they have not been included 
here by merit of publication merely. .Many others, on the contrary, 
it has been possible to study more or less fully: of these a surprising 
number reveal most excellent characters which are not in the least 
suggested in their often unsatisfactory diagnosed. 

Supplementing- the account of structures the student will find 
numerous records of physiological peculiarities of various species, 
details of habit or of aspect— features which lure the eye of the expert 
in the Held but which are obscured or lost in the dried specimen. 
Observations of this character have been eagerly sought, as well as 
notes concerning associated species, modes <>\' vegetative reproduction, 
behavior in the dry season and similar data. 

Another well defined aim has been held constantly in view a^, the 
work progressed. It was deemed to be in the highest degree desira- 
ble, "ii account of the very interesting and instructive variation 
which exists among Californian plants, that the flora should, in BO far 
a< possible, reflect something of this phenomenon. In many case-. 
indeed whenever opportunity offered, detailed accounts of marked 
variations have been recorded in the field. Distinctions between 
variable and invariable types have been rendered far easier of analysis 
and made in a great degree more certain by a close study of fresh 
material, which has not infrequently been available in large quantity. 
Variation ascribable to difference in soil, exposure, dryness and so on 
is often noted and varieties are here described which may properly be 
called ecological varieties. 

A very great amount of time and effort has been expended upon 
the construction of keys; a general key to the families, keys to the 
genera under the families, keys to the species under the genera, 
and in some cases even keys to the varieties. The key to tin- 
families is a wholly artificial key; it is not intended in the least 
to indicate natural relationships, but simply to guide the stu- 
dent, by a path as direct and as sure as possible, to the family. 
Hence no exceptions are allowed. Since there are. of course, excep- 
tions in a great many families, genera or even Bpecies of the same 
family may be divided in the key. Moreover, the keys apply only to 
the species listed. While the specific keys have been carefully made, 
nevertheless, this is the first descriptive flora in Western America to 
present Buch keys and the student should use them to secure a 



PREFATORY NOTE. 6 

suggestion of the species, controlling his final decision by a rigid 
comparison with all the terms of the diagnosis. 

The beginner should never forget that the same species may be of 
quite different appearance in different localities. Soil, exposure, alti- 
tude, humidity, distance from the ocean, influence very greatly the 
habit and aspect of the plant. Vegetative characters (that is charac- 
ters of the root, stem, foliage, size of the plant or of its various parts, 
amount of pubescence) vary endlessly in many plants. Hence it is 
well to rely chiefly upon the reproductive characters, that is charac- 
ters of the reproductive organs, namely the flower and the fruit, 
rather than upon merely vegetative characters. 

The variation of the plant from its normal appearance may often be 
correlated with its situation, at least as to the vegetative features. 
The following classes of localities may be noted under this head: — 

1. Near the ocean a species is often more depressed or condensed 
than in the interior, and more fleshy. 

2. In swamps or wet soils the plant tends to become succulent and 
of ranker growth, and also glabrous. 

3. In valley soils the growth is commonly much more rank than 
elsewhere. 

4. On hilltops plants tend to become dwarf and acaulescent; often 
far more pubescent also. 

5. In saline or subsaline soil the stems and foliage in many species 
are far more vigorous and the flowers larger than on stiff clays or 
adobes. 

6. In shady woods leaves become thinner and larger, often con- 
spicuously so. 

7. At high altitudes the flowers are larger in proportion to stature 
and brighter in color. 

In the matter of terminology the number of terms here employed 
has been considerably reduced. The term bract (as an example) has 
been applied to all bracteal organs and special designations have not 
been applied to modifications of bracts peculiar to certain families. 

Local common names have been sedulously noted in all parts of the 
state and such as were appropriate will be found appended to the 
proper species. The coining of so-called common names from the 
Latin binomial has been avoided and we have also seen fit to reject 
common names of Old World and Eastern species which have been 
applied to different plants in California. 

By Western Middle California is meant that portion of California 
lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Kivers, south of the 
counties of Mendocino, Lake and Colusa and north of the Pajaro 
River and Pacheco Pass. Very many extra-limital species are 
described or noticed, however, so that the volume will be almost if 
not quite as useful as far north as Bed Bluff and as far south as 
Bakersfield. 

The author now has opportunity to make acknowledgments for 
services rendered by his colleagues and correspondents. Prof. W. A. 
Setchell has, by his unfailing encouragement and constant advice, 



4 PREFATORY NOTE. 

promoted very materially the progress of this work; he has, more- 
over, collected several hundred phamogaraic plants of pronounced 
value, expressly tor the author's use. Mr. J. B. Davy has provided 
a competent and much needed revision of tie grasses for which the 
author is especially grateful; he has also furnished several thousand 
specimens, many of which were accompanied by field notes. For the 
privileges of a research student at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard 
University cordial thanks are returned to Prof. B. L. Robinson. 
Frequent use has been made of the Herbarium of the California 
Academy of Sciences and kindly acknowledgments are due to its 
curator, Miss Alice Eastwood. For contributions of valuable 
specimens it is a pleasure to name Mr. S. B. Parish of San 
Bernardino. Mr. It. H. Piatt of Vacaville, Mr. M. S. Baker of the 
Sacramento High School. Mr. P. S. Wool^'v of the Yi-alia High 
School, Mr. J. H. Barher of Paso Robles, and Mr. H. M. Hall, 
Mr. H. P. Chandler, and Mr. J. P. Tracy, students of the Uni- 
versity of California. Finally there is to be mentioned the valuable 
assistance in proof-reading given by Mr. P. E. Goddard. Mrs. E. .1 
C. Gilbert and Miss K. JD. Jones. 

Many a valley and mountain peak of California, numerous 
chaparral slopes and leagues wide plains have not to this day been 
explored botanically. There must yet be numerous additions to the 
knowledge of our flora before such knowledge can be considered in 
anywise complete. Emendations and notes of omission will, there- 
fore, be most gratefully received. 

Willis Linn Jkps 
Mt. Whitney Trail, 

Aug. 6, 1900. 



KEY TO THE 

SEED PLANTS OF WESTERN MIDDLE 

CALIFORNIA 



GYMNOSPERM/E. 

Ovules borne naked on a scale; cotyledons 3 to 15, sometimes 2; flowers 
monoecious or dioecious; leaves needle-like, scale-like or linear; 
trees or shrubs, ours evergreen. 
Flowers solitary; ovule 1 to each cup-shaped disk or fleshy envelope, 

becoming a bony seed Taxace^, p. 17. 

Flowers in cone-like aments, the pistillate anient becoming a scaly 
cone, rarely a berry; ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. 

Conifers, p. 18. 

ANGIOSPERM^E. 

Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit; 
cotyledons 1 or 2. 

CLASS J.— MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Leaves with parallel veins (except Trillium); parts of the flowers 
usually in 3's, never in 4's or 5's; vascular bundles scattered 
irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers; 
embryo with 1 cotyledon; all ours herbs, when perennial mostly 
with rootstocks or bulbs. 
A. Flowers without perianth and enveloped by chafly bracts, or 
the perianth dry and scarious. 
Flowers (in ours) sessile, in dense spikelets, with imbricate bract- 
lets; spikelets borne in spikes, racemes, panicles or umbels; 
perianth none or reduced to bristles; fruit an achene. 
Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly 
split open opposite the blade; ligule mostly conspicuous; 
bractlets 2 subtending each flower, or the upper (the palea) 
rarely obsolete; anthers mostly versatile; seed (in ours) 

adnate to the pericarp Gramine^s, p. 26. 

Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire; 
ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet only 1 subtending each 

flower; anthers erect; seed free from the pericarp. 

Cyperace.e, p. 83. 

(5) 



t> ki;y TO BRED PLANTS. 

Flowers (in ours) pedicellate, in paniculate clusters, or sul 

in dense capitate heads; perianth of 6 distinct dry segments; 
leaves terete or flat; fruit a capsule. . JuNCACE.fi, p. 92. 

B. Flowers on a spadix or spike, the whole cluster often enclosed i, v 

a Bpathe or foliaceous or membranaceous bract; perianth none or 
not petal-like. 
Subaquatic reed-like plants; flowers unisexual, borne in a dense 
cylindrical spike or globose head, without distinct perianth . . 

Typii uk.e, p. 96. 
Small or minute leafless aquatic-, the stems represented by leaf-like 

floating fronds Lemnaoe.e, p. 97. 

Aquatic plants; flowers naked or with a very small calyx, perfect 

or unisexual; stamens 1 to 4 Naiadacejs, p. 99. 

Marsh or subaquatic plants; flowers perfect, with or without 
perianth; stamens 6 or 1 Juncaginace.e, p. 102. 

C. Flowers with a more or less corolla-like perianth. 

Ovaries several, distinct, becoming aehenes in fruit; perianth of 3 

sepals and 3 petals Ai.ismace.e, p. 104. 

Ovary 1 and 

Superior; perianth regular, petal-like; stamens 6, sometimes 

3 or 4 Ln.i ai k.k. p. 106. 

Inferior. 

Perianth regular; stamen- 3 Ikldack.e, p. 128. 

Perianth irregular; stamens 1. rarely 2. ORCHlDACE.fi, p. 180. 

CLASS 2.— DICOTYLEDONS. 

Leaves netted-veined; parts of the ftower mostly in 4's or 5's; vascu- 
lar bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem when 
perennial increasing in girth by annual layers; embryo with 2 
cotyledons. 

I. APETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, some- 
times petal-like, rarely none. 

A. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, one ok both kinds i> 

LMENTSJ TREES OB Ml Kins. 
Leaves simple and 

Opposite; flower dioecious, 1 to :5 in each axil of the connate bract-; 
sepals of staminate flowers 4, of pistillate flower 2 or none . . 

Q akuyack.e. p. 362. 
Alternate. 

Both kinds of flowers in aments. 

Flowers 1 to each scale or bract; perianth none. 

Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule; seeds with a coma; 

flowers dioecious. ... . SalicacejB, p. 135. 

Fruit a waxy-coated berry; (lowers monoecious or dioecious. 

M vuic.u k.k. p. I4ti. 
Flower- 2 or 3 to each scale or bract; staminate ament long- 
pendulous; pistillate small, maturing into a woody cone 
containing margined aehenes. . . Bktk i.ack.e. p. F'.'.t. 



\\ KSTEKN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 7 

Only the staminate (rarely the pistillate) in anient-. 

Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre 

CORYLACE.E, p. 140. 

Fruit a nut set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut) . . 

Cupulieer^e, p. 141. 
Leaves pinnate; only the staminate flowers in aments; fruit a nut 
with a fibrous coat Juglandace^, p. 145. 

B. FLOWEKS NOT IX AMENTS. 
i. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers. 
Leaves opposite. 
Flowers dioecious. 

Ovary inferior; fruit a berry; leaves simple and foliaceous or 

reduced to scales; parasitic on trees. Loranthace^e, p. 365. 
Ovary superior; leaves pinnate. 

Stamens 4 or 5; fruit a double samara; var. of. 

Acer Negundo, p. 252. 

Stamens commonly 2; fruit a simple samara 

Fraxinus Oregana, p. 385. 
Flowers dicecious or polygamo-dioecious; sepals 4, petal-like; sta- 
mens numerous; fruit a tailed achene; climbing plants . . . 

Clematis, p. 197. 
Leaves alternate and simple. 

Flowers monoecious, in head-like clusters scattered on a slender axis; 

calyx none Platanace^;, p. 274. 

Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens 4 or 5; fruit berry- 
like Rhamnus, p. 253. 

Flowers perfect. 

Stamens 6 to numerous. 
Erect trees or shrubs. 

Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals; stamens 9, the anthers opening 

by uplifted valves; fruit a drupe; evergreen 

Laurace^:, p. 191. 
Calyx 5-lobed; stamens numerous, 25 to 60, inserted on the 

calyx; fruit a tailed achene . . Cercocarpus, p. 277. 
Calyx 4-cleft, corolla-like; low shrub with tough leathery 

stems Thymeleace^e, p. 259. 

Climbing plant; calyx tubular; stamens 6, anthers sessile; 
capsule 6-celled ... • . . . . Aristoloehia, p. 364. 
Stamens 5, monadelphous; calyx 5-cleft; showy; capsule com- 
monly 5-celled Fremontia, p. 236. 

Stamens 1 or 2; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals; leaves much reduced and 
scale-like . Allenrolfea, p. 181. 

2. Herbs. 

* Ovary superior, i. e., free from the calyx. 

Calyx present; corolla none. 

Pistils more than 1 and distinct, becoming achenes; sepals com- 
monly 5. distinct, often petal-like; stamens many 

Ranunculace.e, p. 193. 



KEY !<• BEED PLANTS. 

Pistils 1 or 2, distinct; calyx-tube armed with barbed prickles, its 
limb 3 to 7-parted; leaflets pinnatifld. 

Ar;i -Mil. p. 28 1. 

Pistil 1, 1-celled; Btigmae or Btylea often more than one. 
Stipules present. 

Leave- alternate; fruit an aeliene. 
Stipules sheathing, scarious; calyx •"> to 6-cleft or -parted, or 
of distinct sepal-, often petal-like; stamena 4 to 9; fruit 

a 3-sided or lenticular achene. 

Polygon ACE-fi, p. 14*. 
Stipule- not sheathing; calj \ greenish; stamens 1 to 4. 
Flowers monoecious, very -mall, in ament-like inflo- 
rescences; plant- with stinging herbage 

I'llTK A( E K p. 140. 

Flower- perfect, fascicled; diminutive annual. 

Alchemilla, p. 284. 
Leaves opposite; small or prostrate herbs. 
Calyx of 5distinct sepals; stamens :J t<> •">. 

Fruit an achene or utricle; stipules scarious: genera nos. 
12 to 14 of pABYOPHYLLACE.fi, p. 168. 

Fruit a 3-valved capsule; stipules setaceous 

Loeflingia, p. 171. 
Calyx 5-cleft; capsule circumscissile; stipules laciniate; sta- 

' men- 1 to 8. Cypselea, p. 189. 

Stipules none. 

Fruit an achene or utricle. 
Leaves opposite or whorled.. 

Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hardening 
and enclosing the achene; prostrate maritime herbs . 
NYCTAGINACE.fi, p. 183. 
Calyx of 6 (rarely 5) distinct often petal-like sepals; fruit 
a 3-sided or lenticular achene; leave- whorled or op- 
posite Polygon ao k/k. p. 148. 

Leave- alternate or opposite; calyx of 5 or fewer sepal-. 
Sepals herbaceous or, in unisexual flowers, the pistillate 
without calyx and enclosed by two bract.-; bractlets 
none; mostly scurfy plants of alkaline or maritime 
habitat. ...... . . Chenopodiace*, p. 174. 

Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers with bractlets . . 

Am vk.vntai'k.v:. p. 172. 
Fruit a capsule; leaves opposite. 

Stamens numerous; capsule circumscissile; calyx o\' 5 purple 

segments; perennial herb . Sesuvium, p. 189. 
Stamens 5 or fewer; capsule opening by valves. 
Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, white inside; prostrate annual . 

Mollugo, p, i - 
Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes petal -like; "erect perennial herb. 

maritime or of salt marshes 

Glaux, p. 374. 



WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. V 

Calyx 4-parted; diminutive annual with filiform leaves. . 

Sagina apetala, p. 169. 
Calyx and corolla, both wanting; pistil 1. 
Flowers perfect, borne in a spike, each flower subtended by "a 
colored bract, the spike subtended by a conspicuous colored 
involucre; herb of saline habitat . Anemopsis, p. 162. 
Flowers monoecious. 
Terrestrial plants; flower-clusters often surrounded by a petal- 
like involucre resembling a perianth; stamens 1 to many; 
capsule 1 or commonly 3-celled; juice often milky .... 

EUPHORBIACE^E, p. 260. 

Aquatic plants; leaves opposite; stamens 1. 
Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in fruit a spinose or tubercu- 

late achene Ceratophyllace,e, p. 191. 

Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts. 

CALLITRICHACE.E, p. 263. 

** Ovary inferior, t. c, more or less adherent to the calyx. 

Flowers dioecious or the pistillate with stamens; stamens many; cap- 
sule 1-celled; leaves alternate, divided 

Datiscace^e, p. 321. 
Flowers perfect. 

Leaves reniform or cordate; calyx-lobes 3, caudate; capsule 6-celled; 

nearly acaulescent perennial . , . Asarum, p. 363. 
Leaves not reniform or cordate. 
Calyx-lobes 4. 

Leaves alternate; fruit a 3 to 9-celled bony nut with herbaceous 

covering; succulent herb . . Tetragonia, p. 189. 
Leaves opposite; fruit a 4-celled capsule; stems creeping in 
mud or floating in water . . Ludwigia, p. 326. 
Calyx entire; stamens 1; fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded: 

aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls 

Hippuris, p. 338. 

II. CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present, 
the latter of distinct petals. 

A. Ovary superior, i. <?., free from the calyx. 

I. Stamens hypogynous, more than 10. 

Pistils several to many. 
Pistils simple and distinct. 
Leaves not peltate. 

Pistils becoming achenes or follicles 

Kaxunculace^:, p. 193. 

Pistils at first united, later distinct as torulose pods 

Platystemon, p. 205. 
Leaves peltate; aquatic plant . . . Brasenia, p. 192. 
Pistils cohering in a ring around a central axis; stamens monadel- 
phous • . . . . Malvaceae, p. 236. 



10 KKY l'o SRBD PLANTS. 

Pistil 1 and 
One-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one. 

Sepals caducous; petals \ or 6, twice as many as the sepals . . . 

PAP AVERAGE B, p. "JO."). 

Sepals persistent oral least not caducous. 

Acaulesoent plants; petals 8 to In'; sepals 4 to 8 

Lewisia, p. 184 
Caulescent plants. 

Petals "»: fruit a capsule; leave- Bimple, entire. 

Sepals 2; Btyles 3 Calandrinia, p. 186. 

Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and bract-like; Btyle 1 . . . 

Cl-STACK.K. p. 238. 

Petals 1 or 2; Bepals about 4; fruit a berry; leave- compound. 

Acta a. 202. 
Iftore than l-celled. 

Petal- •">; sepals or calyx-lobes 5. 
Stamen- monadelphous, jointed to the base of the petals; Bepals 

not distinct, valvatej leave8 alternate. 

M AI.V.U k.e. p. 236. 
Stamens disposed in 3 to 5 indistinct bunches; Bepals distinct, 
imbricate: leave- opposite . . Hypxricai k.k. p. 235. 

Petals 10 to 20; Bepals •"> to 12; aquatic herbs 

Nuphar, p. 192. 

2. Stamens hypogynous, 10 or fewer. 
Pistils more than 1. distinct, and 

Exceeding in number the sepals or petals 

Ram r\i o '. \' k k. p. 193. 
Of the same number as tin' sepals <>r petals 

OR L8SULACE K. p. 264. 

Pi-tils more or less united around a central axis, elastically separating 

when ripe a- 1 --reded carpels; petals 5 

Gkuania. k.k. p. 245. 
Pi.-til 1. the styles or stigmas sometimes more than die. 
Corolla irregular, 

Papilionaceous; stamens 10, di- or mon-adelphous, rarely dis- 
tinct; fruit a legume Leoimixos.k. p. 288. * 

Petals .">. our with a .-pur: aepals •">. auricled: stamens 5; fruit a 

l-celled capsule Vioi. \< k k. p. 230 

Petals l: stamens 6. 

Sepals 4; fruit a silique; annual; some species of 

Streptanthus, p. 213. 

Sepals 2; petals in 2 dissimilar pairs; perennial 

Dicentra, p. 209. 
Petal 1: calyx 5-toothed; stamens 10; leaves pinnate; shrub . . 

Amorpha. p. 293. 
Corolla regular. 
Ovary t-celled. 

Anthers opening by uplifted valves; petals 6, in whorls of :\; 

-taiiien- i'.; fruit ;i berry or capsule 

BkRBERI i » a« k v:. p. 203. 



WKSTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 11 

Anthers opening- by longitudinal slits; herbs. 

Fruit a capsule opening from the apex by valves or teeth; 
petals 5 or 4. 
Calyx tubular or of 5 (or 4) distinct sepals; stamens 3 to 
10. commonly 5 or 10; capsule 3 to 10-valved or 

-toothed; placenta? central; styles 2 to 5 

Caryopiiyllace/e, p. 163. 

Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens -5 (or 3 to many); 

capsule 3-valved; placentas central or basal; styles 2 

to 8 PORTILACACE/E, p. 184. 

Calyx tubular; stamens 4 to 7; capsule 2 to 4-valved; 

placenta? parietal; style 3-cleft 

Praxkkxiack.e. p. 162. 
Fruit indehiscent. 
Style 1 or none; sepals and petals 4; stamens tetradyna- 

mous Crucifer^e, p. 210. 

Styles, sepals, petals and stamens 5 

Pl/UMBAGIXACEiE, p. 377. 

Ovary more Hum 1-celled. 
Anthers opening by pores at the summit; sepals and petals 5 
or 4, the stamens as many or twice as many; capsule 

5-celled Ericaceae, p. 367. 

Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. 
Herbs. 

Leaves alternate or basal. 

Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. 

Ovary not stipitate; stamens commonly 4 long and 2 
short (tetradynamous); sepals and petals 4; fruit 

a 2-celled capsule (silique or silicle) 

Crucifer^e, p. 210. 
Ovary raised on a stipe; stamens not tetradynamous; 
leaves 3-foliolate . . Capparidace.e, p. 229. 
Sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled capsule. 

Stamens 10. more or less united at base; leaves 

3-foliolate Oxalis, p. 245. 

Stamens 5; leaves simple . Linace^e, p. 243. 
Leaves opposite; annuals. 

Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; flowers 2 to 5-merous; fruit 

a 2 to 5-celled capsule . Elatinace.e, p. 234. 
Calyx tubular; stamens 10 and petals 5, the latter 
clawed: fruit an imperfectly 3-celled capsule . . . 
Silene Gallica, p. 165. 
Shrub; fruit a simple samara; stamens and petals 2 each: 
leaves opposite, pinnate. . Fraxinus dipetala, p. 385. 

3. Stamens perigynous, i. e., on the calyx or on a more or less evident disk. 

Stamens on a bypogynous disk or on a disk lining the base of the 
calyx. 



12 KKY TO SEED PLANTS. 

Trees or shrubs. 
Stamens twice as many as the petals and alternate with them. 
Leaves alternate, tritoliolate. 

Styles or stigmas 3; fruit drupe-like 

Anacakdia'k.e. j>. 2">0. 

Style l: fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded sanfara 

IUtack.k. p. 249. 
Leaves opposite. Bimple; style 1 or none; fruit a 3 to 5-eelled 
capsule; seeds with an aril. . Cei.asti!ack.e, p. 262. 
St'iinens i or 5, as many as the- petals and opposite them. 

Shrubs; petals often hooded, commonly with claws; ovary 
commonly 3-celled, splitting when ripe into 3 one-seeded 

parts Kiiamn A< i; k, p. 268. 

Woody vine, climbing by tendrils; petals early deciduous, 
cohering by their tips; fruit a berry 

VlTACE/E, p. 259. 
Stamens 7 to 9; petals "), equal; fruit a double samara; leaves 

simple Acer macropbyllum, p. 252. 

Stamens 5 to 8; petals 4 or 5, clawed, slightly irregular; fruit a 

1 -seeded capsule; leaves palmately compound 

Saimndack.k. p. 251. 
Herbs; stamens 8 to 30; petals 4 to 7. laciniate; disk I -sided . . . 

Rksei>a<"e.e. p. 280. 
Stamens on the calyx. 
Corolla regular. 

Stipules present; pistils one to several, sometime- partly united 
to the disk; petals 5; stamens 10 to numerous; leaves 
alternate, often compound . . Rosace.e, p. 275. 
Stipules none; leaves simple. 

Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle; leaves opposite, 

Bimple. Calycanthac k.e, p. 190. 

Pistil 1; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10 

Saxiekagace.e. p. 267. 
Pistil 1, becoming a capsule enclosed by, but free from, the 
tubular calyx; stamens 4 to 12; leaves simple, entire . . 

LYTHRACE.E, p. 323. 

Corolla irregular, papilionaceous; stamens monadelphous, or dia- 
delphous, rarely distinct; fruit a legume; leaves commonly 
compound Leguminos.e. p. 288. 

B. Ovary inferior, i. e., more or less adherent to the calyx. 

I. Trees and Shrubs. 

Stamens more numerous than the petals; petals 5. 

Leaves alternate; fruit a pome .... Rosace.e. p. 27">. 

Leaves opposite; fruit a capsule; trailing undershrub 

Whipplea, p. 272. 
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; petals ">, hooded; 
fruit 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell . . Ceanothus, p. 2o4. 



WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 13 

Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. 

Petals 4; style 1; flowers small, in cymes, or if in a head, sur- 
rounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre; fruit drupe- 
like; leaves opposite Cornace^;, p. 360. 

Petals (in ours) 5; styles 2, more or less distinct; flowers in racemes 
or solitary; fruit a smooth or prickly berry; leaves alternate. . 

Kibes, p. 272. 

2. Herbs. 

Petals and stamens numerous; fruit 10 to 12-celled, dehiscing at 
summit; succulent maritime herb . Mesembryanthemum,p. 190. 
Petals 5 or fewer. 
Styles 4 or 5; flowers in panicled umbels; fruit berry-like .... 

Araliace^e, p. 339. 
Styles 2; flowers in simple or compound umbels, sometimes capi- 
tate; fruit splitting into 2 one-seeded carpels 

Umbellifer^:, p. 340. 
Style 1. 

Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 5 or 2), the stamens commonly twice 

as many; fruit commonly a 4-celled capsule 

Onagrace^e, p. 325. 
Sepals and petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a 1-celled capsule 

opening at the top; rough-hairy herbs 

IiOASACEiE, p. 321. 
Sepals 2; petals 5; stamens 7 to 20; style mostly 3 to 8-parted; 

fleshy herb Portulaea, p. 184. 

Style none; stigmas 4; leaves in whorls; aquatic plants 

Halorage^, p. 338. 

III. SYMPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both pres- 
ent, the latter with the petals united, at least at base. 

A. Stamens more than 5. 

Anthers opening by a hole at the top; stamens 8 or 10; ovary superior 
or inferior; leaves simple; trees, shrubs or parasitic plants . . . 

EricacEzE, p. 367. 
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior. 
Petals 5. 

Pistils 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 10 

Crassulace^s, p. 264. 
Pistil 1. 

Stamens 10, di- or mon-adelphous, rarely distinct. 

Flowers papilionaceous; ovary 1-celled; style 1, entire; 

leaves compound (except Cercis) 

Leguminos^e, p. 288. 
Flowers regular; ovary 5-celled; style 5-lobed; leaves 

3-foliolate Oxalis, p. 245. 

Stamens indefinite, monadelphous; ovary 5 to many-celled, 
either splitting into as many carpels when ripe or capsular. 
Malvaceae, p. 236. 



14 KIY TO SEED PLANTS. 

Petals Lose than < r >. 

Leaves entire; petals 8] sepals 5, 2 petal-like; stamens 6 to B; 
ovary 2-celled; Sower imitating tne papilionaceous .... 

POLYOALACE.S, p. 248. 

Leave.- divided; petals 4 in two dissimilar pairs; -'pals 2: sta- 
men- fi Dicentra formosa, p. 210. 

B. Stamens 5 ob less. 

I. Ovary superior, i. e., free from the calyx. 

Corolla regular. 
Stamens free from the corolla; ovary several-celled; shrubs 

Kkhwik.i:. p. 367. 
Stamens adnate to the corolla. 
Pistil 1. 

Stamens a- many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. 
Style 1; fruit a capsule . . . PRIMULA* e.k. p. ^74. 

Styles 5; fruit a utricle or achene 

Plumbaoi.ww e.e, j). 377. 
Stamens a- many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla and 
alternate with its lobes; fruit a capsule (or in Solanum a 
berry). 
( >vary 1 or 2-celled. 
Styles 2. more or less distinct; flowers 5-merous; ovary 1 
or 2-celled; leaves mostly alternate, usually toothed. 
lobed or compound . . 11 ydkoimi y i.i. \> v. v.'. p. 432. 
Style 1 or none. 

Ovary and capsule ' 1-celled; flowers 4 or 5-merous; 
leaves simple and opposite or 3-foliolate and alter- 
nate Genu v\ ack.k. p. 378. 

Ovary 2-celled; fruit commonly 2-celled: stamens 5; 
leaves alternate. 

Leafless parasitic twining plant 

Cuscuta, p. 388. 
Leafy plants. 
Corolla plaited in the hud; calyx of 5 distinct 

sepals CoNVOLVULACE.fi, p. 386. 

Corolla valvate or plicate in the hud; ealy.x 
5-toothed. . . . Solanace.e, p. 890. 
Ovary 2 to 4-celled; capsule circumscissile; corolla searious; 
stamens 2 or 4; style!; acaulescent herbs 

Pi. ANTAOlN K.K. p. 4:18. 

Ovary 3-celled, ihe lower otherwise 5-merous; style 8-cleft; 
capsule 3-valved Polemoniacbjc, p. 422, 

Ovary 4-celled and commonly 4-lohed. splitting at maturity 

into as many nutlets; stamen- 6; Btyles 2. distinct; 

leaves alternate (at least the upper); flowers in coiled 

racemes or spikes . . . . BORAGINACEJB, p. 140. 

I'istil.s 2 (the ovaries distinct hut the styles or stigmas united), 

becoming follicles: leave- opposite or whorled; plants with 

milky juice. 



WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 15 

Stamens and stigmas united, the column bearing hood-like 

appendages/ Asci.kpiai>a<k.k, p. 381. 

Stamens and stigmas not united; no hoods 

Al'OCYNACK.K. p. 380. 

Corolla from strongly bilabiate to slightly irregular. 
Stamens 4 or 2. 

Fruit a 1-celled capsule. 

Stamens 2; corolla spurred; aquatic plants with finely divided 

leaves, some hearing bladders 

Utricular! ack.e, p. 419. 

Stamens 4; root-parasites without green foliage 

Orobanchace^e, p. 420. 
Fruit a 2-celled capsule; leaves alternate or opposite 

SCROPHULARTACE.E, p. 394. 

Fruit of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite. 

Ovary not lobed, 2 to 4-celled, splitting into as many nutlets; 
stamens 4 or 2; style 1, entire. 

VERBENACEiE, p. 450. 

Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into as many nutlets; stamens 4 or 2; 
style 1-cleft; sterns square; herbage with the odor of mint. 
Labiate, p. 452. 
Stamens 5, some or all woolly . . . Verbascum, p. 395. 

2. Ovary inferior, i. e., adherent to the calyx-tube. 

Stamens distinct. 

Leaves alternate; flowers regular; stamens 5; ovary and capsule 

2 to 5-celled; herbs Campantjlace.e, p. 476. 

Leaves opposite or whorled. 
Stamens 1 to 3; flowers irregular; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; herbs. 

YALERIANACEiE, p. 474. 

Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 2. 

Ovary 1-celled; flowers in involucrate heads or short spikes; 

fruit an achene; herbs . . . Dipsaceje, p. 475. 
Ovary in ours 2-celled; flowers regular; fruit berry-like or dry. 
commonly separating into 2 one-seeded achene-like por- 
tions; leaves simple; herbs or shrubs 

RttbiacejE, p. 467. 
Ovary 2 to 5-celled; flowers regular or irregular; leaves simple 

or compound; erect or twining shrubs 

Caprifoliacvele, p. 470. 
Stamens united into a tube around the style. 
Flowers not in heads; leaves alternate. 

Stamens 3; leaves palmately lobed; tendril-bearing herbs . . . 

Cucurbitace^;, p. 319. 

Stamens 5; leaves narrow; annual herbs 

Lobeliace^;, p. 479. 
Flowers collected into a head which is furnished with a calyx- 
like involucre, the whole to the novice seeming like a single 

flower; stamens 5, rarely 4; fruit an achene 

Composite, p. 482. 



Flora of Western Middle California. 



GYMNOSPERNUE. 

Ovules borne naked upon the surface of a scale or bract, the ovules 
and seeds therefore without pericarp. Cotyledons 3 to 15, sometimes 
2. Trees or shrubs, ours all evergreen, with needle-like, scale-like 
<>r linear leaves, mostly bearing cones or some with a berry-like fruit 



I. TAXACE>£. Yew Family. 

Evergreen trees with linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Flowers 
dioecious. Staminate flowers consisting of a cluster of stamens, the 
filaments monadelphous in a column. Pistillate flower solitary, 
terminating short axillary branchlets, consisting of a single ovule, 
which in fruit becomes a seed with a bony coat set in a fleshy disk or 
enclosed by a fleshy covering. Embryo surrounded by endosperm; 
cotyledons 2. 

Branches alternate; leaves carinate on the upper surface; seed borne in a 
berry-like cup 1. Taxus. 

Branches mostly opposite or whorled ; leaves flat, the under surface with a 
longitudinal channel or sulcus on either side of the midrib; fruit plum- 
like, the seed enclosed in a fleshy covering 2. Tumion. 

1. TAXUS Tourn. 

Ours a tree with a scaly bark. Flowers scaly-bracted. Stamens 8 
to 10 in a cluster, the 5 to 9 anther cells formed under a shield-like 
connective. Ovule seated upon a circular disk, which in fruit 
becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, surrounding the bony seed, the 
whole berry-like. 

1. T. brevifolia Nutt. Yew. Tree 18 to 30 ft. high; leaves with 
carinate midnerve, somewhat revolute, cuspidate, short petioled; 
clusters of stamens 2 lines long; fruit about 3 lines long. 

Sierra Nevada; Mt. Shasta; and southward in the Coast Ranges 
to southern Mendocino Co.; to be expected in northern Sonoma. 

2. TUMION Raf. Toeeeya. 
Branches mostly in whorls or opposite, spreading or drooping. 
Leaves nearly flat, decurrent, not carinate, the under surface with a 
longitudinal channel or furrow on either side of the midrib. Stamens 



1* C0NIFER2E. 

in a ■luster 24 to 32, each Btamen with 4 naked author cells. Ovule 
«ed in a fleshy Bac, the whole becoming drupe-like in fruit. 
(Greek tumion, nam.' of Dioscorides for a Bpeciea of Yew tree.) 

1. T. Californicum (Torr.) Greene. California Xitmko. 
Adult trees 45 to 80 ft. high; [eaves mostly 1] to 2.1 inches I6ng, 
1.1 lines broad, tapering slightly to the pungent apex, nearly Hat. 
shortly petioled; staminate clusters 4 or 5 lines long; fruit plum like, 
1 to l\ in. Ion-. 

Ranges from Marin and Napa Cos. north ward (towards the 
: the trees are very tall, towards the interior often only 5 or 6 
ft. high): Sierra Nevada. May to July. 

2. CONIFER/E. Pine Family. 

or shrubs, ours evergreen, with resinous juice, needle-shaped, 
awl-shaped, or linear leaves, the flowers in cone-like amenta without 
perianth. Male flowers consisting of stamens only, the anthers situ- 
ated on the under side of a shield-like scale; cones deciduous. Fertile 
anient with 2 or more ovules at the base of each scale, the scales few 
or many, spirally imbricated and becoming in fruit a dry cone or the 
-.ales sometimes coalescent and succulent. Seed large and nut-like 
and winged, or small and bony. Embryo straight in the axis of the 
endosperm. 

Leaves scattered or fascicled, linear to needle-shaped: flow ers moinvcious ; 
pistillate ament of numerous spirally imbricated carpels in the form of 
scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract, in fruit forming a 
dry woody cone; scales of staminate ament also spirally arranged, herba- 
ceous, colored yellow ; ovules 2 at the base of each scale on the inner face, 
inverted. 
Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin: leaves solitary. 
Branchlets rough from the prominent raised leaf-scars, bracts of the fertile 

cones smaller than the scales 1. Tsuga. 

Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised ; bracts of the fertile cone much 

longer than the scales 2. Pseudotsuua. 

Cones maturing in the second year, their scales becoming corky or woody 
and thickened ; leaves in clusters of 2 to 5, surrounded at base by a sheath 

of scarious bud scales :;. PlNUS. 

Leaves not fascicled, linear or ovate-lanceolate; Mowers moinecious. 
Leaves alternate ; scales of the fertile ament about 20 to 30, spirally arranged. 

in fruit forming a woody cone: bracts none; seeds not winged 

4. Sequoia. ' 
Leaves opposite : scales of the fertile ament 6, in fruit an oblong cone com- 
posed of imbricated oblong scales, seed unequally 2-winged 

">. Libocf.dris. 
Leaves opposite or ternate, scale-like or subulate ; scales of the fertile ament 
few, decussately opposite, becoming a small closed cone or berry-like. 
Dinecious ; fruit berry-like with bony ovate seeds ; leaves ternate or opposite. 

8. JuNimmro. 

Monoecious ; fruit a globose cone ; leaves opposite 7. C'upressus. 

1. TSUGA Carriere. II km lock. 
Leaves appearing 2-ranked, with a single dorsal resin-duct, con- 
spicuously petioled, jointed near the base, the lower portion persistent 
and at length ligneous, forming a raised scar. Staminate flower a 
Mibiclobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year's leaves, the 



PINE FAMILY. I-' 

long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; connective of the 
anthers terminating in a short spur or knob. Fertile flowers on the 
end of last year's branchlets ; bract a little shorter than the scale. 
Cones maturing the first year, pendulous, their thin scales and bracts 
persistent. 

1. T. heterophylla Sarg. Western Hemlock. A tree 60 to 75 
ft. high, 2 ft. in diameter or less, with usually thin reddish-brown 
bark ; ultimate branchlets when young long hairy ; leaves 4 to 10 
lines long ; staminate flowers 2 to 3 lines in diameter, raised out of 
the bud-scales on a slender stipe 4£ lines long; cones oblong-cylindrical, 
pointed; bracts closely attached to the back of each scale, obtusely 
3-lobed; scales longer than wide; seeds 1 to H lines long, the wing 
twice longer, widest below; cotyledons 3 to 4. — (T. Mertensiana 
Carr. ) 

Occurs sparingly in Marin Co.; from northern California to Alaska 
it is abundant, forming vast forests, the trees 100 to 200 ft. high and 
2 to even 8 ft. in diameter. The cones are pendent from the tips of 
very numerous slender hairy branchlets. The Alpine Hemlock, 
T. Mertensiana Bong. (T. Pattoniana of Bot. Cal.) is found at 
timber line in the High Sierras. 

2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carriere. False Spruce. 
Leaves flat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at 
the base, leaving transversely oval scars on the smooth branchlets. 
Male flowers an oblong or cylindrical stamineal column, partly 
enclosed by conspicuous bud-scales; connective of the anthers ending 
in a short spur. Cones pendulous, maturing in the first year; bracts 
broadly linear, acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed or aristate, exserted; 
scales persistent; seeds with the wing at last breaking off; cotvledons 
6 to 12. 

1. P. taxifolia Britton. Douglas Spruce. A straight, tall, 
slender tree 30 to 150 ft. high and 2 to 5 ft. in diameter, the bark 
fissured; leaves flat, linear, petioled, -| to H in. long; male flower 5 
to 10 lines long; cones oblong, pendulous, 4 in. long or less, remain- 
ing on the trees some time after the seeds have fallen; seeds triangular, 
the upper side convex and reddish-brown, the under side flat and 
white. — (P. Douglasii Carr.) 

The Douglas Spruce, the most abundant and widely distributed 
forest tree in. Western North America, is not uncommon in the sea- 
ward and middle Coast Eanges within our limits. In the South 
Coast Ranges it is frequent in the Santa Cruz Mountains but it is not 
known from the Mt. Hamilton and Mt. Diablo ranges or the Oakland 
Hills. In the north Coast Eanges it is very common in Marin and 
Sonoma Counties and is only less abundant in Napa Valley where it 
gives a decided character to the landscape. It is found on both the 
west and east slopes of the Mayacamas Range bounding Napa Valley 
on the east but is not found in the Vaca Mountains of the Inner 
Coast Range. Northward in Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte 



20 (ONirKK.K. 

C '-. the Douglas Spruce forma extensive forests. The trees are often 
Qtic, being 16 ft. in diameter and in crowded forests attaining a 
lit of 300 feet., the perfectly straight columns without a branch 
100 to 200 ft. The bark on the older trees is thick and dark- 
brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. In Oregon it is known to 
woodsmen and lumbermen as "Oregon Pine" and in California is 
commonly called "Fir" or "Red Fir."" This tree ranges also 
through the Sierras southward to the head waters of Stevenson Creek, 
a branch of the San Joaquin River, at an elevation of 3,000 to 
5,600 ft. 

3. PINUS Tourn. Pink. 

Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, bearing in their axils the needle- 
shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to •"). from slender bud*, 
some of the thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster, 
inate flower an oblong cylindrical stamineal column, crowded in 
a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring, consisting of 
numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short fila- 
ments and a scale-like connective, this ending in a mere knob or 
rather large semi-circular crest. Pistillate inflorescences solitary or 
clustered below the terminal bud, or lateral on the growing shoot, 
consisting of imbricated carpellary scales in the axils of (and much 
_ r than) the persistent bracts, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at 
base. Cones maturing in the second year, spreading or reflexed: 
scales woody and thickened and at the apex, upon the exposed surface 
(or apophysis), bearing a more or less thickened protuberance or 
umbo; umbo unarmed or provided with a prickle or spine. Seed* 
2, nut-like, partly sunk at the base of each scale and in separating 
carrying away a part of the scale as a thin wing. Cotyledons 3 to 
16, linear. 

Cones subterrninal, i. c, near the ends of the branches. 
Leaves in fives, their sheath loose and deciduous; cones cylindrical, 10 to 18 
in. long, subterrninal, the apophysis thin with a terminal unarmed 

umbo I. P. Lambert i ana. 

Leaves in threes, serrulate, sheaths persistent; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, 
in falling breaking near the base, some of the lower scales persistent on 

the peduncle 2. P.pond-emsa. 

Cones lateral, borne along the sides of the branches. 
Leaves in threes; cones opening at maturity, deciduous or remaining on 
the branches for 2 or 3 years, 6 in. long or more. 
Cones long-oval, 12 to 15 in. long ; scales ending in thick incurved spur-like 

spines ; leaves erect 3. P. Coulteri. 

Cones short-peduncled, short-oval, 6 to 10 in. loug; leaves drooping .... 

4. P. Sabiniami. 
Leaves in threes; cones short-peduncled, remaining closed and persistent for 
many years, less than 6 in. long. 

Cones short-oval, very oblique, 3 to b l A in. long 5. P.radtata. 

Cones conic-cylindrical, oblique at base, 3 to 5 in. long; all the scales with 

sharp prickles 6. P. attennata. 

Leaves in pairs. 
Cones ovate, oblique, prickly, 1]4 to 2% in. long 7. /'. murieata. 

1. P. Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pink. Trees 100 ft. high or 
more, and 6 to 10 ft. in diameter, with light-brown bark irregularly 



PINE FAMILY. 21 

fissured; leaves in clusters of 5, •!] to 4 in. long; cones 10 to 18 in. 
long, 2 to 3 or, when expanded, 4 to 5 in. thick, pendent from the 
ends of the horizontally-spreading branches; scales 1 to 1£ in. wide, 
widest at apex, apophysis not thickened, umbo terminal, blunt; seeds 
obovate, 5 to 6 lines long, with a thin oblong obliquely truncate 
wing 10 to 12 lines long; cotyledons 13 to 15. 

The most conspicuous tree of the Sierra coniferous belt, growing 
120 to 200 ft. high, with a trunk diameter of 6 to 10 or even 12 ft. 
The tree is uncommon in western California and is of restricted dis- 
tribution. In the South Coast Ranges it has not been reported from 
the mountains in the neighborhood of San Francisco Bay, although 
further southward it occurs in the Santa Lucia Mountains. In the 
high Coast Ranges north of Clear Lake the Sugar Pine frequently 
forms considerable forests, particularly in the region of the Yallo 
Bally, where there are magnificent specimens 22 ft. in circumference 
and 150 to 175 ft. high. From this region the Sugar Pine marches 
southward along the Mayacamas Mountains (which is the dividing- 
ridge of the Coast Ranges) into Lake Co., and is not uncommon 
about Glenbrook and on Cobb Mountain. The most southerly station 
in the North Coast Ranges is theSutro Ranch between Mt. St. Helena 
and the Oathill Mine, Napa Co., where there are said to be several 
hundred trees. In early days there were a few trees on Pope Moun- 
tain and on Howell Mountain, but they have long since been 
destroyed for their valuable timber. A localit}' on Austin Creek 
in Sonoma Co. has been reported in Erythea, IV. 152, but needs 
confirmation. 

2. P. ponderosa Dougl. Yellow Plxe. A tree 60 to 100 ft- 
high or more with yellowish or somewhat whitish bark, very thick 
and deeply fissured into large plates but the aspect of the trunk 
notoriously variable; leaves 5 to 13 in. long; male flowers long and 
flexuous, crowded into rosettes 3 to 5 in. in diameter, on the ends of 
the branchlets; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, 2J to 3 in. thick; 
apophysis rather short, terminating in a short thick prickly incurved 
umbo; seeds 3 J lines long, 3 lines wide, obliquely sub-rhombic; wing 
10 lines long, chartaceous; cotyledons 6 to 9. 

Abundant in the Sierras at or above 5,000 feet, where the trees are 
100 to 200 ft. high and 15 to 20 ft. in circumference. In the Coast 
Ranges the Yellow Pine is more common than the Sugar Pine and 
occurs sparingly in Sonoma Co., and is to be seen frequently in Napa 
Co.; notably, there is a fine forest on the Howell Mountain plateau, 
south of Angwin's. There are no trees known in the Inner Coast 
Ranges bounding Solano and Yolo Counties. In the South Coast 
Ranges, the tree has not been recorded from the Bay Region, except 
from the Mt. Hamilton ridges. About Glenbrook, in Lake Co., the 
woodsmen have three varieties of P. ponderosa, viz.: — Black Pine, 
Bull Pine and Yellow Pine, which they distinguish by the color and 
Assuring of the bark. 

3. P. Coulteri Don. Big-oone Pine. Trees 60 to 80 ft. high or 
more and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter, with thick, rough, almost black bark; 



22 ( ONIFKR.K. 



leaves crowded at the ends of the thick branchlets, 8 to 12 in. long: 
and nearly a line wide; male flowers eylindric 1 to If in. long; cones 
shortly peduncled, long oval, pointed. 12 to 15 in. Long; scales 1] to 
1.1 in. wide, terminating in a long spur-like umbo 2 in. long; seeds 

oval, slightly ridged, black, o' t<» 7 lines long; wing 10 to Id line> 
long; cotyledons 11 to 14. 

Mount Diablo Range, southward to the Santa Lucia and San 
Bernardino Mountains. While the trees in Pine Cafion, Mt. Diablo, 

are clearly of this species, the trees in Mitchell Canon grade very 
closely to P. Sabiniana in the characters of cones and foliage. 

4. P. Sabiniana Douel. Dtggeb Pink. Gka y-i.kak Pine. 
Trees usually 20 to 45 ft. high, freely -branching and round topped, 
with rough ash-gray hark, slender glaucous branch lets and sparse 
grayish foliage: leaves 8 to 12 in. long and .] line wide; male 
flowers, oblong, about 10 lines long, in an elongated spike; crest of 
anthers semi-orbicular; cones short-oval, 6 to 10 in. long, 4 to 5£ in. 
in diameter; apophyses stout, projecting, the points incurved, 1 in. 
long; seed oblong, acutely margined below the middle; seed subcyl- 
indric. about 10 lines long, dark; wing 4£ lines long; cotvledons 15 
to 16. 

Hot dry hills of the Inner Coast Ranges north of San Francisco 
Bay. ranging westward to Napa Valley and the hills near Healdsburg 
and Skaggs Springs. South of the bay it is common in the Mt. 
Diablo region, and is found far to the southward. It is, in addition, 
the most characteristic tree of the low foothills of the Sierras. The 
nuts were in former days an important article of food to the Indians, 
whence the widely-diffused common name, i; Digger Pine." 

5. P. radiata Don. MONTEREY Pine. Trees 25 to 40 or even 80 
to 100 ft. high, with black, very hard bark, 2 to 3 in. thick; foliage 
bright green, leaves 4 to 6 in. long; male flowers oblong, 6 lines long, 
in a spike 1 to 1.] in. in length: anthers small, crested; cones in whork 
about the trunk and branches, shortly peduncled. strongly declined, 
obliquely short or long-oval. 3 to 5| in. long, 2 to 4 in. in diameter: 
scales on the outside, towards the base of the cone, developed into 
hemispherical tubercles or knobs, 3 to 6 lines high, becoming devoid 
of the minute incurved prickles; seeds 3 to 4 lines long, the wing 7 
to 9 lines long. — (P. insignis Dougl.) 

Very restricted in its distribution: Pescadero, southward to Mon- 
terey and Pacific Grove, where it i< a common and striking object in 
the landscape. 

6. P. attenuata Lemmon. Knob-conk Pink. Small trees 2 to 25 
ft. or sometimes 40 ft. high, with thin, light brown bark; leaves 3 to 
7 in. long, distantly serrulate; male flowers cylindrical. 7 to 9 line> 
long, disposed in an elongated spike; cones clustered, 2£ to 5 in. long. 
somewhat oblique, the scale- equal all around or frequently developed 
on the outside into very stout, strong, conical tubercles, all with 
slender, sharp, but not persistent prickles; seeds nearly 3 lines long. 
the wing 10 lines long. 2.} to 3 lines wide, the width sub-equal 
throughout.— (P. tubereulata Gordon.) 



PINE FAMILY. 23 

Throughout the entire length of the Coast Ranges, and occasional 
in the Sierras. Mt. St. Helena, Jepson; Moraga Valley, Dan/; and the 
Santa Cruz Mountains. The cones persist for very many years, form- 
ing circles on the trunks from near the base to the summit; even 
young trees only a few feet high are often full of cones. The seeds 
are seldom liberated except when the cones are partially burned in a 
forest fire. It is very interesting that a burned forest of the Knob- 
Cone Pine is promptly resown with its own seed. 

7. P. muricata Don. Bishop Pine. Middle-sized tree, 25 to 40 
ft. high, with the trunk 1 to 2 ft. in diameter; leaves with serrulate 
edges^ 3 to 4 in. long; sheaths 6 lines, or at least only 2 lines long; 
cones 1£ to commonly 2 \ or even 3 in. long, the length not greatly in 
excess of the diameter; scales oblong, scarcely or not at all widened 
above; prickles short and stout, 1 line long, or the scales terminating 
in very stout, straight, somewhat incurved spurs, 4 lines long; seeds 
1\ to 3 lines long, black; wing 6 lines long, 1\ lines wide, widest 
above the middle; cotyledons 4 or 5. 

Swamps or wind-beaten hills, near the sea; Santa Lucia Mountains 
northward to Sonoma and Mendocino Cos. A very fine forest may 
be found on Point Reyes, within a few miles of Olema. In the 
peat-bogs of Sonoma Co. , the species reaches its most vigorous devel- 
opment, the trees in that locality attaining a height of 80 to 150 ft. 
The cones persist for a very lengthened period, — often 20 to 40 years, 
not releasing the seeds for many seasons, thus providing a most 
effective system of storage. A patulous or flattened crown is very 
characteristic of this pine and it has, also, the smallest cones of any 
species within our limits. 

P. contorta Loud. , Beach Pine or Scrub Pine, is frequent on the 
Mendocino Coast from Pt. Arena northward, as a low tree, 5 to 20 ft. 
high. It may be readily distinguished from P. muricata by its 
shorter leaves (1 to 1^ in. long, but also in pairs), and its much 
narrower cones of about the same length. The var. Murrayana is the 
Tamarack or Lodge-pole Pine of the High Sierras. 

4. SEQUOIA Endl. Redwood. 

Tall trees, with linear to ovate-lanceolate or triangular-acute alter- 
nate leaves. Stamens numerous, anther cells 2 to 5. Scales of the 
fertile ament more numerous than those of the staminate, spirally 
arranged with 3 to 7 ovules at the base of each scale, in fruit forming 
a woody cone which matures the second year; scales divergent at right 
angles to the axis, thick and cuneate, with a rhomboidal rugose 
umbilicate apex. (Said to be named for a celebrated Cherokee 
Indian, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.) 

1. S. sempervirens Endl. Coast Redwood. Trees 50 to 300 
ft. in height and 3 to 12 ft. in diameter; leaves bright green, spread- 
ing in 2 ranks, petiolate, acute, and often pungent, 4 to 9 lines long 
and 1 line wide; staminate flowers \\ to 3 lines long; cones elliptic- 
globose, 9 to 12 lines long; scales abruptly widened and thickened 



24 CONIFER*. 

above the middle, with a rhomboidal apes and depressed umbo; - 
brown, 2 lines long or less. 

The redwood i- the most characteristic and abundant forest tree <>t 
the coast region. It i> seldom found 30 miles from the ocean, never 
ranging inland beyond the influence of the sea-fogs, and forms a 
narrow belt along the cast, from BOUthern Monterey Co. to the 
Oregon line. It tsa common tree in the Santa Cru/. Mountain-. 
where there is an especially tine grove, famous as the "Santa Cruz 
Big Trees." En the Mt. Diablo Range, the redwood is not known. 
except in one limited locality on Redwood Peak, in the Oakland 
Hills, directly opposite the Golden Gate. In Napa Valley it is rather 
common and passes over the summit of Howell Mountain and 
descends the -lope towards Pope Valley. It thus crosses at one point 
the divide of the North Coast Ranges, and this locality is the farthest 
of any from the ocean. The redw T ood belt has here, consequently, its 
greatest width. It is the tallest tree on the American continent. In 
the forests near Scotia, a tree 662 years old. measured in September. 
1896, by C. S. Sargent, had a trunk diameter of 10 ft. •"> in., at 6 ft. 
above the ground, and was 340 ft. in height. Trunks from 15 to 2<> 
ft. in diameter are not uncommon in that region, and trees 20 to 25 
ft. in diameter, can be found. The wood is exceedingly valuable for 
all sorts of building purposes and in manufactures and the arts, 
wherefore the demand for it is constantly growing. The region of 
this great coniferous forest is a very attractive one, regarded from 
almost any point of view, and delight- the eye and mind of the 
tourist, as well as the botanical traveler. 

S. gigantka Lindl. is the " Big Tree" of the Siena-. 

•">. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Ixcexse Cedar. 

Aromatic tree with flattened branchlets disposed in one horizontal 
plane, and scale-like opposite leaves, imbricated in four ranks. 
Flowers monoecious. Stamens 12 to 16, in many ranks, decussately 
opposite. Scales of the pistillate ament 6, thick, coriaceous and 
valvate, only the middle pair fertile; ovules 2. Cone oblong, of 
imbricated or valvate oblong scales; seeds 2 to each scale, unequal ly 
2-winged, maturing in one season. (Greek lib*/ s, relating to a 
fragrant resin, and cedrus, cedar.) 

1. L. decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. A tree with bright 
cinnamon-red bark and with spreading branches; leaves in two 
decussate pairs at each joint. 2 to 4 lines long, closely coherent, except 
the short acute tip; cones 10 lines long; seed 5 lines long, winged on 
both sides toward the apex, one wing very short, the other nearly as 
long as the scab'. 

Coast Ranges (Mendocino Co. and Mt. St. Helena, southward to 
tin 1 San Jacinto Mountains); Sierra Nevada 

6. JUNIPERUS L. Jtxii'KK. 
Trees or shrubs with scale-like and awl-shaped leaves. Flowers in 

ours dioecious in small cones. Anther-cells 3 t<> 6, attached to the 



PINE FAMILY. 25 

lower edge of the scale. Fertile cones ovoid, of 3 to 6 succulent, 
coalescent scales, each bearing one ovule, in fruit becoming berry-like, 
bluish-black or reddish with white bloom, ripening the second year. 
(Said to mean youth-renewing, from its evergreen appearance.) 

1. J. Californica Carr. California Juniper. Usually a large 
shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; leaves crowded on the ultimate branches, 
scale-like and acute, occasionally free and subulate, with a dorsal, 
glandular pit toward the base; berries reddish or brownish, oblong- 
ovate, 4 to 5 lines long, of four to six reduced scales; seed usually 
only one, brown, 3 to 4 lines long, with a thick, smooth, bony shell; 
cotyledons 4 to 6. 

Moraga Pass, Mt. Diablo and southward; also in the Sierras. No 
definite station has ever been reported from the North Coast Ranges. 
Heart-wood reddish brown, sap-wood clear white. 

J. occidentals Hook., Sierra Juniper, is at high elevations (6,000 
to 10,000 ft.) in the Sierras; the fruit is smaller and blue-black; 
cotyledons 2. 

7. CUPRESSUS Tourn. Cypress. 
Shrubs or trees with the leaves small, scale-like and appressed, 
those on the ultimate branchlets in four ranks. Flowers moncecious. 
Staminate cones erect, small, 1J to 2 lines long; anthers borne on the 
under side of the sub-peltate scales, 3 to 5 to each scale. Pistillate 
cones erect, upon short lateral branchlets, of 6 to 10 very thick, 
roundish and peltate scales fitting closely together and forming in 
fruit a globose or sub-globose ligneous cone, which matures the 
second year. Ovules numerous, in several rows at the base of the 
scales, erect. Seeds acutely angled or margined. Cotyledons 2 to 4. 

Scales with strong conical umbos; leaves with a conspicuous dorsal pit ... . 

1. C. Macndbiana. 
Scales with small low umbos; leaves without dorsal pits . . .2. C. Goveniana. 

1. C. Macnabiana Murr. McNab Cypress. Shrub or tree 5 to 
10 ft. high or more; leaves ^ line long, with a conspicuous, usually 
resin-bearing pit or white gland on the back toward the apex, often 
slightly glaucous; cones 6 to 8 lines in diameter, globose, clustered, 
short-peduncled; scales 6 to 8, with strong conical umbos, the upper- 
most very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds 1J or mostly 2 
lines long, brown. 

Common in. the hill country of eastern Napa Co. from Samuel's 
Springs to Pope Valley and northward into Lake Co. Shasta Co., 
F. M. Anderson, 1900. First collected in 1854, by Murray and 
Beardsley, near Mt. Shasta; named in honor of James McNab, of the 
Eoyal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Young cones reddish-brown. 

2. C. Goveniana Gordon. Gowen Cypress. A shrub or small 
tree, 6 to 15 ft. high; leaves without dorsal pits, rarely with lateral 
depressions, about ^ line long; cones clustered, short pedunculate, 
globose, about 10 lines in diameter; scales 6, or mostly 8, with a very 
small, low umbo; seeds If to 2 lines long, black. 



26 GRAMINE^E. 

Plains of Mendocino Co.; Mt. Tamalpais, Marin Co.; Cedar 
Mountain, Alameda Co.; Monterey Co.; and southward to Sun 
Diego Co. 

ClTPRESSUS MACROCARPA Hartw., Monterey Cypress, is found only 
about Cypress Point, Monterey Co. 



ANGIOSPERWUE. 

Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which after fertilization of 
the ovules matures and forms the fruit. 

MONOCOTYLEDONS. 

Vascular bundles scattered through the stem, occurring without 
regular order. Leaves with parallel veins. Parts of the flower in 
threes or sixes. Embryo with 1 cotyledon. 

3. GRAMINE/E. Grass Family. 

By J. Burtt Daw. 

Our- annual or perennial herbs, rarely tall and reed-like. Nodes 
solid, sometimes branching, the lower often emitting secondary roots; 
internodes usually hollow at maturity (pithy in most Andropogonese, 
some Panicea3, etc.) the lowest sometimes shortened and conn-like. 
Leaves alternate, with a i phyllotaxy, mostly sessile, the lower por- 
tion (sheath) clasping the stem like a tube. Sheath lined by a mem- 
brane which is usually prolonged beyond the point of union of sheath 
with blade, as an erect, usually hyaline projection (the ligule) which 
is sometimes reduced to a ring of hairs or is rarely obsolete. Blades 
narrow, mostly linear; veins parallel, sometimes in aquatic species 
united by cross veinlets. Flowers collected into diminutive, spici- 
form, 1 to many-flowered clusters called spikelets, which are 
usually subtended by a pair (rarely one or both obsolete) of mem- 
branaceous, chartaceous, coriaceous or cartilaginous bracts. Spikelets 
arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles. Flowers perfect, monceeious. 
polygamous, or rarely dioecious; when monoecious the staminate and 
pistillate flowers may be in the same spikelet (sometimes in Arrhen- 
atherum). in separate spikelets, or in Beparate inflorescences as in Maize 
(Zea); when polygamous, the staminate flowers may be either in the 
same spikelet, as in Holcus, etc., or more rarely in separate spikelets 
as in many of the Andropogonea*. Flowers distichouslv arranged on 
the axis (the rachilla) of the spikelet, each subtended by a pair of 
modified leaves (rarely 1 being obsolete); the lower of these (the 
bractlet) often similar in texture to the bracts of the spikelet; the 
upper (the palea) usually thinner, hyaline, with usually 2 nerves, 



GRASS FAMILY. 27 

mostly 2-keeled, the inflexed margins enwrapping the flower. 
Within and at the base of the brae tie t are 2 (rarely 1, 3 or more), 
usually minute organs (the scales) which are sometimes considered as 
representing additional rudimentary bractlets, sometimes as the parts 
of a rudimentary perianth; the scales at the time of an thesis become 
turgid, pushing the bractlets and palea apart, thereby allowing the 
anthers and stigmas to protrude; after anthesis they lose their tumes- 
cence, becoming hyaline, and allow the bractlet and palea to close 
again. Perianth obsolete, unless represented by the scales. Stamens 
usually 3, rarely 1, 2, 6 or more, hypogynous; filaments capillary; 
anthers 2-celled, mostly versatile and pendulous at maturity, usually 
proterandrous. Ovary superior, 1-celled. Styles usually 2, free, or 
more or less united below, or obsolete; stigmas 2, widely branched and 
usually plumose, covering a large area and thus specially arranged to 
catch pollen carried by the wind, usually spirally branched, rarely 
barbellate with papillate cells. Ovule 1. Fruit in ours an achene, 
often- adnate to the palea and sometimes also to the bractlet. Seed in 
ours adnate to the pericarp. Embryo small, outside the base of the 
endosperm. 

KEY TO THE TEIBES. 

A. Spikelets 1-flowered, the flower perfect; or with 1 perfect flower and 1 
(rarely 2) empty bractlets or staminate flowers below (rarely above) it. Dioe- 
cious species and species with 2 or more perfect flowers should be looked for 
under B. 

Both bractlet and palea cartilaginous, coriaceous or chartaceous (at least dis- 
tinctly firmer in texture than the bracts) and becoming indurated in fruit. 
Rachilla jointed below the bracts so that the spikelets fall from the pedicel 
entire; spikelets terete, or flattened on the back only, not at all laterally 
compressed; either strictly 1-flowered or the perfect flower subtended by 1 
(never more) empty bractlet or staminate flower; lower bract often herba- 
ceous and usually much the smaller 2. Paniceje, p. 29. 

Rachilla jointed above the bracts so that these remain after the flowers fall 
away; spikelets laterally compressed on both sides; subtended by 2 
(rarely only 1) sometimes minuie, empty bractlets or staminate flowers; 

bracts usually sub-equal 3. Phalaride^:, p. 33. 

Only the bractlet firmer in texture than the bracts and becoming indurated in 
"fruit; palea hyaline. 

Awn terminal, geniculate; bractlet cylindrical-involnte:— Stipa in 

4. Agrostide^e, p. 37. 
Awn dorsal, geniculate; bractlet not cylindrical-involute:— sometimes Avena 

in 5. AVENE.E, p. 48. 

Neither bractlet nor palea firmer in texture than the bracts, though in Hordese 

both may be equally firm; often one or both of them hyaline. 

Spikelets pedicellate; arranged in lax or more or less dense and spikelike 

panicles or racemes; if in racemes or spikes these sometimes densely 

cylindrical but the spikelets not in distinct rows. 

Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflorescence, one polygamous the others 

imperfect or rudimentary; two (one of each kind) or several at a node. 

Spikelets in pairs, or the terminal in threes, at each node of the jointed 

rachis, one (or two) pedicellate and (in ours) imperfect, the other 

sessile and containing 1 perfect flower subtended by either a hyaline 

empty bractlet or a staminate flower. . . . 1. Andropogonea:, p. 28. 

Spikelets crowded at each node of a dense, 1 -sided, brush-like panicle; the 

fertile solitary, short, terminating the panicle-branches and entirely 

concealed by the long sterile spikelets, which consist of about 10 

empty bractlets:— Lamarckia in 7. Festuce^e, p. 57. 

Spikelets ail of one kind in the same inflorescence; though their contained 
flowers may be perfect, monoecious or polygamous. 



28 GBAMHTEJ&. 

Perfect flower solitary, without empty bractlets or sta ruinate flowers either 
above or below it. 
Bractlet with a dorsal awn arising from below the middle, or awnless. 

Awn sometimes obsolete, when present straight, not twisted 

4. AurostidejE, p. 37. 
Awn always present, geniculate and twisted:— some forms of 

Deschampsia and Trisetum in 5. AVKNE.fi, p. 48. 

Bractlet with a terminal awn (sometimes very short):— some species of 

Kxeleria and Festuca in 7. Festuce.e, p. 57. 

Perfect flower with one or two staminate flowers or empty bractlets below 
(rarely above) it. 
Spikelet with 2 staminate flowers or 2 empty bractlets below the perfect 

flower:— Anthoxanthum and Hierochloe in 3. Phalaride.e, p. 33. 
Spikelets with only 1 staminate flower (never empty bractlets) below or 

above the perfect flower:— Arrhenatherum and Holcus in 

5 Ayenk.e, p. 48. 
Spikelets with 1 or 2 empty bractlets above the perfect flower:— Melica, 

Kceleria and Festuca in 7. Festdcejb, p. 57. 

Spikelets sessile or very shortly psdicellate; arranged in two close, crowded 
rows forming 1-sided spikes or racemes: these racemes digitate or fascicu- 
late, rarely solitary: rachis not breaking up at the nodes 

6. Chloride*, p. 55. 
Spikelets arranged in 2 opposite rows, forming a 2-sided spike or raceme; 

sessile or very shortly pedicellate on teeth, or in notches or grooves of the 
rachis which is often flexuous; rachis in many cases jointed at the nodes, 
each internode at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet. . . . 

8. Horde*, p. 72. 
B. Spikelets with 2 or more perfect flowers (dioecious in 8. Festucete in the 
genus Distichlis and sometimes in Poa and Phragmites); imperfect flowers, 
when present, uppermost (except in Phragmites and rarely in Eragrostis). 
Spikelets pedicellate, arranged in lax or more or less "dense and spikelike 
panicles or racemes; when in racemes or spikes not in opposite rows on 
the rachis. 
Bracts large in proportion to the whole spikelet, usually enclosing all the 
flowers; one or more of the bractlets bearing a twisted and abruptly bent 
awn, usually on the back, rarely from between the teeth of the bifid 
apex or awnless; when not awned there are 2 nearly opposite flowers, 
and the rachilla is not prolonged beyond them; in Avena sativa the 
awn is often obsolete or straight, though the flowers are more than 2 

and not opposite 5. Avene*, p. 48. 

Bracts small in proportion to the whole spikelet, usually scarcely exceeding 
the apex of the first flower; bractlets awnless, or with 1 to 3 straight awns, 
which are usually terminal, or rarely borne just below the apex .... 

7. FESTUCEfi, p. 57. 
Spikelets arranged in 2 opposite rows, forming a bilateral spike or raceme; 

sessile or shortly pedicellate on teeth, or in notches or grooves of the 
rachis which is often flexuous; rachis in many cases jointed at the nodes, 
each internode at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet. . . . 

8. Horde*, p. 72. 

Tribe 1. Andropogoneae. Sorghum Tribe. 

Inflorescence a simple or compound panicle, the ultimate branches 
of which consist of spikelike racemes of few or many spikelets. 
Rachis usually jointed at the nodes. Spikelets in pairs at each node, 
or in triplets at the end of each raceme, of two kinds, one of each pair 
sessile and perfect or polygamous, the other pedicellate and imperfect, 
rudimentary, or reduced to the pedicel; pedicel and callus often 
clothed with long silky hairs; spikelets generally with hut one flower, 
usually with B hyaline empty bractlet below it, or rarely the latter 
bearing a staminate flower in its axil, or obsolete. Lower bract 
always more indurated than the bractlets, the latter often hyaline and 



GRASS FAMILY. 29 

usually one of them bearing a bent or twisted awn; internodes between 
the different bractlets or flowers not measurable. Palea usually- 
shorter than its bractlet, sometimes obsolete. Stamens usually 3, 
rarely only 2 or 1. 

1. ANDROPOGON L. Sorghum. 

Our only species belongs to the sub-genus Sorghum, having the 
stems hard and pithy; racemes solitary or in pairs, panicled; joints of 
the rachis without a translucent line; bracts broad-lanceolate, finally 
indurated and shining, awnless (in our species); lower bractlet empty, 
or sometimes obsolete, much the smaller, hyaline; upper very slender, 
awnless or with a geniculate awn; palea small, hyaline or obsolete. 
Scales wedge-shaped. Stamens 3. Styles distinct. (Greek andros, a 
man, pogon, a beard, having reference to the bearded callus of the 
staminate spikelets in most species). 

1. A. Sorghum Brot. var. Halepensis Hackel. Johnson-grass, 
Perennial, rootstock stout, creeping; stems stout, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high; 
leaf-blades flat, with undulate margins, 8 to 24 in. long, 1J to 3 in. 
wide, apex drooping; panicle variable 1 to 2 feet long, oblong-elliptical, 
dense or rather loose, more or less drooping; branches mostly in 
whorls of 4, rarely 2 or 6; sessile spikelets variable, lanceolate or 
elliptical, 2 to 3 lines long; bracts equal; lower bract of the perfect 
spikelet Arm, more or less shining and often dark colored, obscurely 5 
to 9 or 11-nerved; margins involute; upper 3 to 7-nerved: bracts of 
the staminate spikelets narrow and more acuminate, the lower almost 
2-keeled, with 2 prominent nerves near each margin; upper 5-nerved; 
empty bractlet one-fourth shorter than the lower bract, elliptical- 
oblong or oval, delicately 2-nerved; lower flower-enclosing bractlet 
one-half as long as the upper bract, broadly oval, obtuse, 2-lobed, 
often bearing a short awn; anthers yellow, 1 to 1J lines long; scales 
fringed; pedicellate spikelets sometimes reduced to the bractlet, much 
narrower than the fertile ones. — (Sorghum Halepense Pers.) 

Originally introduced into the United States as a forage plant, now 
a troublesome weed in orchards and elsewhere. Sparingly naturalized 
within our limits: Healdsburg; Lower Sacramento; Napa City; also in 
the San Joaquin and Chino valleys. 

Tribe 2. Paniceae. Millet Tribe. 

Spikelets arranged in spikes, racemes or panicles, these sometimes 
digitate or in pairs; rachis usually not jointed at the nodes and there- 
fore not breaking up at maturity; pedicels jointed below the bracts 
so that these fall away with the rest of the spikelet at maturity. 
Spikelets terete or flattened on the back only, not at all laterally com- 
pressed, all alike, either strictly 1-flowered, or with 1 perfect flower, 
and a staminate flower, or bractlet and palea, or empty bractlet, 
below it; lower bract usually much the smaller; perfect flower strictly 
terminal, its bractlet and palea alike, cartilaginous, coriaceous, char- 
taceous, or at least always firmer in texture than the bracts, awnless; 
lower bractlet sometimes similar in texture to the bracts, sometimes 
short-awned. 



30 (.RAMINE.K. 

Spikelets without any involucre of bristles or spines. 
Bractlet (in ours) apparently 1 only, enclosing a perfect flower; spikelets Id 
1-sided racemes or spikes which (in ours) are arranged in pairs, or (rarely) 

in panicles "2. Paspamjm. 

Bractlets 2, the upper subtending a perfect flower, the lower empty or sub- 
tending a staminate flower; spikelets sometimes in 1-sided raceme> or 

spikes; these digitate or in panicles 3. PANICDM. 

Spikelets subtended by an involucre consisting of from one to many bristles or 
spines (sterile branches) which are sometimes grown together. 
Spikelets deciduous; bristles persistent 4. CH/etochloa. 

2. PASPALUM L. 

Inflorescence of few digitate, or many panicled, spikelike racemes. 
Spikelets in 1 to 4 rows upon one side of a flattened, jointless rachis, 
jointed upon their short pedicels, plano-convex, obtuse or acute. 
awnless, L-flowered; bracts apparently 2 to 3 owing to the presence of 
an empty bractlet which resembles a bract in size and texture and 
takes its place; lower bract often obsolete, when present minute 
1-nerved, slender, and placed on the flat side of the spikelet; upper 
much larger, few-nerved. Bractlet (in ours) apparently 1 only. 
really 2; lower empty, membranaceous, resembling and nearly equal- 
ing the upper bract and performing the function of the absent or 
reduced lower bract, 3-nerved; flower enclosing bractlet roundish or 
«>vate. coriaceous, rarely mucronate or with a few minute hairs at the 
apex, large, convex, and partly enclosing the palea. Palea smaller 
than its bractlet, roundish or ovate, coriaceous, flattisb. Scales 2. 
wedge-shaped or quadrate, emarginate. Stamens 3. Ovary oblong, 
smooth; styles elongated. Achene enclosed by the indurated bractlet 
and palea. (The ancient Greek name for Millet-grass.) 

1. P. distichum L. Knot-grass. Rootstock perennial, widely 
creeping; stems G to 24 in. high; sheaths somewhat crowded, smooth 
or hairy, bearded or ciliate at the throat; blades flat, sharp-pointed, 
linear-lanceolate, \\ to 3 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide, sparingly hairy 
above, glabrous below, somewhat glaucous; spikes 2 (rarely 3 or 4), 
1 to 4 in. long, sub-erect, densely flowered, one sessile, the other 
shortly pedicellate; rachis .]- to 1 line wide; spikelets \\ lines long, 
ovate, acute; those in the middle of a row overlapping about \ their 
length; bracts more or less pubescent. 

Somewhat resembling Bermuda-grass but readily distinguished by 
its stouter habit and by usually bearing only 2 spikes to each inflo- 
rescence; appearance much modified by habitat. A tropical and sub- 
tropical species, now common in marshy places throughout the 
State; probably introduced: Lower Sacramento, 1893. Jepson; in 
water in a ditch near Agnews, Miss Gannon; Clear Lake; Arbuckle; 
Crescent City; at Upper Lake, Lake Co., "it has completely taken 
possession of the Tule hinds in the last 7 years," Edmonds, 1807. 
Apr.-Oct. Considered a very valuable pasture-grass for marsh-land:-. 

3. PAN I CUM L. Paniogra-s. 
Leaves often hirsute or hispid with stiff hairs arising from tubercles 
between the nerves. Panicle loose and spreading, or close and spike- 



GRASS FAMILY. 31 

like; when the spikelets are crowded in pairs on one side of flattened 
spikelike "branches, one spikelet is sessile the other pedicellate. 
Spikelets without involucre or bristles at the base, 1 or 2-flowered 
(when 2-flowered the lowest staminate) rarely awned, jointed on the 
pedicels below the bracts so that these fall away with the flower at 
maturity; bracts 2 (or 1 only); the lower smaller, often minute or 
obsolete; the upper equaling the perfect flower. Bractlets 2; the upper 
enclosing the palea and a perfect flower; the lower resembling the upper 
bract and empty or bearing a staminate flower or empty palea, the 
latter when present very thin and hyaline; upper bractlet and its 
palea alike, coriaceous or cartilaginous, usually flattened parallel with 
the bracts, awnless. Scales 2, fleshy, truncate. Ovary smooth, 
oblong; styles distinct or very shortly united at the base; stigmas 
usually purple and longer than the styles. Achene compressed, 
plano-convex, enclosed by the indurated bractlet and palea. (The 
Latin name for some cereal, from panis, bread, one species — the 
Millet, P. miliaceum — having been cultivated from prehistoric times 
as a cereal.) 

Spikelets crowded in 2 to 4 rows on 2 sides of triangular, digitate or clustered 
spikes. 
Lower bract minute or obsolete; bractlets awnless, pubescent or nearly 

smooth 1. P. sanguinale. 

Spikelets imbricate, sessile on 2 sides of a triangular rachis, usually rough with 
stiff hairs. 
Bractlet awned or awn-pointed, mostly shortly hirsute on the nerves .... 

2. P. Crus-galli. 
Spikelets in lax panicles, pedicellate, awnless. 

Annual; spikelets acutely pointed; panicle-branches mostly angular .... 

3. P. capillar e. 
Perennial; spikelets obtuse or barely pointed; panicle-branches filamentous. 

4. P. dichotomum. 

1. P. sanguinale L. Crab-grass. Glaucous annual; stems usu- 
ally prostrate and creeping at base, then ascending or erect, 1 to 2 ft. 
long, usually stout; lower nodes swollen and rooting; sheaths spar- 
ingly hairy with long, stiff, white hairs; throat with a tuft of hairs 
on each side; ligule about 1 line long, broad, truncate, denticulate; 
blades 2 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide, scabrous on both sides; 
panicle-branches, 4 to 6 or more, digitate or clustered, sub-erect, 
straight, 3 to 5 in. long, 3 -sided, spikelet-bearing to the base on 2 
sides only, about J line wide on the broad side, ciliate-scabrous; spike- 
lets in pairs, in 2 to 4 rows, narrowly lanceolate-acuminate, 1^ to 1J 
lines long, one on a ciliate-scabrous triangular pedicel, the other 
sessile below it and overlapping; bracts much shorter than the spike- 
let; lower less than \ line long, triangular, acute; upper f to 1 line 
long, linear, 3 to 5-nerved, ciliate with long hairs; lower bractlet 
empty, membranous, 3 to 5 or 7-nerved, ciliate; upper rather shorter, 
faintly 3-nerved, chartaceous, glabrous, completely enclosing the 
palea; achene flattened, oblong, 1 line long. 

A cosmopolitan weed. Elk Grove, Drew; Lower Sacramento, 
Jepson; Stege; Napa Co. July-Sept. 

2. P. Crus-galli L. Barnyard-grass. Annual; stems ascend- 



32 GRAMIXEJE. 

ing, 1 to 4 ft. high, very stoat; lower nodes much swollen, upper 
constricted; sheaths Bparsely hairy; ligule obsolete; blades variable, 

6 to 14 in. long, 4 to 6 lines wide, flat, glabrous, or sparsely hairy; 
margins rough, often waved, filiate at the base with long hairs; 
panicle '■'< to G in. long, green or purple, densely hairy at the nodes; 
branches BOmewhat remote, the lowest sometimes 3 in. long, triquet- 
rous, minutely pubescent; pedicels with long, stiff hairs; spikelets 
crowded on 2 sides of the rachis, \\ lines long; lower bract broad, 
triangular, about \ as long as the spikelet, 3-nerved; upper concave, 
broad, oval. 7-nerved, hispid on the nerves, pointed or rigidly awned; 
lower bractlet empty, shorter than the bracts, 5-nerved, its palea 
hyaline, 2-nerved; upper bractlet and palea polished, acute or 
obtuse. 

A cosmopolitan weed, introduced into California in moist places 
beside sloughs and streams: Grand Island, Jepson; Fort Bragg, 
MUliken; Soquel Creek; Stegc; Stockton, and near Guerneville. 
July-Nov. 

'■'<■ P. capillare L. Old-witch-grass. Annual; stems 1 to 2 ft. 
high, geniculate below, often branching at base and forming large 
tufts; sheaths and often the blades hirsute with stiff, spreading hairs; 
ligule reduced to a ciliate fringe; blades about 6 in, long, 2\ to 4 lines 
wide, shortly acuminate, sparsely hairy; edges rough, ciliate below; 
panicle very diffuse, 6 to 12 in. long, sometimes 9 in. wide; branches 
solitary <>r in pairs, sometimes 6 in. long, slender, at first erect, then 
spreading and finally sometimes deflexed, mostly angular; spikelets 
in pairs at the ends of the long branchlets, oblong to oval-acuminate, 
acutely pointed, one long- the other short-pediceled, the latter over- 
lapping and 1 to \\ times as long; lower bract 1-nerved, acute; upper 
5-nerved, pointed, nearly \ longer than the obtuse flower-enclosing 
bractlet; empty bractlet twice as long as the lower bract, its palea 
obsolete. 

A very variable grass. Said to occur throughout the State: Lower 
Sacramento. Jepson; Guerneville. June-Oct. Of no agricultural 
value. 

4. P. dichotomum L. Branched Panic. Perennial: stems 8 
to 24 in. high, at first erect and simple, then decumbent and branch- 
ing from the prostrate nodes; sheaths with a tuft of soft hairs at the 
nodes, mostly softly-hairy; lower blades nearly ovate, upper linear- 
lanceolate, smooth or hairy or velvety, acute, 1 J to 4 in. long, 2 to 3 
lines wide; terminal panicle exserted, 1£ to 3 \ in. long, open, ovoid 
or pyramidal; those of the branches short, often barely exserted; 
panicle-branches filamentous; spikelets 1 line long, obovate or ellip- 
soidal, obtuse or barely pointed, smooth or hairy; lower bract £ as 
long as the upper, roundish; upper 5 to 7-nerved. 

Common in moist sandy soils along the coast and in moist places in 
the interior. Geysers, Bolander; Point Reyes. June-July. 

4. CH>£TOCHLOA Scribn. 
Annuals. Leaf-blades flat. Panicle spikelike, dense, cylindrical, 



GRASS FAMILY. 33 

sometimes interrupted below. Spikelets as in Panieum, but always 

awnless, tbe short peduncles produced beyond them into one to several 
awn-like bristles which are at one side of the spikelet, not forming a 
complete involucre. (Greek chaite, bristle, chloe, grass, referring to 
the tuft of bristles at the base of the spikelet. A genus easily recog- 
nized by the dense spike-like panicle, usually bristling with numer- 
ous set*; these issue from the pedicels just below the spikelets in 
the form of an involucre, and are not epidermal, like true hairs, but 
appear to be abortive panicle-branches.) 

1. C. glauca (L.) Scribn. Bristly Foxtail. Stems erect, 
branching below, 1 to 2 ft. high, leafy; mouth of tbe sheath clothed 
with long, silky hairs; blades 4 to 12 in. long, 3 to 5 lines broad, 
scabrid or scabrous, sometimes sparsely ciliate; panicles H to 2^ or i 
in. long, usually on a long, slender, naked peduncle, though, some- 
times, at first partially enclosed by the uppermost sheath; bristles 
pale green or tawny yellow; spikelets oval, about 1 line long and a 
little less broad, obtuse or sub-acute, pale green. — (Setaria glauca 
Beauv.) 

Introduced weed, perhaps not yet occurring within our limits. In 
the San Joaquin Valley at Fresno, Bioletti. June-Oct. 

Tribe 3. Phalarideae. Canary-grass Tribe. 

Spikelets arranged in panicles, all alike, with 1 perfect flower, 
which is terminal, and 1 or 2 empty bractlets or staminate flowers 
below it; empty bractlets occasionally very small or rudimentary. 
Bractlet and palea of the perfect flower alike, usually becoming 
indurated, laterally compressed, awnless, nerveless or with only 1 
nerve. 

Perfect flower subtended by 1 or 2 empty bractlets which are often minute or 
rudimentary. 
Empty bractlets minute, entire, awnless or with minute bristles at the apex. 

5. Phalaris. 
Empty bractlets equaling or exceeding the flower-enclosing bractlet, bifid 

and awned on the back 6. Anthoxanthum. 

Perfect flower subtended by 1 or 2 staminate flowers . . . . 7. Hierochloe. 

5. PHALARIS L. Canary-grass. 

Blades flat. Inflorescence a dense, spikelike, rarely interrupted, 
thyrse. Spikelets crowded, 1-flowered. Bracts about equal in 
length, boat-shaped, complicate, strongly compressed laterally, 
usually winged-keeled, 3-nerved. Bractlet and palea of perfect 
flower subtended by 2, or only 1, small or rudimentary, more or less 
hairy, empty bractlets. Flower-enclosing bractlet and palea alike, 
shorter than the bracts, complicate, becoming indurated in fruit; 
palea a little the smaller. Scales 2 and minute, or obsolete. Stamens 
3. Ovary smooth. (Greek phalaros, having a patch of white, from 
the broad, light-colored margins and patches between the nerves of 
the bracts in some species. Supposed to be the Phalaris of 
Dioscorides). 

Spikelets all perfect ; bracts decidedly winged-keeled on the back ; annuals. 
Rudimentary bractlets 2; thyrse ovoid. 



o4 (.HAM INK. K. 



Spikelets broad; nerves of bracts dark green, mid-nerve curved inwards 

above; wings broad, white LP. Canarieims. 

Spikelets narrow ; nerves of bracts pale green, mid-nerve straight from a 
little above the base ; wings nan ow, pale green . . . 2. P. Caroliniana. 
Rudimentary bractlet 1 only ; thyrse from ovoid-oblong to oblong-cylindrical. 
Spikelets ovate : nerves of bracts dark green, mid-nerve curved inwards 
from below the middle: wines narrow, white . . . . 8. P. minor. 
Spikelets of secondary branches of the thyrse imperfect or abortive, giving a 
gnawed appearance to the lower part of the thyrse; wing of bract termi- 
nating in a horn 4. P. punuloxa. 

Spikelets all perfect : bracts wingless or only slightly winged, keeled ; annuals 
or perennials. 
Annual ; 1 ^ to 3 ft. high ; thyrse cylindrical, almost spikelike, mostly 2% to 
4 in. long: bracts keeled"; flower-enclosing bractlet abruptly acuminate. 

5. P. Lemmoni. 
Perennial ; stems 3 to 8 ft. high ; inflorescence usually purplish ; bracts 
strongly keeled: flower-enclosing bractlet acuminate. 

Thyrse oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, usually dense 6. P. amctlajstina. 

Panicle 3 to 6 or even 9 in. long, usually much interrupted or lobed .... 

7. P.arundinacca. 

1. P. Canariensis L. Canary-grass. Annual: stems erect, 1 to 
3 ft. high, leafy; uppermost sheaths much inflated; ligule 2 to 3.] 
lines long; blades 6 to 9 in. long, 1.} to 5 lines wide; thyrse 1 to 1.} in. 
long, | in. to £ in. wide, ovoid, dense, uninterrupted; spikelets. 2.] to 3 
lines long, laterally flattened, obovate, abruptly pointed; bracts sub- 
equal, acute, broadly keeled from below the middle; keel nearly .} line 
wide, broadly white-margined, the mid-nerve curved inwards above; 
empty bractlets 2, about 1 line long, narrow, smooth; flower-enclosing 
bractlet about 2 lines long, pubescent when young, glabrous in age. 

Native of Europe, reported as occurring sparingly near settlements 
in several localities within our limits. San Francisco. Bolander. 
Apr. The well-known " Canary -grass, '" a favorite bird-seed, much 
cultivated in the south of Europe. 

2. P. Caroliniana Walt. Southern Canary-grass. Annual; 
stems slender, erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; uppermost sheaths somewhat 
inflated; ligule 1$ to 2 lines long, decurrent, obtuse or truncate, 
broad, completely enveloping the stem and folded over itself; blades 
1.] to 4£ in. long, 2£ to 4£ lines wide, acute, smooth; thyrse 1 to 2 in. 
long, ovoid; spikelets 2£ to 3 lines long; bracts acute, the mid-nerve 
straight from a little above the base, nerves and keel concolorous, pale 
green; empty bractlets about 1 line long, pubescent; flower-enclosing 
bractlet acuminate, pubescent. 

Native of the southeastern States, and apparently not indigenous 
with us. Oakland, Bolander; Araquipa Rancho, Vacaville. Jepson. 
Apr.-May. Much less common than is generally supposed, P. minor 
being often mistaken for it, both in the field and in herbaria. 

3. P. minor Retz. Small Canary-grass. An erect, glabrous, 
leafy annual, from 1\ in. to 3 ft. high, according to locality and 
season, branched sometimes from every node except the uppermost; 
upper sheaths sometimes glaucescent, much dilated, with a broad, 
scarious margin; ligule large, 1 to 3 or even A\ lines long, entire, 
obtuse; blades 4£ to 13 in. long, 4.} to 7.] lines wide; in small speci- 
mens only 2 to 3 in. long, and 3 lines wide; thyrse very dense and 



GRASS FAMILY. 35 

compact, from ovoid-oblong and 1 in. long, to oblong-cylindrical and 
2£ in. long; about £ in. wide; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long and 1 line 
wide, lanceolate-acuminate, with a narrow, thin keel above the mid- 
dle, sometimes irregularly notched; keel and veins ciliate-scabrid; 
empty bractlet reduced to a single, short, arcuate-subulate bristle 
with a distinct callus at the base, about £ line long, closely appressed 
to the back of the upper flower-enclosing bractlet; the latter 1£ lines 
long, acute, faintly o-nerved, more or less pubescent and ciliate above 
with silky hairs, pale brown, shining; anthers pale- or greenish- 
yellow. 

Indigenous to the Mediterranean Region; now common in the 
Coast Ranges and great valley: Southern California; "Roadsides near 
windmill, Berkeley" about 1872, McLean. Little Oak, Solano Co., 
Jepson; common at Danville, near Martinez and near Princeton. 

4. P. paradoxa L Gnawed Canary-grass. Stems erect, from 
a geniculate base, 2\ ft. high, often branched from the lower nodes; 
sheaths usually inflated; ligule 1£ to 2 lines long, obtuse and soon 
lacerate; blades 3 to 7£ in. long, 1J to 2 lines wide, flat, scabrous on 
both surfaces, glaucescent: panicle oblanceolate, obtuse, appearing as 
though gnawed below; usually only the primary branches bearing per- 
fect spikelets, those of the secondary branches being abortive or imper- 
fect; the pedicels of the spikelets in the lower one-third or one-half 
of the thyrse are much reduced and their spikelets peculiarly aborted; 
perfect spikelets of lower part of thyrse about 2h lines long, their 
bracts acuminate but not awned; those of the upper part about 1 line 
longer and awn-pointed; keel of bracts narrow, terminating in a long 
or short horn at § from the base; staminate and neuter spikelets about 
2 lines long, the keel running almost to the apex and shortly or barely 
horned; empty bractlets 2, minute, about ^ line long, appressed to the 
flower-enclosing bractlet like horny calluses, each with 2 slender, 
cilia-like hairs about their own length at or near the apex; flower- 
enclosing bractlet about If lines long, obtuse, firm, sub-glabrous and 
shining; achene brown, with a black apex. 

Native of the Mediterranean Region; introduced into the Coast 
Ranges and Great Valley regions: Petaluma, 1896, Leekenby; plenti- 
ful near Norman, Glenn Co., 1898; Pinole Creek Valley, 1900, Davy.. 
May- July. 

5. P. Lemmoni Vasey. Lemmox's Canary-grass. Annual; 
stems slender, erect, \\ to 3 ft. high; sheaths scarcely inflated; ligule 
conspicuous, 2 to 3 lines long; blades 3 to 1\ in. long, 1 to 2 lines 
wide, long-acuminate; thyrse L] to 4 in. long, nearly cylindrical, 
sometimes slightly interrupted below; spikelets spreading, 2 to 2\ 
lines long; bracts sub-equal, scabrid-keeled, not at all, or only 
minutely winged, narrow and acuminate; empty bractlets 2, about \ 
line long, very narrow, shortly hairy below; flower-enclosing bractlet 
\\ to 2 lines long, abruptly acuminate, pubescent. 

Apparently restricted to California, from Santa Cruz southward, 
and very rare: Santa Cruz, Lemmon, Anderson; also reported from 
near Los Angeles bv Dr. Anstruther Davidson. 



:j(l <;i:amini:.i.. 

6. P. amethystina Trill. PURPLE C.\ \ aky-<.ka->. Perennial; 
stems stout, erect, usually 4 to 8 ft. high, often growing in large 
clumps; Ligule 2 to 8j lioea long, obtuse; blades 1\ to 84 in. long, 4 to 
6 lines wide: margins scabrid; peduncle long, slender; thyrse 1\ to 
3| in. Long, about \ in. broad, ovate or ovoid, usually purplish; 
-pikelets :', to :)\ lines long: bracts strongly keeled but not winged, 
acute, glabrous except for the scabrid keel; empty bractlets 1J- to If 
lines long, hirsute except on the' nerve, which is shining: flower- 
enolosing bractlet 2 to 2.] lines long, acuminate, shining, sparsely 
hairy. 

Moist places in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino Co. southward: 
San Francisco: Lake Pilarcitos; Angel Island: .Mill Valley and Bear 
Valley, Marin Co.: Point Isabel and Berkeley. Reported also from 
Bolinas Bay and Napa Valley by Bolander. Apr.-June. 

7. P. arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Perennial; root- 
stock creeping; stems stout, erect, usually 3 to 6 ft. high; sheath> 
scarcely inflated; ligule broad, clasping the stem, about 2 lines long, 
blades 4 to 12 in. lone,, •". to 7 lines wide, smooth; panicle 3 to 6 or 9 
in. long, often purplish, and much interrupted or lobed; branches 
few at a node, the lower .] to 2 in. long; bracts linear-lanceolate, 
strongly keeled, scabrid; empty bractlets 2. narrow, hairy, about 
I the length of the flower-enclosing bractlet: the latter about 1.] 
lines long, acuminate, sub-glabrous and shining. 

Moist places beside streams and sloughs: reported as collected near 
Sacramento by the Wilkes expedition, Bot. Gal., and at Niles, Bckr; 
Upper Lake, Lake Co. and Bakersfield. Davy. Beal states that it is 
often called "Crazy-grass' - in the Northwest, as it i- thought to be 
injurious to horses. 

6. ANTHOXANTHUM L. Sweet Vkkn ai.-<;ka- 
Leaf-blades flat Panicle cylindrical, spikelike. Spikelets 1- 
Bowered; bracts thin, herbaceous, persistent, keeled, lower 1-nerved, 
upper about twice its length and 3-nerved; flower perfect, terminal, 
subtended by 2 empty dorsally awned bractlets which are clothed 
with brown hair> and are smaller than the bracts; rachilla jointed 
above the bracts. Flower-enclosing bractlet and palea alike, awnlcss. 
smooth, obtuse, at first hyaline, then chartaceous; bractlet enveloping 
the palea. with 3 very tine nerves: palea narrower, with 1 very fine 
central nerve or keel. Scales obsolete. Stamens 2; anthers large, 
yellow. Ovary glabrous; styles long, distinct; stigmas long. (Greek 
anthos, a flower, xanthos. yellow, in allusion to the yellow tint given 
to the spikelets by the brightly colored anthers. Becoming fragrant in 
drying.) 

1. A. odoratum L. SWEET VERNAL-GRASS. Perennial: stem- 
l to 2 ft. high, shining; sheaths furrowed, glabrous or pubescent, 
hairy at the mouth: blades often sparingly hairy, 1.] to 6 in. long: 
panicle 1 to 1.] (rarely 5) in. long, contracted, sometimes interrupted 
below: branches very short; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long, sub-sessile, 
often yellowish-green; lower bract ovate, acute, about 2 lines long, 



GRASS FAMILY. 37 

hyaline; upper lanceolate, awn-pointed, about 4^ lines long; empty 
bractlets curved, emarginate or shortly bifid, 1| lines long; awn short; 
stigmas long-exserted. 

Introduced at Mendocino City and Crescent City, and reported by 
Dr. Behr as occurring in Marin Co. May-July. Its fragrance is 
attributed to the presence of cumarin. 

7. HIEROCHLOE Gmel. Vanilla-grass. 

Sweet-scented perennials, with flat, often broad, acuminate leaf- 
blades. Panicle loose, pyramidal. Spikelets somewhat laterally 
compressed, often shining and scabrid, with 1 terminal, perfect 
flower, subtended by (in ours) 2 staminate ones; bracts about equal, 
obscurely 1 to 3-nerved, keeled, acute, glabrous. Staminate flowers 
sessile; bractlet and palea alike, villous, scarcely shorter than the 
bracts, obtuse emarginate or bifid, keeled, the main nerve often 
extending into a short awn; bractlet 5-nerved; palea 2-nerved; 
stamens 3. Perfect flower shortly pedicellate; bractlet becoming- 
indurated above, awnless, 5-nerved; palea narrow, 3-nerved or nerve- 
less beyond the keel; stamens often 2 only. Scales 2, lanceolate. 
Ovary smooth. (Greek hieros, sacred, chloe, a grass, with reference 
to the use of one species in north Europe for strewing church floors 
on special occasions, on account of its fragrance when crushed.) 

1. H. macrophylla Thurb. Large-leaved Vanilla-grass. 
Rootstocks in bunches (sometimes very large), stoloniferous; stems 
1 to 2 ft. high, erect, leafy; panicle narrow, 3 to 6 in. long, lax and 
open; branches 1 or 2 at a joint, bearing few, large spikelets with 
spreading bracts; spikelets about 2 lines long, 2 to 3 lines wide when 
open, brownish, brightly shining; anthers yellow, about lline long. — 
(Savastana macrophylla Beal.) 

In light, loose soil on moist, shaded banks of coniferous forests in 
the redwood belt, from Marin Co. northward: Paper Mill Creek, 
Marin Co., Bolander in 1864; Inverness and Bear Valley near Olema; 
Mill Valley; Russian Eiver from Duncan's Mills to G-uerneville; 
Austin Creek and Turner Canon. Mar.-May. Said to owe its 
fragrance to the presence of cumarin; it has been known to retain 
some of its odor for fully thirty years after gathering. 

Tribe 4. Agrostideae. Bent-grass Tribe. 

Inflorescence paniculate or rarely racemose, often cylindrical dense 
and spikelike. Spikelets all fertile, strictly 1-flowered. Flower 
always perfect, either terminal, or sometimes the rachilla prolonged 
beyond its insertion, as a bristle. Rachilla jointed above the bracts 
(except in Alopecurus and Polypogon) so that these persist after the 
flower falls. Bracts usually equaling or exceeding the bractlet. 
Palea 2-nerved or nerveless, in some species of Agrostis and 
Alopecurus minute or obsolete. 

Bractlet indurated at maturity (at least firmer in texture than the bracts) and 
very closely enveloping the fruit; panicle (in ours) lax. 
Bractlet narrow; awn persistent, twisted, stout 8. Stipa. 



38 <; ram ink. v.. 



Bractlet usually hyaline or membranous at matuiity (at least not remarkably- 
firmer in texture than the bracts); panicle various, but usually contracted, 
dense and spikelike. 
Pedicel jointed below the bracts, so that these fall away with the flower at 
maturity, sometimes together with the whole or a part of the pedicel. 

Bracts awnless 10. Aloi j ecuki's. 

Bracts long-awned 11. Poi.ypogon. 

Pedicel not jointed below the bracts; rachilla jointed above the bracts so that 
these persist after the flower has fallen. 
Spikclets 3 lines or less Ions?. 
Rachilla naked or with a few very short hairs. 
Bracts strongly keeled. 
Bracts abruptly acute, complicate, ciliately fringed on the keels . . . 

9. Phleum. 
Bracts acuminate, saccate at the base, two-thirds longer than the 

bractlet 13. Gastridium. 

Bracts not keeled; acute or acuminate; very small . J 2. Agrostis. 
Rachilla with a tufi of long hairs on the callus, about i the length of the 

bractlet ' H. Calamagrostis. 

Spikelets 5 to 6 lines long; bractlet and palea chartaceous; a tall sand-dune 
grass 15. Ammophila. 

B. STIPA L. 

Rootstock tufted. Leaf-blades narrow, involute or convolute. 
Panicle lax, mostly open or somewhat contracted. Spikelets 
1 -flowered. Bracts subequal, keeled, often terminated by a long sub- 
ulate point, persistent; rachilla jointed above tbe bracts. Bract- 
let and palea dissimilar; bractlet firm, narrow, rolled around tbe 
flower, with a terminal, undivided, bent, persistent awn, spirally 
twisted below the bend; palea usually shorter, thinner, 2-nerved. 
Scales usually 3 and large. Stamens usually 3, rarely only 1 or 2; 
anthers often tipped with a tuft of short hairs. Ovary stipitate, 
smooth; styles 2, short; stigmas plumose with simple hairs. (Greek 
stipe, feathery, referring to the long, feathery awns of some species. 
Ours usually met with on dry hillsides. One of the several genera 
known as " Bunch-grasses.') 

Awn 2]6 to 4 in. long I. S. sctigera. 

Awn less than 2 in. long. 
Panicle open, branches spreading; anthers tipped with a tuft of short hairs. 

2. S. eminent 

var. Andersoni. 

Panicle strict, narrow; branches short, erect; anthers naked . .Z.S.viridula. 

1. S. setigera Presl. Bear-grass. Perennial; stems erect, 1 to 
S ft. high, slender; panicle 5 to 12 in. long, open, nodding in flower; 
branches in pairs, slender, bearing a few drooping spikelets; bracts 6 
to 10 lines long, long-acuminate; bractlet 3 lines long, silky-hairy 
sometimes all around below, but only on the nerves above, minutely 
tuberculate; awn stoutish, 2£ to 4 in. long, hairy below. 

Common on dry hillsides from Mendocino Co. southward: Berkeley 
bills; San Francisco. Mar. -June. 

2. S. eminens Cav. var. Andersoni Yasey. Andkkson's Stipa. 
Perennial; stems erect, 1 to 3 ft. bigh, slender; panicle 2 to 5 in. 
long, open, nodding in flower; branches in pairs, very short, slender, 
spreading, bearing few drooping spikelets; bracts 3 to -4 lines long, 
acuminate; bractlet about 3 lines long, silky-hairy all over: awn 



GRASS FAMILY. 39 

slender, about 1 in. long, scabrid but not hairy; anthers tipped with 
a tuft of short hairs. 

Dry hillsides of the Coast Ranges and foothills: Oakland hills; 
Berkeley; Stone Bridge near St. Helena. Apr.-June. Frequently 
occurring in company with S. setigera and sometimes confused with 
it, but at once distinguishable by the shorter bracts and awn. The 
home of the typical S. eminens Cav. is Ecuador, and it is said to 
occur also in southern California and Arizona. 

3. S. viridula Trin., Feather Buxch-grass, a perennial with 
dense, narrow panicle and short, erect branches, and with naked 
anthers, is found in the northern Coast Kanges and the middle Sierra 
Nevada; reported from the vicinity of San Francisco by Dr. Behr. 

9. PHLEUM L. Timothy. 
Ours perennial. Leaf-blades flat. Inflorescence a dense, cylin- 
drical or ovoid thyrse or false spike, often pubescent, borne on a long- 
peduncle. Spikelets crowded, 3 lines or less long, much compressed 
laterally, 1-flowered. Rachilla very short, jointed above the bracts and 
sometimes extending beyond the insertion of the bractlet as a short 
spine. Bracts distinct, complicate, boat-shaped, almost equal, mem- 
branous, 1 to 3-nerved, sub-truncate, persistent, compressed-keeled, 
the keel projecting into an abrupt mucro or very short awn. Bractlet 
shorter than the bracts, awnless, very thin, truncate or denticulate. 
Palea narrow, hyaline, 2-nerved, sometimes bearing a minute bristle 
on the back from near the base. Scales 2, hyaline, toothed above. 
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth; styles long; stigmas slender. (Phleos, 
the ancient Greek name for some marsh or water-plant, possibly the 
Reed-mace — Typha, or Saccharum cylindricum Lam.) 

Panicle narrowly cylindrical, elongated, 1% to 9 l A in. long, rough to the touch, 

not feathery, spikelets about iy 2 lines long including the avvu 

1. P. pratense. 

Panicle ovoid or oblong, y 2 to iy 2 in. long, feathery; spikelets about 'iy 2 lines 
long including the awn 2. P. alpinum. 

1. P. pratense L. Timothy. Rootstock tufted, stoloniferous; 
stems sub-solitary or tufted, erect, leafy, 1 to 4 ft. high, simple, bright 
green; lower internodes often swollen and corm-like; sheaths glauces- 
cent, striate, smooth; ligule brownish, 1| to 2 lines long, abruptly 
acute; blades 2J to 3 lines wide, minutely scabrid, especially on the 
edges, glaucescent; panicle 1J to 9 in. long, about 3 lines wide, rough 
to the touch," not feathery; spikelets about 1J lines long including the 
awns, rigid, pale green or purplish; bracts about 1 line long, hyaline 
except the nerves; nerves 3, converging above into a divergent, 
scabrous mucro about J line long, the central nerve pectinate-ciliate; 
margins of the bract abruptly truncate below the mucro; bractlet 
about 1 line long, broad, completely enfolding the narrow palea, 
faintly 5 to 7-nerved and toothed; palea faintly 2-nerved, emarginate; 
anthers about 1 line long and yellow before shedding the pollen, 
afterwards shrunken and lavender-colored. 

Introduced into N. America as a forage grass, and now extensively 



40 <;ramim..k. 

naturalized in the I'nited States and British America: Glen Ellen, 
Sonoma Co. ; flats along the Russian River near Guerneville. .lune- 
Aug. 

2. P. alpinum L. Moi main Timotht. Closely related to P. 
pratense but stems rarely more than a foot high, usually stouter and 
more leafy, Blightly decumbent at base; internodes not corm-like; 
uppermost Bheaths inflated; ligule about 1 line long, truncate: leaf- 
blades short, acute. 1.1 to 5 lines wide; panicle ovoid or oblong, £ to 
1.1 in. long, feathery, usually darker in color; spikelets about 2 J lines 
long including the awns; margins of bracts less abruptly truncate; 
anthers about ; line long. 

Sierra Nevada and the higher Coast Range Mountains: also on dry, 
sandy bluffs along the coast from Crescent City to San Francisco: 
dry bills near Fort Point. Bolander, 1862; Bodega Point, Eastwood; 
Point Reyes. Apr.-Aug. 

10. ALOPECURUS L. Fox-tail, 
Aspect much that of Phleum. Upper Bheaths usually intlated; 
Leaf-blades Mat. Inflorescence a dense, cylindrical or ovoid, terminal 
thyrse or false spike, which is soft to the touch and jointed on the 
apex of the enlarged peduncle. Spikelets 1-flowered, crowded, 8 lines 
or less long, much compressed laterally. Bracts somewhat united 
at the base, conduplicate, compressed-keeled, deciduous with the 
flower; keel ciliate-fringed or slightly winged. Kachilla not jointed 
above the bracts. Flower decidedly pro terogy nous. Bractlet and 
palea hyaline, equaling or barely shorter than the bracts; bractlet broad, 
obtuse, 1 to 3 or 5-nerved, with a short, very slender, bent awn on 
the back, at, 01 below, the middle; margins connate at the 1 
enclosing the flower; palea usually obsolete, when present narrow, 
acute, keeled, partly included by the bractlet. Scales obsolete. 
Stamens 3. Ovary smooth; stigmas long, shortly hairy with simple 
hairs, (Greek alopez, a fox, oura, a tail, from the fancied resem- 
blance of the thyrse to a fox's tail. Closely resembling and nearly 
allied to Phleum. The name "Fox-tail " has frequently been applied, 
in California, to the Barley-grasses, species of the genus Hordeum.) 

Spikelets 2% to 3 lines long; thyrse 2^ to 3'/£ in. long I. A. pratensis. 

Spikelets \% to 2 lines long; thyrse 1 to 2 in. long, 2% to 4J 2 lines wide 

2. A Californicu^. 
Spikelets 1 to \y, lines long; thyrse y x to 1 in. long, 1% to 2 x / 2 lines wide .... 

3. .1. genictdatu8, 

1. A. pratensis L. Mkadow Fox-tail. Rootstock perennial, 
stoloniferous) stems erect or the lowest node geniculate, smooth; 
sheaths smooth, upper much inflated; ligule £ to 1.1 lines long, entire, 
truncate, brown, scabrid; blades 1§ to 3 lines wide: panicle slender, 
dense, cylindrical, obtuse, 2.1 to 3} in. long, soft, pale green or 
purplish; branches very short, with 3 to 6 spikelets; spikelets 2.1 to 3 
lines long, 1 line broad, narrowly oval, much compressed, acute; 
bracts acute, villously ciliate on the keel; margins connate for about 
l their length; bractlet awsed from near tbe base; margins connate 



GRASS FAMILY. 41 

for £ to \ their length; awn about 4 lines long-, exserted o its length. 
Introduced from Europe, and found not infrequently near settle- 
ments, but apparently nowhere plentiful; Waverly, Sanford. 
Apr. -July. 

2. A. Californicus Vasey. California Fox-tail. Perennial, 
allied to A. pratensis, but the thyrse only 1 to 2 in. long; spikelets 
H to 2 lines long; bracts obtuse, only slightly united at the base and 
often filiate for only two-thirds of their length; awn exserted 1| to 2 
lines, mostly strongly geniculate; anthers bright yellow. 

Apparently peculiar to California and Oregon. Wet places: Santa 
Cruz Co., Dr. Anderson; Berkeley, Bioletti. May. 

3. A. geniculatus L. Water Fox-tail. Perennial; steins 
procumbent and rooting from the lower nodes, then ascending 1 to 
H ft., smooth; sheaths smooth, upper inflated; ligule 1 to 1J lines 
long; blades ^ to H lines wide; panicle slender, dense, cylindrical, 
obtuse, f to 1 in. long; branches very short, with often only 
1 spikelet; spikelets 1 to 1J lines long, truncate; bracts silky. 
especially on the keel, obtuse, broadly scarious; bractlet glabrous; 
margins united ^ way up; awn about 2 lines long, exserted J its 
length; anthers purplish. 

Introduced in wet meadows, ditches, and marshy or springy places: 
collected on the State Survey by Bolander but locality not stated; 
near the Fish Hatcheiy, Bear Valley, Marin Co, Davy. Apr.-Sept. 

Var. aristulatus Torr. (var. fulvus, Scribn.) Wild Water Fox- 
tail, is said to differ mainly in being glaucous; sheaths more inflated; 
blades broader; panicle longer (often 2 in.) and paler, and the bracts 
still more obtuse; awn very short, barely exserted, inserted near the 
middle of the bractlet; anthers shorter, yellow, oblong. — In wet 
places, apparently indigenous. Keported from the Klamath Marshes, 
Bigelow, Lemmon, and Marin Co., Behr. 

Var. robustus Vasey, is described as more robust; stems stouter, 
though apparently not taller than the typical species; ligule 2 lines 
long; blades 3 lines wide; panicle 2 to 3 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide. — 
Said to have been collected in California by Lemmon in 1874 and 
Rattan in 1884, but localities not mentioned. The type specimens 
were from Alaska and Vancouver Island. 

11. POLYPOGON Desf. Beard-grass. 
Stems solitary or tufted, decumbent at base. Blades flat. Panicle 
contracted. Spikelets 1-flowered, rarely exceeding a line in length, 
jointed on the pedicel below the bracts so that these fall away with 
the flower at maturity. Bracts sub-equal, keeled, bifid or notched, 
with a terminal straight awn at or below the apex, 1-nerved, decid- 
uous. Bractlet awned or not; palea smaller, 2-nerved. Scales 2, 
falcate, entire, as long as the ovary. Stamens 3; anthers small. 
Ovary glabrous; styles short, free; stigmas long, feathery. (Greek 
polus, many, pogon, a beard, referring to the numerous awns; these 
give a bristly appearance to the inflorescence.) 



42 GRAMJNKfi. 

Annual; panicle dense, not distinctlv lobed or interrupted, except below; awns 
2 to :5^ lines long LP. MontpeUauU. 

Perennial: panicle much interrupted or distinctly lobed: awns about 1 line 
long 2. P. Httorali*. 

1. P. Monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Tawny Beard-GRASS. Annual; 
t-tock tufted; Btems a few inches to 2 or even ~-\ ft. high, leafy; 

panicle dense, not distinctly lobed or interrupted except sometimes 
below. 1.] to 4 in. long, often of a tawny tinge; spikelets very 
numerous, nearly hidden under the slender awns; awns 2 to 3} line's 
long; bracts scabrid, deeply notched; bractlet truncate-dentate. 

Native of Europe. Abundant throughout the State, especially in 
moist places: Martinez, Berkeley, Oakland, San Francisco and Point 
Reyes. Apr.-Aug., or in wet places even to Oct. 

2. P. littoralis Smith. Wateb Beard-grass. Perennial; root- 
stock solitary; stems weak, ascending, geniculate at the lower nodes, 
1 to 2 ft. high; panicle much interrupted or distinctly lobed, 2 to 5 
or rarely 6 in. long, somewhat shining, often purplish; branches in 
dense whorls, very irregular; spikelets not concealed by the awns; 
awns about 1 line long; bractlet awned. 

Introduced and common in moist localities along the coast: San 
Francisco, Berkeley, etc. Apr.-Aug. Closely resembling Agrostis 
verticillata, but at once distinguished by the presence of awns." 

12. AGROSTIS L. Bent-grass. 
Leaf-blades flat. Panicle-branches whorled, often in clusters of 
several, filiform. Spikelets very numerous, small. 1.] to 2 lines 
long, strictly 1-flowered. Bracts narrow, keeled, acute or acuminate, 
awnless or almost awn-pointed, persistent; lower somewhat longer 
than the upper. Rachilla not distinctly prolonged beyond the inser- 
tion of the flower, jointed below the bractlet; callus very short, naked, 
or with a few short hairs. Bractlet mostly shorter than the bracts, 
very thin, broad, 3 to 5-nerved, obtuse or truncate and toothed, 
awnless or with a slender, straight, twisted awn on the back usually 
mueh below the apex. Palea rarely more than \ the length of the 
bractlet, often very minute or obsolete. Scales 2, entire, minute. 
Stamens mostly 3. Styles very short, free; stigmas feathery. 
(Agrostis, the Greek name for a grass which mules fed on. perhaps 
derived from agros. a field, having reference to the habitat of some 
species. ) 

Palea conspicuous, % to % the length of its bractlet. 
Rootstock stoloniferous; panicle open, 6 to 8 inches long; palea y A to % shorter 

than its bractlet I. A. alba 

var. xtoloniferu. 
Rootstock not stoloniferous; panicle interrupted but dense, 1% to 4 in. long: 

palea about equaling its bractlet 2. A. vcrticillato. 

Palea obsolete, or, if present, minute. 
Rootstock tufted, not at all stoloniferous; panicle dense and rigidly erect: 
spikelets 1 line long. 
Panicle narrowly oblong, dense, 2 to 4 in. long, 5 to 9 lines wide; bractlet 

awned; awn about 1 line long 3. A. detmflora. 

Panicle linear, 4 to 6 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide; bractlet awnless 

i. .1. agpertfoHa. 



GRASS FAMILY. 43 



Rootstock slender and creeping; panicle narrow, not dense and not rigid; 
spikelets 1% lines long. 
Panicle 2% to 5 in. long: bractlet awnless 5. A. Diegoensis. 

1. Agrostis alba L. var. stolonifera Auct. Creeping Bent. 
Perennial, stoloniferous and sometimes forming a dense turf; stems 
decumbent at base, and rooting at the lower nodes then erect, 1 to 3 
ft. high; sheaths scabrid or almost smooth; ligule 1J lines long, 
obtuse; blades 3 to 6 in. long, 1$ lines wide, acute, antrorsely 
scabrous; panicle open, 6 to 8 in. long, narrow; branches sub-erect 
in £ whorls, the longest about 2 in. long, branched and spikelet- 
bearing to near the base; rachis and pedicels scabrous, the latter 
distinctly clavate; spikelets about 1 line long; bracts sub-equal, 
narrow, acute, scabrous on the solitary nerve, Avidely gaping when 
dry; callus with a tuft of minute hairs on each side; bractlet awnless, 
narrow-lanceolate, | to 1 line long, minutely 3-toothed; nerves very 
indistinct; palea distinct, about J line long; stamens 3; anthers ,] 
line long. — (A. stolonifera L. ?) 

Native of Europe, introduced as a pasture grass and naturalized in 
several localities, preferring moist situations; flats along the Kussian 
River near Guerneville, 1896. July. 

2. A. verticil lata Vill. Whorled Bent -grass. Perennial; 
rootstock not stoloniferous; stems decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. high, rooting 
from the lower nodes; sheaths inflated, smooth; ligule 1 to 2 lines 
long, obtuse, scabrid; blades 2 to 4 in. long, 1 to 3 lines wide, scabrid 
above; panicle loosely contracted, 1J to 4 in. long, 4 to 6 lines wide; 
branches sub-erect, whorled, the longest about 1 line long and naked 
at the base, the rest spikelet-bearing from the base up; spikelets 1 line 
long, obtuse; bracts subequal, obtuse, 1-nerved, scabrid; callus appar- 
ently naked; bractlet J line long, 5-nerved and prominently 5- 
toothed, glabrous; palea conspicuous, almost equaling the bractlet, 
2-nerved; stamens 3. 

Native of S. Europe. Common in wet places beside springs and 
streams: San Erancisco, 1866, Bolander; Stege, Berkeley 7 , and 
Agnews to the Upper San Joaquin Valley and Southern California; 
perhaps introduced. May-Oct. Besembles Polypogon littoralis, but 
at once distinguished by the absence of awns. 

3. A. densiflora Vasey. Sea Bent. Apparently annual; stems 
erect or ascending from a decumbent base, 3 to 12 in. high, stout, 
leafy; sheaths loose and inflated, smooth or scabrid; ligule 1 to 2 lines 
long, truncate; blades 2 to 4 in. long, 2 to 3^ lines wide, obtuse, 
scabrous; panicle narrowly oblong, dense, lobed, 2 to 4 in. long, 
5 to 9 lines wide, rarely interrupted at the base; branches crowded, 
erect, whorled or the lowest in -J whorls, all but the longest densely 
crowded with spikelets from the base up; longest J to 1 in. long; 
spikelets \\ to 1J lines long; bracts sub-equal, narrow, acuminately- 
pointed, 1-nerved, scabrous especially on the nerve; callus with a 
tuft of minute hairs at the base of each margin of the bractlet; 
bractlet 1 line long, glabrous, minutely toothed at the apex, 5-nerved 
below, midnerve excurrent from a little below the apex as a scabrid 



44 (.KA.MINK.l.. 

awn about 1 line long; palea obsolete or minute; Btamena 8. — (A. 
mucronata Thurb. in Bot. Cal.; A. densifiora var. arenaria ^*;ls.) 

A Ion-- the coast from Santa Cruz t<» Fort Bragg; moist Bandy 
places <>ii the cliffs, mouth of Bear Valley, Marin Co. .July-Aug. 

4. A. asperifolia Trin. Northern Red-top. Annual; steins 
stiffly erect, tufted, stout, leafy, 1 to 2 ft. high; sheaths minutely 
scabrid, margins scabrous; ligule 1 to 2 lines long, truncate or 
obtuse, more or Less decurrent; blades 3 to (5 in. long, U to 2\ lines 
wide acuminate or acute, scabrous; panicle shortly exserted, linear, 
interrupted below, lobed and dense above. 4 to <i in. long, 3 to 4 line.-, 
wide; branches crowded, erect, densely whorled and some at each 
node densely spikelet-bearin^ from the base, the longest :; to 1.] in. 
long and "naked below; spikelets 1 ', to H lines long; bracts sub-equal. 
narrow, acuminately 1-nerved, scabrous only on the nerve; callus 
with a tuft of minute hairs at the base of each margin of the bract- 
let, or apparently naked; bractlet | line long, glabrous, minutely 
toothed at the apex, faintly nerved, awnless: palea obsolete or 
minute; stamens 3. — (A. exarata Thurb. in Bot. Gal., in part.) 

Apparently near to A. densiflora, but at once distinguished from 
it by the taller stem, longer and narrower leaves and panicle, and the 
absence of awns. Common in the San Francisco Hay Region in salt- 
marshes and other wet places: N. Berkeley; Lake Pilarcitos; Baden; 
San Francisco; Martinez, dune. 

•"). A. Diegoensis Yasey. Sax Diego Bent-grass. Rootstock 
perennial, slender, stoloniferous; stems slender, erect. 2 to 2.! ft. 
high; sheaths minutely scabrid; ligule 3 to 4 lines long, sparingly 
serrate, decurrent; blades 2.] to 7 in. long, 1 line wide, antrorsely 
scabrous especially on the margins; panicle narrow, lax. well 
exserted, 2.] to 5 in. long; branches erect, the longest H to 3 in. 
long, all but the longest spikelet-bearing to near the base; spikelets 
1.] lines long; bracts acute, sub-equal, scabrid; callus with a prominent 
tuft of hairs about ] lines long, at the base of each margin of the 
bractlet; bractlet awnless, 1] to 1.] lines long, scabrid especially on 
tin- margins above, emarginate or shortlv 2-fid, and 4-toothed, 
prominently o-nerved, the mid-nerve not reaching the apex; palea 
minute or obsolete; stamens 3; anthers 1 line long, purplish. 

Abundant in the shade of bushes on dry hillsides of the Coast 
Ranges from San Diego to Sonoma Co.: Berkeley hills; Hood's 
Peak; Olema; Point Reyes. June-Aug. One of our most abundant 
native grasses. 

13. GASTRIDIUM. Beam. 
Erect annual. Leaf-blades fiat. Panicle spike-like, contracted, 
cylindric-fusiform, shining. Spikelets small, 1-rlowered. Bracts 
much exceeding the bractlet. the lower much the longer, shining, 
gibbous at the base, keeled above, acute or awn-pointed. liachilla 
prolonged beyond the insertion of the flower. Bractlet and palea 
equal, alike, minute, hyaline, shortly Stipitate and with a tuft of 
very minute hair- at the base; bractlet truncate, toothed, with or 



GBASS FAMILY. 45 

without a slender, twisted, dorsal awn which equals or exceeds the 
bracts; palea narrow. Scales 2, oblong, entire, as long as the ovary. 
Stamens 3. Stigmas sub-sessile. (Greek gastrideon, a ventricle, 
having reference to the ventricose bases of the bracts.) 

1. G. lendigerum (L.) Gaudin. Nit-grass. Stems tufted, erect 
from a geniculate base, 6 to 24 in. high, branching at the lower nodes; 
sheaths slightly rough; ligule about 2 lines long, lacerate-fringed; 
blades 2 to 5 in. long, about 2 lines wide, long-pointed, scabrous on 
both sides, pale green; panicle 3 to 6 in. long, about \ in. wide, in 
large specimens somewhat lobed, very pale green, shining with a 
satiny luster; pedicels clavate; spikelets about 2 lines long, very 
acute; bracts somewhat scabrous above; bractlet hairy, white, 
shining, 4-toothed; awn from just below the apex, very slender. — 
(G. australe Beauv.) 

Native of the Mediterranean Kegion, also found in Chile; intro- 
duced in California, and common near the coast: Petaluma; Briones 
Hills; Berkeley, and northward and southward. June-Oct. 

14. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed Bent-grass. 

Stems tall, often reed-like. Panicle-branches whorled. Spikelets 
1-flowered; rachilla jointed above the bracts, shortly prolonged beyond 
the insertion of the flower and bearing a tuft of long, white, silky 
hairs, which in all of ours are much shorter than the bractlet. Bracts 
enclosing the bractlet, sub-equal, concave, acuminate, awnless; upper 
3-nerved. Bractlet hyaline, 3 to 5-nerved, truncate, 2-fid, toothed, in 
ours awned at the tip or on the back with a twisted, strongly genicu- 
late, conspicuously exserted awn. Palea small, 2-nerved. Scales 2, 
entire, acute. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles short, distinct; 
stigmas feathery. (Greek kalamos, a reed, agrostis, grass, with 
reference to the reed-like habit of some species.) 

In the absence of an adequate series of specimens the following key 
has been adapted from that prepared by Kearney in his Revision of 
the N. American species of the genus, in Bull. 11, of the U. S. Dep. 
of Agriculture, Division of Agrostology.) 

Awn greatly exceeding the bracts. 
Strongly csespitose, rather hard in texture; leaf-blades strongly involute; 

panicle dense, branches appressed 1. C. purpurascens. 

Awn shorter than, or not much exceeding the bracts. 
Spikelets strongly compressed; bracts sharply keeled; plant tall; leaf- blades 
not filiform. 

Panicle wide, not spikelike, usually loose; leaves often flat 

2. C. Aleutica. 
Panicle narrower and dense, spike-like; leaves all strongly involute. 

Panicle strict, spikelets about 3 lines long 3. C. angusta. 

Panicle usually somewhat flexuous; spikelets 2 to 1\ lines long; awn 

arising from near the base of the bractlet 4. C. sub-flexuosa. 

Spikelets not strongly compressed; bracts not strongly keeled; plant ceespitose; 
stems usually somewhat rigid; leaf-blades usually filiform. 
Lower leaves in a dense tuft, short, rather rigid, strongly involute; spikelets 

about Z x /2 lines long 5. C. fasciculata. 

Lower leaves rarely forming a dense tuft, usually elongated, not rigid; 
panicle narrow, spiciform, usually red-purple . . 6. C. rubescens. 

1. C. purpurascens R. Br. Purple Reed-grass. Rootstock 



46 URAMINE.K. 

perennial, strongly tufted; stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, rather hard in 
texture; ligule about 1 line long, lacerate; blades strongly involute 
and scabrous; panicle very dense, spikelike, often slightly interrupted 
below, 3 to 4 in. long, varying from pale to dark purple; branches 
usually in fives below, appressed, the longest not more than an inch 
long; spikelets 3 to 3£ lines long; bracts sub-equal, very acute; upper 
distinctly 3-nerved; callus hairs unequal, the longest, at the sides, 
about \ the length of the bractlet; awn arising from very near the 
base of the bractlet. exserted more than £ the length of the bracts. — 
(C. sylvatica, Thurb. in Bot. Cal., not of DeCandolle. Description 
adapted from that of Thurber, in the absence of specimens. Reported 
as having been collected by Bolander in the " redwoods," but the 
actual locality is not stated; perhaps not within our limits, but to be 
looked for.) 

2. C. Aleutica Bong. Aleutian' Reed-GBASS. Stems stout, 
erect, 2 to 5 ft. high; sheaths minutely scaberulous; blades 6 to 12 in. 
long, 3 to 5 lines wide, scabrid on both surfaces, margins scabrous; 
panicle 6 to 10 in. long, \ to 1$ in. broad, loosely contracted and 
somewhat interrupted, somewhat drooping above; branches erect, 
some at each node spikelet-bearing from the base; spikelets acute; 
lower bract 1£ to 3 \ lines long, glabrous except the scabrid keel; 
upper rather shorter, bractlet 2h to 3 lines long; awn from near the 
middle of the bractlet and barely equaling it, usually strongly 
geniculate; anthers 1 to 1J lines long. 

Along the seashore in rocky or marshy places, from Point Reyes 
northward. June-July. A tall, coarse species, forming large tufts. 

3. C. angusta Kearney. Narrow Reed-grass. Perennial; 
stems few, slender, 2J to 3$ ft. high; ligule about 2 lines long, apex 
broad, truncate or rounded; blades not filiform, all strongly involute, 
at least above; panicle spikelike, narrow and dense, strict, 4£ to 7 in. 
long, sometimes interrupted below; branches short, appressed, the 
lower in threes; spikelets densely crowded, about 3 lines long, strongly 
compressed; bracts subequal, rather sharply keeled; awn from near 
the base of the bractlet, and shorter than, or not much exceeding, the 
bracts, 1-2 lines long, stout; anthers 1$ lines long. 

The type, which appears to be the only Specimen so far known, 
is from Santa Cruz, Anderson. Description adapted from that of 
Kearney in the absence of specimens. 

4. C. sub-flexuosa Kearney. Flexiois Reed-GRASS. Stems 
tufted, slender, erect, 2 to 3 ft. high; sheaths minutely scabrid; ligule 
1 to 2 lines long, apex slightly truncate; blades strongly involute, but 
not filiform, panicle 4 to 6 in. long, oblong lanceolate, narrow and 
dense, almost spiciform, often interrupted or lobed below, usually 
somewhat flexuous, brownish-purple; branches erect, in fours or sixes 
below, the longest about 2 in.; spikelets crowded, 2 to 2.} linos long, 
strongly compressed; bracts subequal, about 2£ lines long, sharply 
keeled, glabrous except the scabrid keel; bractlet and palea minutely 
5- toothed; awn from a little above the base of the bractlet, about 
equaling the bracts, stout; anthers 1 line long. 



GRASS FAMILY. 47 

The type is Bolander's no. 2274 from the Oakland Hills and the 
species does not appear to have been re-collected. It resembles C. 
Aleutica, but is said to be at once distinguishable by the short and 
narrow involute leaves and by the position of the awn. 

5. C. fasciculata Kearney. A perennial "bunch-grass;" densely 
tufted from a scaly, stoloniferous rootstock; stems 2 to 2£ ft. high, 
stout, erect from a decumbent base, very leafy and densely clothed 
with the old, dry sheaths; the lowest sheaths bearded at the junction 
with the blade; figule 1^ lines long, serrate; blade about 1 line wide, 
flat or becoming involute, minutely scabrid, uppermost cauline f to 
1\ in. long, lowest cauline 5 to 6 in., those of the sterile shoots 6 to 10 
in. long; panicle shortly exserted, narrowly lanceolate or almost 
linear, 2 to 4 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide, interrupted below, dense and 
lobed above; branches short, appressed, densely-flowered to the base; 
longest £ to | in. long; spikelets f line long; bracts subequal, acute, 
scabrous; the upper the longer, about 2J lines long; prolongation ot 
the rachilla minute, naked; bractlet exceeding the bracts, 3 lines long, 
prominently nerved; awn arising about § from the base, 1^ lines long, 
shortly exceeding the bractlet; palea about 2 lines long. 

Marin Co. northward: plentiful along the trail from Mill Valley 
Cascades to the reservoir, above the redwoods. Aug. -Sept. 

6. C. rubescens Buckl., which is described by Kearney as differ- 
ing from C. fasciculata in its usually elongated, not rigid, leaves 
which rarely form a dense tuft, and further by its narrow, spiciform, 
usually red-purple panicle, is recorded by him as having been 
collected on Mt. Tamalpais by Blankinship. 

15. AMMOPHILA Host. 

Tall perennial, with long, rigid leaves. Panicle large, contracted. 
Spikelets large, 1 -flowered, much compressed laterally. Bracts per- 
sistent, scarcely exceeding the bractlets, sub-equal, rigid, thick, com- 
pressed-keeled, lanceolate, sub-acute, awnless; lower 1, upper 3-nerved. 
Kachilla terminating in a point beyond the insertion of the bractlet. 
Bractlet and palea similar in texture and about as long as the bracts; 
bractlet 5-nerved, minutely awned, with an oblique callus and a short 
tuft of silky hairs at base; awn minute, sub-terminal; palea 2-keeled, 
sulcate between the keels, 2-toothed. Scales very acuminate. 
Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles short, distinct. (Greek ammos, 
sand, and philia, affection, from its preference for sand-dunes.) 

1. A. arenaria (L.) Link. Beach-grass. Eootstock widely 
creeping; stems 2 to 4 ft. high; sheaths long; ligule very long, 2-fid, 
torn; blades convolute and polished without, scabrid and glaucous 
within; panicle spike-like, sub-cylindric-fusiform, 3 to 6 in. long, 
straight, broadest and sometimes lobed at the base, white or yellowish; 
pedicels scabrous; spikelets erect, 5 to 6 lines long; bracts ^ to \ in. 
long; keel scabrid; hairs and prolongation of the rachilla less than \ 
as long as the spikelet; anthers \ in. long, linear, yellow. — (A. 
arundinacea Host.) 



48 <.i:amixi:.k. 

Introduced from Europe into California about 1876. by Mr. Louis 
Me Lane, at the instigation of Prof. Geo. Davidson, for binding the 
drifting coast-sands of Golden Gate Park. Now thoroughly estab- 
lished at Golden Gate Park, Point Lobos and South Beach, as well 
t< at Point Reyes and Point Arena. July. 

Tribe 5. Aveneae. Oats Tribe. 

Inflorescence in lax, rarely contracted panicles, or in Danthonia 
sometimes reduced to a raceme of 1 to 10 terminal spikelets. Spike- 
lets all alike, usually with 2 or more perfect flowers (1 perfect and 1 
staminate in Holcus and Arrhcnatherum; rarely 1-liowered by abor- 
tion in Deschampsia and Trisetum), the imperfect flowers when 
present, uppermost (except in Arrhenatherum). Bracts large in 
proportion to the whole spikelet, usually exceeding the uppermost 
bractlet. Rachilla, except in Holcus, jointed above the bracts so that 
these persist after the flower has fallen, prolonged beyond the insertion 
of the uppermost flower except in Aira. Bractlet usually awned on 
the back, rarely from between the teeth of the 2-fid apex; awn usually 
geniculate or twisted. 

A. Bracts readily deciduous with the flower. 

Spikelet strictly 2-flowered; lower flower perfect, its bractlet awnless; upper 
flower staminate (or rarely perfect), its bractlet with a short awn 

16. Holcus. 

B. Bracts persistent after the flower has fallen." 

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the insertion of the upper flower: spikelets 
strictly 2-flowered. 
Bractlets hyaline, 2-toothed, dorsal lv awned; flowers closely superposed. . . 

17. Aira. 

Rachilla prolonged beyond the insertion of the upper flower; spikelets (in ours) 
2 (rarely by abortion only 1 in Deschampsia and Trisetum) to many-flowered. 
Awn of the bractlet arising from below the teeth of the apex, not from 
between them. 
Lower flower always perfect; the uppermost sometimes staminate or 
reduced to its bractlet. 
Spikelets less than 5 lines long (excluding the awn); achene free from 
the bractlet and palea, unfurrowed. 
Bractlet finely erose-dentate, or 2-lobed, or truncate and entire: 

spikelets strictly 2-flowered 18. Deschampsia. 

Bractlet cleft or 2-toothed, with the teeth sometimes produced 
into awns; lowest flower awned; spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, often 

shining 19. Trisetum. 

Spikelets more than 5 lines long (excluding the awn); achene usually 

adnate to its bractlet and palea, furrowed . . . 20. Avena. 

Lower flower staminate, strongly awned from near the base: the upper 

perfect, awnless or short-awued at the apex . . .21. Arrhenatheri'.m. 

Awn of the bractlet arising from between its lobes or teeth; the teeth in 

many cases prolonged into straight awns . . .22. Danthonia. 

16. HOLCUS L. Velvet-grass. 
Leaf-blades flat. Spikelets much laterally compressed, 2-flowered; 
pedicels jointed below the bracts, so that these are readily deciduous 
with the flower. Bracts 2, boat-shaped, keeled; lower l-nerved; upper 

Larger, 8-nerved, notched, acute or sometimes shortly awned. Rachilla 
Bhortly prolonged beyond the insertion of the uppermost flower- 



GRASS FAMILY. 49 

enclosing bractlet, sometimes terminated by a minute rudimentary 
bractlet. Lower flower perfect; upper staminate. Bractlets shorter 
than the bracts, 3-nerved; that of the lower flower awnless, of the 
upper with a short, dorsal, somewhat twisted awn. Palea 2-nerved, 
truncate, 3-toothed. Scales oblique, acuminate. Stamens 3. Ovary 
glabrous; stigmas sessile. (Holkos, a classic Greek name for some 
grass, perhaps derived from nolkos, attractive.) 

1. H. lanatus L. Mesqu it-grass. Perennial; rootstock creep- 
ing, fibrous; stems tufted, ascending, 1 to 2 ft. high, slender, leafy; 
sheaths densely soft-pubescent, the uppermost inflated; ligule short; 
blades soft; panicle pyramidal 2 to 5 in. long, pale green or pinkish; 
branches 2 to 3-nate; spikelets about 2 lines long, elliptic-oblong, the 
awn erect before anthesis then incurved and scarcely or not at all 
protruded; bracts acute, ciliate on the keels, nerves prominent; anthers 
rich purplish-brown. 

A conspicuous, softly- woolly, pale-colored grass of moist bottom 
lands. Naturalized from Europe. San Francisco, Bolander; Cobb 
Mt., Leithold; Olema; Point Eeyes; Guerneville. The closely related 
species H. mollis should be looked for. It resembles H. lanatus, of 
which it is considered by some only a variety, but differs in its more 
slender habit, in being almost glabrous except at the nodes which are 
conspicuously downy; the bracts are more scabrid and very acuminate, 
and the awn of the upper bractlet is considerably protruded beyond 
them. 

17. AIRA L. Hair-grass. 

Slender, dwarf annuals. Leaf-blades setaceous. Panicle-branches 
capillary, sub-erect. Spikelets less than 2 lines long, in ours strictly 
2-flowered; bracts thinly scarious; rachilla not prolonged beyond the 
insertion of the upper bractlet. Bractlets thin, scarious, not project- 
ing beyond the bracts; awn dorsal, short, hair-like. Near to Avena 
in technical characters, but spikelets much smaller. (Greek aira, the 
name of a weed in wheat-fields, probably Lolium temulentum; 
derived from Greek airein, to hurt, on account of its poisonous 
qualities, Syme.) 

Panicle-branches much divided and bearing tufts of spikelets at the ends; 

bractlet of each flower awned. . . 1. A. caryophyllea. 

Panicle more open; spikelets less numerous and not tufted, smaller; bractlet of 

the lower flower awnless, of the upper awned 2. A. capillaris. 

1. A. caryophyllea L. Silvery Hair-grass. Slender, grace- 
ful, tufted grass, 8 to 10 in. high; sheaths scabrid, often pinkish at 
the base; blades short, fine, ephemeral; panicle loose; branches long, 
much divided, and hearing usually dense tufts of spikelets at the ends; 
pedicels short, scabrid; spikelets 1£ lines long; bracts widely gaping 
at the apex, shining above, thinly scarious, the flowers plainly discern- 
ible through them; bractlet brownish, long-acuminate, 2-fid; that of 
each flower awned; awns protruding J line or more. 

Naturalized from Europe, now common on old cattle ranges in the 
Bay Region: Lake Pilarcitos, Mt. Tamalpais, Olema, Point Reyes 
and in Mendocino Co. May- Aug. 



50 (iKAMIMI. 

2. A. capillaris Host Fine Haik-ckv^. Resembling A. caryo- 
phyllea but the panicle much more open; spikelets less numerous and 
not tufted, only 1 line long; pedicels longer and sometimes glabrous; 
bractlet of the lower flower awnlesa, of the upper awned; awns 
hygroscopic. 

Naturalized from southern Europe: Tocaloma, 1893, Michener and 
Bioletti; Humboldt Co.. Davy and probably occurring elsewhere hut 
perhaps confused with the preceding. May. 

18. DESCHAMPSIA Beam. 
Panicle mostly open (rarely contracted), branches -lender. Spike- 
Lets small, 2-flowered; flowers both perfect, Bomewhat distant, lower 
sub-sessile, upper pedicellate; rachilla jointed, hairy, prolonged beyond 
the insertion of the upper flower-enclosing bractlet as a hairy bristle 
which is sometimes terminated by an empty bractlet. Bracts equal- 
ing or exceeding the uppermost flower-enclosing bractlet, thin mem- 
branaceous, 1 t<> 3-nerved, keeled, acute; margins and apex thinly -ca- 
rious. Bractlet membranaceous or nearly hyaline, 2-toothed or cleft, 
or truncate and denticulate, with a fine dorsal awn below the middle; 
palea narrow, prominently 2-nerved, often 2-toothed. Stamens 3. 
(Dr. Deschamps, a French physician and naturalist of St. Omer, natu- 
ralist to the La Perouse relief expedition. Grasses with the shining 
spikelets of Trisetum and Aira. usually smaller than in the former, 
larger than in the latter with which genus they were formerly united; 
stems usually stouter than in Aira.) 

Stems stout, from a tufted rootstock; bracts barely equaling, and mostly 
shorter than the whole spikelet; the lower 1-nerved; panicle contracted, 
erect or somewhat drooping, dense and somewhat spikelike; branches 

short, stoutish; awn stout, straight 1. D. holciformis. 

Stems slender, weak; bracts exceeding the uppermost bractlet. 
Perennial. 
Panicle-branches several at a node, very unequal in length, mostly 
appressed, bearing many spikelets; spikelets 1% to 2 lines long; bractlet 
obscurely nerved or nerveless; achene grooved. . . 2. D.elongata. 
Panicle racemose, 1 to 2 in. long; branches appressed, with few spikelets. 

Diminutive plant, 3 to 4 in. high 2. D. elongata 

var. trnuif. 
Annual; panicle-branches mostly in 3's below, in pairs or solitary above, 
distant, mostly spreading and bearing few (about 5) spikelets at the ends; 
spikelets 2% to 4% lines long; bractlet 5-nerved. . . .3. I), calycina. 

1. D. holciformis Presl. California Hair-grass. Perennial: 
rootstock forming large, dense tufts; stems 2 to •"> ft. high, stout, aris- 
ing from a dense tuft of involute leaves: ligule 1 to 2 lines long; pani- 
cle contracted, dense, erect or somewhal drooping, 6 to 10 in. long; 
branches many at a node, sub-ereet, the longest H to 2£ in. long. 
branched and Bpikelet-bearing almost to the base; spikelets 2.1 to ■"» 
lines long, short-pediceled. usually purplish-tinted below, yellowish 
to brown above; bracts barely equaling j and mostly shorter than the 
whole spikelet. acute; bractlet membranaceous, silky-hairy at base. 

rather regularly 4-toothed; awn stout, about 1.] lines long, inserted 
near the base of the bractlet, usually shortly exserted; anthers 1 line 

long, purplish. — (Aira holciformi- Steud.) 



GRASS FAMILY. 51 

Wet meadows and borders of streams: moist meadows Mission 
Dolores, San Francisco, and Oakland Hills, Bolander in 1862; Presidio; 
Mark West's Creek; Point Reyes. Apr.-July. 

2. D. elongata (Hook.) Munro. Slender Hair-grass. Peren- 
nial; stems very slender and weak, 8 to 24 in. high or more, from a 
dense tuft of bright green, fine, smooth, short, very narrow leaves; 
ligule acute, 2 lines long; panicle very long and narrow; branches 
several at a node, distant, mostly appressed, capillary, scabrous, 
spikelet-bearing above the middle; pedicels somewhat clavate; spike- 
lets many, 1J to 2 lines long; bracts linear-subulate, acuminate, nearly 
equal, 3-nerved, green, exceeding the uppermost bractlet; bractlet 1 
line long, smooth and shining, with a tuft of silky hairs at base, 
irregularly 5-toothed or lacerate at apex; the lower and its flower on a 
short callus; the upper upon a very hairy internode § as long as the 
lower; awn arising from near the base of the bractlet and twice its 
length, very slender and long exserted. — (Aira elongata Hook.) 

Moist places along the coast northward to Oregon. 

Var. ciliata Yasey. Stems 2 to 2f ft. high; ligule 4 lines long; 
blades involute and softer; panicle often 12 in. long; awns longer than 
in the type. — Lake Pilarcitos; Olema. June- Aug. 

Var. tenuis Vasey. Very small plant, 3 to 4 in. high, with soft, 
hair-like, bright-green foliage; ligule long, white; panicle racemose, 
1 to 2 in. long; branches appressed, with few spikelets. — Shady places 
beside an intermittent foothill streamlet, Evergreen, Santa Clara Co. 
May. 

3. D. calycina Presl. Tickle-grass. Annual; stems slender, 
from a few inches to 2 ft. high, simple, often growing in dense masses, 
rarely geniculate and sparingly branched below; leaves few, short, 
narrow and ephemeral; ligule 1 to 1J lines long, acuminate; panicle 
simple, very loose and open or narrow, about ^ the length of the stem; 
branches mostly in 3's below, in pairs or solitary above, bearing few 
(about 5) spikelets upon the upper part, naked below; spikelets 2J to 
4| lines long; lower flower on a short callus, its bractlet overlapping 
that of the upper flower; bractlet about 1 line long, hairy below, 
shining above, 5-nerved; apex emarginate, with 4 minutely ciliate 
teeth; awn inserted below the middle, about 3 times as long as the 
bractlet, light brown, twisted below and bent near the middle. — 
(Aira danthonioides of Bot. Calif.) 

Common in the San Francisco Bay region and elsewhere in the 
State, on poor, clayey soils: Napa Valley near St. Helena; Montezuma 
Hills, Solano Co., Jepson; Kenwood; Santa Cruz. Apr. -June. 

19. TRISETUM Pers. Oat-grass. 
Leaf-blades flat. Panicle usually open, narrow, more or less droop- 
ing above; branches in whorls, slender, erect, spreading or drooping. 
Spikelets 2 to 5-flowered. Bracts mostly shorter than the whole 
s pikelet, unequal, keeled, membranaceous; margins scarious; lower 
bract 1 to 3, upper 3-nerved; rachilla extending beyond the insertion 



52 (JRAMIXK.K. 

of the uppermost flower-enclosing bractlet, and terminated by an 
empty braetlet or a slender awn. Flower-enclosing bractlets like the 
bracts in texture, keeled, 5-nerred, acuminate, ending in two long, 
subulate teeth, with a long, bent and twisted awn arising from 
between them; palea 2-nervedand 2-toothed. Ovary hairy or smooth; 
stigmas almost sessile. Achene smooth, not furrowed. (Latin tres, 
treie or feris, three, and saeta, a bristle, referring to the awn-like points 
which terminate the hraetlet in many species.) 

Panicle lax; branches more or less spreading or sub-erect. 
S|.ikelets large, 6 to 12 lines long, 2 to 3 lines wide, 3 to 8-flowered, resembling 

those of a Bromus; rachilla nearly glabrous, bractlets hirsute 

1. T. barbatum. 

Splkelets small, 3 to 6 lines long, about 1 line wide, 2 to 3 (rarely 4)-flowered; 

rachilla clothed with long hairs, bractlets sub-glabrous; lower bract less 

than % as long as the upper; panicle-branches spikelet-bearing on the 

upper half 2. T. cernuum. 

Panicle contracted, strict; branches short, erect, the whorls not widely 

separated. 

Spikelets small, about 4 lines long; lower bract only about y x shorter than 

the upper; bractlets imbricate, minutely puberulent; panicle-branches 

mostly spikelet-bearing to the base 3. T. canescoi*. 

1. T. barbatum Steud. Brome-like Oat-grass. Annual; Btem 
usually Military, 2 to 3 ft. high; sheaths hirsute with spreading hairs 
arising from minute tuberculations, glabrescent in age; blades 6 in. 
long, 2 to 3 lines wide, pilose-ciliate when young, sub-glabrous with 
age; panicle lax, 4 to 9 in. long; branches slender, sub-erect, lower 
bearing 2 to 4, upper only 1 spikelet; spikelets (i to 12 lines long, 2 to 

3 lines wide, 5 to 8-flowered, much flattened, resembling those of a 
Bromus; bracts narrow, acuminate, scabrous on the keel, 3-nerved. 
nearly reaching to the apex of the nearest bractlet; intemodes of the 
rachilla short, nearly smooth; bractlet 5 to f) lino long, hirsute all 
over; teeth subulate; awn stout, twisted below, then bent outwards, 
6 to 8 lines long. — (Bromus barbatoides, Beal.) 

Near thickets on hillsides, San Francisco, Bolander; also reported 
from Oakland. Mar.-June. 

2. T. cernuum Trim Nodding Oat-grass. Perennial; stems 2 
to 3 ft. high, slender, in tufts; leaf-blades 6 to 9 in. long, 3.} to 6 lines 
wide, sub-glabrous or sparsely pilose on the nerves, not ciliate; panicle 
6 to 10 in. long, very open, drooping above; branches in remote 
whorls, drooping, long, capillary, roughened, bearing 2 to 3 or rarely 

4 spikelets above the middle; spikelets 3 to 6 lines long, 1 line wide; 
bracts very unequal, the lower narrow, subulate; upper more than \ 
longer, broad, 3-nerved, obtuse and mucronate; rachilla clothed with 
long, silky hairs, internodes 1 to U lines long, the lowest shorter than 
the others, the terminal bearing an empty bractlet or a long, slender 
awn; braetlet 2 to 3 lines long, glabrous or slightly scabrous; teeth 
long and BUbulate; awn .-lender, about twice the length of its hraetlet. 

Description drawn from Mendocino Co. specimens; reported from 
San Francisco. .Mar.-June. 

3. T. canescens Buckl. SILVERY Oat-GRASS. Perennial; stems 
1 to 4 ft. high, stout, erect; sheaths varying from glabrous to pubes- 



GRASS FAMILY. 53 

cent; panicle 5 to 12 in. long, 1£ to 2£ lines wide, pubescent, strict, 
narrow, more or less densely-flowered, often purple-tinged; branches 
erect, somewhat crowded, all but the longest bearing spikelets to the 
base, longest 2£ in. long; spikelets about 4 lines long, narrow, 2 to 
• !- flowered; lower bract narrow, acute, about |- shorter than the broad 
upper one; bractlets not spreading nor very remote, imbricate, 3 to 4 
lines long, narrow, minutely puberulent, long subulate-pointed; awn 
stout, about twice the length of its bractlet. 

Dry, open ground or open woods and thickets; Coast Eanges north- 
ward to Oregon and in the Sierra Nevada: Berkeley hills; Mt. 
Tamalpais; Olema. Apr. -Sept. 

20. AVENA L. Oats. 
Ours annual. Stems sub-solitary. Leaf-blades flat. Panicle lax; 
the branches unequal, and bearing few, pendulous spikelets on 
slender, geniculate, abruptly clavate pedicels. Spikelets 2 to many 
(rarely only l)-flowered, the uppermost flowers staminate or abortive. 
Bracts 2, persistent, unequally nerved. Kachilla jointed above the 
bracts between the perfect flowers. Bractlet rounded on the back, 
the apex (in ours) shortl}* 2-fid, the back bearing a stout awn, mostly 
geniculate and twisted below; palea narrow, 2-dentate or 2-fid, 
2-keeled. Scales 2-fid. Stamens 8; anthers sub-basifixed. Ovary 
and achene hairy, at least at the top; styles short, distant. (Avena 
the old Latin name for Oats.) 

Awn short or often obsolete, not geniculate; bractlet 7-nerved, glabrous or with 

a few long hairs at the base 2.- A. sativa. 

Awn 10 te 24 lines long, geniculate. 
Bmctlet acute but not awn-pointed, 9-uerved, the 2 marginal nerves fine, 

sometimes not continued to the apex . . . 1. A. fatua. 

Bractlet acuminate, awn-pointed, 7-nerved 3. A. 'barbata. 

1. A. fatua L. Wild Oats. Stems stoutish, 2 to 3J ft. high; 
ligule short, lacerate; blades long and broad, scabrid; panicle 6 to 14 
in. long; branches few at a node, very unequal, long and filiform; 
spikelets drooping, 2 to 3 (rarely only l)-flowered, broad; bracts 
subequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 10 to 12 lines long excluding the 
awn, 9 to 11-nerved; bractlet less than 10 lines long, acute, 2-fid, 3 J 
lines wide, firm, thinly hairy with usually yellowish hairs, especially 
below, brown, 9-nerved; that of the uppermost flower sub-glabrous; 
awn from near the middle of the bractlet, stout, 10 to 20 lines long, 
geniculate; palea about 7 lines long, and 1£ wide, with short diver- 
gent hairs on* the nerves. 

Not uncommon in the Bay Kegion: San Jose; Mt. Hamilton; 
Danville and Livermore. May -Aug. 

Var. glabrescens Coss. Bastard Oats, is distinguished by 
having the bractlet naked except for a few short hairs at the base, and 
sometimes a thin pubescence along the margins, in which it approaches 
A. sativa; from the latter it may always be distinguished by the 
longer and geniculate awn and the wider 9-nerved bractlet. Intro- 
duced at San Bernardino and San Jose ace. to Dewey; Berkeley, 
Da cy. 



54 GRAMINEJE. 

2. A. sativa L. Common Oats. Near t<> A. fatua, but distin- 
guished by its usually Bhorter stature, by the 7-nerved bractlet being 
glabrous (or bearing a few long hairs at the base), and by the often 

short, Straight awn which i> sometimes obsolete. 

Frequently found as an escape in the borders of fields and by the 
roadside: Berkeley: Briones Hill-. 

3. A. barbata Brot. Barbed Oats. Steni^ slender, erect. 2 to 
3£ ft. high; uppermost ligule 1 to 1£ lines long, broad, obtuse, trun- 
cate, irregularly notched; blade- 1 to 3j lines broad, scabrous on both 
Burfaces; panicle usually 6 to 12 in. long. Bhorter in dry localities and 
seasons; branches few at a node, very unequal, long and filiform; 
spikelets 2 to several-flowered, narrow and slender; bracts subequal, 
oval-lanceolate, setaceous-pointed. 10 to 12 lines long, with 7. i) or 11 
broadly green-margined nerve-: margins scariouB, shining; bractlet 
10 to 12 lines long, including the long, slender, awn-pointed teeth. 
2\ lines wide, lanceolate, membranaceous, clothed with soft, silky. 
usually white hairs, 7-nerved; awn from near the middle of the 
bractlet, stout, geniculate, 11 to 20 lines long; palea 6£ lines long. 1 
line wide, with short divergent hairs on the nerves; anther- U lines 
long; ovary densely hairy with long, white, silky, erect hairs. 

A montane specie-, native of S. Europe and naturalized extensively 
in California in the Coast Range hills, and Southern California: San 
Jose, Brdinard, Lake Merced, Olema, Angel Island, Point Isabel, 
Livermore. Berkeley. Mar. -Aug. Often mistaken for A. fatua, 
from which it may be distinguished without difficulty, when once 
known, by its more slender inflorescence and spikelets. 

21. ARRHENATHERUM Beam. 

Perennial, usually tall grasses. Leaf-blades flat. Spikelets terete, 
strictly 2-flowered: rachilla jointed between the flowers, often hairy, 
prolonged beyond the insertion of the uppermost bractlet as a short 
point or bristle: lower flower staminate. upper pistilltite or perfect. 
Bracts persistent, scarious (in ours), very unequal, shortly acuminate, 
keeled. Bractlets rigid, 5 to 7-nerved, 2-toothed, that of the lower 
flower with a long, basal, bent and twisted awn, that of the upper with 
a short, dorsal awn: palea 2-nerved. Scales lanceolate, laterally 
toothed. Stamens 3. (Greek arrhen, masculine, ather, awn; only 
the male flower is conspicuously awned.) 

1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat-GRASS. Rootstoek peren- 
nial, widely creeping; stems 2 to 4 ft. high, erect, slender, smooth, 
leafy, often densely tufted; lowest internode sometimes developed into 
a conn; leaves bright green: sheaths smooth: ligule broad, obtuse, 
about 1 line long; blades -oft. minutely scabrid, 2£ to 3<j lines wide; 
panicle narrow, pale green, shining, 6 to 8 in. long, drooping: 
branches short, erect, scabrid, spreading in flower, densely whorled. 
healing lew -pikelets; spikelets 3 to 4 lines long; upper bract enclos- 
ing the 2 flowers, acute; lower much smaller; bractlet hairy below 1 , 
about half as lone' as the twisted, bent awn. — (A. avenaceuin Beam.: 
A vena elatior L.) 



GRASS FAMILY. 55 

Sparingly naturalized in California: reported from the vicinity of 
San Francisco, Behr; Berkeley hills, Davy. June-Sept. 

22. DANTHONIA DC. 

Inflorescence in ours consisting of a paniculate raceme or simple- 
panicle or the spikelets solitary and terminal. Spikelets about 
7-flowered. Bracts persistent, nearly equal, keeled, awnless, equaling 
the whole spikelet, 3 to 9 (rarely only l)-nerved. Rachilla jointed and 
pilose between the flowers, prolonged beyond the insertion of the 
uppermost bractlet. Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate. 
Bractlet 7 to 13-nerved, terminating in 2 sharp, usually rigidly awn- 
pointed teeth, between which is a geniculate, spreading awn, flattened 
at the base and spirally twisted, formed from the three middle nerves; 
palea hyaline, broadly 2-nerved, equaling or exceeding the entire 
portion of the bractlet, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 3. Scales 2, 
entire. Ovary smooth, stipitate. (Named in honor of Etienne 
Danthoine, a French botanist of the 18th century.) 

1. D. Californica Boland. Danthonia. Tufted perennial; stems 
1^ to 3 ft. high, slender, usually sub-erect; sheaths bearded at the 
throat, densely or sparsely villous, or smooth, the hairs arising from 
minute, white papillae; ligule obscure; blades mostly convolute- 
setaceous; spikelets 1 to 5, rarely 10, terminal, 7£ to 12 lines long, 
usually purplish; pedicels long, slender, minutely and densely 
hirsute, spreading; bracts enclosing the rest of the spikelet, acumi- 
nate, 8 to 10 lines long; flowers about 7; bractlet broad, coriaceous 
below, about 4 lines long excluding the awn, with tufts of white hairs 
on the callus and on the margins from about the middle downwards; 
its teeth about 2 lines long; awn spreading, barely exserted, brownish 
below, with short, spreading hairs on the nerves; palea ciliate, notched 
above; achene about 2 lines long. 

Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay northward and southward; 
the prevalent grass on dry hills, especially along the coast: Berkeley; 
San Francisco; Crystal Springs Lake; Olema; Point Beyes. Type 
locality "on borders of cultivated fields near the bay at Oakland; 
hills near Mission Dolores, San Francisco." 

Tribe 6. Chlorideae. Finger-grass Tribe. 

Inflorescence a simple panicle of spikes which are usually digitate 
at the end of," or scattered along, its main axis, or, rarely, solitary and 
terminal. Rachis not jointed or notched as in Hordese. Spikelets 
sessile in 2 rows, which form unilateral spikes; in ours all perfect and 
1 or rarely 2-flowered; lowest flower always perfect. Rachilla usually 
prolonged beyond the insertion of the terminal flower, and (except in 
Spartina) jointed above the bracts so that these persist after the 
flowers have fallen. Bractlet usually keeled, entire and unawned, 
or toothed and with 1 or 3 terminal straight awns. The inflorescence 
closely resembles that of Paspalum, but the spikelets resemble those 
of Festucea?. 



56 GRAMINEL/E. 

Spikes digitate; prostrate, running grass, rooting at the nodes 23. Cynooon. 
Spikes scattered along the main axis of the panicle; erect plants. 
Bracts very unequal; long, narrow, acuminate; tidal creeks and marshes . . 

24. Pfartina. 
Bracts equal, short, broad and boat-shaped, abruptly acute; sloughs and 
banks of rivers and streams 25. Be< kmannia. 

23. CYNODON Rich. Dog's-tooth-grabs. 

Perennial. Leaf-blade- narrow, usually flat, often short. Panicle 
branches 2 to 6, digitate at the apes of the peduncle, erect or radially 
spreading. Spikelets alternate, sessile (in ours) on one Bide of the 
rachis, 1 -flowered. Bracts 2, persistent, often narrow, keeled; rachilla 
jointed above the bracts and often prolonged beyond the base 
of the bractlet as a bristle. Bractlet boat-shaped, distinctly keeled; 
palea often shorter and narrower, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3. 
Achene glabrous, not channeled. (Greek kuon, a dog, odoas, a 
tooth.) 

1. C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda-grass. Stems prostrate, 
creeping, often several feet in length, clothed with undeveloped 
-heaths, producing roots and tufts of leaves at the nodes and often 
one or more prostrate, barren branches; flowering stems 4 to 24 in. 
high, leafy; sheaths much crowded, loose, strongly striate; ligule 
short, ciliate with long hairs; blades about an inch long and a line 
wide, stiff and sometimes involute, glaucous; panicle-branches 3 to 6, 
1 or 2 in. long, concavo-convex; spikelets about 1 line long, appressed, 
closely imbricate; bracts shorter than the bractlet, ovate-lanceolate, 
nearly equal, usually spreading, rough on the keel or not; bractlet 
smooth, keel and margins ciliate; palea narrow. — (Capriola Dactvlon 
Ktze.) 

Tropical species naturalized in California and frequently occurring 
a- a roadside weed on the outskirts of towns, especially in the warm 
interior valleys; in the Coast Ranges at San Rafael, Pacheco, Berke- 
ley and Alameda; Bolander records having seen it in the vicinity of 
San Francisco in 1862. Apr.-Oct. 

24. SPARTINA Schreb. Cord-grass. 

Mostly maritime perennials. Stems simple, erect, reed-like but 
short. Leaf-blades long, tough. Panicle narrow, erect, dense, com- 
posed of several erect, approximate spikes; spikelets large, compressed, 
more or less imbricate, in rows on two sides of the triangular panicle- 
branches, 1-flowered. Bracts unequal, keeled, acute, or bristle- 
pointed, about as long as the whole spikelet; rachilla sometimes pro- 
longed beyond the insertion of the flower. Bractlet sub-hyaline, 
faintly 2-nerved; palea equaling it or longer. Scales short, obtuse. 
Stamens 3. Style-branches long, slender. (Greek spartine, a rope or 
cord made of spartos, Spartium junceum and Stipa tenacissima.) 

1. S. strict a var. glabra Muhl. Cord-grass. Rootstock creep- 
ing, scaly; stein- very stout, H to 4 ft. high; leaf-blades long, flat, 
smooth, tapering from about 3 lines wide near the middle to long. 
slender points; panicle 6 to 9 in. long; branches 2 to 3 in. long: 



GRASS FAMILY. 57 

spikelets £ in. long; bracts varying from glabrous to strongly ciliate 
on the keels; anthers yellow, 2 lines long. 

Common along the borders of salt-marshes around San Francisco 
and San Pablo Bays, usually, if not always, within reach of tidal 
water: near Sausalito; San Eafael; Alameda; West Berkeley; etc. 
Aug -Dec. 

25. BECKMANNIA Host. 

Leaf-blades flat. Panicle long, narrow, erect, dense, composed of 
several approximate, erect, racemed spikes. Spikelets crowded in 2 
rows, on the 2 lower sides of the sub-triangular panicle-branches, 
imbricate, compressed, 2 (or by abortion) 1 -flowered, 1 to \\ lines 
long. Bracts broadly inflated and somewhat boat-shaped, laterally 
compressed, sub-equal, obtuse or abruptly pointed; margins scarious. 
Bractlet narrow, concave-keeled, membranaceous, 5-nerved; palea 
hyaline, 2-keeled, nearly as long as the bractlet. Stamens 3. (In 
honor of J. Beckmann, 1739-1811, the author of a "Lexicon 
Botanicum.") 

1. B. erucaeformis (L.) Host. Slotjgh-grass. Stems 2 to 3 
ft. high, stoutish, strict, solitary or somewhat tufted, erect from a 
slightly decumbent base, leafy; sheaths slightly rough; ligule elon- 
gated; blades 4 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide, roughish; panicle 8 
to 12 in. long; branches solitary or in twos or threes, sometimes again 
shortly branched, densely clothed with spikelets in 2 rows; spikelets 
about I2 lines long, nearly orbicular or broadly obovate; bracts with 
3 principal nerves, and some transverse ones, dark green on the keel, 
paler and somewhat wrinkled transversely; bractlet pointed, the point 
often exserted. 

Somewhat resembling a Panicum. Sloughs, borders of streams 
and wet bottom lands in mountain regions from Santa Clara Co. 
northward: between Bolinas and Olema; Kenwood; Conn Valley; 
near Willits. Apr.-July. 

Tribe 7. Festuceae. Fescue Tribe. 

Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, the racemes sometimes almost 
spicate on account of the very short pedicels of the spikelets. Spike- 
lets 2 to many-flowered (rarely 1-flowered in Melica, Koeleria, 
Festuca and Lamarckia); flowers perfect or the uppermost imperfect 
(the lowest imperfect in Phragmites); in Lamarckia one spikelet at 
each node is perfect, the others being sterile; in Distichlis, some 
species of Poa and sometimes in Phragmites the flowers are dioecious 
or polygamo-dioacious. Bracts rarely reaching the apex of the nearest 
bractlet. Bractlet in ours entire or 2-toothed or 2-cleft, awnless or 
with 1 (in ours never 2 to 5) awns; awn straight, terminal at the 
apex or from between the teeth, never dorsal nor bent and twisted as 
in Avenese and Agrostideas. Palea 2-keeled. 

A. Rachilla or bractlet, at least that of the perfect flower, clothed with long, 
erect hairs which envelop the latter; bractlet (in ours) thin-membranaceous or 
hyaline, 3-nerved; tall, reed-like grasses. 



58 GRAMINK.K. 



Bractlet hairy; rachilla naked 26. Arundo. 

Bractlet naked; rachilla hairy 27. Pjika<.. mites. 

B. Rachilla ami bractlet naked, or if hairy the hairs much shorter than the 

bracts and bractlet; Stigmas (in ours) plumose, comparatively short, either 

sessile or raised on a short style, protruding from the sides of the" bractlet. 

Spikelets of two kinds at each node, very dissimilar in form, one perfect and 

1 to 3-fioweied; the others sterile and composed of many empty bractlets. 

Perfect spikelets 1-ftowered, the sterile consisting of about 10 empty bractlets 

which are obtuse 35. Lamarckia. 

Spikelets alike in form though sometimes dioecious. 
Flowers dioecious; rootstocii perennial. 
Spikelets 8 to 16-fiowered; rootstock very stout and creeping, scaly; panicle 

dense, ovoid; grasses of salt-marshes or alkali soils . .32. Distichlls. 
Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered; rootstock tufted or if creeping then long and 

slender 36. Poa. 

Flowers all perfect, or perfect and imperfect in the same spikelet. 
Bracts and bractlets a wnless. 
Bractlet 1 to 3-nerved. 
Annuals; panicle more or less lax; spikelets many (sometimes 70)- 
flowered, the flowers densely imbricate; palea persistent after the 

bractlet and achene have fallen 28. Eragrostis. 

Perennials; panicle contracted and spikelike, dense or slightly inter- 
rupted, silvery shining; spikelets 2 to 7 (rarely only l)-flo\vered. 

29. Kcelekia. 
Bractlet 3 to 5-nerved. m 

Perennials; uppermost flower-enclosing bractlet enwrapping 1 to 3 
smaller empty bractlets, which in ours are truncate-clavate .... 

30. Melica. 
Bractlet 5 to many-nerved. 

Spikelets large, flattened, ovate, somewhat cordate at base; bractlet very 

obtuse, concave, becoming ventricose; annuals. .33. Briza. 
Spikelets not cordate, mostly smaller. 
Bractlet laterally compressed, mostly keeled, the margins or nerves 
below clothed with cobwebby hairs, or pubescent, its lateral nerves 
arched, converging above toward the mid-nerve. 36. Poa. 
Bractlet rounded on the back, at least below, naked at the base, its 
lateral nerves nearly parallel, scarcely or not at all converging. 

37. Panicui.aria. 

Either bracts or bractlets awned, awn-pointed or mucronate (in Koeleria). 

Palea with conspicuously toothed marginal wings on the keels; bractlet 

with a straight, rigid awn; annuals of wet meadows, with weak 

stems, and pale greenish-yellow foliage 31. Pleuropogon. 

Palea without marginal wings on the keel. 
Panicle contracted and spikelike, dense or slightly interrupted, silvery- 
shining 29. Kceleria. 

Panicle 1-sided, glomerate or interrupted; spikelets in dense, 1-sided 

fascicles 84. Dactylis. 

Panicle more or less lax; not dense and spikelike. 
Stigmas plainly arising at or near the apex of the ovary; ovary and 
achene in "most cases smooth; bractlet not notched or 2-lobed, 

usually awned or awn-pointed 38. Festuca. 

Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary, on the anterior 
portion; ovary and achene crowned by a little appendage or tuft 
of short hairs; achene always adnate to the palea; bractlet usually 
distinctly notched or shortly 2-lobed at the apex, with an awn 
between the notches 39. Bromls. 

26. ARUNDO L. 

Perennial reeds; stems tall, stout, erect. Leaf-blades broad, flat. 
Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, in a dense and somewhat spreading panicle. 
Bracts somewhat unequal, keeled, 3-nerved. Rachilla naked, jointed 
above the bracts and between the flowers. Flowers crowded, all 
perfect or the upper staminate. Bractlet slender, 2-toothed and with 



GRASS FAMILY. 59 

an awn or cuspidate point between the teeth, clothed with long, silky- 
hairs. Palea shorter, hyaline, pubescent on the keels. Stamens 3. 
Ovary naked. (Latin arundo, a reed or cane.)' 

1. A. Donax L. Giamt Reed. Rootstock very stout, creeping, 
tufted; roots stout, fibrous; stems in dense clumps, 10 to 20 ft. high, 
mostly with short, slender branches from the upper nodes, leafy 
throughout; leaves pale green; sheath striate, bearded and somewhat 
auricled at the throat; ligule about 1 line long, barely exserted, 
truncate, entire, uniform in width all around; blade striate, mostly 
2 to 3 in. wide, the uppermost 1£ to 2 ft. long; spikelets 5 to 7 lines 
long, 2 to 3-flowered; bracts equaling the whole spikelet, lanceolate- 
acuminate, entire, awnless, glabrous; bractlet acuminate; awn often 
twice the length of the teeth. 

Introduced as an ornamental cultural plant and occasionally met 
with as an escape from gardens. It is not known to flower with us. 
Alameda Marshes, 1898, Davy. 

27. PHRAGMITES Trin. 

Perennial water-reed. Stems tall, stout. Leaf-blades flat. Panicle 
large, much branched, feathery. Spikelets sub-terete. Bracts short, 
unequal, membranaceous, keeled. Rachilla terminating in a rudi- 
mentary bractlet or point, elongated and jointed between the flowers, 
the joints clothed, except below the lowest flower, with long, silky 
hairs which surround the bractlets. Bractlets 3 to 6, very long- 
acuminate, 3-nerved, entire; the lowest empty or bearing a staminate 
flower with 1 to 3 stamens, the upper bearing perfect flowers with 3 
stamens; palea very much shorter than its bractlet, hyaline, 2- 
ribbed. Scales large, obtuse. Ovary glabrous. (A Greek name 
used by Dioscorides for some plant; from phragmites, of or for a 
fence, growing in hedges; perhaps originally applied to Arundo 
Donax, which is still used in Latin and Spanish- American countries 
for living hedges.) 

1. P. vulgaris (Lam.) B. S. P. Common Reed. Rootstock 
creeping, jointed; stems 5 to 12 ft. high, leafy throughout; sheaths 
smooth; ligule reduced to a minute ring of hairs; blades smooth- 
surfaced, rough-margined, 12 to 16 in. long or more, often 1 
in. broad, rigid, attenuate-pointed, glaucescent below; panicle 10 
to 18 in. long, ovoid, dense, soft, usually dull purple, nodding; 
branches glabrous; spikelets J to f in. long; bracts lanceolate, not 
equaling the nearest bractlet; bractlets very narrow, subulate, the 
tip of the lowest sometimes twisted. — (P. communis Trin.; P. 
Phragmites Karst.) 

Borders of rivers, lakes and marshes: tule marshes at Upper Lake; 
Benicia; Suisun Marshes; Lower Sacramento. Aug. -Oct. 

28. ERAGROSTIS Beauv. 
Ours low tufted or creeping annuals. Panicle sometimes spike-like 
and clustered, often loose and spreading. Spikelets much like those 
of species of Poa; usually densely many (sometimes 70)-flowered. 



60 GRAMINE.E. 

Bracts usually not equaling the nearest bractlet, unequal, keeled; 
lower 1-nerved, upper 1 to 3-nerved. Raehilla in ours not jointed 
between the flowers. Flowers all perfect or variously unisexual, or 
the uppermost (rarely the lowest) reduced to its bractlet and palea. 
Bractlet membranaceous, awnless, keeled, 3-nerved; lateral nerves 
sometimes obscure; palea shorter, 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved, 
frequently persistent after the bracts and bractlet have fallen. Sta- 
mens 2 or 3; anther-lobes notched along; the edges. Scales 2, sub- 
cuneate. Styles distinct, elongated. (Greek era, earth, agrostis, a 
kind of grass, from the low stature of some species.) 

1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) 13. S. P. Crkklmnc; Mkadow-grass. 
Stems slender, creeping, 2 to 12 in. long, branching freely at the 
nodes; nodes with a ring of short, spreading hairs, leafy; Bheaths 
£ in. or less long; blades^ to 2 in. long, £ to 1 line wide, sparingly 
hairy; panicle ovoid or densely pyramidal-capitate, I to 2 in. long; 
spikelets very shortly pedicellate, oblong to elliptical or ovate, 
laterally flattened, 2 "to 7 or even 14 lines long, 10 to 40-flowered; 
bracts less than \ as long as the nearest bractlet; bractlet lanceolate, 
acute, compressed-keeled, 5-nerved; keel scabrous-ciliate. — (E. reptans 
Xees.) 

Wet places in the San Joaquin and Coast Range Valleys, perhaps 
not indigenous within our limits: Lathrop; moist sand-banks and 
beaches along the Russian River above Duncan's Mills. Mar. -Oct. 

2. E. minor Host. Candy-grass. Stems tufted, 4 to 24 in. 
high; ligule reduced to a hairy ring; blades 1 to (> in. long, 1 to 3 
lines wide, flat or involute," margins and mid-nerve glandular 
below; panicle open or rather dense, oblong or ovate, 3 to 5 
in. long, olive-green or tinged with lead-color when young, 
whitish when old; spikelets oblong or lance-oblong, 3 to 10 lines 
long. 8 to 20-flowered, pedicels glandular; bracts sub-equal, a little 
shorter than the nearest bractlet, acute, keel glandular; bract- 
let about 1 line long, oval or elliptical, obtuse or mucronulate, 
concave, 5-nerved, glandular on the mid-nerve; achene ovoid, light 
brown, mottled. 

Native of S. Europe; reported by Dr. Behr as occurring at 
San Francisco. 

Var. megastachya (Gray), (E. major Host; E. poa^oides var. 
megastachya Gray). Stink-grass. Differs in having denser pan- 
icles and usually larger and more numerously (10 to 50)-rlowered 
spikelets. — Introduced in the San Joaquin Valley at Tulare, and 
reported also from San Francisco and Monterey. 

29, KCELERIA Pers. Kceler-gkass. 
Panicle contracted, cylindrical, spike-like. Spikelets oblong, com- 
pressed, 2 to 5 or 7 (rarely only l)-flowered. Bracts scarcely equaling 
the bractlet, unequal, narrow, compressed, acute or produced into 
short, Straight awns or points, keeled, membranaceous and broadly 
scarious-margined; lower 1, upper 3-nerved with rather faint nerves. 
Bractlets secund, imbricate, membranaceous, acuminate, obscurely 



GRASS FAMILY. 61 

keeled, 3 to 5-nerved; palea hyaline, 2-fid. Scales 2, oblique. Sta- 
mens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles short. Achene almost linear, plano- 
convex. (Named in honor of Prof. G. L. Koeler, a German 
Agrostologist, author of "Deseriptio Graminum," published in 1802. 
A genus for which it is hard to assign any absolutely distinctive 
character. The bracts are more scarious and more faintly nerved 
than in related genera.) 

1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Crested Kceler-grass. Tufted pale 
green pubescent or silky perennial; rootstock stoloniferous; stems 1 to 
3 ft. high, slender; sheaths striate; ligule very short; blades narrow, 
obliquely auriculate at the base; panicle narrow, more or less inter- 
rupted or lobed, 1 to 5 in. long; rachis pubescent; branches very 
short, pubescent; primary ones distichous, usually branched again 
at the base, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets shortly pedicellate, 
2 to 3 lines long, shining, pale green; bracts oblong-lanceolate, keel 
scabrid; bractlet linear-lanceolate, scabrid, mucronate; palea minutely 
ciliate and scabrid on the keels; anthers 1 line long, pale purple. 

Exceedingly variable species, common on dry foothills and sandy 
tracts: Montezuma Hills, Napa Co.; Yaca Eidge, Solano Co., Jepson; 
San Francisco; Berkeley Hills; Antioch. Apr.-June. Var. pubes- 
cexs Yasey, a very pubescent form, has been collected near San 
Francisco, Michener and Bioletti. Yar. longifolia Yasey, a long- 
leaved form, is reported from Santa Cruz Co. by Dr. Anderson. 

30. MELICA L. Melic-grass. 
Stems often forming corms at the base by the thickening of 1 or 2 
of the lowest internodes. Panicle sparingly branched, often narrow, 
rarely racemose and secund. Spikelets 2 to 8 (rarely l)-flowered, 
terminated by 1 to 3 much smaller, convolute, empty bractlets which 
enfold one another, the innermost often truncate-clavate. Bracts 
awnless, unequal, convex, mostly obtuse; upper 5 to 9-nerved, lateral 
nerves often vanishing in the broad, scarious margin and united by 
delicate cross-veins. Bractlets somewhat distant, awnless, convex or 
flattish on the back, 5 to many-nerved; apex scarious, mostly blunt, 
entire or 2-toothed; central nerves sometimes slightly excurrent; 
palea 2-nerved, ciliate above, emarginate or 2-toothed. Scales fleshy, 
mostly united. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. (An old Greek 
name for some sweet grass, perhaps Sorghum, from meli, honey, 
and -ika, a Greek suflix.) 

Spikelets of 1 (rarely 2) flowers; bractlet herbaceo-coriaceous, with a narrow 
scarious margin above, strongly 7 to 9-nerved; stems not corm-like at the 
base. 
Bracts obtuse, shorter than the whole spikelet; bractlet glabrous or scabrid; 

rudiment shortly pedicellate 1. M. imperfecta. 

Upper bract acute, "equaling the whole spikelet; bractlet hairy above the 

middle; rudiment long-pedicellate 2. M. Torreyana. 

Spikelets of 2 to 3 perfect flowers; bractlet apparently many-nerved below (at 
lea*t when dry), with a broad, scarious margin above; lowest internodes 
swollen and corm-like; ligule brown and pubescent or scabrid below; 
bractlet 3 to 3^ lines long, obtuse, emarginate 3. M. Californica. 

1. M. imperfecta Trin. Slender Melic-grass. Stems slender, 



62 GRAMINEJE. 

erect or drooping, 1 to 3 ft. high; lowest in tern odes not corm-like; 
leaf-blades 1 line wide; panicle slender, linear, 6 to 12 in. long; 
branches in distant whorls, several at a node, erect or sometimes in 
an thesis spreading; very unequal, the longest mostly equaling or 
exceeding the internodes, spikelet-bearing from about the middle 
upwards; spikelets 1£ to 2 lines long, 1-flowered with 1 or 2 empty 
bractlets above it, rarely 2-flowered; bracts nearly ovate, shorter than 
the nearest bractlet, obtuse, lower 3, upper 5-nerved; margins broadly 
BCarious; bractlet acute; rudiment short-pedicellate. 

Commonly met with on shaded hillsides in the Coast Ranges: .Mt. 
Tamalpais; San Francisco; Loma Prieta; Oakland; Berkeley and 
northward and southward. Apr. 

2. M. Torreyana Scribn. Tobbby's Mklic-orass. Steins 
slender, erect or drooping, 1 to 3 ft. high; lowest internodes not 
corm-like; blades about 1£ lines wide; panicle slender, linear, 3 to 7 
in. long; branches few at a node, very unequal, slender, erect, 
flexuous, often long and naked below, bearing few spikelets near 
the ends; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long; bracts acute, the upper exceed- 
ing or equaling the bractlets; bractlets hairy; rudiment long- 
pedicellate. 

Apparently peculiar to California in the Coast Ranges and Siena 
Nevada foothills: Red Ridge, opposite mouth of Conn Valley, Napa 
River Basin, Jepson; Ukiah. Apr.-May. 

3. M. Californica Scribn. California Mblic-grass. Stems 
erect, li to -4 ft. high; lower internodes corm-like; ligule brownish 
and pubescent or scabrid on the outside below; panicle 6 to 9 in. long, 
strict; branches few af a node, usually equaling or exceeding the 
internode, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, of 
2 to 3 perfect flowers; bracts thin, obtuse; bractlet 3 to 34 lines long, 
apparently many-nerved below at least when dry, margin above 
scarious, broad, obtuse, emarginate. — (M. bulbosa Thurb. in Bot. 
Cal., not of Geyer.) 

Dry hillsides, often with a western exposure; foothills of the Sierra 
Nevada and Coast Ranges from Santa Inez northward: Oakland 
Hills; Berkeley. Apr. -June. 

31. PLEUROPOGON R. Br. Side-beard. 

Slender annuals. Leaf-blades flat, together with the sheaths thin 
and characterized by cross-veins which unite the longitudinal ones 
and with them form narrow, rectangular spaces. Inflorescence a 
simple, elongated, secund raceme; spikelets distant, shortly pedicellate, 
Long, narrow. 8 to 1-i-tlowered, compressed. Bracts not reaching to the 
apex of the nearest bractlet, unequal, membranaceous, awnless; lower 
1-nerved, upper larger, 3-ncrved, the lateral nerves faint. Raehilla 
jointed between the flowers and breaking up at maturity, undulate. 
smooth, its internodes less than \ the length of the bractlets. Bractlet 
at firsl herbaceous becoming chartaceo-coriaceous, scarious and promi- 
nently 5 to 7-nerved, narrowed below to a rounded, smooth callus, 
apex 2-tOOthed or truncate, the mid-nerve prolonged into a mucro or 



GRASS FAMILY. 63 

short, straight, rigid awn; palea 2-nerved and with two winged 
toothed keels; margins infolded. Stamens 3. Scales short, fleshy, 
connate. Ovary smooth, ovoid, stipitate. Achene somewhat com- 
pressed, strongly furrowed, hard; pericarp loose, 2-horned with the 
remains of the style-bases. (Greek pleuron, side, pogon, beard, from 
the arrangement of the awns at the sides of the spikelets.) 

1. P. Californicum (Nees) Vasey. California Side-beard. 
Stems stoutish but weak, 1^ to 3 ft. long, tufted, simple, smooth; 
lower nodes rooting; leaves pale yellowish-green; sheaths smooth, 
striate; ligule prominent, thin, about 3 lines long; lowest blades 6 to 
7 in. long, 1^ to 2 lines wide, linear, acute, minutely scabrid above; 
raceme 6 to 9 in. long; spikelets 6 to 12, sub-erect or spreading, soli- 
tary. \ to 2 in. apart, 1 in. long, yellowish, 11 to 14-flewered; pedicels 
flattened, 1 to 3 lines long; tips of the bracts and bractlets shining 
with a silvery luster; bracts 2 to 3 lines long; apex irregularly dentic- 
ulate; nerves prominent; upper bract the longer; bractlets 2J to 3 
lines long, rough -scabrous, the three central nerves united above to 
form the awn; awn 1J to 5 lines long; palea rough on the herba- 
ceous parts; appendages to the keel with 1 prominent stout, acuminate 
tooth and several irregular smaller ones. — (Lophochlaena Californica 
Nees.) 

Apparently restricted to California, in wet meadows and marshy 
ground, rare: Mt. Eden; Oakland Hills; Walnut Creek; Ross Valley; 
San Francisco. May-June. 

32. DISTICH LIS Kaf. Salt-grass. 

Dioecious perennial. Panicle densely spike-like; branches erect, 
often bearing 2 to 3 spikelets. Spikelets many-flowered, laterally 
compressed, shortly pedicellate. Bracts narrow, keeled, faintly 
many-nerved, awnless. Bractlet obscurely many-nerved, awnless; 
palea with enfolded margins, keeled; keels narrowly winged or 
prominent, ciliate. Scales broad. Staminate flowers with 3 stamens, 
their ovaries rudimentary or obsolete; pistillate occasionally with 
imperfect stamens. Ovary glabrous, stipitate, tapering into 2 rather 
long styles. (Greek distichlia, a double row, probably having refer- 
ence to the leaf arrangement. ) 

1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. Bootstock stout, 
creeping, scaly; stems stout, rigid, erect, 4 to 18 in. high, often 
branched below, leafy throughout; leaves pale green, strictly 2-ranked; 
sheaths glabrous, slightly bearded at the throat; ligule reduced to a 
mere ring; blade 1^ to 4, rarely 7, in. long, 1\ lines wide at the base, 
spreading, rigid, margins minutely ciliate; panicle 1 to 3 in. long, 
pale green; branches appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets 
4 to 6 lines long, 5 to 12-flowered, keeled; bracts shorter than the 
lowest bractlet, unequal, obtuse; bractlets keeled, obtuse, green, 
purplish or straw-colored; anthers purplish. — (D. maritima Raf.) 

Common throughout the State, usually near salt water. Salt- 
rnarshes at San Francisco; Belmont; West Berkeley; Oakland; 
Alameda; Agnews; Martinez; Tomales Bay; Drake's Estero. Alkali 



64 GRAMINKE. 

soils of the interior from Glenn Co. to Southern California: Little 
Oak and Davis Hills, Solano Co., Jepson; Livermore Valley. Apr.- 
Aug. Varying much in aspect according to habitat, in sonic situa- 
tions being much shorter and more rigid, with shorter, s titter, and 
more distinctly distichous leaves. Its occurrence in abundance 
appears to indicate the presence of brackish water near the surface. 
Sometimes affected by Ergot. 

33. BRIZA L. Quaking-grass. 
Leaf-blades narrow. Panicle effuse, branches slender, in £ whorls. 
Spikeleta pendulous, large, ovate or somewhat cordate, flattish- 
turgid, many-flowered; pedicels capillary. Bracts subequal, broad, 
rounded on the»back, 3 or 5 to 11-nerved, awnless. Rachilla jointed 
between the flowers. Bractlets imbricate, roundish, boat-shaped or 
saccate, scarious-margined, many-nerved, in ours very obtuse; upper- 
most often empty; palea small, ovate, flat, its nerves ciliate. Scales 
2, ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous; styles short. 
Athene strongly ob-compressed, broadly ovoid. (Ancient Greek 
name, used by Galen for a kind of grain, "like rye," grown in 
Thrace and Macedonia.) 

Spikelets % in. or less long. 
Perennial; ligule % to 1 line long; spikelets ovate; bracts not equaling the 

nearest bractlet: leaves smooth 1. B. media. 

Annual; ligule \]4 to 3 lines long; spikelets deltoid; bracts exceeding the 

nearest bractlet; leaves scabrous 1.11. minor. 

Spikelets % in. long and at the base almost as broad; bracts dark brown, with 
broad, scarious margins; bractlets chestnut-brown 3. B. maxima. 

1. B. media L., Perennial Quakix<;-grass, has been reported 
from San Francisco, Bolander, Santa Cruz, A?i<lcrson 1 and elsewhere, 
hut all the specimens we have seen under this name are referable to 
B. minor. 

2. B. minor L. Annual Quaking-grass. Annual; ligule 1£ 
to 3 lines long; blades scabrous; spikelets deltoid, the bracts extend- 
ing farther outward on each side than do the adjacent bractlets. 

Naturalized at Mission Dolores, San Francisco, as early as 1866, 
Bolander; Mt. Tamalpais; Lake San Andreas; Mill Valley; Olema, 
and northward. 

3. B. maxima L. Rattlesnake-grass. Annual, 16 to 24 in. 
high; spikelets $ in. long and almost as broad at the base; bracts 
dark brown, with broad, scarious margins; bractlets chestnut-brown. 

Often cultivated as an ornamental grass; found as a garden escape 
near Healdsburg in 1896, said to have been there several years, Miss 
Alice King; near Monterey, Miss Eastwood. 

34. DACTYLIS L. 

Perennial. Panicle usually dense and branched, secund, glomerate 
and interrupted, bearing thick, crowded, secund fascicles of spikelets 
at the ends of the short branches. Spikelets sessile, laterally much 
compressed, somewhat concave on the inner side, 3 to 5 or rarely only 
1-flowcred, the terminal bractlet and palea empty. Bracts mucronate, 



GRASS FAMILY. 65 

sharply keeled; lower 1-nerved; upper larger, 1 to 3-nerved. 
Rachilla glabrous. Bractlet larger than the bracts, sharply keeled 
and fringed on the keel, the 5 nerves converging into an awn-like, 
scabrid point; palea as long, 2-fid, 2-nerved, nerves ciliate. Scales 2, 
with an acute, marginal tooth. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous. (The 
ancient name for some grass with finger-like spikes, from Greek 
daktulos, a finger or finger's breadth.) 

1. D. glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Eootstock tufted and 
somewhat creeping; stems at length forming large, dense tufts, erect 
from a shortly decumbent, leafy base, 2 to 3 ft. high, stout; leaves 
glaucescent; sheaths scabrid; ligule I to ^ in. long, laciniate; blades 

2 to 3£ lines wide, scabrous, soft; panicle 2 to 6 in. long, pinkish 
when in flower; branches solitary, scabrous, sub-erect, the lowest 1 
to 4 in. long, branching and spikelet-bearing only at the ends; 
clusters of spikelets ovoid; spikelets about 4 lines long; bracts about 

3 lines long, subequal, strongly ciliate on the keel; bractlet 2 to 4 
lines long, lanceolate, scabrid; anthers 1 to 1^ lines long, cream- 
colored, apparently all in a spikelet maturing at the same time. 

Native of Europe, naturalized near Berkeley, San Francisco, 
Olema, Eureka, and Crescent City. June-Aug. 

35. LAMARCKIA Mcench. 

Annual. Stems tufted, branching. Leaves flat. Panicle secund, 
racemose, short, dense; lowest branches bearing 1 to 3, uppermost 
only 1, spikelet. Spikelets spreading or drooping, fascicled, of two 
kinds; central spikelet, terminating the branch, bearing a perfect 
flower; lateral spikelets of ten or more empty, obtuse, awnless 
bractlets, denticulate above. Bracts narrow, slightly unequal. 
Perfect flower stipitate; rachilla prolonged beyond it and hearing 
a diminutive empty bractlet with a slender awn; flower-enclosing 
bractlet acute with a long, straight, dorsal awn near the apex; 
palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, barbellate almost 
throughout. (A monotypic genus, named in honor of La Marck, 
1744-1829, celebrated Frenchbotanist.) 

1. L. aurea (Dalech.) Moench. Golden-top. Stems erect from 
a somewhat decumbent base, 4 to 14 in. high, smooth, leafy, some- 
times branching below; sheaths inflated, smooth; ligule usually very 
prominent, ^ to 6 lines long, decurrent as a broad, scarious margin to 
the mouth of the sheath; blades thin, 1^ to 4 in. long, 2J to 4 lines 
wide, panicle dense, 1 to 3 in. long, J to 1 in. wide, shining, of a 
golden color sometimes tinged with purple; branches close, erect, 
short; pedicels fascicled, somewhat clavate, pubescent, spreading at 
right angles, the fascicles with a tuft of long, whitish hairs at the 
base; fertile spikelet about 1 line long; sterile 3 to 4 lines long; "bracts 
very narrow, almost hyaline, about 1 line long; awn from a little 
below the apex of the bractlet, 3 to 4J lines long. — (Achyrodes 
aureum Ktze.) 

A Mediterranean Kegion species, now abundant in the warm 
interior southern portions of the State; within our limits it appears 



66 (;ramixf..k. 

to have been found only once, near Eden Vale railroad depot, Santa 
Clara Co., in 1893, Davy. Mar. -June. 

36. POA L. Meadow-grass. 

Panicle usually open, Bometimea dense and spikelike; branches in 
pairs or \ whorls. Spikelets compressed, ovate or lanceolate, 2 t<> G 
or 9-flowered. Bracts unequal, keeled, awn less; lower 1 to 3-nerved; 
upper larger, 3-nerved. Rachilla jointed below cadi bractlet. Bract- 
let compressed-keeled, herbaceous or membranaceous, with the rachilla 
and callus often clothed below with webby hairs or puhescent, espe- 
cially on the dorsal and marginal nerve; apex hyaline; nerves 5 to 7. 
the intermediate ones often faint; palea 2-tid. nerves 2, ciliate. Scales 
acute. Stamens 3 or (rarely) 2 only Achene (in oursj mostly free 
from the bractlet and palea, not furrowed. (Greek poe, grass or 
herbage, especially that grown as forage lor cattle, hence meadow- 
grass.) 

Panicle open. 

Annual; stems 2 to 12 in. high 1. P. annua. 

Perennial; stems 12 to 36 in. high; rootstock distinctly stoloniferous and 

running 2. P. preterms. 

Panicle contracted, more or less dense and spikelike; perennials; flowers often 
diojeious or polygamo-dioecious 
Root-mck running, lomj and slender; coast and sand-dunes . 3. P. Dougtas.i. 
Rootstock tufted, not running. 
Panic. e 3 to % in. lung; longest branches 1 to 2 in. long, spikelet- 
bearingonthe upper three-fourths; bracts and bractlets not ciliate on 

tie' keels; bunch-grass of dry hillsides A P. secunda. 

Panicle 2 to 3 in. long; longest branches less than 1 in. long, densely 
spikelet-bearmg almost to the base; bracts and bractlets scabrously 
ciliate on the keels; moist sandy places on the coast cliffs. 

5. P. unttateralis. 

1. P. annua h. Walk-grass. Annual; stems compressed, weak, 

geniculate below, 2 to 12 in. high; ligule 1 to 2 lino Ion-: blades 
bright green, glabrous, 1 to 2 lines wide; panicle often l-sided, 1.] 
to 3] in. long: branches single or in pairs, rarely in threes, 7 to l'i 
lines long; spikelets sessile or shortly pedicellate, 2 to 2.} lines long, 
3 to 7-floweredj bractlets somewhat pilose below. Naturalized and 
widely distributed: Monterey, 1846-47, Hartweg; Berkeley: etc. A 
very troublesome weed on garden walks, hence the vernacular name; 
our earliest-flowering grass. Nov. -Apr. 

2. P. pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Perennial; root- 
stock distinctly running and stoloniferous; stem and sheaths smooth; 
panicle open-pyramidal, 3 to 4 in. lone-; -pikelet- crowded at the 
end- of the branches, almost sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; bractlet distinctly 
5-nerved, webbed at the base. 

Introduced within our limits; frequently met with as an escape 
from lawns: Berkeley. Apr. -May. 

3. P. Douglasii Nees. S.vxn-(;K.vss. Perennial; rootstock slen- 
der, widely creeping; stems tufted, 8 in. high: panicle dense, 
spike-like, ovoid, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long; spikelets :\ to (i lines Long; 
flowers dioecious. 



GRASS FAMILY. 67 

Apparently peculiar to California, common in drifting sands along 
the seashore: Monterey; San Francisco; Tiburon; Point Reyes; 
Bodega Point and northward. Apr. 

4. P. secunda Presl. Tufted perennial; stems stout, rigid, erect, 
about 1 ft. high; sheaths minutely scabrid above; ligule 1£ to 2 lines 
long, acute, glabrous or minutely pubescent on the back; blades 
short, Mat, f t o 1 line wide; panicle 3 to 4£ in.. long, oblong, acute, 
contracted, densish; branches scabrous, erect, overlapping, about 3 at a 
node, the longest 1 to 2 in. long, spikelet-bearing on the upper three- 
fourths; spikelets 2£ to 3| lines long, lanceolate-acuminate, about 
5-flowered; pedicels scabrous; bracts acute, scabrid, 3-nerved below, 
the nerves evanescent in the broad, scarious margin; lower 1|, upper 
If lines long; bractlet 2 lines long, obtuse when flattened out, scabrid 
above, 5-nerved, pubescent on the nerves below, all but the mid- 
nerve evanescent below the broadly-scarious apex; palea If lines long, 
emarginate, ciliate on the keels; anthers purple, 1 line long; ovary ^ 
line long, stigmas J line, achene a little over 1 line. — (Atropis Cali- 
fornia Thui'b. in Bot. Cal., in part; A. Fendleriana Beal, in part.) 

One of the "bunch-grasses" of dry hillsides, apparently quite 
widely distributed, though perhaps often confused with other species. 
Antioch; Angel Island, etc. 

5. P. unilateralis Scribn. Tufted perennial; rootstock stout, not 
creeping; stems stout, erect or ascending from a decumbent base, 
6 to 10 in. high, freely branching below; sheaths smooth, inflated and 
loose; ligule H to 3 lines long, acute; blades 1 to 3 in. long, flat or 
conduplicate, f to 1J lines wide, abruptly acute; panicle stout, con- 
tracted, dense and spike-like, 1 to 3 in. long, ^ in. broad, often 
one-sided; branches densely spikelet-bearing almost to the base, 
scabrous; spikelets almost sessile, 2 to 4 lines long; bracts acute, 
1| lines long, 3-nerved, ciliately scabrous on the keel, minutely 
ciliate on the margins; rachilla pubescent; flowers 4 to 7, imperfectly 
dioecious; bractlet 2 lines long, acute when flattened out, faintly 
5-nerved, scabrousty ciliate on the mid-nerve, not woolly below; 
palea 2-fid, strongly ciliate on the keels; anthers yellow or purplish, 
1 line long. 

Moist, sandy places on the coast bluffs north and south of San 
Francisco: Santa Cruz (type locality), Anderson; Point Reyes; 
Bodega Point; Point Arena. Apr. -June. 

'37. PANICULARIA Fabr. Manna-grass. 

Tall grasses of wet places. Stems smooth. Panicle-branches in } 
whorls. Spikelets linear, sub-terete, many-flowered. Bracts not 
equaling the nearest bractlet, unequal, membranaceous, convex, 
awnless. Rachilla jointed below the bractlets. Bractlet caducous, 
cartilaginous, convex or flattish, not keeled; tip obtuse or slightly 
denticulate, usually scarious; nerves 3 to 9, conspicuous below, 
evanescent upwards; palea 2-fid, 2-keeled, nerves ciliate. Scales 
fleshy, united, truncate. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous. (Latin 



68 «.i:amim:.k. 

panicula, a tuft or panicle on plants, having reference to the 
inflorescence.) 

1. P. pauciflora (Presl.) Ktze. Smooth Mann amjiiass. Stout 
perennial of fresh-water marshes; rootstock stout, creeping; stems 
2 to 4 ft. high, Stout, - 'ii. 'times 2.] lines in diameter, erect from a 
decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, leafy throughout; leaves 
about 6; sheaths split to the base, Loose, smooth, pale green; ligule 
broad, obtuse, entire but soon becoming lacerate, 1 to 3ij lines long; 
blade -1 to 12 in. long, 3 to 7.] lines wide, tlat, scabrous; panicle 
lax, narrow, 6 to 8 in. long, pale green; branches in .} whorls of 2 to 
5 below, capillary and EexUOUS, rough, erect, somewhat remote. 
spikelet-beanng above the middle, the longest about 3.1 in. long; 
pedicels short; spikelets oblong, 2 to»3 lines long, 4 to 6-flowered; 
bracts less than .] the length of the nearest bract let; lower 1-nerved, 
acute; upper rounded, 3-nerved; bractlet about 1 line long, promi- 
nently 5-nerved, scabrous, with a purplish border below the Bcarious 
truncate-obtuse serrulate apex. — (Glycerin pauciflora Presl.) 

.V common grass in fresh-water marshes of the Coast Ranges and 
Sierra Nevada: Lake Pilarcitos; Olema; Guerneville and northward. 
Apr.-Aug. 

38. FESTUCA Tourn. Fescue-grass. 

Leaves and flowers often rather harsh to the touch. Panicle 
various, loose and spreading or racemose and sometimes secund. 
Leaf-blades often auricled at the base. Spikelets sub-terete. 2 to 
many (rarely by abortion only l)-flowered. Bracts 2 (rarely only 1), 
not equaling the nearest bractlet, membranaceous, acute; lower 
1-nerved; upper larger. 3-nerved. Rachilla jointed below the 

bractlets. Bractlets not webby, convex, not keeled, chartac u- or 

nearly coriaceous, 3 to 5-nerved, mucronate or awned at or near the 
tip, uppermost sometimes empty; palea 2-toothed or 2-fid, nerves 
hairy. Scales 2, notched or 2-lobed, Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary 
usually glabrous; styles short, terminal. (Latin festuca, a slender 
shoot, or straw; also used by Latin writers to designate some 
st raw-like weed.) 

Perennials.— Eu-Festuca. 

Awns less than 2 lines long. 
Stems slender, ]/ 2 to 3 ft. high; ligule and auricles glabrous; rootstock 
tufted, somethiies stolon iferous: lowest bractlet 2 1 ., to 8% lines long. 

1. F. rubra. 
Stems stout, 3 to 4 ft. high; ligule and auricles villous . . . 2. F. Oalifornica. 

Awns 4 to 6 lines long 3. F. deruicutata. 

Slender annuals; inflorescence a racemr se panicle or raceme; awns 2>£ to 7 
lines long.— Vn.i'i v. 
Branches and Bpikel ts mostly spreading; the latter 1 to 6-flowered; bracts 

sub-equal, the lower 1}^ to 2J^ lines long -i. F. microstactys. 

Branches and spikelets erect, appressed; spikelets g to 8 (rarely only 3)- 

flowered: bracts often very unequal, sometimes sub-equal 

5. F. Mi/ tin >s. 

1. F. rubra L. Red Fescue. Rootstock perennial, tufted and 
sometimes stoloniferous; stem- Blender, erect. 2 to 2. 1 , ft. high, often 



GRASS FAMILY. 69 

purplish; sheaths smooth; hlades very narrow and slender, almost 
setaceous, smooth, ahout ] line wide, 4 to 10 in. long; ligule very 
short; panicle 6 to 7 in. long, narrow, sparse or somewhat dense; 
rachis and hranchlets scabrid, the latter erect, in pairs below, the 
longest about 3 in. long and bearing 3 to 5 spikelets on the upper ^; 
pedicels about 3 lines long; spkielets 6 to 7 lines long, 6 bo 8-flowered; 
bracts awnless, the lower 2, upper 2$ lines long; bractlets 1\ to 3£ 
lines long, glabrous or minutely scabrous above, with a slender awn 
1 to lj lines long; anthers \\ to 2 lines long. — (F. ovina var. rubra 
Gray.) 

Common in dry, exposed places: Vaca Mts., Jepmn; Los Guilucos 
Valley and Hood's Peak, Bioletti; Point Isabel; Olema; Point Lobos, 
San Francisco. Apr. -June. 

2. F. Californica Vasey. California Fescue. Eootstock peren- 
nial, forming large tufts; stems clothed with the dead sheaths below, 
3 to 4 ft. high, stout; foliage glaucous; sheaths often lavender-colored 
at the base when young, scabrous; ligule and auricles villous without 
and within; panicle 6 to 9 in. long, drooping; rachis scabrid; branches 
in pairs below, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets about \ 
in. long, 4 to 7-flowered; lower bract 2 to 3 £, upper 2 \ to 4 lines long; 
bractlets cuspidate or with a short awn usually less than 1 line long, 
occasionally nearly 2 lines long; anthers purplish, 2\ to 3 lines long. — 
(F. scabrella Thurb. in Bot. Cal., not of Hook.) 

Forming large and ornamental tufts on the shady banks of canons 
in the Coast Ranges: Claremont Canon; Redwood Peak; Olema; 
Point Reyes. Apr.- June. 

3. F. denticulata Beal, is described as a stout and rather handsome 
grass, with loose and drooping panicle and conspicuous awns 4 to 6 
lines long. The specimens on which the species was founded (as F. 
ambigua Vasey, not of Le Gall) were collected in Oregon, Howell) 
"California," Kellogg and Harford, no. 1116, and Santa Cruz, 
Anderson. 

4. F. microstachys (Munro) Nutt. Western Fescue. Annual; 
stems erect, 6 to 12, or in shady places, 24 in. high; panicle 1 to 4 in. 
long; branches secund, usually divergent, remote, the longest 1|- to 2 
in. long; spikelets remote, 2\ to 5 lines long, 1 to 5-flowered; bracts 
glabrous or scabrous, awnless, sub-equal, lower \\ to 2\ lines long; 
bractlet 1 J to 2 lines long, awn slender, 2 \ to 4 lines long. 

Napa Valley; Conn Valley Ridge; near Highland Springs; Berke- 
ley; Mt. Tamalpais; Cazadero. Apr.-July. Var. pauciflora 
Scribn. Inflorescence often reduced to a spike; spikelets 1 to 
2-flowered. — Berkeley Hills, Davy. Var. ciliata A. Gray. Bract- 
lets, and sometimes the bracts also, densely hispid. — Not uncommon 
in the foothills of the San Joaquin Valley and in Southern Cali- 
fornia; apparently seldom met with in the Coast Range valleys: Napa 
City, Jepson. 

5. F. Myuros L. Squirrel-tail Fescue. The form of this 
variable annual species which is recognized in Europe and the eastern 



70 graminejE. 

States as typical, F. Pseudo-Myuros Soyer-AVillemet, does not appear 
to occur within our limits, if in California at all. It has the panicle 
3 to 12 in. long, very slender and contracted; bracts unequal, the 
upper 2 to 3 times as long as the lower and usually little more than £ 
the length of the contiguous bractlet, exclusive of its awn; bractlet 
not ciliate. Var. ciliata Coss. is readily distinguished by the promi- 
nent marginal ciliation of the upper half of at least the uppermost 
bractlets, the marginal hairs being long, spreading and well exserted; 
bracts very unequal, the lower very short or minute, the upper 
3 to 8 times longer, much as in var. ambigua Hook.; awn of the 
bractlet 3 to 7 lines long. — (F. Myuros of Thurber in Bot. Cal. not 
of L.) 

Native of the Mediterranean Region, naturalized in California 
from Mendocino Co. to San Bernardino: San Francisco, 1865, 
Bolander; Little Oak, Jepson; Bodega Point. Eastwood; Berkeley 
Hills; Briones Hills; Antioch; Angel Island. Apr.-June. 

Var. sciuroides Coss. Upper portion of the stem usually well 
exserted from the sheath; panicle shorter than in typical F. Myuros, 
usually 2 to 4 in. long, less contracted; bracts less unequal (in which 
it closely approaches F. microstachys Nutt.), lower 2 to 3 lines long, 
upper 4 lines long, nearly equaling the contiguous floret; bractlet 
glabrous below, minutely scabrous near the apex, not ciliate. — (F. 
sciuroides Roth.) — Closely related to the typical F. Myuros, but 
differing from it in most of the above points and from F. microstachys 
in the more numerous flowers to the spikelet and the erect branches 
and spikelets. Native of Europe; now thoroughly naturalized and 
common in middle California: Bodega Point, Eastwood; Berkeley; 
Oakland; Point Isabel; Briones Hills; Lake Merced; Presidio, San 
Francisco. Mar. -June. 

39. BROMUS L. Brome-grass. 

Sheaths often closed; leaf-blades flat. Panicle usually open; 
branches slender and at length spreading, rarely dense or racemed 
with erect branches. Spikelets 5 to many-flowered, laterally com- 
pressed or sub-terete, oval to lanceolate, erect or often drooping. 
Bracts not reaching to the apex of the lowest bractlet, membranaceous, 
acute, awnless; lower 1 to 5-nerved; upper :! to 9-nerved. Rachilla 
jointed below the bractlets. Bractlets rounded on the back below, 
somewhat keeled above 5 to 9-nerved. awned or bristle-pointed; awn 
mostly arising from a little below the usually shortly 2-fid, hyaline 
apex. Palea nearly as long as the bractlet, 2-fid, with 2 prominent, 
usually pectinate-ciliate keels. Ovary obovate or linear, crowned by 
a 2 to 3-lobed, hairy, membranaceous appendage; styles very short, 
more or less lateral, plainly arising below the apex of the ovary; 
stigmas feathery. Aehene oblong or linear, often more or less con du- 
plicate, grooved, adhering t<> the palea or more or less to the base of 
the bractlet. (Bromos, the ancient Greek name for a kind of oats, 
derived from broina, food. Closely allied to Festuca.) 

Lower bract 1 to 3-nerved. 
Perennial; spikelets narrow, sub-terete, acuminate before anthesis: awns 1% 
to 2\i lines long 1. B.lsevipes, 



GRASS FAMILY. 71 



Annual. 
Bractlets 6 to 10; panicle contracted; awns slender, about % in. long; ligule 
lacerate; panicle dense, obovate-cuneate, 1% to 2% in. long; awns 6 to 9 

lines long 2. B. rubens. 

Bractlets 4 to 6; panicle lax; awn stout, rigid, over 1 in. long 

3. B. maximus. 
Lower bract 5 to 9-nerved. 

AnnuHl; panicle-branches short, erect 4. B. hordeaceus. 

Perennial; panicle-branches long, drooping at maturity. 
Stems 3 to 4 ft. lush; panicle erect; awn 3% to 7 lines long; bracts unequal, 

lower 4 to 6, upper 5 to 7 lines long; rachilla pnbescent.5. B. car hiatus. 
Stems \}4 to 3 it. high: panicle drooping; awn 2 to Z]/^ lines long; bracts sub- 
equal, about 6 lines long; rachilla puberulent 6. B. marginatus. 

1. B. laevipes Shear. Nodding Brome. Perennial; stems 
slender, erect from an arcuate base, 2 to 3 ft. high; sheaths smooth or 
scabrid; blades flat, scabrid, 2 to 3 lines wide; panicle lax, drooping, 
5 to 8 in. long; branches bearing few spikelets; spikelets drooping, 
narrow, subterete, acuminate before anthesis, 12 to 16 lines long, 5 to 
9-flowered; bracts smooth, 1 to 3-nerved; internodes of rachilla J to 
1£ lines long; bractlets 5 to 7^ lines long, 7-nerved, the alternate 
nerves longer and more prominent, densely ciliate-pubescent on the 
margin nearly to the apex, and also on the back near the base; apex 
nearly flat, entire; awn 1J to 2J lines long 

San Pablo Ridge; Briones Hills; Hood's Peak, and northward in 
the Coast Ranges, in woodlands and among brush. May. 

2. B. rubens L. Red Brome. Soft, densely tufted, slender 
annual, 8 to 16 in. high; ligule lacerate, 1 to 2 lines long; panicle 
obovate-cuneate, 1| to 2\ in. long, erect, dense, tinged with reddish- 
brown, branches bearing 1 to 4 spikelets; spikelets 6 to 9-flowered; 
lower bract 3 to 5 lines long, lanceolate, 1-nerved, upper 5 to 7 lines 
long, 3-nerved; bractlets 7-nerved, awn 6 to 9 lines long. 

Naturalized from southern Europe: Miller Canon, Solano Co., 
Jepson; Briones Hills; Antioch. Apr. -May. 

3. B. maximus Desf. Broncho-gra.ss. Annual; stems 1 to 2 ft. 
high; ligule H to 2 or 3 lines long, truncate, lacerate; blades 2 to 3 
lines wide, flat, bright green, sparsely villous; panicle 5 to 8 in. long, 
at first erect, then drooping; lowest whorls 4 to 5-branched; longest 
branches less than twiee the length of the spikelet; spikelets solitary 
or in pairs, often If in. long excluding the awns, linear-lanceolate, 
very scabrous, often purplish; bracts scarious except the nerves, very 
narrow, awn-pointed, 1 to 3-nerved; lower 7 to 10 lines long; upper 
11 to 14 lines long, long-acuminate; bractlets 4 to 6, thin, 7-nerved, 
11 to 14 lines long with 2 long, hyaline teeth 2 to 3 lines long; awn 
1^ to 2 in. or more long, rigid, scabrous, arising from below the teeth; 
anthers ^ line long, yellow. — (B. rigidus Beal, not of Roth.) 

Native of the Mediterranean Region: naturalized "near the Mission 
Dolores, in afield under cultivation," Bolander, about 1862; Berkeley. 
San Francisco; Suisun Marshes; Briones Hills; San Jose; Tulare. 
Apr.-May. Now one of our most abundant grasses. 

4. B. hordeaceus L. Soft Brome. Annual, erect, 1 to 1^ ft. 
high; whole plant excepting the stems and uppermost sheaths, softly 



72 GRAMINKl.. 

downy; ligule \ to l.j lines long, truncate, serrate, blades 2 to 4£ lines 
wide; panicle 3 to 5 in. long, erect, rather dense; branches very 
short, erect: spikelets lanreolate, turgid, about f> lines long, 5 to 
9-flowered; bracts acute, with broad scurious margins and tips; lower 
3 to 5-nerved; upper 7-nerved; bractlets closely imbricate, broadly 
oval, 7-nerved. margins and apex broadly scarious; awn from below 
the apex, slender, 1 to 2.] lines long; palea distinctly ciliate; anthers 
yellow, :] line long. — (B. mollis L. ) 

Native of Europe, naturalized and very common by roadsides and 
in waste places within our limits and northward and southward: 
Berkeley; Oakland; Livermore; Evergreen; Brentwood; Antioch; 
Santa Rosa; Point Reyes; Morleys Station. May. Apparently 
introduced since the State Survey collections were made, as it is not 
included among the species enumerated in the State Survey publica- 
tion-. Sometimes called " Poverty -grass." Var. qlabbbscsns 
(Coss.) Shear, differs from the type id having the bractlet glabrous 
and shining or only scabrous. Common at Berkeley. 

5. B. carinatus H. & A. Perennial; stems stout, strictly erect, 
3 to 4 ft. high, the sheaths almost closed, the lower hirsute with 
long, retrorsely spreading hairs or scabrid, upper sometimes glabrous; 
ligule about 2\ lines long; blades 4 to 6 lines wide near the base, often 
hairy above; panicle 9 to 12 in long; lower branches 4 or 6, in half 
whorls, long, scabrous, becoming drooping. Bhortly branched and 
bearing their few spikelets only above the middle; spikelets com- 
pressed, oblong, 12 to 15 lines long, 7 to 10-flowered; bracts unequal, 
lower 4 to 6, upper 5 lines long, 3 to 7-nerved; rachilla pubescent; 
bractlets 7 to 8 lines long, about' 7-nerved. densely and minutely 
pubescent and scabrous; awn 3.} to 7 lines long; anthers bright 
yellow. 

Common in the Coast Ranges of middle California: near Guerne- 
ville; Berkeley; Olema, etc. May. 

6. B. marginatus Nees. Near to the preceding, but smaller in 
every way: stems slender, \\ to 3 ft. high, often drooping; sheaths 
more or less hirsute, prominently ciliate at the throat; panicle 4 to 9 
in. long; spikelets more slender. 6 to 9 lines long, mostly 6 (rarely 10)- 
flowered; bracts sub-equal, about (5 lines long; rachilla puberulent; 
bractlet- closely imbricate; awn 2 to 3£ lines long. — (Ceratochloa 
breviaristata Hook.) 

Common in the Coast Ranges from San Francisco and Berkeley to 
Eureka. May. 

Tribe 8. Hordeae. Barley Tribe. 

Inflorescence a simple, bilateral spike (rarely normally racemose or 
paniculate in some species of Hordeum and ESlymus, and abnormally 

in monstrosities or luxuriant cultivated varieties of these and other 

genera). Rachis often Qexuous, more or less flattened and toothed or 
deeply notched at the nodes: often, but not always, jointed at the 



GRASS FAMILY. 73 

nodes so that at maturity the internodes fall away with the attached 
spikelet; when the rachis is not jointed the rachilla is jointed above 
the bracts. SpiUelets (in ours) in 2 opposite rows, solitary or 2 or 
more side by side at each node, sessile or very rarely pedicellate, all 
perfect or polygamous or when there are three at a node the central, 
perfect or polygamous the two lateral sometimes imperfect, 1 to 
many-flowered, when many-flowered the uppermost flowers imperfect. 

A. Spikelet s sessile. 
Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the rachis. 
Flowers 1 or 2 in a spikelet; spike slender, the spikelets deeply sunk in 
notches of the rachis.— Subtri be Lepture^e. 

Bractlet awnless; callus naked 40. Lepturus. 

Bractlet awned; callus hairy 41. Scribneria. 

Flowers 3 or more in a spikelet.— Subtribe Tritice.e. 
Spikelets placed edgewise to the rachis, so that the backs of one row of 
bractlets are turned toward the notch; bract 1 only, except in the 

terminal spikelet 42. Lolium. 

Spikelets placed flatwise to the rachis so that one side of each row of bract- 
lets is turned towards the notch; bracts 2 to each spikelet 

43. Agropyron. 
Spikelets 2 or more side by side at the nodes of the rachis.— Subtribe Elyme^e. 

Flowers 2 or more in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes or not. 

Bracts but little smaller than the bractlets 44. Elymtjs. 

Bracts minute, or obsolete and leaving only scars 45. Asperella. 

Flowers solitary in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes, each iuternode 
at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet . . .46. Hordeum. 
B. Spikelets, at least the lateral ones, pedicellate. 
Flowers 2 or more in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes or not . .... 

44. Elymtjs. 
Flowers solitary in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes, each internode 

at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet . . .46. Horedum. 

40. LEPTURUS K. Br. Hard-grass. 
Ours slender, branching annuals. Inflorescence a simple, terminal, 
slender, cylindrical, jointed spike, at maturity each internode sepa- 
rating with the attached spikelet. Spikelets sessile, distichous, alter- 
nate, solitary in the notches of the axis, their backs turned towards 
the notches; uppermost spikelet terminal. Bracts 1 or 2, exceeding 
the bractlet, approximate in the lower, opposite in the upper spikelet, 
sub-equal, hard and rigid, narrow, 5-nerved, acute, awnless, one 
spreading when in flower. Flowers 2, or 1 with an empty bractlet 
above it. Bractlets sub-equal, hyaline, acute (in ours), awnless. 
Palea 2-nerved. Scales entire, glabrous. Stamens 3 or fewer. 
(Greek leptos, slender, oura, tail, referring to the slender, tail-like 
spikes.) 

1. L. cylindricus Trin. Cylindrical Hard-grass. Stems 12 
to 14 in. high; spike 3 to 6 in. long, stout, cylindrical, straight; 
lateral spikelets with only 1 bract; bractlets acute. 

Native of the Mediterranean Region; introduced along the coast 
near San Francisco: Tiburon, 1886, Greene; Petal um a Marshes, 1896, 
Leckenby; San Pablo and Pinole Canons, in adobe soil, abundant, 
1900, Davy. June-July. 

2. L. incurvatus (L.) Trin. Curved Hard-grass. Usually has 
a more slender, incurved spike, with the lateral spikelets subtended 
bv 2 bracts. 



74 



GRAMINEJE. 



An introduced weed, native of the Mediterranean Region: between 
Bolinas and Olema, 1886, Greene; South San Francisco, 1891 
B andegee; Martinez; Point Keyes, Davy; reported also from fiburon 
l»hr. June-July. ' 

41. SCRIBNERIA Hackel. 
A low. Blender, erect, tufted annual. Inflorescence a strict, slender 
jointed spike, breaking up at maturity. Spikelets 1-flowered sessile 
and halt embedded in the notches of the rachis, solitary or rarely in 
pairs, alternate, long and slender. Bracts much exceeding the bract- 
let, persistent, unequal, linear-lanceolate, acute, awnless, eccentrically 
keeled, very rigid; upper 3 to 5-nerved, lower 2 to 3-nerved and 
ibbed. Rachilla very short, jointed above tin- bracts, with a rino- f 
hairs surrounding the base of the bractlet, prolonged as a minute 
hairy point. Bractlet and palea sub-equal, keeled; bractlet charta- 
ceous 1-nerjed, toothed at apex and bearing a stout awn about its 
own length from between the teeth; palea hyaline, 1-nerved acumi- 
nate and deeply 2-fid. Scales obsolete. Stamen 1. Ovary glabrous 
narrowly obovate; stigma short, sessile, feathery. Achene linear- 
tapering, „btuse, free, slightly compressed laterally, not grooved- 
em bryo Prominent. (In honor of F. Lamson-Scribner, Agrottologist 
to the United States Department of Agriculture.) 
, 1. S Bolanderi (Thurb.) Hackel. , Scribneria. Stems 2 to 6 
in high, mostly simple, leafy; sheaths striate; ligule prominent, 
1 to 2 ,1 ?, es on % ;l ^ lte ; ^des f to g-in. long, narrow involute 
acute; spike 1 to 2 or 4 in. long, erect* slightly flexuous or curved' 
purplish; spikelets about. 3 lines long, usually exserted, scabrid.- 
(JLepturus Bolanderi Thurb.) 

Found in dry gravelly soils on hillsides and roadsides from Lake 
and Mendocino Cos. northward to Oregon, and in the Sierra Nevada: 

Po SS, ^V ( /; 1 '/ Aa / lley \ L °! lg ^ and Round Valle y> Mendocino 
Oo 1866, Boljmder; Yreka; Lakeport; Mariposa Co. Apr.-Mav 
Not recorded from within our limits, but to be looked for in Sonoma 
Co., in the upper Russian River Valley. 

4-2. LOLIUM L. Ray-grass. 

Leaf-blades flat. Spike simple, solitary; rachis not jointed at the 
nodes. Spikelets in notches excavated alternately on opposite sides 
of the rachis with the backs of one row of bractlefe turned towards it 
3 to several-flowered, flattened laterally. Bracts 2 in the terminal 
spikejet, only 1 (the outermost) or 1 and a rudiment in tin- lateral 
spifcelets Rachilla jointed. Bractlet firm, 5-nerved. Palea ciliate 
^ ,ai ;";^V Mf 2, mostly as long as the ovary. Ovary smooth or 
slightly downval top; styles very short; stigmai feathery (Loliu*. 
tn- name used by ancient Latin writers to designate Dame] Lolium 
temulentum, and perhaps other grain-field weeds. At once distin- 

I u f 18he .? r a " ° th f uv " ,,ra of the tribe Hord eae by the solitary 

flat spikelets, arranged distichously with one edge towards the rachis.) 

Bract shorter than the much flattened spilcelet .. . i / ,„-,.,„,,,. 

Bract equaling or exceeding the turgid spikelet . . . . '. '. '. '.2. L.SSSum. 



GRASS FAMILY. 75 

1. L. perenne L. English Perennial Kay-grass. Perennial; 
stems 1 to 2 or even 3 ft. high, smooth; foliage dark -green; sheaths 
smooth, slightly compressed; ligule short; edges and upper surface of 
hlade scabrid; spike 4 to 12 in. long, strict, stout, bearing 6 to 10 
spikelets, or slender and bearing 3 to 4 spikelets; rachis smooth, chan- 
neled; spikelets ^ to ^ in. long, quite smooth, shining, 7 to 11- 
flowered; bracts strongly ribbed, linear-lanceolate; bractlet linear- 
oblong, terete, obtuse or cuspidate or rarely very shortly awned, 
ribbed; anthers purple. Introduced by roadsides and in waste places: 
Berkeley; Point Reyes, etc. Feb. -Aug. 

Yar. tenue Kunth (L. tenue L.). Pacey's Ray-grass. Peren- 
nial; more slender than the species; spikelets 3 to 4-flowered; bractlet 
acute, rarely very shortly awned. 

Yar. Italicum Hook. (L. Italicum R. Br.). Perennial Italian 
Ray-grass. Biennial or perennial; stems taller, leaves broader; both 
leaves and spikelets lighter green in color than in the species; spike- 
lets 5 to 10-flowered; bractlets long- or short-awned. It is a cultivated 
form not known in the wild state except as naturalized. 

Yar. multiflorum Auct. (L. multiflorum Lam.). Annual 
Italian Ray-grass. Annual (or at most only biennial); spikes very 
handsome, often reddish-tinged and curved; spikelets 13 to 25- 
flowered; bractlet of uppermost flowers awned; bractlet broader in 
the middle, and therefore appearing more curved on the margins, 
than in var. Italicum; rachis more scabrous. — Cloverdale; Berkeley. 

2. L. temulentum L. Darnel. Poison-darnel. Annual; 
stem stout, 1 to 3 ft. high; spike rather stout; spikelets 5 to 7- 
flowered; bract sharp-pointed, not ribbed, extending to the apex of or 
beyond the uppermost bractlet; bractlet shorter, broader and more 
turgid than in L. perenne, terminating in an awn as long as the 
spikelet, or sometimes short-awned or awnless (var. arvense Syme.); 
in other respects similar to L. perenne. 

Naturalized from Europe: Berkeley; San Francisco; Antioch; 
Briones Hills; Point Reyes and elsewhere; not uncommon as a weed 
in waste places. May. 

43. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. Wheat-grass. 
Ours perennials with very short ligule. Inflorescence a simple, 
slender, stiff and erect spike. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, large, 
solitary, sessile, inserted broadside or somewhat obliquely to the 
rachis, distichous, compressed. Bracts not equaling the nearest 
bractlet, unequal, lanceolate or linear, many-nerved. Bractlet cori- 
aceous, 5 to 7-nerved. Palea hyaline, flattened, usually ciliate- 
keeled. Scales ovate, entire, ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy at 
the apex; styles very short, distinct; stigmas distant, feathery. 
Achene hairy at apex. (The Greek name for some allied grass, from 
agros, field, puros, wheat, — hence field- or wild-wheat.) 

Bractlet long-awned. 

Rracts awnless; awns of bractlet 8 to 18 lines long 1. A. scabrum. 

Bracts shortly awned; awn of bractlet 6 to 7 lines long . . . 2. A. Richardsoni. 



76 



GRAMINEiE. 



Brac let awnless or with a very short awn; bracts more than -/. the length of 
the -pikelet. 6 

Kootstock tufted, not stoloniferous 3. A.tenerum 

Rootstock long, slender, running and stoloniferous. ... 4. A. arenicolitm, 

1. A. scabrum Beauv. Australian Wheat-grass. Stems 
stout, erect, 2 to 3 ft. high; blades short, involute Bmooth below; 
spike 8 to 16 in. long; spikelets 10 to 14 in number, 1 to 1} in. long 
excluding awn-, narrow, 6 to 10-flowered, the lowest | to ] }, in. apart; 
bract- about 7 lines long, awnless, cartilaginous, pale green, with 
broad, scarious margins, smooth or minutely and Bparsely scabrid, 
striate; bractlet chartaceous, with a broad, Bcarious margin, minutely 
scabrid; awn 8 to 18 lines long, mostly flexuous and widely divergent. 

A pale, glaucous, Australian species, sparingly introduced into 
California: San Jose. 1879, Miss Norton; also reported by Inlander 
from "very dry hillsides, Bouth side of Eel Ridge, Mendocino Co., 
June 1"). 1867," and '-in gardens near San Francisco." 

2. A. Richardsoni (Trim) Schrad. Richardson's Wiik.vt- 
GRASS. Stem- -tout, sub-solitary, erect, 3 to :I.l ft. high; blades 2 to 
6 in. long, 2.] lines wide, setaceous-pointed, scabrous above. Bmooth 
below; spike 5 to 7 in. long; lowest spikelets about .] in. apart: -pike- 
lets G to 7 lines long without the awn, 3 to 4-flowered; bract- 5 to 7 
lines long without the awn. scabrous on the many nerve.-, their awns 
about 2\ lines long; awn of the bractlet to 7 lines long, erect. 

Oakland. Bolander; probably introduced, apparently not since 
collected. July. 

3. A. tenerum Yasev. Slender Wheat-grass. Kootstock 
tufted, not stoloniferous; stems slender, erect, from a slightly ascend- 
ing, leafy base, 14 to 20 in. high; blades 1 to 6 in. Ion--, 1 to 1| lines 
wide, flat, rough; spike '\\ to 5 in. long; spikelets 13 to 16; bracts 
more than § the length of the spikelet, awnless or awn-pointed, gla- 
brous, scabrously-ciliate, broadest below the middle — (A. repensvar. 
tenerum Heal.) 

San Mateo, Bolander. 

4. A. arenicolum Davy, sp. nov. Dunk Wheat-grass. Koot- 
stock long, slender, creeping and stoloniferous; stems 6 in. high, erect 
or arcuate at base, clothed with dead sheaths below; branches intra- 
vaginal; Bheaths glabrous; ligule reduced to a ring I line long; blades 
convolute, glabrous below, above clothed with a sparse pubescence 
and deeply channeled. 6 to 10 in. long, 2 lines wide, auricled at base, 
the auricle prolonged into a curved horn: spike ]), to 2 in. long; 
rachis almost smooth; spikelets approximate, .1 in. long. 1 to 5- 
flowered; bracts 5 to 6 j line.- long, long-acuminate, subulate-pointed, 
ciliate, 3 to 5-nerved, coriaceous; bractlet.- broad, subulate-pointed, 
scabrid, coriaceous; palea filiate. 

A dwarf maritime Bpecies, apparently rare: type locality, sand-dunes 
at Point Reyes, Davy, no. 6879; Bodega Point, Eastwood. 

44. ELYMUS L. Wild Rye. 
Perennials; stems tall and rigid. Leaf-blades usually broad. 



GRASS FAMILY. 77 

Spikes stout, cylindrical, usually dense. Spikelets 2 to 6 (sometimes 
only 1 above) at each node of the more or less flattened and notched 
raChiSj placed sidewise to the rachis, usually sessile, 2 to 7 (rarely 
only l)-flo\vered. Bracts persistent, placed side by side in front of 
each spikelet so that those at a node together resemble an involucre, 
rarely divided into several awns (section Sitanion), firm, 1 to 5- 
nerved, linear or narrowly lanceolate-subulate. Rachilla jointed 
below the bractlets, terminating in a perfect or staminate flower or an 
empty bractlet. Bractlets usually coriaceous, rounded on the back. 
Palea 2-keeled. Scales large, usually ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers 
large. Ovary hairy; stigmas sessile or nearly so, distant. Achene 
oblong, hairy at the apex, grooved on the inside, adherent to the 
bractlet and palea. (Greek elumos, a kind of grain.) 

Br.'Ctlet cuspidate or awn-pointed, but not long-awned. 
Spikeleis % to 1 in. long; lowest bractlet 7 to 10 lines long; lUule about % line 

long; st> ut grass of maritime dunes and i-andy beaches.]. E. arenarius. 
Spike. i-ts 34 to % in. long; lowest bractlet 5 to 6 lines long. 
Lignle about 1 line long; spike stout, usually dense, contracted; spikelets 

many; stout grass oi moist places among the hills. . . 2. E. condensatus. 
Ligule about ^ li e long; spike slender; spikelets few; plant usually 
glaucous v* nh a bluish bloom; slender grass of bottom lands in the 

wanner valleys 3. E. triticoides. 

Bractlet with an awn mostly equaling or longer than itself. 
Bracts entiie, narrowly lanceolate-subulate, mostly acuminate or awn- 
pointed but not long-awned. 
Rootstock -toloniferons. 
Awns erect; sheaths glabrous or retrorsely pubescent. 
Liguie less than % line long, regularly truncate. 

Sheaths den-ely re ror>ely pubescent 4. E. pubescens. 

Sheaths smooiti or scabrid 5. E. glaucus. 

Ligule about l line long, rounded; bractlet hispidulous. 6. E. hispidulus. 
Awns very diver ent when dry, straight and erect when moistened; lower 

sheaths densely antrorsely pubescent 7. E. divergens. 

Rootstock not stoloniferous; stems leafy and tufted. . . . 8. E. angitstifolius . 
Bracis divided into long, slender awns which surround the spikelets as with 
an involucre 9. E. Sitanion. 

1. E. arenarius L. Rancheria-grass. Glaucous; rootstock 
stout, widely creeping, stoloniferous; stems stout, erect, 3 to 6 ft. high; 
sheaths smooth, channeled; ligule a narrow truncate ring; blades 13 
to 18 in. long, 4 to 6 lines wide, flat or with more or less convolute 
margins below, attenuate, rigid, auricled at the base, scabrous above, 
smooth below; spike 6 to 12 in. long, dense, erect; rachis broadly 
winged, pubescent and ciliate; spikelets large, in pairs or threes, 
imbricate, mostly appressed, f to 1 in. long, about 6-flowered; bracts 
sub-equal, 7 to 12 lines long, rather shorter than the nearest bractlet, 
lanceolate-acuminate, 3 to 5-nerved, scabrous, sparingly ciliate with 
long hairs on the mid-nerve especially above; bractlet about 9 lines 
long including the long point, 1J lines wide, 8 to 9-nerved, glabrous 
or scabrid or sparingly pubescent; palea about lines long, ciliate on 
the keels; anthers 3 lines long 

Common on maritime sand dunes, sandy beaches, and coast bluffs: 
Cliff House and South Beach, San Francisco; Alameda Marshes; Bay 
Farm Island; West Berkeley; cliffs at mouth of Bear Valley; Point 
Reyes. July-Auo-. 



78 <;i:a.mini;.i:. 

2. E. condensatus Presl. California Wild-rye. Rootstock 
Btout, creeping and Btoloniferous; stems stout, erect. :; t<> 6 ft. high; 
sheaths .smooth: ligule about 1 line Long, rounded, fimbrillate; blades 

about 12 in. long, 1 to 5 liner, wide, flat with more or less involute 
edges below, long-acuminate, Bmootb below, scabrous above; spike 5 
to 8 in. long, compact, erect: rachis scabrous on the narrow 'wings; 
-pikelets imbricate, appressed, in pair-, three-, or rarelj more, when 
more than three then Borne times 1 or 2 are pedicellate, \ to g in. Long, 
somewhat turgid, 1 to 6-flowered; bracts subulate, rather shorter than 
the nearest bractlet, Bcabrid, about 6 lines long; bractlet scabrid at the 
apex, pulverulent below, more or less shining; lowest about b\ lines 
long, including the very ,-hort point, less than H lines wide, 7-nerved; 
palea r >\ line- long; keel- glabrous below, scabrous and ciliate above; 
anthers 2 to 2.] line.- long; scales aboul I line long, ovate, eiliate. 

Moist places a Qg the hill- of the Coast Ranges; not uncommon 

within our limit-: along the lower Sacramento River. Jepson; Oakland 
Marshes, Bolander; PortCosta; Berkeley Hills; near Petaluma. Apr.- 
Sept. Type locality. .Monterey. Hcenke, 1791. 

3. E. triticoides Buckl. Slender Wild-rye. Usually glau- 
cous throughout; rootstock slender, creeping; stems slender or 
stoutish, erect. 2 to 3 J ft. high; Bheaths smooth; ligule reduced to a 
narrow, truncate, fimbrillate ring; blades 6 to 12 in. long, 3| lines 
wide, flat or involute, scabrous on the margins and nerve- especially 
above; spike about 6 in. long, erect, somewhat lax; rachis with a 
narrow, ciliate wing, puberulent; spikelets distant above and below, 
overlapping in the middle, somewhat divergent, in pair- or threes 
below, solitary above, \ to § in. long, turgid, 4 to 6-flowered; bracts 
sub-equal, 5 to 7 lines long, longer than, or equaling the Dearest 
bractlet, acuminately subulate, scabrous on the nerves above; bractlets 

3 to 5 line- long including the point, 1.] lines wide, 9-nerved, gla- 
brous; palea ')\ t<> 1 lines long, Bcabrous on the keels; anthers 2.] lines 
long. 

Apparently preferring bottom lands in the warmer valleys, some- 
times in alkaline soils: Little Oak, Jepson; San Jose; Princeton. 
May-June. 

4. E. pubescens Davy. sp. nov. Pubescent Wild-rye. Erect 
perennial: rootstock Btoloniferous; stems 2 to 3 ft. high, erect, slender, 
scabrid; sheath- densely retrorsely pubescent; ligule reduced to a 
truncate ring about A line long, fimbrillate in young leaves; blades 3 to 
6\ in. long. 2 to :'. lines wide, flat, auricled at base; spike 3 in. long; 
rachis with a narrow, ciliate wing; -pikelets in pairs or often solitary. 

4 to •") line- long, few-flowered; bracts broadly linear-lanceolate. 5 
lines long, aboul 1 line wide, scabrid; lowest bractlet 4.] lines long. 
scabrid; awa scabrid, 1.1 lines lone; palea 3$ to 4 lines long; anthers 

1 line long; scales leS9 than \ line long. 

Type locality: Point Reyes, in a swale lacing the ocean; apparently 
rare. July. 

5. E. glaucus Buckl. Glaucous Wild-ryk. Erect perennial; 
rootstock Btoloniferous; Stems tufted, erect from a more or less arcuate 



GRASS FAMILY. 79 

base, 2\ to 3 ft. high, smooth; branches 2 to 3 from the base of each 
stem; sheaths smooth or minutely seabrid; ligule regularly truncate, 
entire, less than \ line long; blade flat, narrower than the sheath, 
auricled at the base, seabrid on both surfaces or the lower glabrous, 
3 to 5 or rarely in very luxuriant specimens *l\ lines wide, acute; 
uppermost 2£ to 4 in. long, lowest about 8 in. long; spike linear, 
erect. 2\ to 5 or rarely 7 in. long, 1\ to 4 lines wide; rachis seabrid on 
the margins; spikelets in pairs, rarely threes, appressed, 4 to 6 lines 
long excluding awns, 3 to 4-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines 
long, acuminate or awn-pointed, with 2 to 4 prominent seabrid nerves; 
bractlets seabrid above, 5-nerved, lowest 4J to 6 lines long, tapering 
into a straight, erect, seabrid awn Z\ to 7 lines long; palea 4£ to 5 
lines long, seabrid, slightly emarginate; scales \ to 1 line long, lanceo- 
late, acute, toothed on one side or the margins regularly curved, 
sparingly ciliate; anthers nearly \\ lines long, purplish; actiene 2\ to 

3 lines long. 

Thickets on open hillsides along the coast, common within our 
limits: San Francisco, Bolander; Point Keves; Berkeley. June- 
July. 

Var. breviaristatus Davy, var. nov. Bracts 6 to 9 lines long; awn 
of the bractlet to 3 lines long. — Type locality: Point Reyes, Davy, 
among sedges and brambles in swales; Bodega Point, Eastwood. 
June-July. 

Var. jepsoni Davy, var. nov. Lowest leaves retro rsely 
pubescent. — Napa Valley, Jepson. 

Var. tenuis Vasey, is much more slender in every way; spikes 1£ 
to 2J lines wide.— It is not definitely recorded from within our limits, 
but occurs in the Sacramento Valley northward to Mt. Shasta, Palmer; 
Princeton. May. 

Var. maximus Davy, var. nov. Tall and stout; leaf-blades 5£ to 
8h lines wide, sometimes glabrous in age; spike 7 in. long, 4 lines 
wide, slightly drooping above; spikelets mostly 6-flowered; bracts 7 to 
9 lines long, often 5-nerved; awn of the bractlet very variable, 4 to 
12 lines long. — Napa Valley, Jepson; Bodega Point, Eastwood. 

6. E. hispidulus Davy, sp. nov. Hispid Wild-rye. Kootstock 
stoloniferous; stem erect from a more or less arcuate base, about 3 ft. 
high, rooting and branching from the lowest nodes; lowest sheaths 
seabrid, uppermost retrorsely hispidulous; ligule of uppermost leaves 
entire, rounded, about 1 line long; blades narrower than the sheath, 
auricled at the base, seabrid on both surfaces and sparsely pubescent 
below, 1J to 4 lines wide, 6 to 7 in. long; spike 4^ in. long excluding 
awns, 5 lines wide; spikelets in pairs, ascending, not closely appressed, 

4 to 6-flowered, the longest 10 lines long excluding awns; lowest 
internode of the rachilla about 1 line long, pubescent; bracts 5| lines 
long, lanceolate-subulate, awn-pointed, 3-nerved, scabrous; lowest 
bractlet 7 lines long with an awn its own length, hispidulous above, 
5-nerved, palea \ line shorter, pubescent and emarginate above, 
seabrid on the keels; scales f to 1 line long, pubescent and ciliate, 
unevenly lobed near the base on one side only; anthers 1^ lines long. 



80 <;ka.mini:.k. 

Type locality: Olema, Marin Co., Aug. 1898, Davy, no. 4306b. 
Near to E. glaucus var. pubescens, differing in the Longer and rounded 
ligule, the hispidulous clothing to the sheaths which i> less abundant 
on th«' lowesl than on those above, and the hispidulous bractlets. 

7. E. divergens Daw. sp. nov. Divergent Wild-kyk. Peren- 
nial; rootstock short, very stout and woody, not stoloniferous; steins 
stout, erect. 2 to 2\ ft. high; sheath- densely, or the uppermost 
Bparsely, antrorsely pubescent; Ligule .] line Long, regularly truncate; 
blades flat or becoming involute, 2\ to 3| Lines wide, pubescent on 
both surfaces or the uppermost glabrous on the lower surface; those 
of the lowest cauline leave- about 12 in. long, those of the uppermost 
2\ to 4 in. long; peduncle glabrous; spike 4 to '» in. long, slender; 
rachis slender, continuous; -pikelet- in pairs, sessile, few-flowered; 
bracts broad, acuminate-pointed, \ in. Long, and .] line wide at the 
middle, channeled; bractlet 5 Lines Long, excluding its awn. Bcabrid; 
awn ti to 12 lines long, Bcabrous, hygroscopic, very divergent when 
dry, straight and erect when moist; palea 4 to 5 lines long, truncate, 
scabrous on the. margins; achene 3 lines long. 

Type locality: on a dry hank by the roadside near Petal u ma. 
Sonoma Co., Sept. 18, 1807, Davy, no. 4037; common on dry, brushy 
hillsides, Point Reyes, July, 1900. 

8. E. angustifolius Davy, sp. nov. Nakrow-lkavkd WlLD- 
kyk. Slender, erect perennial, forming low, leafy tufts; rootstock 
apparently not stoloniferous; stems erect from a more or less annate 
base, 1.] to 2^ ft. high, smooth, rooting and branching freely at the 
lowest nodes; uppermost sheaths glabrous, lowest and those of the 
branches densely retrorsely scabrous and ciliate on the margins, or 
glabrous; ligule regularly or somewhat obliquely truncate, \ Line long; 
blades Hat, or involute when dry, 1.] or rarely 2\ lines wide, sparingly 
pubescent and scabrid on the upper surface, antrorsely scabrid on the 
lower, much narrower at the base than the sheath and strongly auri- 
cled; lowest cauline blade- 7 to 8 in. long, uppermost about 4 in. 
long; spike lanceolate-linear. 2\ to 4.] in. long, 3 to 5 lines wide; 
rachis scabrous on the margins; spikelets in pairs, ascending or 
appressed, 4.]- to 7 lines long excluding awn-, and .-lightly exceeding 
the internodes, 3 to 4-flowered, uppermost flower imperfect or sterile; 
bracts narrow-lanceolate to linear, acute. 4.] to 5 lines long. 3 to 4- 
nerved and ribbed, scabrid on the nerves; bractlet 4 to i>\ lines long 
excluding the awn, 5-nerved, scabrid; awn erect or somewhat spread- 
ing, 1.] to 4 lines long, strongly scabrid; palea 4 to 41 lines long, 
slightly emarginate, ciliate, scabrous on the keels; stamens 3; scales 
2, ;'] line long, oblique or truncately notched or lobed on one side near 
the base, obtuse; anthers 1 1 lines long; ovary clavate; stigmas 1 line 
long, plumose. — (K. Sibiricus Thurb., in Bot. Cal. in part, not of L.) 

Common on dry hillsides in the Coast Range-: San Francisco; 
Berkeley; Point Esabel. Apr. -.June. Near to E. glaucus var. tenuis 
Yasey. but at once distinguishable by its more tufted and leafy habit, 
by the usually narrower leaf-blades and by the shorter and relatively 
stouter -pike-. 



GRASS FAMILY. 81 

Var. caespitosus Davy, var. nov. Tufted Wild-rye. Densely- 
tufted perennial; rootstock not stoloniferous; stems slender, erect, 
densely clothed below with dead sheaths, 8 to 14 in. high; branches 
very numerous from the base, the longest about 6 in. long; all the 
sheaths glabrous throughout, the lowest minutely punctate, prominently 
striate; ligule reduced to a narrow truncate ring; blades short, flat, 
or becoming somewhat involute when dry, 1 line wide at the base, 
glabrous except on the scabrid margins; uppermost cauline 1 to 1^ in. 
long, lowest cauline 4J in. long; peduncle glabrous, spike well 
exserted, 2 to 2£ in. long, narrow; spikelets in pairs, sometimes one of 
them rudimentary, 2-flowered; bracts acute, 3f lines long, \ line wide, 
glabrous; bractlet 3 J lines long, terminating in an erect, minutely 
scabrid awn 2J to 4 lines long; palea about equaling it in length; 
achene 2} lines long. 

Type locality: Berkeley Hills, Davy. 

9. E. Sitanion E. & S. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high; sheaths smooth; 
spikes 4 to 7 in. long including the long awns, jointed at the nodes of 
the rachis and readily breaking up at maturity; spikelets mostly in 
pairs; bracts mostly 2-parted to the base, rarely entire, the divisions 
again unequally 2-cleft, passing insensibly into awns 1 to 3 in. long. 
— (Sitanion elymoides Raf. ) • 

A very variable grass, often resembling and sometimes mistaken 
for Hordeum jubatum, but readily distinguishable by its divided 
bracts. 

45. ASPERELLA Humb. Bottle-brush-grass. 
Leaf-blades broad, flat. Spike racemose, the spikelets resembling 
short, fascicled branchlets owing to the exposure of the base of the 
rachilla by the suppression of the bracts; spike at first cylindrical, in 
aestivation loose. Spikelets 1 to 5 at each node of the more or less 
flattened and notched rachis, 1 to 4-flowered. Bracts reduced to 
scars, or small, deciduous spines. Rachilla jointed below each 
bractlet, terminating in a perfect or staminate flower. Bractlet 
coriaceous, rounded on the back, 5-nerved above, terminating in a 
long, stout awn. Palea 2-keeled. Scales 2, large, distinct, shortly 
and unequally toothed above, acute, ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers 
large. Ovary hairy, especially above; stigmas 2 lines long, sessile or 
nearly so, remote, feathery. Achene hairy at the apex. (Diminutive 
of Latin asper, rough, prickly, referring to the rough, long-awned 
spike of some species.) 

1. A. Californica (Boland.) Beal. California Bottle-brush. 
Rootstock perennial, stout, creeping; stems stout, leafy, sub-solitary, 
erect from a decumbent base, 3£ to 6 ft. high; sheaths split to the 
base, loose, scabrous, those below usually clothed with short, stiff, 
spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule about 1 line long, obtuse, erose, 
brown; blade 4 to 14 in. long, J to 1 in. wide, flat, antrorsely 
scabrous, especially beneath, shining with a satiny luster; spike 5 to 
10 in. long, dense and drooping above, interrupted below, purplish; 
rachis with scabrous margins; spikelets ^ to f in. long, 1 to3-flowered; 



82 graminejE. 

rachilla with a prominent callus In-low cadi bractlet; bractlet <> to 7 
lines long, 5-nerved, the nerves, especially the marginal ones, ciliate- 
hispid with short, stilt", rather distant, white hairs; awn stout, 
straight, rough, about 10 lines long; palea membranaceous, promi- 
nently keeled, ciliate above; scales 1} lines long, ciliatelv fringed; 
anthers 3 lines long, yellow. — (Gymnostichum californicum Boland.; 
Asprella californica Benth.) 

Apparently confined to moist woodlands and thickets in the 
redwood belt immediately north and south of San Francisco: San 
Gregorio redwoods, San Mateo Co., Kellogg and Brannan; Sausalito; 
Santa Cruz Co.; Taylorsville; Olema; Inverness. Apr.-July. In 
the young state the plant closely resembles an Elymus, and 
entirely lacks the " bottle-brush " aspect of its mature state; it can 
always be distinguished, however, by the short, pedicel-like rachilla- 
base of the spikelets, and the absence of bracts. 

46. HORDEUM L. Barley-grass. 

Leaf-blades flat. Inflorescence a dense spike, jointed at the nodes 
and breaking up at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached to the 
hard, sharp, callus-like internode. Spikelets 1-flowered, in threes at 
each joint of the rachis; the central sessile, perfect; the lateral, in 
ours, pedicellate and usually sterile. Bracts often reduced to awns 
and resembling an involucre around the spikelets, rigid. Rachilla 
prolonged beyond the flower as a bristle. Bractlets chartaceous in 
age, rounded, on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, that of the perfect 
spikelet, and sometimes all, awned. Palea scarcely shorter than its 
bractlet, 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles very short, distinct. Achene 
hairy at the summit. (Hordeum the Latin name for Barley, the 
typical plant of the genus.) 

Perennial; spike slender; awns appressed; bracts of all the spikelets bristle-like; 

bractlet of the central spikelet 3 to 4 lines long 1. H. nodosum. 

Annuals; spike stout, broad; awns rigid, erect or spreading; bracts not all 

bristle-like. 
Bracts of the central spikelet strongly pectinate-ciliate; spike 2 to 4 in. long. 

2. //. murinum. 
Bracts of the central spikelet not pectinate-ciliate; spike 1 to 2 in. long. 

3. H. maritimum. 

1. H. nodosum L. Meadow Barlky-grass. Erect perennial; 
stems J to 3 ft. high; sheaths glabrous, often glaucous; ligule 
truncate, \ to £ line long; blades 2£ to 4 lines wide, often deflexed, 
flat, scabrous, or scabrid above only; spike 2\ to 4£ in. long, slender, 
4 to 5 lines wide, compressed, usually nodding; awns appressed, 
brown, tinting the whole spike; rachis very brittle; lateral spikelets 
awnless, staminate or rudimentary, 2£ lines long, or reduced to an 
empty bractlet; bracts all awnlike, scabrous; bractlet of central 
spikelet awned, 7 to 9 lines long including the awn; scales 2, ovate, 
obtuse, hyaline, ciliate above, £ line long; anthers yellow, \ line 
long. — (H. pratense Huds.) 

Common by roadsides, in waste places and borders of fields, often 
occurring in alkali soils. Common in Alameda, Contra Costa, San 



SEDGE FAMILY. 83 

Francisco, Marin, and Santa Cruz Cos. Mch.-May, or sometimes 
even as early as December. 

2. H. murinum L. Barley-grass. Annual; stems 6 to 24 in. 
high, decumbent at base, or in moist, shady places erect; upper 
sheaths glabrous, light green, scarious-margined, often inflated; lower 
pilose; ligule h to f line long, truncate; blade both softly pubescent 
and scabrous, 1 to 5£ lines wide; spikes 2 to 4 in. long, broad, stout, 
compressed; awns erect; spikelets densely imbricate; bracts awned; 
those of the central spikelet lanceolate, flat, 3-nerved, ciliate, with 
awns 9 to 12 lines long; those of the lateral spikelets similar, 
excepting the inner which are awn-like and not ciliate; bractlet 
scabrous at the apex, about 6 lines long, its awn f to 2 in. long; 
bractlets of the lateral spikelets somewhat smaller, awn ^ to 2 in. 
long; palea emarginate, somewhat webby within, keels distantly 
ciliate; scales of the sterile spikelets very prominent, 1^ lines long; 
anthers broad, £ line long, green. 

Native of Europe; naturalized and now very common throughout 
middle and southern California, and spreading northward: Spring 
Valley, San Francisco, 1862, Bolander; Antioch; Berkeley; etc. 
Apr.-May. Often miscalled Fox-tail. • 

3. H. maritimum With. Seaside Barley-grass. A slender 
glaucous annual of salt-marshes and alkali soils; inner bracts of the 
lateral spikelets obliquely lanceolate, J line wide. 

Keported as occurring along the coast of Washington, Oregon, and 
California, but perhaps confused with var. Gussonianum. 

Yar. Gussonianum Husn. (H. Gussonianum Pari.) Gussoni's 
Barley-grass. Slender annual, 4 to 12 in. high; spike 1 to 1J in. 
long, excluding the awns; lateral spikelets reduced to rudiments; 
flower of central spikelet sessile; bracts of the central spikelet seta- 
ceous, the inner one of the lateral spikelets slightly flattened, \ line 
wide, not at all ciliate. — Naturalized from S. Europe and now very 
common throughout the State: Berkeley; Olema; Bodega Point, and 
elsewhere. Apr.-May. 

4. CYPERACE/E. Sedge Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs of marshy or damp places. Stems solid, 
arising from rootstocks, triangular or terete, the upper internode 
below the inflorescence generally very long. Leaves often arranged 
in 3 rows, sheathing at base, the sheath closed, seldom split; ligule 
none or very small. Flowers in spikelets, solitary and sessile in the 
axils of imbricated glume-like bractlets, and disposed in 2 or more 
ranks; spikelets solitary or clustered, or arranged in spikes, racemes, 
panicles or umbels, and subtended by leafy bracts, or naked. Perianth 
none or represented by usually 4 to 6 bristles. Stamens 3. Pistil 1; 
ovary 1-celled, the single style 2 or 3-cleft. Fruit a lenticular or more 
or less triangular achene. (The specific keys and descriptions in this 
family have been done by Mr. J. Burtt Davy.) 



M CVPERACEJB. 

Flowers perfect (the stamens and pistils in the axil of the same bractlet). 

Spikelets flattened, the bractlets arranged in 2 opposite rows 

1. Cypekis. 
Spikelets cylindrical, the bractlets arranged around the axis in several rows. 
Btyle enlarged at base, 
Forming a persistent tubercle jointed on the apex of the achenc; spikelet 
solitary, terminal upon a leafless bractless scape . . 2. Ei.kocuaris. 

Wholly deciduous at maturity; spikelets in an Layolucrate umbel 

3. Fimbiustvi.is. 
Style not enlarged at base, deciduous or only the base persistent 
Stamens mostly 3; spikelets solitary or clustered or in a compound 

umbel 4. Scikiu s. 

Stamens 1 to 3; bristles (periamh-hairs) numerous, long ex-erted and 

silky in fruit 5. ERIOPHORUK. 

Flowers monojcious or dioecious, usually in separate spikelets; pistil and achene 
enclosed in an inflated sac-like bractlet (perigynium) . . 6. Carex. 

1. CYPERUS L. Galingalk. 
Animals or perennials. Stems triangular, leafy at the base, the 
inflorescence subtended by 1 or more conspicuous, Leafy bracts. 
Spikelets solitary or clustered on the unequal rays of an umbel with 
the centra] -pikelet or cluster always sessile, ot the whole contracted 
into a dense head. Bractlets concave and more or less carinate, 
arranged in 2 ranks in a flattened spikelet. Bristles in the flower 
none. (Kuperos, an old Greek name applied by Herodotus to an 
aromatic plant used by the Scythians for embalming.) 

Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular; rachilla narrow, not winged . 1. ('. diandrue 

var. castam us. 
Style 3-cleft; achene triangular. 
Rachilla not winged, naked or nearly so. 

Stems % to 6 in. high 2. c. ari&tatus. 

Stems over 12 in. high . . 3. C. semdatm. 

Rachilla clothed with the persistent, decurrent wings of the bractlets. 

■i. c. erythrorkizoe, 

1. C. diandrus Torr. var. castaneus Torr. Described a- an 
annual with Btems \ to 2 ft. high, slender, triangular; leave- elongate, 

1 line or less wide; involucral bracts 2 to 3, foliaceoUSj Spikelets 
linear-oblong, acute, 8 to 6 lines long; rachilla not winged; bractlets 
brown, 1 to 1 J lines long; stamens 2 to 3; style 2-cl eft to the middle; 
achene lenticular. 

"Swamps near San Francisco, l\<<l<iu<l< r. and in the valley of the 
Sacramento, Pickering. 

2. C. aristatus Rottb. Annual: stems .] to f! in. high, barely 
exceeding the leaves; leaves j line or less wide; involucral bracts 
foliaceous, .', to 2 in. long; rays lew, \ to 1 in. long; spikelets sessile, 
densely clustered, l-\ \<< 3 lines long, flattened; rachilla not winged; 
bractlets with strongly recurved setaceous tips, striate, chestnut-brown 
.»]• greenish, 1 line long; Btyle 3-cleft; achene triangular. 

Chico, Greene; Jackson, Jin, ism; perhaps not occurring within 
our limits. June. 

8. C. serrulatus Wats. Perennial (?): stems 1 J ft. or more high, 
stout, triangular; involucral bracts (> to 8, foliaceous, 3 to IS in. Long, 

2 to :;.] lines wide. Hat (or couduplicatc ?); inflorescence irregularly 
umbellate, with unequal ray.-; spikelets numerous, in dense umbels, 



SEDGE FAMILY. 85 

many-flowered, lanceolate, flattened, 4 to 8 lines long; rachilla not 
winged, naked, or nearly so; bractlet 1 line long, amplexicaul, 
broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, keeled, not winged at tbe base; keel 
serrulate on tbe back at tbe apex; stamen 1; style 3-cleft; achene 
triangular. 

ttealdsburg, Sept., 1896, Miss Alice King. 

4. C. erythrorhizos Mubl. Annual; stems 1 to \\ ft. high, 
stout, triangular; leaves flat or conduplicate, 6 to 14 in. long, 2 to 3 
lines wide; involucral bracts 6 to 8, foliaceous, 4 to 12 in. long; rays 
H in. long or less, bearing umbels of spikes which are £ to 1 in. long; 
bracts of involucels shorter, foliaceous; spikelets usually 2 to 3 lines 
long, narrowly linear, somewhat crowded, horizontally spreading, 
nearly flat, bright chestnut-color; rachilla clothed with the persistent 
wings of the bractlets; bractlet \\ lines long, oblong, obtuse, mucron- 
ulate; keel smooth; style 3-cleft; achene triangular. 

Along the Lower Sacramento, Solano Co., Jepson; Visalia, 
Cotigdon. 

2. ELEOCHARIS R.Br. Spike-rush. 

Annuals or perennials. Stems simple, terminating in a solitary 
spikelet not subtended by an involucre. Leaves reduced to sheaths or 
the lowest rarely blade-bearing; spikelets several to many-flowered. 
Bractlets concave, imbricated all around. Stamens 2 to 3 Bristles 3 
to 9, commonly retrorsely barbed. Style usually 3-cleft and achene 
3 -angled, or 2-cleft and achene lenticular; base of the style enlarged 
and persistent as a tubercle on the summit of the achene. (Greek 
eleo-, marsh, charis, delight.) 

Stems setaceous; spikelet 1 to 3 lines long; style 3-cleft; achene obscurely 

triangular or almost obovoid I.E. acicirfaris. 

Stems stoutish; spikelet 3 to 12 lines long; style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex. 

2. E. pahistris. 

1. E. acicularis B. Br. Slender Spike-rush. Bootstock very 
slender, creeping; stems 1 to 8 in. high, very slender; spikelet 1 to 3 
lines long, few-flowered; bractlets ovate-oblong, H lines long, 
reddish-brown with broad green mid-vein; style deeply 3-cleft; achene 
^ line long, obscurely triangular, ribbed on the sides; tubercle broad, 
short and blunt. 

Moist places: Mountain Lake, San Francisco. Aug. 

2. E. palustris B. Br. Common Spike-rush. Perennial; root- 
stock stout, creeping, stoloniferous; stems J to 2 ft. high, slender, 
mostly terete, sheathed at the base, leafless; sheaths sub-truncate; 
spikelet many-flowered, 6 to 12 lines long, oblong-lanceolate to linear, 
brown with broad whitish margin and greenish keel; style 2-cleft; 
achene plano-convex, rounded but not at all angled on the back, 1 
line long including the tubercle, which is constricted at the point of 
junction. 

Common in marshes and. shallow, slow-moving creeks: Glen Ellen, 
Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Point Lobos, San Francisco; Lake San 
Andreas, San Mateo Co.; Stege. May-June. 



86 CTPERACRSL 



8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl. 

Annuals or perennials. Stems Leafy below. Spikeleta umbellate 
or capitate, terete, subtended by a 1 to many-leaved involucre. 
Stamens 1 to 3. Bristles none. Style 2 to 3-cleft, its base much 
swollen, tbe whole falling away from the achene at maturity. 
Achene Lenticular or triangular. (Latin timbri, thread-like, stylus, 
style.) 

Spikelets umbellate, solitary 1. F. miliacea. 

Spikelets clusteied . . . .* 2. F aptu. 

1. F. miliacea Vahl. Annual (?); umbel diffusely compound; 
spikelets Bub-globose, about 1 line long; style 3-cleft; achene acutely 
triangular, muricate-tuberculate. 

Reported as introduced at San Francisco. 

2. F. apus (Gray) Wats. Annual; spikelets in nearly Bessile 
clusters, lanceolate, 2 lines long; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular, 
obovate, faintly tuberculate. 

Clear Lake, Bolander. 

4. SCI R PUS L. Club-rush. Bulrush. 
Annuals or perennials. Stems leafy or the leaves reduced to mere 
sheaths at base. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary or in 
heads spikes or umbels, subtended by an involucre of 1 to several 
leaves or the involucre obsolete. Bristles 3 to 6, barbed, ciliate, or 
obsolete. Stamens 2 to 3. Style 2 to 3-cleft, not swollen at the base, 
deciduous or its base persistent on the achene. Achene triangular, 
lenticular or obovoid. (Latin scirpus, bulrush.) 

Stems low and slender; inflorescence terminal; spikelet mostly solitary; bristles 
obsolete.— Sub-genus Isolepjs Benth. 
Stems 2 to 6 in. bigh; bractlets obtuse or mucronate; involucral bract 1 to 

3 lines long 1. & riparius. 

Stems 1 to 3 in. high; bractlets acute, shortly beaked, strongly keeled; 

involucral bracts to 9 lines long 2. S. airinatus. 

Stems tall and stout; spikelets in clusters, umbels or panicles; bristles retrorsely 
barbed or ciliate or rarely obsolete.— Sub-genus Eu-scirpis Benth. 
Inflorescence apparently lateral; involucre of a single erect braet. 

Stem terete or nearly so, leafless or nearly so; spikelets umbellate .... 

3. S. lacustris 
var. occidentalis. 

Stem triquetrous or wing-angled, leafless or with a single short leaf at 
base; involucral bract 1 in. or less long; spikelets densely clustered. 

4. S. 6/nn/i. 
Stem triangular, somewhat leafy; involucral bract 1 to 4 in. long; spike- 
lets densely clustered 5. S. Americanus. 

Inflorescence terminal; involucre of several spreading, foliaceous bracts. 

Spikelets 5 to 8 lines long, few, sparingly umbellate or in a sessile cluster, 

dark brown 6. S. rdbuttau. 

Spikelets \% to 2 lines long, numerous, in a compound or decompound 

panicle, greenish or lead-colored 7. S. microcarpus. 

1. S. riparius Spreng. Slender Club-rush. Annual; stems 
tufted, very slender, 2 to 6 in. high, sheathed at base; upper sheath 
often bearing a short slender leaf; involucral bract 1 to 3 lines long; 
spikelet solitary, oblong-ovate, 1£ to 2\ lines long, mostly less than 



SEDGE FAMILY. 87 

1 line wide; bractlets obtuse or mucronate; bristles obsolete; achene 
less tban £ line long, trigonous-obovoid with distinct angles, apiculate, 
not striate nor ribbed, dark .brown when mature. 

Not uncommon in springy places: Point Lobos, Greene, Davy; 
bluffs near Lake Merced, Greene; near Olema, Davy. June-Aug. 

2. S. carinatus Gray. Dwarf Club-rush. Annual; stems 
slender, triangular, 1 to 4 in. high, with a short leaf at base; invo- 
lucral bract 5 to 6 lines long; spikelet solitary, ovate, 2 to 3 lines 
long, mostly 1£ lines wide; bractlet acute, shortly beaked, strongly 
keeled; bristles obsolete. 

Reported as abundant in swamps about San Francisco, Bolander; 
Santa Rosa Creek, Bigelow. 

3. S. lacustris L. var. occidentalis Wats. Tule. Perennial; 
rootstock stout, creeping; stems 3 to 9 ft. high, terete or very 
obtusely trigonous above, leafless or with a short terete leaf from 
the upper basal sheath; inflorescence apparently lateral, umbellate, 
4 to 5 in. long; involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence; 
spikelets 3 lines long, numerous, in an irregularly compressed umbel; 
rays unequal; bristles 4 to 6, slender, retrorsely barbellate, not 
exserted; style 2-fid; achene gray, abruptly mucronate. 

Common in brackish and fresh-water marshes throughout the 
State: Lake Merced; Martinez; Suisun Marshes, etc. The closely 
allied species S. Californicus (C. A. Mey.) Britt., (S. Tatora Kunth), 
having the bristles shortlj T plumose below and with a nearly white 
achene, narrowed above, should be looked for. 

4. S. Olneyi Gray. Olney's Bulrush. Perennial; stems 2 to 5 
or more ft. high, stout, triquetrous, continued as an entire involucre 
about 1 in. or less beyond the inflorescence, sheathed at base, leafless 
or with a single short, triquetrous leaf; inflorescence apparently 
lateral; spikelets 2 to many in a crowded sessile cluster, oblong- 
ovate, about 2 lines long; bractlets brown. 

Common in brackish marshes from Suisun Bay southward: Newark; 
Suisun Marshes; reported also from San Francisco. May. 

5. S. Am eric anus Pers. Three Square. Perennial; stem 1 to 

2 ft. high, slender, triangular, somewhat leafy, continued as an entire, 
triangular, pungent involucre 1 to 4 in. beyond the inflorescence; 
leaves short; inflorescence apparently lateral; spikelets 1 to 6, in a 
crowded, sessile cluster, oblong-ovate, 3 to 4 lines long; bractlets 
dark brown, usually conspicuously tipped with a stout, pale-colored 
awn about a line long. — (S. pungens Vahl.) 

Marshy places, often brackish: Point Lobos, San Francisco, south- 
ward and eastward. 

6. S. robustus Pursh. Salt-marsh Bulrush. Perennial; root- 
stock stout, often forming hard woody tubers; stems 1 to 3 ft. high, 
stout, trigonous; leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, keeled, flat 
or deeply channeled, 2 to 4 lines wide, antrorsely scabrid on the 
margins and keel; involucre of several unequal spreading foliaceous 
bracts 1 to 8 in. long, one much the longer and more erect; inflores- 



88 ( YI'KU.U -K.K. 

cence terminal, of few to many sparingly umbellate spikelets; spike- 
lete oblong-ovate, acute, 6 to 8 lines long, 4 to 5 lines broad at M 
chestnut-colored or dark brown; bractlets thinly searious, strongly 
keeled, bifid, with a short soon recurved awn from between the teeth; 
achene broadly obovate, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the 
hack, obtuse and slightly apiculate, dark brown, shining. — (S. 
maritimus of !><>t. Gal.) 

Common in brackish marshes along the coast, and in moist alkaline 
soils in the interior: Newark; Suisun [Marshes; Fl. May. Fr. Sept. 

Yar. compactus Davy, var. nov.,has the spikelets congested into 
dense heads: — Stege. 

7. S. microcarpus Presl. Pantcled l>t i.iusii. Perennial; 
rootstock stout, creeping; stem 2 to 3 ft. high, stout, leafy, tri- 
angular; leaves flat, 6 to 12 lines wide; margins scabrid; involucre 
of several sub-equal spreading foliaceous bracts, about equaling the 
inflorescence; panicle decompound, large and open; rays 1 to (5 in. 
long, the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; spikeletfi U t<> 2 
lines long, oblong-ovate, greenish or lead-colored; bristles 4, barbed 
to the base; stamens 2; style bifid; achene £ line long, pale, plano- 
convex,, not angled on the back, abruptly short-beaked. — (S. syl- 
vaticus L. var. digynus of Bot. Cal.) 

Common along streams and in fresh-water marshes: Berkeley; San 
Francisco; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co.; Mt. Tamalpais; Guerne- 
ville. May-Oct. 

5. ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton-sedge. 

Bog perennials. Stems from creeping rootstocks, triangular or 
subterete, leafy or naked. Leaves linear or the uppermost reduced 
to sheaths. Spikelets terminal on the stem, solitary or clustered or 
umbellate, subtended by an involucre of scale-like bracts or none. 
Bractlets of the spikelet membranaceous. Bristles numerous, filiform, 
silky, becoming greatly elongated in fruit. Stamens 1 to 3. Style 
very slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Achene triangular. (Greek 
erion, wool, phora, crop, referring to the woolly heads.) 

1. E. gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-sedge. Described by 
"Watson as having stems 1 to 2 ft. high, very slender, with one or 
more erect, very narrow, triangular leaves; involucre of 2 to 3 erect, 
brownish, ovate-lanceolate bracts, the lowest being sometimes par- 
tially foliaceous; rays \ in. or less long, slightly nodding, tomentose- 
scahrous; spikelets 2 to 5, oblong, 3 to 4 lines long; bractlets ovate, 
obtuse, slate-colored or brownish; achene \\ lines long, linear-oblong, 
broadest above. 

Reported as occurring in "swamps near Santa Kosa, Sonoma Co., 
Bigelow. " 

6. CAR EX L. Sedge. 

Perennial. Stems from rootstocks, triangular and commonly more 
or less scabrous on the angles, the leaves in -l ranks. Spikelets termi- 
nal and solitary, OT with several below the terminal one in the axils 



SEDGE FAMILY. 89 

of leafy or scale-like bracts, either wholly pistillate and wholly 
staminate or with both pistillate and stammate flowers which are 
occasionally dicecious. Flowers in the axils of scale-like bractlets. 
Staminate flower of 3 stamens. Pistillate flower consisting of a single 
pistil; ovary enclosed in an inflated bract or sac (perigynium) con- 
tracted at the top through which project the 2 or 3 stigmas. Achene 
triangular, lenticular or plano-convex, completely enclosed in the 
perigynium. (Latin name used by Virgil for the sedge. The key 
to our species of this critical and difficult genus has been adapted 
from Prof. L. H. Bailey's "Preliminary Synopsis of North American 
Carices." For the briefly described vegetative characters we have 
drawn largely from Boott's account of the Californian species, in the 
absence of sufficient material; it is a matter for regret that so few 
specimens of this interesting genus are brought in by local collectors.) 

Spikelets unisexual or rarely androgynous; staminate flowers forming 1 or more 
terminal linear or club-shaped spikelets, which are occasionally sparingly 
androgynous; pistillate flowers usually in distinct and simple mostly pedi- 
cellate spikelets; cross-section of the perigynium circular, obtusely angled 
or proniinently trigonous in outline; style mostly 3-parted; achene mostly 
trigonous or triquetrous.— Sub-genus Eu-cakex Coss. 
Perigynium large, tapering into a beak as long as or longer than the body, 
papery in texture, more or less inflated, smooth, nerved, straw-eolored or 
occasionally purple at maturity; spikelets few to many, distinct, com- 
pactly flowered; stigmas 3. 
Perigynium much inflated, usually prominently few-nerved, beaked, con- 
spicuously short-toothed; staminate spikelets commonly 2 or more; 
pistillate usually long and densely cylindrical; plants mostly huge and 

stout 1. C. vesicaria. 

Perigynium less inflated, more conspicuously nerved or even costate; teeth 
more or less setaceous or aristate; bractlet usually aristate; spikelets 

mostly nodding, comose in appearance 2. C. Pseitdo-cyperus 

var. comosa. 

Perigynium small, nearly or entirely beakless and mostly entire mouthed, 

thinner in texture; mostly paludose species with colored spikelets; often 

growing in dense tufts or tussocks. 

Spikelets short and erect, very closely flowered, the terminal strictly 

staminate; bracts with purple or black auricles at base; stigmas 2 or 3; 

mostly stiff and rigid species. 

Stismas 3 3. C. bifida. 

Stigmas 2 4. C. nitdata. 

Spikelets long and large, green or light-colored; stigmas 2; species larger, 
distinguished mainly by habit; mostly paludose. 
Stems clothed with dead sheaths below; spikelets mostly long pedicellate. 

5. C obnupta. 
Stems spongy at base; spikelets mostly sessile . . . . 6. C. aquatilis. 
Spikelets Jarge, cernuous or drooping, mostly dark-colored; stigmas 2; 
bractlets very long and conspicuous; plants large. 7. C. Sitchensis. 
Perigynium mostly short and rounded; beak straight and usually 2-fid, firm 
or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous; staminate spikelet 1; 
pistillate spikelets 1 in. or less long, usually globular or short-oblong, more 
or less sessile and approximate, or the longer onrs radical; bracts sheath- 
less, short or obsolete; stigmas rarely 2; low species of dry ground, with 
leaves all radical. 
Spikelets 2 to several, the lowest occasionally long-pedicellate and radical; 
perigynium abruptly rounded ahove, contracted above and below, 
bearing a more or less prominent rib on each side. 8. C. globosa. 
Spikelets androgynous (rarely dicecious or some of the spikelets unisexual); 
staminate flowers usually borne at the base or apex of the pistillate spike- 
lets, rarely the staminate and pistillate flowers irregularly situated; pistillate 
flowers mostly in short and sessile spikelets (in some cases the spikelets 



90 CYPERACEJB. 

single) which are commonly aggregated into heads or even panicled; cross- 
section of the perigynium plano-convex in outline; styles 2; achene lenticu- 
lar; the spikeleis, especially tlie uppermost, usually have contracted bases 
when the Btaminate Bowers are home below the pistillate ones, and empty 
scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne above.— Sub-genus 
Yk.nk.k Koch. 
Flowers often dioecious or nearly so, or the staminate and pistillate flowers 
irregularly situated, or some of the spikelets occasionally wholly staminate 
or pistillate. 
Inflorescence a simple or nearly simple head; perigynium ovate, stipitate, 
concealed by the bractlet, at length nearly black. 9. C. marcida. 
Flowers mon<ecious; spikelets regularly androgynous, the staminate flowers 
uniformly borne at the top. 
Spikeleis yellow or tawny when mature, short, rarely longer than broad; 
perigynium mostly small and short and nearly nerveless, or in some 
species becoming' nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently 
nerved, firm in texture. 
Inflorescence a simple or nearly simple head .... 10. (". BrongntartU. 
Spikelets green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in 
compound heads; perigynium mostly short-ovate, in most cases not 
conspieuously nerved. 
Plants slender; spikelets more or less scattered . . . 11. C.muricata 

var. gracilis. 
Flowers monoecious; spikelets regularly androgynous, the staminate flowers 
uniformly borne at the base. 
Inflorescence silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature; spikelets 
mostly small, distinct; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicu- 
ously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner surface. 
Perigynium ovate, sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at the base, 
spreading, in open, and at maturity stellate, spikelets 

12. C. echinata. 
Perigynium ovate-lanceolate or nearly linear, mostly in loose spikelets . . 

13. C. Deweyana. 
Inflorescence lawny or dark; spikelets rather large, sometimes crowded; 

perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is 
incurved at maturity, rendering the perigynium concave on the inner 
surface. 
Perigynium ovate or ovate-orbicular, thiekened in the middle 

14. C.festiva. 

1. C. vesicaria L. Rootstock creeping; stems 1 to 3£ ft. high, 
sharply angled, scabrous; leaves 2 to 3 lines wide, the upper exceeding 
the stem; bracts exceeding the stem; perigynium conspicuously 
turgid, ovoid or conical, ascending at maturity, smooth, shining. 

Tomales Bay. Bui under, no. 2303, teste Boott. 

2. C. Pseudo-cyperus L. var. comosa Boott. Stems 1£ to 2£ ft. 
high, stout, sharply angled; leaves rigid, tapering to a long slender 
triangular apex. 2.] to 5 lines wide; spikelets densely flowered, upper- 
most staminate; perigynia retrorsely spreading in fruit; beak very 
long, deeply bifid. 

Swamps near San Francisco, Bolander, no. 2301, teste Boott; over- 
flow marshes of flats along Russian River, near Guerneville, Davy. 

3. C. bifida Boott. Stems 2 to 3 ft. high, slender, acutely angled; 
leaves 1 to 2 lines wide, pale, mostly shorter than the stem; lower 
sheaths reddish, sparingly reticulate-fibrous; spikelets 4 to 51 lines 
long. 3 lines wide, densely-flowered, purple and glaucous, the termi- 
nal rarely bearing a few pistillate flowers above; perigynium shortly 
beaked. 

Coast Ranges: in rather dry soil, Salinas Valley, Brewer^ no. 574; 
Pacheco Pass, Santa Clara Co., Bolander, no. 4S-'>7. teste Boott. 



SEDGE FAMILY. 91 

4. C. nudata Boott. Stems sharply angled, scabrous, 12 to 16 in. 
high, slender, clothed at base with conspicuous dark brown leafless 
reticulate-fibrous sheaths; leaves 1 to 2|- lines wide, setaceously 
pointed, shorter than the stem; bracts without sheaths, lowest rarely 
equaling the stem; auricles purple, oblong; perigynium purple above, 
straw-colored below, deciduous. 

Coast Ranges from San Francisco to Ukiah: Marin Co., in a creek, 
no. 2299; Sonoma Co., no. 3836; Mill Creek, Ukiah, no. 4638; 
Oakland Slough, no. 6202; all Bolander, teste Boott. Apr. 

5. C. obnupta Bailey. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous; stems 
2 to 4 ft. high, forming large, dense clumps, clothed with dead 
sheaths below; leaves almost equaling the stems, 2 to 3 lines wide; 
margins scabrous; bracts much exceeding the stem. 

Common in moist canons and on the borders of streams and swamps 
in the Coast Ranges: type localities "San Mateo Co., Kellogg; Sierra 
Nevada (Donner), Kellogg and Brannan; Fort Point, San Francisco, 
Bolander ;" Olema; Lorin, Davy. 

6. C. aquatilis Wahl. Rootstock stoloniferous; stems 2 to 3 ft. 
high, stout, obtusely angled, smooth, spongy at base; leaves pale, 
lj to 3 lines wide, often exceeding the stem; bracts foliaceous, clasp- 
ing, without sheaths, lower much exceeding the stem. 

Santa Clara Valley, 12 miles from San Jose, Bolander, teste Boott. 

7. C. Sitchensis Presc. Stems 2 to 5 ft. high, stout, sharply 
angled, scabrous, many-leaved at base; lower sheaths reticulate- 
fibrous; leaves 3 to 4 lines wide, rigid, the cauline shorter, the radical 
longer than the stem; bracts without sheaths, foliaceous, the lower far 
exceeding the stem; auricles purple, clasping. 

Salt-marshes about San Francisco Bay, Bolander, and northward 
along the coast, teste Boott. 

8. C. globosa Boott. Rootstock stoloniferous; stems 4 to 16 in. 
high, very slender, scabrous, clothed at base with reddish-purple 
sheaths that break up into thread-like fibers; leaves firm, 1 to 2 lines 
wide, the lower longer than the stem; lower bracts short-sheathed, 
longer than their spikelets. 

Coast Ranges among redwoods: highest point of Oakland Hills, 
Bolander, no. 2298, teste Boott. 

9. C. marcida Boott. Stems 1 to 1\ ft. high, slender, scabrous; 
leaves 1 line- wide, shorter than the stem; flowers often more or less 
dioecious. 

On the Lower Sacramento, Pickering] Santa Clara Marshes, 
Peckham, teste Boott; Point Isabel, Davy. Apr. 

10. C. Brongniartii Kunth. Rootstock creeping; stems 10 to 30 
in. high, firm, slightly scabrous above; leaves shorter than the stem, 
1 to 1\ lines wide; bracts setaceous, exceeding the spikelets, the 
lowest sometimes exceeding the stem. — (0. glomerata of Bot. Cal.) 

From about San Francisco Bay, Bigelow, Bolander, to Mendocino 
City, Bolander, teste Bailey. Var. densa Bailey (C. paniculata of 
Bot. Cal.), described as "densely csespitose" and as having denser 



92 



JUNCACEiE. 



heads, mostly thickest at the base, often nearly an inch in width — 
Skit-marshes near San Francisco, Bolander, no. 1568 in Dart teste 
Bailey. ' ' 

11. C. muricata L. var gracilis Boott. Rootstock creeping, 
clothed with imbricated strongly nerved purple scale- stems ■' to 2 
ft. high, very slender, sharply angled, scabrous; loaves shorter than 
the stern, 1 line wide, tapering to a very slender, setaceous summit; 
bracts ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spikeleta the lowest 
setaceous and often an inch or two long. 

Near the cast, from about San Francisco Bay, Biaelow, Bolander 
to Fort Bragg, Bolander, no. 4765, teste Boott. 

12. C. echinata Murr. Caspftbse; stems \ to 2 ft. high rew- 
leaved stiff ; leaves flat and grass-like, £ to 1 line wide, much shorter 
than the stem; lower bract subulate from a lanceolate base longer or 
shorter than its spikelet. 

Coast Ranges, Bolander; swamps near Santa Rosa, Biaelow teste 
Boott. Apr. -May. 

13. C. Deweyana Schwein. Ca-spitose; stems Mo 4 ft. high 
sharply angled, scabrous, slender, weak and often decumbent; leaves 
flaccid, 1 to 2 lines wide, shorter than the stem; lowest bract seta- 
ceous, seldom exceeding the stem, upper shorter or scale-like 

Shady hillsides, Napa Valley, Thurber, Bigelow, teste Boott Var 
Bolam.kui Boott. with a slender stem and broader leaves is reported 
trom Oakland, Bolander, teste Boott. 

14. C. festiva Dewey. Cajspitose; sterns £ to 2 ft. high sharply 
angled; leaves 8 to 5, the upper the longest, commonly shorter than 
the stem, 2 to 2.] lines wide. 

Coast Ranges, in woods among grass, the stems sometimes rooting: 
tr Monterey, Brewer, no. (597, to Ukiah, Bolander, teste Boott. 

5. JUNCACE>£. Rush Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs. Stems simple, terete or ancipital 
hollow or spongy. Leaves alternate, sheathing, narrow flat or 
terete. Flowers lily-like in structure, sedge-like in aspect, small 
dry, perfect, disposed in terminal or apparently lateral heads spikes' 
sub-umbellate clusters or panicles. Perianth consisting of (Tdistinet 
similar glume-like segments. Stamens 6 or sometimes 3. Ovary 
superior, 3 or sometimes 1-celled; stigmas 3, filiform; ovules 3 to 
many. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Embryo minute 
enclosed in fleshy endosperm. In both the genera Luzula and 
J uncus, individuals of the same species vary greatly in aspect 
owing to the tendency of the inflorescence to become either capitatelv- 
congested on the one hand or loosely paniculate on the other. (The 
specific keys and descriptions in this family have been done by Mr 
J. Burtt Davy.) J 

Lea win St H ff ' te ^ ete 0r ? at; stems usual 'y with spongy pith; capsule 3 or 
1-celled; seeds several to many ... f TciMrr-q 

Leaves soft, flat: stems hollow; capsule 1-celled; seeds 3 2 LuZDLl 



RUSH FAMILY. 93 

1. JUNCUS L. Rush. 

Plants of swamps or wet places; herbage glabrous. Stems usually 
with spongy pith. Leaves stiff, terete, channeled or flat. Flowers 
panicled, corymbose or in dense clusters, greenish or brownish. 
Capsule 3-celled with central placentae or 1-celled with 3 parietal 
placenta?, many-seeded. For detecting the markings on the seeds of 
most of the Junci, a $ or ^ in. objective is necessary. (Classic name 
for the rush, perhaps from Latin jungo, to join, the stems used for 
binding.) 

Annuals; roots fibrous. 
Leaves cauline; stems branched; flowers cymosely arranged in twos or threes 

and secund; testa finely striate and cross-lined 1. J.bufonius. 

Leaves radical; stems scapiform; flowers solitary, terminal; testa reticulale. 

• 2. J. uncialis. 

Perennials; rhizomes mostly stout and creeping. 
Leaves terete or wanting; panicle lateral, sessile. 
Stamens 6. 
Perianth 2% to 3 lines long; anthers 1 line long; capsule oblong-ovate, 

acute 3. J". Leseurii. 

Perianth \y 2 lines long; anthers y 2 line long; capsule sub-globose, slightly 

angled, obtuse, apiculate 4. J. patens. 

Stamens 3. 
Perianth 1 line long; anthers % line long; capsule clavate-obovate, obtuse 

or retuse 5. J. effusus. 

Leaves flat, channeled: panicle terminal. 

Stems terete; leaves not equitant nor transversely ribbed. 
Rootsiocks tufted; stems naked above, lealy at base; leaves less than % 
line wide; flowers solitary in a diffuse or rarely compact panicle . . 

6. J. tenuis. 
Rootstocks creeping; stems leafy throughout; leaves 1% lines wide; 

flowers clustered 7. J.falcatus. 

Stems ancip tally compressed; leaves equitant, transversely ribbed by 
internal septa. 
Leaves 2 to 4 lines wide; stems more or less winged below the nodes; 

seeds reticulate 8. J. xiphioides. 

Leaves % to 1 line wide; stems not winged; seeds with the longitudinal 

lines closely crossed by prominent fine transverse ridges 

9. J. phxocephalus. 

1. J. bufonius L. Toad Rush. Annual; roots fibrous; stems 
1 to 12 in. high, terete, branching from the base, leafy; leaves narrow; 
inflorescence a dichotomous cyme; flowers solitary and remote, to 
closely secund or even sub-capitate; perianth lobes 3 lines long, long 
acuminate, greenish with white scarious margins. 

One of the commonest species, exceedingly variable in size and 
aspect: Agnews, Miss Cannon; Marin Co.; near the Montezuma 
school, Solano Co., Jepson; Yountville, Clarke; Knights Valley, 
Sonoma Co.; West Berkeley; Stege. May-Sept. 

2. J. uncialis Greene. Dwarf Rush. Depauperate annual f to 
1 in. high; leaves short, radical; stems scapiform, strictly 1-flowered; 
perianth segments 1 J to 2 lines long, acute, hyaline, with a prominent 
mid-nerve; capsule obtuse, apiculate, equaling the perianth; testa 
reticulate. 

Type localitv: "low moist places in fields near Suisun, California, 
May, 1890," Greene. 

3. J. Leseurii Boland. Salt Rush. Perennial; rootstock stout- 



94 JUNOACRfi. 

ish, creeping and widely spreading; stems 1 to 3 ft. high, stout, erect, 
terete, leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; flowers often 
somewhat secund; perianth - to 3 lines long; stamens 6; anthers 1 
line long; capsule oblong-ovate, aellte. 

Salt-marshefi and alkali Boils, not uncommon: Little Oak. Solano 
Co., Jep8on; Suisun Marshes. June. 

4. J. patens Mey. Common Rush. Perennial, forming dense 
clumps; roolstock creeping; stems slender, densely tufted, 1£ to 2 ft. 
high, erect, terete, leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; peri- 
anth 1£ lines long; stamens fi; anthers £ line long; capsule sub- 
globose, slightly angled, obtuse, apiculate. 

A \ cry common species in marshy or springy ground: Lobos Creek, 
Kellogg; Oakland Hills, Bolander; Suisun Marshes, Jepson; Mill 
Valley; Berkeley. June-July. 

•"). J. effusus L. Bog Rush. Perennial, forming dense clumps; 
rootstock creeping; stems stout, tufted, 1£ to 3 ft. high, erect, terete, 
leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; perianth 1 line long; 
stamens 3; anthers £ line long; capsule clavate-obovate, obtuse or 
retuse. 

Common in marshy ground: Angw T ins, Howell Mt., Jepson; Lorin. 
June. Var. brunneus Engelm. ; panicle shorter, more compact; 
perianth dark brown. — Marin Co., Michener and BioletH. 

6. J. tenuis Willd. Yard Rush. Perennial, forming dense 
clumps; rootstock tufted; stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, very leafy at 
base, naked above, terete; leaves less than £ line wide, grass-like, 9 
in. long; panicle terminal, loose, spreading; spathe exceeding the 
inflorescence, 8 to 16 lines long; perianth segments pale; stamens 6. 
Var. congestus, Engelm.; panicle contracted, somewhat capitate; 
common near the coast. — Oakland Hills, Bolander; Marin Co., 
Michener and BioletH; West Berkeley; Point Isabel. Apr-June. 

7. J. falcatus Mey. Perennial; rootstock slender, creeping; 
stems 6 to 9 in. high, more or less leafy, terete; leaves usually equal- 
ing or exceeding the stems, 1£ lines wide, not ribbed by transverse 
septa; flowers in dense many-flowered terminal heads, which are 
solitary or in twos or threes; spathe about equaling the inflorescence; 
perianth segments dark brown, concolorous or with a broad green 
midvein. 

Drift sand on Lone Mt., San Francisco, Bolander; Santa Cruz 
Mts., Brewer. Mar. Var. paniculatus Engelm. heads smaller, 
3 to 5-flowered, in a more or less cymose panicle. — swampy meadows 
at Mendocino City, Bolander; Lake Co., Simonds; should be looked 
for in northern Sonoma Co. June. 

8. J. xiphioides Mey. Marsh Rush. Perennial; rootstock 
elongated, stout, nodes distant; stems 1£ to 3 ft. high, erect, leafy, 
ancipi tally compressed, more or less distinctly winged below the 
nodes; leaves 2 to 4 lines w r ide, compressed, equitant, the spaces 
between the veins divided into segments by distinct transverse septa; 
inflorescence usually much exceeding the leaves, terminal; flowers in 



TYPHACEiE. 95 

a eymosely-paniculate inflorescence of densely few or many-flowered 
heads; perianth usually dark-colored, about 2£ lines long; stamens 6; 
anthers usually small; style very short; seeds elongate, reticulate, 
with minute cross-lines within the reticulations. 

A common species in salt-marshes and moist places: Cloverdale, 
State Survey; Pajaro Hills, Chandler; Lorin; Belmont. June. 
Yar. auratus, Engelm. is characterized by the lax eymosely- 
paniculate inflorescence of usually pale-colored flowers. — Suisun 
Marshes, Jepson; Stege; Saratoga. Santa Clara Co. Sept.-Oct. 

9. J. phaeocephalus Engelm. Perennial; rootstock elongated, 
stout; nodes somewhat distant; stems § to \\ ft. high, erect, leafy, 
ancipitally compressed, not winged; leaves \ to 1 line wide, com- 
pressed, equitant, more or less distinctly ribbed by transverse septa; 
inflorescence usually barely exceeding the leaves, terminal; flowers in 
densely many-flowered solitary or binate heads; perianth dark brown, 
\\ to 2 lines long; stamens 6; anthers large; style long; stigmas 
exserted; seeds ovoid, the longitudinal lines closely crossed by promi- 
nent fine transverse ridges. 

Apparently less common than the preceding species: Lone Mt., San 
Francisco, Bolander; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co. June. 

2. LUZULA DC. Wood-rush. 

Plants of dry or high ground in open or shady places. Stems 
hollow, leafy, simple, slender. Leaves softer and flatter than in 
Juncus, grass-like and often hairy or villous. Flowers solitary in 
umbels or panicles or crowded in dense clusters or spikes. Capsule 
1-celled; seeds 1 to 3. (Latin lucus, wood or grove, on account of 
the habitat of certain species.) 

1. L. comosa Mey. Common Wood-rush. A sparsely villous 
perennial; rootstocks sparsely tufted; stems erect, leafy, 12 in. high; 
leaf-blades 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide, flat, villous at the throat 
and sparsely so on the margins; bract foliaceous, much exceeding the 
inflorescence; inflorescence J to 1£ in. long; flowers spicate; spikes 
erect, simple or cymosely pedunculate; bractlets scarious, hyaline and 
ciliate above; perianth lobes 1^ lines long, tinged with dark-brown. — 
(Juncoides comosum Sheldon.) 

One of the earliest flowers of spring, frequenting partially shaded 
.spots: Berkeley; Olema. Mar. -Apr. Yar. subsessilis Wats, has 
solitary or few-nearly sessile loose pale-colored spikes. — Olema. Yar. 
congesta Thuill. has several close sessile spikes forming a more or 
less conical head. — Lake Merced. 

6. TYPHACE/E. Cat-tail Family. 

Keed-like aquatic perennials, the solid cylindric stems from creeping 
rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers monoe- 
cious, in dense spikes or heads, without perianth. Stamens and 
ovaries with bristles or minute scales intermixed. Ovary 1-ovuled, 



96 



TV1'IIA( K.K. 



with a Blender style, becoming in fruit a seed-like nut. Embryo. 
straight, embedded in copious endosperm. 

Flowers in dense cylindrical spikes 1. Typha 

Flowers in globular heads, the lower with foliaceous bracts . . 2. Spakganh/m. 

1. TYPHA L. Cat-tail. 
Stilus tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate por- 
tion below merely contiguous to or quite separated from the staininate 
portion above. Stamens intermixed with hairs, their filaments con- 
nate. Ovaries minute >urrounded by numerous hairs. Nuts very 
small, usually splitting on one side, enveloped in a copious down*. 
(Ancient Greek name of the Cat-tail.) 

1. T. latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stout, 8. 1 , to i) ft. high; leave- very 
long, linear, sheathing at the base; flowers "in a spike 7 v> 13 in. long, 
the pistillate portion below contiguous to the staminate portion above; 
pistillate portion dark brown, at length 1 in. thick; staminate portion 
yellow, rather thicker when in flower, but soon deciduous leaving a 
bare spike. 

Common in mar-In- and marshy places by creeks in the Coast 
Ranges and Lower Sacramento and Lower San Joaquin. 

2. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reed. 
Stems Bimple or somewhat branched. Flowers in globose heads 
scattered along the upper portion of the stem or its brandies; lower 
head.- pistillate, with leaf-like bracts: upper heads staminate. Sta- 
men- with minute scales interposed, their filaments .-lender and elon- 
gated. Ovaries -urrounded by 3 to 6 linear-subulate scales forming a 
sort of perianth. (Sparganion the Greek nam.', diminutive "of 
sparganon. a swaddling-hand, on account of the narrow ribbon-like 
leaves.) 

Pistillate heads 2 on a branch, always sessile; nuts 2 lines wide or less 

Pistillate heads 2 to 4 on a branch, peduncled or less common lv sessile- nuts 
mostly 3 lines wide 2 . s. euryedrpum. 

1. S. Greenei Morong. Greene's Bur-reed. Stems 3 to 5 ft. 
high; leaves triangular, channeled, partly clasping at base and flat- 
tened toward- the apex. \ in. wide; inflorescence branching, 13 t<> 1»; 
in. Ion--; pistillate heads 2 on a branch, sessile, in fruit I in. broad: 
staminate heads 10 to 17 on a branch; nuts broadly cuneate. rounded 
at summit and with a short beak, obviously but not sharply angular 

4 lines long, 2 (or rather less than 2) lines 'wide. 

Olema, Marin Go.; San Francisco Peninsula. Fruiting in Oct. 

2. S. eurycarpum Engelm. Broad-eriitei) Bir-keed. Erect. 
rather slender. 3 to 8 ft. high, with branching inflorescence; leave- 
flat and thin, slightly keeled beneath: pistillate heads 2 to 4 on the 
-tein or branch, sessile or more commonly peduncled; staminate heads 

5 to 18; head- in fruit j to 1| in. in diameter; nuts obovate, many- 
angled, with a broad rounded or hemispherical summit, tipped with 
the short style, :i (or nearly 3) lines broad, 4 lines long, including the 
style — (S. Californicum Greene.) 



LEMNACEJE. 



97 



Calistoga, Lower Sacramento and southward to Santa Clara Co. 
June— July. 

S. simplex Huds. Simple Bur-reed. Stems slender, simple, 
erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves triangular or flattened, exceeding the 
stem; heads 2 to 4 of each kind, sessile or the lower often on a pedun- 
cle J to 2 in. long and above the axil; staminate heads very small; 
nuts nearly terete^" attenuate at each end, tipped with a linear style, 
the whole 3 or 4 lines long. — Sierra Nevada: Placer Co., Carpenter; 
Carson Pass, Brewer. 

7. LEMNACE/E. Duckweed Family. 

Minute floating or submerged aquatic perennials, without leaves. 
Plant body consisting of a leaf-like stem or "frond " which is densely 
green, disk-shaped, elongated or irregular. Inflorescence a simple 
cluster of 2 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower, contained in a 
cleft or pouch on the margin of the frond. Staminate flower consist- 
ing of a single stamen and the pistillate flower of a single ovary con- 
taining 1 to 7 ovules. Perianth none. Flowers and fruit scarce, in 1 
species unknown. Vegetative reproduction active and taking place 
by lateral branching, the branches being attached by slender stalks 
(stipes). These branches soon separate or remain connected for some 
time; they may at certain seasons sink to the bottom of the pond or 
ditch and undergo a resting period. The account of genera and 
species here given has been adapted almost entirely from Mr. Chas. 
H. Thompson's Revision published in the 9th Report of the Missouri 
Botanical Garden. 

Frond with 1 to several nerves and a single root; ovules 1 to 7 . . . 1. Lemna. 
Frond without nerves; root none; ovule 1 2. Wolffia. 

1. LEMNA L. Duckweed. 
Fronds disk-shaped, usually with a central nerve and with or with- 
out several lateral nerves, each with a single root which is commonly 
provided with a root cap. Reproductive pouches 2, appearing as 
clefts in either margin of the basal portion of the frond, each contain- 
ing a cluster of 3 flowers surrounded by a spathe. Ovary with 1 to 7 
ovules. Fruit ribbed. (Ancient Greek name.) 

Frond with a long stipe, mostly submerged and forming large masses; papillee 

none . . . .* 3. L. trisulca. 

Frond with a short stipe, floating on the surface. 
Symmetrical or nearly so, papillate along the median line. 
Oblong-obovate; fruit more or less lenticular. 
Upper surface uniformly green; margin of the fruit without appendages; 

seed always 1 2. L. minor. 

Upper surface mottled with irregular brown streaks; margin of ihe fruit 

with rounded wing lobes; seeds 1 to several 1. L. gibba. 

Oblong to elliptical, small, green on both surfaces; with a row of papillae 

along the mid-nerve; fruit elongated 5. L. minima. 

Unsymmetrical, 
Obliquely obovate; obscurely 3 to 7-nerved, papillate along the median 

line 1. L. gibba. 

Long oblong, thin, obscurely 1-nerved; papillae none .... 4. i. cyclostasa. 

9 



98 LEMNACE^. 



1. L. gibba L. Gibbous Duckweed. Fronds 1 to 4 in a group, 
commonly 2, orbicular to obovate, slightly to very unsymmetrical, 
usually 3 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 lines wide, 1 to 2£ lines long, thick, 
convex and slightly keeled above, flat to strongly gibbous beneath; 
base usually acute and commonly with narrow wing margins; pistil 
clavate; ovules 1 to 7; fruit symmetrical, purple-tinted, winged with 
rounded lobes at the upper margin on either side of the stigma. 

Abundant in ponds. 

2. L. minor L. Smaller Duckweed. Fronds solitary or few 
in a cluster, round to elliptic-obovate, green or purplish beneath, 
uniformly bright-green above, convex on both 6ides, upper surface 
sometimes slightly keeled and with a row of papilla? along the 
mid-nerve, the apical one usually quite prominent; pistil clavate; 
ovule 1; fruit not winged, projecting about J beyond the margin of 
the frond. 

Covering the surface of stagnant ponds. Variable. 

3. L. trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds forming 
dense masses, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly unsymmetrical and 
frequently a little falcate, 2 J to 5 lines long and 1^ lines wide, the 
long stipe attached to the basal margin; floating fronds with shorter 
stipes and cavernous throughout the central portion; submerged fronds 
with long twisted stipes; seed prominently 12 to 15-ribbed. 

Cold springs and running water. 

4. L. cyclostasa (Ell.)Chev. Fronds solitary or more commonly 
2 to 8 cohering in a more or less curved chain, thin, oblong to 
obovate-oblong, usually somewhat falcate, ^ to f lines wide by 1 to 1£ 
lines long, without papillae; base of the frond usually unsymmetrical, 
tapering into a short stipe or frequently sessile; fruit long-ovate, 
pointed by the long, straight or rarely curved style; seed 12 to 
29-ribbed." 

Springs at foot of Uncle Sam Mountain, Lake Co., Bolcmder. 

5. L. minima Phil. Fronds cohering in twos, sometimes in fours, 
or solitary, oblong to elliptical, symmetrical, \ to 1} lines wide, f to 
2 lines long, rather thick, with a row of papilla' along the mid-nerve; 
lower surface flat or slightly convex, upper surface slightly to promi- 
nently convex with thin margin entirely around the frond; frond 
cavernous in the middle portion only, commonly nerveless; seed 
oblong, pointed, about 16-ribbed. 

Two growth stages; smaller fronds straw-yellow or pale green and 
strikingly convex on the upper surface; larger fronds thinner and 
green colored. 

2. WOLFF I A Horkel. 

Very minute plants. Fronds rootless, thin, unsymmetrical, curved 
in the form of a segment of a band, abundantly punctate on both 
surfaces with brown epidermal pigment cells. Stipe attached on the 
margin of the single reproductive pouch which appears as a cleft in 
the basal margin of the frond. Flowers and fruit unknown. (J. F. 
Wolff, student of the genus Lemna.) 



naiadace^e. 99 

1. W. lingulata Hegelm. Fronds at maturity solitary or rarely 
in 2's, broadly tongue-shaped, f to 1£ lines wide, 1^ to 3J lines long, 
cavernous throughout the lower central portion; reproductive pouch 
triangular. 

Irrigation canals, Kern Co., Thompson. 

8. NAIADACE/E. Pon'dweed Family. 

Aquatic plants entirely submerged or with floating leaves. Stems 
jointed. Leaves linear and grass-like or some with broad floating 
blades, sheathing at base or with sheathing stipules. Flowers incon- 
spicuous, naked or with a very small calyx, commonly borne on a 
short spike or spadix, which bursts from an enclosing greenish bract 
or spa the. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, distinct, free from the calyx if that be 
present, 1-celled, 1-ovuled. 

Flowers perfect. 

Sepals 4, distinct . 1. Potamogkton. 

Sepals none 2. Ruppia. 

Flowers monoecious or dioecious. 
Leaves entire. 
Pistils about 4, borne in a cup-shaped involucre; fresh water ponds or 

streams 3. Zannichellia. 

Pistils many, borne on the side of a linear spadix; maritime. 
Flowers monoecious; fruit ovoid; leaves 2 to 4 lines broad 

4. Zostera. 
Flowers dioecious; fruit sagittate-cordate; leaves % to 2 lines broad . . . 

5. Phyllospadix, 
Leaves with spiny-toothed margins; pistil solitary and naked 

6. Naias. 

1. POTAMOGETON L. Pondweed. 
Perennial herbs, commonly growing in still fresh waters, with 
mostly alternate leaves in 2 ranks and membranous stipules more or 
less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud, 
in flower mostly raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water. 
Flowers small, perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, concave, valvate in the 
bud, short-clawed. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the sepals, 
the anthers nearly sessile. Ovaries 4, becoming ovoid or roundish 
drupelets. (Greek potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbor, on 
account of the aquatic habit.) 

Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. 
Floating leaves elliptical, submerged leaves lanceolate . . . 1. P. lonchites. 
Leaves all submerged, 
Ovate or lanceolate, many-nerved; spike 2 to 2% in. long . 2. P. lucens. 
Linear, lto 3-nerved. 

Spike subcapitate; stem flattened; leaves not glandular 

3. P.pauciflorus. 
Spike interrupted or subcapitate; stem filiform; leaves often bi- 

glandular at base 4. P. pusillus. 

Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles; leaves all submerged, capillary . . . 

5. P. pectinatus. 

1. P. lonchites Tuckerm. Stems much branched, 3 to 6 ft. 
long; floating leaves coriaceous, elliptical, 2 to 3J in. long, less 
than | to 1J in. wide, the petiole usually longer than the blade; 

L.ofC. 



100 NAIABACE^K. 

submerged leaves very thin, lanceolate, 4 to 12 in. long, rounded at 
base or tapering into a petiole 1 to 4 in. long; stipules 1 to 4 in. long; 
peduncles 2 to 3 in. long; spikes 1 to 2 in. long, densely fruited; 
nutlets obliquely obovate, If to 2 lines long. 

Streams: Russian River southward to Santa Cruz; Sierra Nevada. 

2. P. lucens L. Stem branching below and often with masses of 
short leafy branches at summit; leaves all submerged, thin, elliptical 
to lanceolate or oblanceolate or the uppermost oval, many-nerved, 
acute or acuminate, mucronate, often undulate-serrate, narrowed at 
base to a short petiole or sessile, 2 to 7 in. long and f to If in. wide; 
nerves 13 or fewer; stipules loose and spreading, sometimes very 
broad; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; spikes 2 to 2^ in. long, very thick 
cylindrical; nutlet 1^ lines long, nearly as broad. 

San Francisco Peninsula. 

3. P. pauciflorus Pursh. Stems flattened, much branched, 1 to 
3 ft. long; leaves all submerged, narrowly linear, 3-nerved or the 
nerves obscure, 1 to 2 in. long, | to 1 line wide, narrowed at base; 
stipules small, white, becoming setose; peduncles more or less clavate, 
about j in. long; spike subcapitate, few-flowered; nutlet 1 line long, 
roundish or obliquely obovate, with a broad more or less undulate- 
dentate keel. 

Still waters; near the coast. 

4. P. pusillus L. Stems filiform, branching, | to 1 ft. long; 
leaves all submerged, narrowly linear or often nearly setaceous, 
obtuse and mucronate or acute at apex, 1 to 3-nerved, with 2 glands 
at base or rarely glandless, 1 to 3 in. long, ^ to f line wide, sessile; 
stipules obtuse, becoming setose; peduncles flattened, slender, £ to 3 
in. long; spikes interrupted or capitate; nutlet obliquely elliptical, f 
to 1 line long, curved and 2-grooved on the back, or sometimes with 
3 distinct keels, beaked by a short style. 

Pools and ditches. Coast Ranges. 

5. P. pectinatus L. Stems slender from a running rootstock, the 
branches repeatedty forking, 1 to 3 ft. long; leaves capillary or 
setaceous, often 1-nerved, 1 to 6 in. long; stipules £ to 1 in. long, free 
for half their length; peduncles filiform, 2 to 12 in. long; flowers in 
distinct whorls on a spike J to 2 in. long; nutlets roundish or 
obliquely obovate, 1 J to 2 lines long, no middle keel on the back but 
with obscure lateral ridges. 

Brackish water of tide sloughs or in ponds. 

2. RUPPIA L. Ditch-grass. 
Immersed aquatic herbs with long filiform forking stems. Leaves 
almost capillary, with a rather broad sheathing base. Peduncle of 
the spadix axillary, at first very short and enclosed in the sheathing 
spathe-like base of the leaf. Spadices slender, each with two flowers 
disposed near together, rising to the surface when in anthesis. 
Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of perianth. Stamens 2, sessile, 
each anther consisting of 2 large and separate anther-cells. Pistils 



PONDWEED FAMILY. 101 

4; stigmas depressed, sessile. Pistils after flowering becoming stalked. 
(In honor of H. B. Ruppius, a German botanist.) 

1. R. maritima L. Plants 2 to 3 ft. long; leaves 2 to 3 in. long; 
pistils ripening into hard ovoid nuts, which at maturity are f to 1^ 
lines long, and raised on stipes 1 to 12 lines long; fruiting peduncle 
3 to 6 lines long. 

Alkaline or brackish water: tidal canal ditches near Petaluma, 
Ditrii; Byron Springs, Hansen; southward to Southern California. 
June-Sept. 

3. ZANNICHELLIA Mich. 

Immersed branching plants. Leaves alternate or mostly opposite, 
filiform but flat. Flowers monoecious, naked, sessile, usually both 
kinds in the same axil. Staminate flower consisting of a single 
stamen with a slender filament. Pistillate flowers 2 to 5 (usually 4), 
borne in a cup-shaped involucre or spathe, the ovary flask-shaped 
with broad hyaline stigma. Nutlet coriaceous, somewhat flattened, 
beaked. (In honor of Zannichelli, a botanist of Venice.) 

1. Z. palustris L. Hokned Pondweed. Fruit somewhat 
incurved, occasionally more or less toothed on the back. 

Mt. Diablo region and southward. 

4. ZOSTERA L. 

Submerged maritime herbs with elongated and very narrow grass- 
like radical leaves and inflorescences raised on peduncle-like stems. 
Flowers monoecious, borne in 2 rows on the face of a flattened spadix 
with or without small lateral appendages covering them in the bud 
and closely invested by a protecting foliaceous spathe until anthesis. 
Staminate flower of 1 stamen. Pistillate flower of 1 pistil. Fruit 
ovoid, 1-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek zoster, a girdle or band, on 
account of the ribbon-like leaves.) 

1. Z. marina L. Eel-grass. Grass-wrack. Leaves with long 
sheathing bases, 3 to 7-nerved, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. long, 2 to 5 lines broad; 
fruiting leaves jointed at base of spathe, which terminates with a 
more or less elongated leaf-like summit; spadix 2 to 4 in. long, 10 to 
20-fruited. 

Shoal waters of bays, especially on muddy bottoms. Tomales 
Bay. 

5. PHYLLOSPADIX Hook. 

Maritime aquatics closely related to the preceding, with elongated 
narrowly-linear radical leaves from much branched creeping root- 
stocks. Flowers dioecious, borne in 2 rows on the side of a flattened 
spadix, with a lateral chartaceous appendage covering each flower in 
the bud, the whole inflorescence enclosed by a spathe which is 
produced beyond the spadix as a foliaceous prolongation. (Pistillate 
spadices with rudimentary anther-cells.) Anthers sessile. Pistil 
simple, with 2 stigmas; ovary sagittate-cordate, i. e. , with two down- 
wardly-produced horns at base, which in fruit are strongly developed 
and bear on the inside deflexed bristles which serve to attach the 



102 NAIADACE^E. 

floating achenes to other plants on the beaches. (Greek phyllon, leaf, 
and spadix, a kind of inflorescence.) 

Flowering stems 1 ft. long or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillate spadices ...... 

1. P. Torreyi. 

Flowering stems 2 or 3 in. long, bearing 1 pistillate spadix or rarely 2; leaves 

more obviously 3-nerved 2. P. Scouleri. 

1. P. Torreyi "Wats. Torrey's Eel-grass. Rootstocks brittle, 
leaves 1J to 2 ft. long, £ to 1 line broad; flowering stems 1 ft. long 
or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillate spadices, each 1 to If in. long; 
staminate spadices shorter and with shorter peduncles; mature fruit 
1\ lines long. 

Low tide limits to two fathoms below, from San Diego, Cleveland, 
and San Pedro northward to Monterey, Setchell; Land's End, Gibbs; 
and Russian River, Dudley. 

2. P. Scouleri Hook. Pacific Eel-grass. Very similar to the 
preceding but the leaves rather broader, f to 2 lines wide; flowering 
stems short, but 2 or 3 in. long, bearing but 1 pistillate sapdix, 
rarely 2; fruits larger. 

Santa Barbara, Pacific Grove, and Russian River ace. to Dudley; 
Dillon's Beach, Bake?-, and nortWard to the mouth of the Columbia 
River. 

6. NAIAS L. Naiad. 

Slender branching submerged plants with linear opposite spiny- 
toothed leaves, which are seemingly whorled on account of the ones 
crowded in the axils. Flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils. 
Staminate flow^er consisting of a single stamen enclosed in the bud in 
a little membranous spathe. Pistillate flower consisting of a single 
ovary and short style bearing 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit a seed-like 
nutlet. (Greek Naias, a water-nymph.) 

Sheathing base of the leaves entire or with few teeth 1. N. marina. 

Sheathing base of the leaves with many minute teeth 2. N. flexiiis. 

1. N. marina L. Holly-leaved Naiad. Stems stout and 
often armed with prickles twice as long as their breadth; leaves 
broadly linear, with 6 to 10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin, the 
broad sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; fruit 2 
to 2£ lines long, reticulated, tipped with a long persistent style; seed 
reticulated, not shining. 

Clear Lake, Bolander. 

2. N. flexilis R. & S. Slender Naiad. Stems slender; leaves 
narrowly linear, with 25 to 30 minute teeth on each margin, the 
broad sheathing base with 5 to 10 small teeth on each side; fruit 1 to 
2 lines long, nearly smooth; seed reticulated, shining. 

San Francisco Peninsula; Clear Lake. 

9. JUNCAGINACE/E. Arrow-grass Family. 

Marsh or sub-aquatic acaulescent herbs with radical rush-like or 
grass-like leaves, and small perfect flowers in racemes or spikes, or 



JUNCAGIXACE^. 103 

solitary. Perianth 4 to 6-parted, its segments in two series, sepal-like. 
Stamens in ours 6 or 1. Ovaries either 3 to 6, or 1, when more 
than 1 united around a central axis and separating at maturity into 
1-seeded carpels. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight. 

Flowers perfect, with perianth; stamens 6 1. Trigi.ochin. 

Flowers polygamous, the pistillate of 2 kinds; no perianth; stamen 1 

2. Lil^a. 

1. TRIGLOCHIN L. 

Perennials by means of short rootstocks; leaves fleshy with mem- 
branous sheaths. Flowers small, in a spike-like, bractless raceme, 
raised on a scape. Segments of the perianth concave, greenish, 
deciduous, the three inner inserted higher. Stamens in ours 6; 
anthers sessile or nearly so. Pistils in ours commonly 6 (rarely 3 to 
5), their ovaries united around a central axis, splitting when ripe into 
1-seeded carpels, which separate from the base upward, and leave a 
slender persistent axis. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose. 
Carpels dehiscing by the ventral suture. (Greek tri, three, and 
glochis, a point, referring to the fruit of the 3-carpeled species.) 

Scapes stout; leaves 2 lines wide or more 1. T. maritima. 

Scapes slender, almost wiry, less than ] line wide 2. T. concinna. 

1. T. maritima L. Common Arrow-grass. Terminal portion 
of the rootstock covered with the sheaths of old leaves; scapes stout, 
1 ft. long or somewhat more, bearing a raceme 10 to 15 in. long, the 
whole surpassing the (2 to 3 lines wide) leaves; flowers 1 line long, 
longer than the pedicels, these in fruit conspicuously decurrent; 
carpels 3-angled, with the dorsal angles winged, making a broad 
longitudinally-striate groove on the back, 1\ lines long, the stigmas 
persistent and recurved; seed narrowly linear, 1 line long. 

Marshy shores of San Francisco and Suisun Bays. 

2. T. concinna Davy. Slender Arrow-grass. Leaves usually 
less than 1 line wide; scapes very slender and racemes looser than in 
the preceding, 7 to 13 in. high; flowers about \ line long; carpels 
rather less than 2 lines long; fruiting pedicels less obviously decur- 
rent. 

With the preceding. 

2. LIL/EA HBK. 

Aquatic or sub-aquatic herb with fibrous roots and radical grass-like 
leaves, sheathing at base. Flowers polygamous, in 2 kinds of inflo- 
rescence, one an axillary inflorescence, consisting of solitary pistillate 
flowers borne in the axils of the radical leaves, the other a spicate 
inflorescence, consisting of spikes raised on scapes shorter than the 
leaves. Axillary inflorescence: — ovary naked, sessile, with elongated 
filiform style and capitate stigma; fruit flattish, oblong-ovate, coria- 
ceous, longitudinally ribbed, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Spicate inflo- 
rescence: — pistillate flowers on the lower part of the spike, perfect 
at the middle, staminate above; pistillate flowers similar to those 
in the 'ixils of the radical leaves, but with a short style and with 



104 ALISMAOE^E. 

the ovary maturing into a more compressed fruit which is winged; 
perfect flowers with the ovary behind (next to the axis of the spike) 
and the stamens in front (next to the bract); staminate flowers 
consisting of a single stamen in the axil of a bract. 

1. L. subulata HBK. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; 
spikes dense, £ in. long or less; pistillate flowers in the axils of the 
radical leaves often with a style 1 to 3 in. long, their fruits 2£ to 3 
lines long. 

Ponds and vernal pools almost throughout California: Sonoma; 
Napa Valley; Solano Co.; San Francisco f Santa Clara Valley. Apr. 

10. ALISMACE>£. Water-Plantain Family. 

Marsh or aquatic herbs with radical leaves, scape-like flower stems 
and perfect or unisexual flowers. Perianth of 3 outer herbaceous 
persistent sepals, and 3 inner white deciduous petals. Stamens 6 or 
more. Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming 
achenes in fruit. Endosperm none; embrvo strongly recurved or 
folded. 

Flowers perfect; stamens 6; achenes in a single whorl 1. Alisma. 

Flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; achenes in a dense head . 2. Sagittaria. 

1. ALISMA L. 

Erect herbs, growing in shallow water or mud, with radical 
long-petioled leaves. Inflorescence a panicle consisting of whorled 
branches each bearing a simple or compound umbel of perfect flowers. 
Perianth of 3 outer small herbaceous segments, and 3 much larger 
inner ones, these petal-like and very delicate. Stamens 6, with short 
filaments. Ovaries distinct on a disk-like receptacle. Achenes 
numerous, channeled on the back, crowded in a whorl. (Alisma, 
the Greek name, used by Dioscorides.) 

1. A. Plantago L. Water Plantain. Rootstock perennial, 
becoming almost bulbous by the sheathing bases of the petioles; 
leaves radical, the blades elliptic-oblong, acute, 2 in. long, varying to 
8 in. long and 3 in. broad and tapering from the middle to each end, 
on petioles twice as long; flowering stems from 1^ to 2 \ ft. high, the 
whorled branches unequal in length and forming a loose, pyramidal 
panicle; flowers white, on pedicels 1 in. long or less; petals 1 line 
long; achenes very strongly flattened, oblong, 1 line long, 17 to 25 in 
each whorl. 

Common along the margins of ponds, rivers, and marshy shores of 
lakes: San Francisco; Alameda; Stockton; Lower Sacramento; Napa 
Valley. The aquatic forms have very narrow leaves. 

% SAGITTARIA L. Arrow-head. 
Marsh or aquatic herbs with fibrous roots and milky juice. Leaves 
broadly sheathing, commonly sagittate or sometimes without basal 
lobes or even without a blade. Stems scape-like, bearing one to sev- 
eral whorls of flowers, usually in threes, with membranous bracts. 



WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 105 

Flowers in ours monoecious, the staminate above. Ovaries numer- 
ous, crowded on a globose receptacle. Achenes flat, more or less 
winged and beaked by the short style. (From the Latin sagitta, an 
arrow, referring to the shape of the leaves.) 

Pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, ascending; leaves sagittate. 
Basal lobes much shorter than the upper one or equaling it; racemes with few 

to several whorls 1. S.latifolia. 

Basal lobes less than twice as long as the upper one; racemes with numerous 

whorls 2. S. Greggii. 

Pedicels of pistillate flowers much thickened and reflexed in fruit; leaves not 
lobed at base; racemes with few whorls 3. S. Sanfordii. 

1. S. latifolia Willd. Common Arrow-head. Leaves very 
variable, the smallest but 2 or 3 in. in total length, the largest 7 or 8 
in. long from the summit of the petiole to the obtuse or abruptly acute 
apex; basal lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, divaricate, 
15 in. or less from the tip of one to the other; scape simple or 
branched, £ to 3 ft. high; bracts scarious, 2J to 5 lines long, the pedi- 
cels of the pistillate flowers very much longer; flowers monoecious; 
stamens 25 to 35; achene 1J lines long with somewhat swollen dorsal 
wing and long horizontally oblique beak. 

Common on the islands and river shores of the interior. The 
tubers of this species are edible and are made much use of by the 
Chinese of the Lower Sacramento. From these tubers a long root- 
stock grows out in the Spring, which, at its upper end, gives rise to 
leaves and scapes. 

2. S. Greggii J. G-. Smith. Sanford Arrow-head. Stout, 
erect; leaf-blades 8 to 18 in. long, the widely divergent lanceolate 
basal lobes longer than the ovate and acuminate or lanceolate upper 
lobe; scape erect, 5-angled below, branching at its summit into 
several ascending, for the most part long racemes, with numerous 
whorls of flowers; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 7 to 14 lines long, 
equaling or rather shorter than the pedicels; stamens 30 or more; 
achenes 1 to 1£ lines long, tumid, crested on both margins, circular or 
the ventral margin almost straight, nearly beakless. 

Stockton, Sanford, original and only known locality in California. 

3. S. Sanfordii Greene. Stockton Arrow-head. Leaves 2 to 
3 ft. long; petioles obtusely triquetrous, ^ to 1| in. thick at the base; 
blades linear- to oblong-lanceolate, about 4 in. long, tapering into the 
spongy petiole or almost obsolete in submersed plants; scapes stout, 
1£ ft. high or more; bracts triangular, 2\ to 3 lines long, connate at 
base; whorls of flowers few, the pedicels of the pistillate ones reflexed 
in fruit; sepals ovate, 2 to 3 lines long; stamens 20, the anther 
longer than the filament; achenes 1 line long, rather markedly 
winged on both* the inner and outer margins, the sides reticulated; 
beak oblique, short, triangular. 

Stockton, Sanford; not otherwise known. The sepals of the pistil- 
late flower in this and the preceding species are reflexed or spreading. 
S. Montevidensis C. & S. is (ace. to J. Gr. Smith) a ballast plant at 
Stockton; it may be known by its erect accrescent sepals and by a 
brownish-purple spot at the base of the petals. 



1 06 LILIACE.L. 

11. LILIACE>£. Lily Family. 

Ours perennial herbs. Stems from bulbs, corms or rootstocks, either 
scape-like and the leaves all radical, or more or less leafy and fre- 
quently branching. Flowers regular and perfect; perianth with 6 
segments or lobes, consisting of 3 sepals and 3 petals, usually colored 
alike. Stames 6, sometimes 3 or 4. Ovary superior, 3-celled; style 
or stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule or berry. Maianthemum has a 
2-merous flower and Scoliopus a 1-celled ovary. The flowers in 
Veratrum are polygamous. Trillium has netted-veined leaves. 

A. Fruit a capsule. 
Plants with bulbs or corms. 
Stems leafy from a scaly bulb, some of the leaves often whorled, or in 2 
species mostly at base. 
Flowers less than V/ z , mostly less than 1 in. long; style often 3-cleft; 
perianth-segments with a more or less circular nectar-bearing area 

towards the base 1. Fritillaria. 

Flowers much larger, always showy; style one; perianth-segments not 
bearing nectaries, but with a nectar-bearing groove towards the base. 

2. Lii.ium. 

Stems from corms; leaves all at base and the stems either scapes or scape-like, 

but with few or reduced cauline leaves in no. 5 and in some species of 

no. 4. 

Flowers solitary or racemose, bractless, borne on a scape-like stem; 

perianth segments equal or nearly so; leaves 2, at the base of the stem, 

broad 3. Erythronium. 

Flowers solitary on a simple stem, terminal on the branches or umbellately 
fascicled but without involucre or circle of bracts; outer perianth seg- 
ments commonly greenish and much smaller than the inner showy 
ones which usually bear a conspicuous glandular pit near the base; 
leaves few, narrow and elongated, all radical or 1 or 2 cauline. 

4. Calochortus. 
Flowers in racemes terminating the branches; bracts subulate; perianth 

with a narrow tube and reflexed segments; stamens 6; staminodia 6. 

5. Odontostomum. 
Flowers in umbels, always with 2 or more bracts; leaves all radical. 

Perianth-segments united below into a tube. 
Perianth-tube scarlet, the short segments chrome-green. 

6. Brevoortia. 
Perinnth of one color, blue, purple, white, or yellow; stamens 6, often 

with appendaged or winged filaments or 3 of the stamens replaced 
by dilated sterile filaments or staminodia . ... 7. Hookera. 
Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so. 
Filaments arising from a cup-like appendage . . . . 8. Bloomeria. 
Filaments not appendaged, sometimes dilated at base. 

Leaves semi-terete; bracts 4 to 6 9. Muilla. 

Leaves plane or convolute-filiform; bracts 2 or 3. . 10. Allium. 
Stems from tunicated bulbs; perianth segments distinct; leaves all or 
mainly radical. 
Style 3-cleft, at least slightly; capsule loculicidal, as in all the preceding. 

Flo\ters in a simple raceme borne on a scape 11. Camassia. 

Flowers racemose in a widely branching very ample panicle. 

12. Chlorogalum. 
Styles 3, distinct; capsule deeply 3-lobed, septicidal; flowers in a raceme or 

panicle, the perianth segments with green glands at base. 

13. Zygadenus. 
Plants with vertical rootstocks. 

Stem simple, tall, and leafy; panicle pubescent; styles 3, distinct; capsule 
3-lobed, septicidal , 14. Veratrum. 

Stem simple; leaves numerous, sedge like, mostly radical, those of the stem 
reduced; stamens 6. 



LILY FAMILY. 107 



Flowers in a dense raceme; filaments glabrous; styles 3, distinct. 

15. Xebophyllum. 
Flowers in loose racemes; filaments densely woolly; style one, undivided. 

1(>. Nahtukcium. 
Acaulescent; leaves 'J; stamens 8, opposite the sepals. . . 17. BCOUOPUS. 
Stem simple, bearing at summit a whorl of 3 broad netted veined leaves and 
a single large flower; stamens 6 18. TRILLIUM. 

B. Fruit a berry; plants with rootstocks. 
Leaves broad. 
Stem very short, the leaves arising from near the surface of the ground; 

flowers red, in umbels, raised on a peduncle 19. Oi.intonia. 

Stem simple, leafy; flowers very small, white. 
Raceme short, simple, terminal; perianth-segments and stamens 4, leaves 

1 to 3, cordate, petioled 20. Maianthkmum. 

Raceme simple or compound, terminal, composed of many small flowers; 

leaves several to many, sessile 21. Smilacina. 

Stems branching; flowers axillary at the ends of the leafy branches. 

22. Disporum. 
Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets filiform, clustered in the axils; bushy- 
branching plant 23. ASPARAGUS. 

1. FRITILLARrA L. 

Stems erect, simple, from a bulb of thick flesby scales; radical 
leaves large, ovate or elliptic; oauline sessile, alternate or whprled. 

Flowers solitary or in racemes, dull purple, brownisb, pink or 
scarlet. Perianth oam|>anulate to funnelform, deciduous, of 6 dis- 
tinct segments, each segment with a shallow nectar-bearing area or 
pit near the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments, 
included; filaments slender; anthers extrorse, more or less versatile. 
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Capsule membranaceous, 6-angled or 
winged, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell. 
(From the Latin fritillus, a dice-box, the application uncertain.) 

Styles united, stigma shortly 3-lobed; perianth pink, of a uniform color, i. e., not 

spotted; glands obscure 1. F. pluriflord. 

Styles 3- parted a hove; stigmas linear; glands mostly obvious. 
Leaves in 2 to 3 whorls on the upper part of the stem or the uppermost alter 
nate; capsule winged. 

Perianth scarlet 2. F. coccinea. 

Perianth dark-purple, mottled or checkered with greenish-yellow. 
Segments % t>» 134 in. long, at least the inner with crisped or erosulate 

margin*; raceme commonly 4 to many-flowered. . . . 3. F. mutica. 
Segments 1 to \ l / 2 in. long, the margin entire; racemes 1 to 4-flowered. 

4. F. lanceolata. 
Leaves mostly basal, not in distinct whorls; capsule obtusely angled. 
Raceme many-flowered; perianth yellowish-green, not spotted, 1 to l%in. 

long 6. F. agresfix. 

Raceme 1 to 3-flovvered. 
Perianth "brownish or black-purple or greenish with interrupted purple 

lines, % tol in. long 5. F. biflora. 

Perianth wnite or nearly so, \i to % in. long 7. F. liUacea. 

1. F. pluriflora Torr. Pink Fritillarea. Stems 6 to 10 in. 
bigh, from a somewhat yellowish bulb of few (6 to 8) scales; leaves 
few, oblong-lanceolate, 4 in. long, mostly basal; perianth uniform 
pink-purple, the segments obovate-oblong, acutish, 1 in. long; glands 
obscure; stamens § the lengtb of the petals, the filaments slightly 
dilated at base; capsule as broad as long, truncate at apex, narrowed 
toward the base, strongly 3-lobed, each lobe with 2 longitudinal 
dorsal ridges or wings with intervening depression. 



108 LILIACE.E. 

Adobe hills in upper Vaca Valley, Jepson, 1885; Sweeny Creek, 
Solano Co., Piatt, 1898; upper Sacramento Valley on the Sierran side. 
Feb. The segments are usually deeper colored or longitudinally lined 
at base and often also with a longitudinal and very narrow brown 
band running fro;r. base to apex. Fleshy tap-like roots are often 
formed below the bulb, similar to those occurring on Hookeracapitata. 

2. F. coccinea Greene. Scarlet Fritillaria. Stems slender, 
10 to 18 in. high; leaves 3 to 7, narrowly linear, 2£ in. long; 
flowers 1 to 4, campanulate-funnelform, scarlet, evidently mottled, 
f to 1£ in. long; segments recurving at tip, gland near base of 
segment small, narrowly oblong, 3 lines long. 

Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson; 
Ukiah, Purdy. Last of Apr. and first of May. There seem to be 
forms identical with this, save that the color charactei's are those of 
the next; hence this species may need to be made a variety. 

3. F. mutica Lindl. Mission Bells. Kice-root Lily. Scales 
few or none, the lower portion of the solid bulb covered with round- 
ish bulblets like rice-grains; stems \\ to 2J ft. high, glaucous; radical 
leaf 1 ft. long or less, 3 to 5 in. wide, usually not present in the 
second (flowering) season; stems leafy above the base only; leaves 
2 to 6 in a whorl (the whorls mostly 2 or 3), or the upper alternate, 
lanceolate or linear, 4 in. long or less; bracts similar but smaller; 
raceme 3 to 17-flowered; pedicels less than 1 or 2 in. long, often 
recurved after anthesis; perianth campanulate, dark-purple or green- 
ish, conspicuously spotted or checkered, 6 to 13 lines long; segments 
broadly oblong or narrowly ovate, distinctly crisped or erosulate- 
margined, usually concave-carinate towards the base, the outer often 
broader; gland greenish, broadly lanceolate, extending from the base 
\ or § the way to the apex; capsule with 8 broad wings at base and 
apex, 6 to 8 lines long. 

Shady woods of the Coast Kanges; the most common species: 
Berkeley; Vacaville; Sonoma. Mar. The var. gracilis (F. lanceo- 
lata Pursh var. gracilis Wats.) has very small flowers and narrower 
more acuminate segments; anthers scarcely longer than broad. — 
Corte Madera (Marin Co.), northward to Ukiah, Purdy. 

4. F. lanceolata Pursh. Checker Lily. Bulbs of few thick 
scales Jin. long; stem 1£ to 2 ft. high; leaves 6 to 9 in 2 or 3 whorls 
on the upper part of the stem, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long; 
pedicels 1 in. long or less; perianth broadly campanulate, dark-purple 
mottled with greenish-yellow, 1 or mostly 1^ to 1£ in. long; segments 
ovate to oblong, deeply concave, with a very large ovate-lanceolate 
gland in middle of concavity; gland deep-green, sharply defined, 
often with minute black dots; stamens 6 to 8 lines long; anthers 1£ to 
2\ lines long; capsule broadly winged, less than 1 in. long. 

Vicinity of the ocean from Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co., Davy, 
Inverness, Jepson; Mendocino Co., Bolander, and northward. 
Feb.-Mar. 

5. F. biflora Lindl. Black Lily. Stem stout, \ to \\ ft. high, 



LILY FAMILY. 109 

2 to 3 (rarely l)-flowered; leaves 2 to 6, mostly near the base, scattered 
or somewhat whorled, broadly to narrowly oblong, 2 to 4 in. long; 
perianth campanulate, more or less greenish but mostly dark purplish 
or purple-lined, 8 to 12 lines long; segments oblong, tapering to each 
end, or the inner segments elliptic-obovate, all with a longitudinal 
greenish glandular band running from the base nearly to the apex. 

Ukiah, southward near the coast to Kiverside (H. M. Hall) and 
San Diego. Imperfectly known species. 

6. F. agrestis Greene. Stink Bells. Stems 1 to 1£ ft. high, 
leaves 8 to 12, oblong-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4 to 5 in. long; 
raceme 3 to 8-flowered, the flowers nodding on the pedicels which are 
abruptly recurved at summit; perianth yellowish-green, the mid- 
nerve prominent; segments 1 to 1£ in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide. 

Antioch, Davy, where it occupies wide acres of the grain fields, 
flowering in Apr.; bulbs very deep-seated, not turned, up by gang 
plows. Mr. Davy describes the odor as very obnoxious. 

7. F. liliacea Lindl. White Frhtllaria. Stems 3 to 8 in. 
high, often somewhat stout and succulent, 1 to 5-flowered; leaves of 
the radical tuft narrowly or broadly oblong, \\ to 1£ in. long; cauline 
leaves few, linear-oblong or linear; flowers dull white; perianth 
segments oblong-ovate to obovate, 6 to 9 lines long, with a greenish 
purple-dotted gland at base, the greenish area sometimes extended 
upwards along the mid-vein nearly or quite to the apex; stamens 4 
lines long, shorter than the styles; anthers 1 to 1^ lines long; capsule 
stipitate, truncate at each end, J in. long and as broad. 

Bleak hilltops at San Francisco; flats near Point Kichmond; rocky 
summits of Mare Island. Feb. -Mar. 

2. LILIUM L. Lily. 
Stems simple, tall and leafy, from a scaly bulb. Leaves narrow, 
sessile. Flowers large and showy, solitary or 2 to several in a termi- 
nal raceme. Perianth campanulate or funnel-form; its segments 6, 
yellow, red or white, often dotted or spotted with brown, distinct, 
equal, spreading or recurved, with a nectar-bearing groove toward 
the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included; anthers versatile. Style 
one, long, deciduous; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidal; seeds 
numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek lilion, 
the classical name of these plants.) 

Flowers yellow or reddish, conspicuously spotted, nodding; leaves lanceolate 

in 3 or 4 whorls and alternate above and below 1. L. pardalinum. 

Flowers horizontal; leaves narrowly oblaneeolate or linear, rarely whorled . . 

2. L. maritimum. 
Flowers nearly white, becoming reddish, somewhat dotted, erect or ascending . 

3. L. rubescens. 

1. L. pardalinum Kell. Tiger Lily. Kootstock thick and 
fleshy, closely covered with few or several jointed closely over- 
lapping scales, branching and eventually forming large mat-like 
clusters; stems 2J to 6 ft. high; leaves in 3 or 4 whorls, alternate 
above and below, the whorls with 9 to 15 leaves in each; flowers 1 to 



110 LILIACE^. 

many, racemose or the lower in whorls, on long spreading pedicels; 
segments 2 to 3 in. long, 6 to 9 lines wide, strongly revolute, bright 
orange-red with a lighter orange center and large purple spots on the 
lower half; capsule narrowly oblong, acutely angled, 1£ in. long. 

Stream banks and wet meadows of the Coast Kanges toward the 
sea and in the Sierra Nevada. June-Aug. 

2. L. maritimum Kell. Coast Lily. Bulb conical, 1 to 1£ in. 
in diameter; stems 1 to 4 ft. high with alternate or rarely whorled 
leaves; these narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 1 to 5 in. long and 3 to 
7 lines wide; flowers 1 to 5, horizontal on long pedicels; segments 
deep reddish-orange, spotted within with purple, 1^ to 1£ in. long, 
the upper £ somewhat recurved; stamens less than 1 in. long, exceed- 
ing the style; capsule said to be long and narrow. 

Low meadows near the coast from Marin Co., northward to 
Humboldt Co. 

3. L. rubescens Wats. Bulbs rhizomatous, 2 in. in diameter; 
stem 2 to 5 ft. high; lower leaves scattered, the upper in 3 to 7 
whorls; flowers several on ascending pedicels 1 to 3 in. long, nearly 
white, somewhat dotted with brown, ageing to rose-purple; segments 
1J or 2 in. long, the upper J revolute; capsule obovoid with sub- 
truncate apex and abrupt!}' short attenuate base, wing-angled, If in. 
long. 

Wooded slopes in the mountains from Marin Co., to Howell 
Mountain, Napa Co., and northward. Near the coast called Ked- 
wood Lily; towards the interior Chaparral Lily. 

3. ERYTHRONIUM L. 

Low herbs from deep-seated membranous-coated corms and simple 
stems with the leaves radical or borne below the middle, or in plants 
flowerless in a given season there is but one broad long-petioled 
leaf. Flowers large solitary or several and racemose; perianth seg- 
ments distinct with longitudinal nectar-bearing groove and '2 or 4 
scale-like processes at base, or only the inner segments so provided. 
Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth. Style :!-lobed or 
-cleft; stigmas 3. Capsule somewhat 3-angled, loculicidal. (Derived 
from the Greek eruthros, red, in allusion to the color of the flowers 
in some species.) 

1. E. grandiflorum Pursh. Scapes 5 to 9 in. high, 1 to 3 or even 
4 or 5 flowered; leaves mostly 2, oblong, obtuse, 4 to 6 in. long, 1 to 
1£ in. wide; flowers nodding, from white to pale lemon-yellow, the 
bases of the segments orange; segments broadly oblong, tapering from 
the middle or below the middle to base and apex, 1| in. to \\ in. 
long, 5 to 7 lines wide; inner segments longitudinally 2-channeled on 
back; stamens 5 lines long; capsule obovoid, 1 in. long. 

Cloverdale (where it is very abundant and called "Easter Lily," 
Setchell) and northward. Mar. 

4. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa Lily. 
Stems from membranous-coated corms, with few narrow radical or 



LILY FAMILY. Ill 

cauline leaves and showy white, yellow, lilac or bluish-tinged flowers 
borne terminally on the stem or branches or in an umbellate fascicle. 
Perianth deciduous, the segments distinct and more or less concave. 
Sepals lanceolate, greenish or sometimes colored. Petals for the most 
part broadly cuneate-obovate and usually with a conspicuous gland 
or pit near the base. Stamens 6, on the base of the segments. Ovary 
triquetrous; stigmas sessile, recurved, persistent. Capsule elliptical or 
oblong, membranaceous, 3-angled or -winged, commonly septicidally 
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, somewhat flat- 
tened. (Greek kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass, in allusion to the 
flowers and grass-like leaves.) 

Flowers and capsule erect, the former open campanulate; gland densely hairy; 
stem bearing bulblets at base; radical leaves usually a pair, channeled, 
linear.— Mariposa Lilies. 
Petals mostly white or lilac, with an eye-spoi; gland round; capsule linear or 

linear-clavate . . 1. C. venustus. 

Petals clear lilac; gland small, round and densely hairy, or absent; capsule 

linear 2. C. splendens. 

Petals yellow, usually without eye-spot; gland lunate; capsule attenuate from 

a broad base ... 3. C. luteus. 

Flowers erect or ascending, campanulate; petals with a transverse scale cover- 
ing upper portion of gland; capsule nodding; stem low, bulblet-be.iring in 
none of the following except the first; the radical leaf long and conspicuous, 
surpassing the Inflorescence.— Star Tulips. 
Petals lilac, glabrous or nearly so; stem bulblet-bearing at base; open wet 

meadows ." 4. C. unifinrus. 

Petals white with scant hairs on lower third; woodland plants 

5. C. umbdiatus. 

Petals white or purplish-blue, covered with long erect hairs. . 6. C. Maweanus. 

Flowers and capsules nodding; petals strongly incurved or arched, the gland 

transversely crested or hairy; capsule elliptical or broadly oblong, deeply 

triquetrous", the lobes thin, acute or winged.— Globe Tulips. 

Petals white; gland lunate, with 4 transverse imbricate scales fringed with 

short glandular hairs 7. C. albus. 

Petals light vellow; gland bordered with stiff hair - which cross each other . . 

8. C. jnOchetbas. 

1. C. venustus Dougl. "White Mariposa Lily. Stem erect, 
stiff, usually branching. 4 to 10 in. high, 1 to 4-flowered; bulblet at 
base usually 1; radical leaves 1 or 2, linear, 1 to 3 lines wide, very 
glaucous; pedicels 2 to 8 in. long; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 
1 to 1| in. long; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, 1 to If in. broad, 

1 to 2 in. long, white to lilac with an eye-spot in the middle, 
frequently penciled toward the base, and often with a transversely 
oblong rose-colored blotch near the apex; gland roundish, lunate, or 
oblong, densely matted with short hairs; filaments dilated, shorter 
than or a little exceeding the anthers; capsule linear or linear-clavate, 

2 to 3| in. long, the sides obliquely and rather closely veined. 
Light sandy soil or in alkaline fields: Vacaville to the Mt. Diablo 

region and southward in the Coast Eanges; Napa Mountains, varying 
into bright yellow, Tracy. Also in the Sierras, in a modified color 
form. Petals mostly roundish, or even somewhat acute at apex, 
rarely truncate. 

2. C. splendens Dougl. Mariposa Ltly. Stems often bulblet- 
bearing at base, 1 to 1^ ft. high, slender; sepals ovate, acuminate, 



112 liliace^e. 

about equaling the petals; these broadly fan-shaped, clear-lilac, with 
long scattered hairs below the middle, 1 to 1^ in. long, about as broad 
as long; gland small and round, covered by a dense mass of short 
hairs, or absent; filaments 3 times as long as the anthers; capsule 
linear. 

Eastern Lake and Colusa Cos. to Monterey and southward. 

3. C. luteus Dougl. Yellow Mariposa Lily. Stem erect, 
slender, often branching, 7 to 10 in. high; bulblets enclosed within 
radical sheath of stem; radical leaves linear, 1 to 3 lines wide; sepals 
narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acute, yellowish within; petals fan-shaped, 
as long as broad, with a rather obvious claw, yellow or orange 
without a central blotch but with penciled lines radiating from gland 
to center of petal; gland broad, lunate, densely hairy, with ascending 
matted yellow hairs; above this to middle of petal the hairs few and 
scattering; stamens about equaling style, the filaments not dilated or 
slightly toward the base, a little longer than the anthers; capsule 
attenuate from a broad triangular base, 1£ to 2 in. long. 

Coast Ranges, foothills, and low rolling gravelly or dry land. 
May. There are named varieties which have a large purple splotch 
on the center of each petal and often also on each sepal. Petals f to 
1£ or 2 in. long, commonly truncate at apex, rarely roundish. 

4. C. uniflorus H. & A. Stem low, flexuous, 4 to 8 in. high, 
with 1 to 4 bulblets beneath the surface; radical leaves 4 to 6 lines 
broad, exceeding the stem; bracts linear-lanceolate, long, and con- 
spicuous; flowers 2 to 10 in 1 to 3 umbels, on long flexuous pedicels 
which are 3 to 10 in. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenish-lilac; 
petals lilac, cuneate, somewhat truncate, denticulate, 10 to 12 lines 
long, naked above, sparingly hairy immediately above the gland; 
this shallow, not pitted, with a narrow triangular appressed scale. 
— (C. lilacinus Kellogg.) 

Calistoga to Monterey in low wet lands. Apr.-May. 

5. C. umbellatus Wood. Herbage glaucous, stems 3 to 10 in. 
high, from a bulb, not bulblet-bearing, simple or branching; radical 
leaf solitary, exceeding the inflorescence; flowers 2 to 6; sepals 
oblong, acuminate, greenish-white, or slightly tinged with lilac; 
petals white or slightly lilac-tinged, obovate, or fan-shaped, slightly 
concave, 6 to 9 lines long; gland covered by an ascending appressed 
scale, which on its upper (free) margin is lightly fringed; on each 
side of the gland is a hairy area (with a purple spot below it), the 
petals otherwise naked; stamens J the length of the petals. — (C. 
collinus Lemmon.) 

Low wooded hills: Marin Co.; Oakland Hills; Walnut Creek, 
Brewer. Apr. 

6. C. Maweanus Leicht. Pussy's Ears. Stem mostly simple, 3 
to 5 in. high, bearing an umbel of 2 to 4 flowers and with mostly 1 
radical leaf (1 ft. long or less and 3 to 8 lines wide) which much 
surpasses the inflorescence; sepals oblong or elliptical and acute, or 
ovate-lanceolate, equaling or much shorter than the petals; these 



LILY FAMILY. 113 

orbicular, obovate or somewhat rhomboidal, with a broadly or 
abruptly acute apex, 6 to 10 lines Ions;, the upper surface covered 
with long white or bluish hairs; gland, covered above with a narrow 
transverse scale, the petal densely hairy above the scale and naked 
below the pit. 

San Francisco Bay northward in the Coast Ranges. Inverness, 
J. N. LeConte. Apr. 

7. C. albus Dougl. White Globe Tulip. Stem stout, glau- 
cous, branching, 1 to 2 ft. high; radical leaves elongated lanceolate, 
acuminate, 1 to 1£ ft. long, | to 1 in. wide; bracts foliaceous, 3 to 5 
in. long; sepals shorter than the petals, ovate, acuminate, greenish- 
white; petals white, purplish at base, with scattering long silky 
yellow hairs above gland, ovate-orbicular, acutish, 1 to 1^ in. long; 
gland lunate, shallow, with 4 transverse upwardly-imbricate scales, 
fringed with close short yellow or white glandular hairs; anthers 
oblong, mucronate; capsule 1 to 2 in. long, \ to 1 in. broad, abruptly 
short-beaked; seeds brown, pitted. 

Woods of the Coast Ranges near the coast from Ukiah, Sonoma, 
and Niles, to the Santa Cruz Mountains and Monterey, southward 
to Southern California. 

8. C. pulchellus Dougl. About 1 ft. high, much branched, each 
branch terminating in an umbel of 2 or 3 pendulous flowers, the bract 
surpassing the peduncle; sepals greenish, ovate-lanceolate, shorter 
than the light yellow petals, which above the gland are covered with 
scattered hairs, below it smooth and with the margins ciliate; gland 
placed a little below the center of the petal, the margin of the pit 
clothed with long and thick hairs. 

Occurring on Mt. Diablo; collected in early days by Douglas and 
little known since. 

Var. amabilis <C. amabilis Purdy). Golden Lilt Bell. Stem 
flexuous, dichotomously branching, varying in height from a few 
in. (and 2 or 3-flowered) to If ft. high (and 10 to 12-flowered); 
radical leaves \ to f in. wide, elongated, green and glossy, equaling 
or exceeding the stem; bracts linear-lanceolate, exceeding or equaling 
the flowers, diminishing upward, the lowest 4J in. long; flowers on 
nodding pedicels, sub-globose, golden-yellow; sepals sometimes green- 
ish, elliptic-ovate, abruptly acute, 12 to 15 lines long, a trifle shorter 
than the suborbicular petals which are conspicuously ciliate on the 
margin and strongly arched or incurved, their apices overlapping; 
gland a deeply-set pit (visible from the outside as a ridge or con- 
vexity) and covered, by a dense fringe of appressed yellow hairs 
growing from the upper margin and whioh cross each other over the 
pit; petals otherwise glabrous; anthers oblong, 2 lines long, rather 
shorter than the filament; capsule elliptical, \\ in. long. — North 
Coast Ranges, northward to Ukiah; Sonoma; Green Valley (Solano 
Co.); Vaca Mountains. Apr. Also called Cat's Ears and Fairy 
Lantern. 

5. ODONTOSTOMUM Torr. 

Stems flexuous, branching, from a corm. Leaves mostly radical, 

10 



114 LILIACE^E. 

sheathing the stem. Flowers in bracted racemes terminating the 
branches. Perianth with, a, narrow tube and with the limb divided 
into 6 soon reflexed segments', the outer 3 slightly longer and 
cucullate at tip; stamens 6, inserted on the throat and alternating 
with as many short staminodia, those opposite tie outer segments 
longer; the stamen opposite the lower outer segment stands alone and 
faces the remaining 5, which approximate each other by their 
filaments on the upper side of the flower. Ovules 2 in each cell but 
oply 1 maturing. Capsule obovate, 3-lobed, loculicidal. (Greek 
odous, tooth, and stoma, mouth, on account of the erect subulate 
filaments at the throat of the flower.) 

1. O. Hartwegi Torr. Plants erect with somewhat spreading 
branches, 5 to 10 in. high; corm about 1 in. broad, 5 to 7 in. below the 
surface of the ground; radical leaves 3 to 9 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide 
with caudate-attenuate apex; racemes 2 to 5 in. long; bracts and 
braetlets subulate; perianth-tube 3 lines long; reflexed segments 
nearly or quite as long, narrowly oblong, 5 or 6-nerved, H to 2£ lines 
long. 

Dry hard soil in the middle North Coast Range (Napa Valley 
foothills, Jepson)] bill country west of Red Bluff, Jepson; Sierra 
foothills, upper Sacramento Valley, Hartweg; Mariposa Co., Gongdon, 
May. 

6. BREVOORTIA Wood. 

Scape erect from a corm, bearing a few-flowered umbel with 
jointed pedicels. Leaves linear. Perianth-tube scarlet, persistent, 
broadly tubular, slightly 6-saccate at the truncate base, slightly 
constricted above; segments chrome-green, short, erect or sometimes 
reflexed. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner seg- 
ments, their filaments very short; anthers emarginate or bifid at each 
end and innate; staminodia 3, alternating with the stamens, broad, 
truncate, corona-like. Capsule triangular-ovate, acuminate, stipitate. 
(Dedicated to J. Carson Brevoort of Brooklyn, New York, naturalist 
and patron of science.) 

1. B. Ida-Maia Wood. Ida May's Fire Crackers. Scape 
slender, erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, bearing an umbel of 6 to 13 flowers; 
pedicels \\ in. long, or less; perianth-tube 1 to \\ in. long, the 
segments broadly ovate, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long; staminodia white; 
stipe of the capsule 2 or 3 lines long; seeds angular, black. 

Wooded foothills from Marin Co. northward. Common in Men- 
docino and Humboldt, but the plants scattered, not in masses as is 
often the case with Brodisea. May-July. 

7. HOOKERA Salisb. Brodi^a. 
Scapes from corms, erect and straight, or sometimes elongated and 
twining. Leaves mostly few and grass-like. Umbels loose or 
capitate. Pedicels jointed beneath the perianth. Perianth-tube 
various. Stamens 6, or the alternate stamens replaced by dilated 
sterile filaments or staminodia. Filaments slender or more frequently 



LILY FAMILY. 115 

winged and produced beyond the anther in the form of thin append- 
ages. Ovary on a short stipe or sessile. Capsule loculicidal, 
beaked' by the style which splits with the valves. (William Hooker, 
1779-183*2, botanical artist of London.) 

Umbel loose, mostly few-flowered, borne on a short rigidly erect scape; 
pedicels firm; perianth-tube turbinate or urn-shaped, the segments equalii g 
or exceeding the tube; stamens inserted high on the perianth, those with 
anthers 3; those opposite outer segments changed to staminodia and 
bearing white petal-like plates; anthers innate; corms not flattened. 
Soapes nlmost wholly subterranean, the umbel sessile on the ground; 

staminodia yellowish ]. H. terrestris. 

Scapes 6 to 18 in. high; staminodia white. 
Perianth turbinatecampanulate; staminodia commonly re tuse, longer than 

the stamens 2. H. minor. 

Perianth-tube oblong with rotate or recurving segments; staminodia acute, 

mostly shorter than the stamens 3. H. coronaria. 

Umbel capitate, iminy-flowered, borne on a straight erect or even very tall and 
twining scape; perianth-tube urn-shaped or tubular, angular or saccate 
and more or less inflated: segments about equaling the tube; stamens 6, 
all wiih innate anthers or those opposite the outer segments with half-sized 
anthers or entirely sterile; leaves mostly 2, fleshy. 
Stamens with anthers 3. 
Flower- rose-red or pinkish; filaments and staminodia emarginate; scapes 

very much e ongated. commonly twining 4. H. volubilis. 

Flowers blue-purple; anthers bifid at each end, sessile; staminodia deeply 

cleft 5. if. cungesta. 

Stamens with anthers 6; inner filaments with two lanceolate appendages 

extended beyond the anthers; outer filaments dilated at base; bracts 

conspicuous, of a violet-purple or metallic color . . . 6. H. capitata. 

Umbel loose, many-flowered, borne on a straight, erect, and rather slender 

scape; flowers blue, white, or yellow; perianth-tube narrowly turbinate 

to open-campanulate. not inflated or angular or saccate, longer or shorter 

than the segments; stamens 6; anthers versatile; filaments slender or 

winged; ovary on slender stipe or rarely subsessile; corms somewhat 

flattened. 

Flou ers yellow; filaments dilated, forked at apex, the anther borne on a cusp 

in 1 he middle of the notch 7. H. ixioid.es. 

Flowers commonly blue or purple, sometimes pale or nearly white; filaments 
mainlv conlescent with the perianth, the short free portion slender, not 
winged; nnthers versati e. 
Perianth violet-purple; anthers 2-lobed at base, all with distinct filaments. 

8. H. laxa. 
Perianth pale rose-purple or nearly white; " anthers retuse at apex," those 

opposite the outer segments sessile 9. H. peduncularis. 

Flowers white; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases. 

10. H. hyacinthina. 

1. H. terrestris (Kell.) Greene. Scape very short, scarcely rising 
above the surface of the ground, or altogether subterranean; umbels 
2 to 10 or 20-flowered, the slender pedicels 3 to 4 in. long; perianth 
purple, 8 to 10 lines long, the limb rotate; anthers oblong, sagittate, 
H lines long, slightly longer than the filaments and shorter than the 
staminodia, these yellowish, emarginate and with revolute edges. — 
(Brodiaea terrestris Kell.) 

Near the coast from Monterey and "Watsonville to Mendocino; 
common in the sandy soil in the region about San Francisco. June- 
July. 

2. H. minor . (Wats.) Britten. Scapes slender, 3 to 6 in. high, 
bearing an umbel of 2 to 5 blue flowers on pedicels 1 to 1\ in. long; 



116 LILIACEiE. 

perianth 8 to 12 lines long, its tube oblong or even slightly inflated, 
the segments rotately spreading or often strongly recurved , each with 
a mid-vein, green on back and running down to base of perianth; 
outer perianth segments narrowed towards the apex, mucronulate; 
inner segments broadly oblong, obtuse; anthers 2 lines long, sagittate 
at base, deeply bifid at apex; staminodia broadly ligulate or with 
somewhat involute margins, at apex commonly retuse and mucronu- 
late, somewhat (often much) exceeding the anthers. — (Brodiiea minor 
Wats.) 

Dry and often gravelly soil of the plains and low hills of the 
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Vacaville (the anthers and 
staminodia incurved and closely approximate, closing the mouth of 
the tube). 

3. H. coronaria Salisb. Harvest Brodijea. Scape stout, 7 to 
18 in. high; leaves 1 line broad, thick or somewhat terete, about 
equaling the scape; umbels 3 to 11-flowered; pedicels unequal, 1 to 
3jjr in. long; perianth violet-purple, 1^ to If in. long; segments 
narrowly oblong, longer than the tube, in age withering and becom- 
ing caudate; anthers 4 or 5 lines long, sagittate at base, entire at apex 
or nearly so, exceeding or at least equaling the oblong-lanceolate 
mostly acute staminodia; capsule stipitate, the body about 5 lines 
long. — (Brodia^a grandiflora Smith.) 

The most common species in the Ba} r Kegion, flowering in May 
and early June at the time of the hay harvest when the hills and 
fields are turning brown. Napa Valley; Niles; Santa Clara Co.; 
Vacaville (anthers approximate, but staminodia erect, not closing the 
tube). The flowers close before sunset (?). 

4. H. volubilis (Baker). Twining Brodiiea. Scape roughish, 
2 or 3 ft. high and lax or twining over bushes and attaining a height 
of 7 or 8 ft.; corm nearly 1 in. broad; leaves 1 ft. long or more, 4 to 

6 lines broad, carinate; umbels short and dense, 18 to 30-flowered; 
pedicels »]- to 1 in. long: perianth rose-red or pinkish, 6 to 8 lines 
long; tube 3 to 4 lines long and broad, O-angled, the angles produced 
into sacs somewhat above the middle; segments rotate, their tips 
recurved; stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner seg- 
ments, their filaments short, winged, emarginate; staminodia 3, 
opposite the outer segments, ligulate, emarginate; capsule ovate, 
acuminate, on a short stipe; seeds angled, black, usually 1 in each 
cell. — (Brodiaaa volubilis Baker.) 

Hill country of the Coast Ranges and foothills of the Sierra Nevada. 

5. H. congesta (Smith). Ookow. Scape 2 to 3£ (or even 5) ft. 
high, often flexuous; heads short-racemose, 6 to 16-flowered, subtended 
by 3 to 5 ovate sub-acuminate bracts 4 lines long; leaves as long or 
nearly as long as the scape, 2 to 6 lines wide; flowers blue or purplish, 

7 to 8 lines long, in a dense head; perianth-segments spreading, 
oblong, shorter or longer than the tube, which is slightly constricted 
at apex; stamens opposite inner perianth lobes with anthers less than 
| as large as the others; outer perianth segments with deeply cleft 



LILY FAMILY. 117 

staminodia with no trace of anther-cells, surpassing the stamens; 
capsule sessile, 5 lines long. — (Brodiaea congesta Smith.) 

Open hills in the Coast Ranges from the Oakland Hills northward. 
Apr. -May. 

6. H. capitata (Benth.) Blue Dicks. Scapes erect, 7 to 14 in. 
high, ending in a head-like umhel of 7 to 8 flowers, with ahout 4 
dark purple or metallic hracts; these round-ovate or elliptic-oblong, 
5 lines long; flowers blue, 7 lines long; perianth lobes elliptic-ovate, 
obtuse, 4 lines long; stamens with anthers 6; filaments opposite the 
inner perianth segments with a broad membranaceous wing extended 
beyond the anthers as two lanceolate appendages; alternate stamens 
with filaments dilated toward the base only, their anthers less than ^ 
the size of those of the other set; appendages convergent or connivent, 
forming a corona and more or less concealing the anthers. — (Brodiaea 
capitata Benth.) 

Yery common on hillsides in the Bay Region and southward to 
Southern California. Feb. -May. 

7. H. ixioides (Ait. f.). Golden Brodiaea. Scape £ to 1 J ft. high, 
usually scabrous; leaves 2, 14 in. long or less; umbels 16 to 26-flowered; 
pedicels 1^ in. long or less; flowers about 10 lines long, salmon-yellow, 
with a conspicuous black-purple vein on the outside running from the 
apex to the base of each segment; stamens alternately long and 
short, the filaments dilated and bifurcate at the winged summit, the 
oblong anthers on a cusp in the notch. — (Brodiaea ixioides Wats. 
Calliprora ixioides Greene.) 

Common in the foothills of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. 
May. 

Var. lugens (Tritelia lugens Greene). Broad appendages of the 
filaments rounded at apex, not forked; entire tube exteriorly dark 
brown, approaching black. — Vaca Mountains, Greene. 

8. H . laxa (Benth.). Grass Nuts. Scape 1 to 2 ft. high, rigid and 
stoutish, from a usually deep-seated edible corm; umbel 10 to 
25-flowered; pedicels 1 in. long, more or less; perianth-tube funnel- 
form, 1J to If in. long, violet-purple, rarely white, cleft nearly to 
the middle; stamens 6, all anther-bearing; filaments inserted on the 
upper portion of the perianth-tube, free for 2 lines length above the 
insertion, those opposite the inner segments longer, below coalescent 
with the perianth-tube and reappearing near the base in the form of 
low longitudinal crests; anthers ovate-lanceolate with a 2-lobed base, 
erect though fixed above the base, 1^ lines long; ovary on a slender 
stipe \ to f in. long. — (Tritelia laxa Benth. Brodiaea laxa Wats.) 

Showy and beautiful species, common in adobe fields or on adobe 
hillsides. May. 

9. H. peduncularis (Lindl.). Scapes erect, slender, \\ to 3 ft. 
high; umbel 3 to 15-flowered, the pedicels slender, 2£ to 4 or even 6 
or 10 in. long; perianth pale rose-purple or nearly white, 6 to 10 lines 
long, cleft below the middle, the lobes widely-spreading; stamens 
opposite inner segments with short filaments, inserted higher than the 



118 LILIACEJE. 

other 3 which are sessile on the tube; stipe of capsule 1 to 2 lines 
long. — (Brodisea peduncularis Wats.) 

Yery wet ground close to water. "Clear Lake Region, Torrey; " 
Point Reyes, Davy (but anthers opposite outer segments not sessile). 

10. H. hyacinthina (Lindl.) var. lactea (Baker). White 
Brodi^ea. Scapes 1 to If ft. high; umbels 20-flowered, more or less; 
pedicels rather over 1 in. long; perianth open-campanulate, cleft below 
the middle, white or bluish white with green mid-veins, 5 to 7 lines 
long; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases, 
attenuate above and tipped with an anther £ line long; ovary with 3 
glandular pits towards the summit; capsule short-stipitate. — (Brodiaea 
lactea Wats.) 

Common in low moist ground: North Coast Ranges; Monterey Co. 
May-June. 

8. BLOOMERIA Kell. 

Scape from a fibrous-coated corm. Leaves linear, carinate. Umbel 
with many yellow flowers; pedicels jointed at the summit and sub- 
tended by membranaceous bracts. Perianth persistent, of 6 nearly 
equal distinct linear-oblong segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the 
base of and rather shorter than the segments; filaments filiform, 
surrounded at base by a cup-like appendage which is free from the 
perianth. Capsule subglobose; seeds 4 to 8 in each cell, angular and 
wrinkled; style persistent and splitting with the loculicidal capsule. 
(In honor of H. G. Bloomer, a pioneer botanist of San Francisco.) 

1. B. aurea Kell. Golden Bloomeria. Scapes 6 to 9 in. high, 
minutely scabrous; bulb deeply seated, 6 to 8 lines in diameter; leaves 
2, one of them very long, as long as the scape; pedicels 30 to 45, 1£ 
to 2 in. long; bracts several, subulate-lanceolate; perianth-segments 
narrowly oblong, subrotate when in full anthesis, 5 to 6 lines 
long; appendages minutely papillose; capsule nearly 3 lines long. 

South Coast Ranges: Pacheco Pass, Brewer; southeastward and 
south west ward to New Idria, Veatch (who first collected it); Kern 
Co.; and Monterey. June. 

9. MUILLA Wats. 

Herbage without the taste or odor of onions. Scape from a fibrous- 
coated corm and bearing an umbel subtended by several small 
scarious bracts. Leaves very narrow, almost terete. Bracts 4 to 6, 
broadly or narrowly lanceolate. Perianth subrotate, persistent, of 6 
nearly equal slightly united oblong-lanceolate segments, greenish or 
yellowish white with a dark 2-nerved mid-rib. Stamens inserted 
near the base; filaments filiform, slightly thicker below; anthers 
versatile. Ovules 8 to 10 in each cell; style clavate, persistent and 
at length splitting. Capsule globose, scarcely lobed, loculicidal. 
Seeds compressed and angled. (Anagram of Allium.) 

1. M. maritima Wats. Corm 4 to 5 lines in diameter; scapes 3 to 
9 in. high, equaled by the narrow (| to 1 line wide) leaves; umbels 
4 to 12-flowered, the pedicels unequal, 2 to 10 lines long; bracts 4 to 



LILY FAMILY. 119 

6, lanceolate to linear; perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long; capsule 3 
lines long, beaked by the short stout style. 

Low alkaline fields, from Elmira and Marin Co. to Monterey. 
Flowers with a faint perfume. 

10. ALLIUM L. Wild Onion. 
Herbage with the characteristic taste and odor of onions. Scape 
from a tunicated or sometimes rhizome-like bulb or from a corm, with 
radical leaves, and bearing an umbel or head of flowers subtended by 
2 or 3 thin whitish or scarious bracts. Leaves narrow and plane or 
convolute-filiform. Perianth of 6 distinct or nearly distinct equal 
segments, campanulate or spreading. Stamens inserted on the base 
of the segments; filaments often dilated below; anthers versatile. 
Style filiform, persistent. Capsule obovate or globose, obtusely 
3-lobed, often crested; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, black, wrinkled. 
(Ancient Latin name of garlic.) 

Scape terete, arising laterally from a corm which propagates hy bulb-bearing 
off-hoots. 
Scape 3 or 4 in. high (?); perianth-segments twice longer than the stamens . . 

1. A. Bolanderi. 
Scape 1 to 2 ft. high; perianth-segments >3 longer than the stamens 

2. A. unifolium. 
Scape terete, arising vertically from a tunicated bulb; leaves narrowly linear, 

several. 
Perianth rose-color. 
Ovary-cells with an obscure thickened ridge on each side toward the 

summit; montane 5. A. lacunosum. 

Ovary-cells with 2 very narrow central crests; low hills . 6. A. serratum. 
Perianth white or light pink, leaves convolute-filiform . . 7. A. attenuifolium. 
Scape much flattened and 2-edged, from a tunicated bulb; leaves 2, broadly 
1 near, fa lea' e. 
Perianth segments spreading at tip, nearly twice as long as the stamens . . . 

3. A. falci folium. 
Perianth segments nearly erect, only % longer than the stamens 

4. A. Breweri. 

1. A. Bolanderi "Wats. Corms sometimes clustered, oblique, the 
coats with an obscure delicate close undulate-serrate reticulation; 
scape lateral, very slender; pedicels 10 to 17, slender, 5 to 10 lines 
long; bracts 2, 7 or 8 lines long, ovate lanceolate, acuminate; flowers 
rose-color or pinkish, the very narrowly acuminate segments nearly 
straight, 4 or 5 lines long, twice longer than the stamens and style; 
filaments filiform, adnate to the middle. 

Humboldt Co., first collected by Bolander. 

2. A. unifolium Kell. Corm deeply seated, hearing a short, hori- 
zontal rootstock which gives rise to an erect scape; leaves 2 to 4, 
sheathing the scape below the ground, flattish, 2 to 4 lines wide, 
shorter than the scape; bracts 2, large, acuminate; umbels 10 to 30- 
flowered, the pedicels 1 to 1J in. long; flowers rose-color; segments 
broadly oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 7 lines long, J longer than the stamens 
and styles. 

Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo; Napa Mountains. May. 

3. A. falcifolium H. & A. Bulb-coats not reticulated; scape 2 to 



120 LILIACE^E. 

3 or 4 in. high, 1 to 3 lines broad; leaves 3 to 5 lines broad; flowers 
rose-color, the lanceolate segments attenuate and spreading above, 
very minutely glandular-serrate, 4 to 7 lines long, nearly twice longer 
than the stamens and style; capsule acute, with 3 short narrow central 
crests. 

Mayacamas Kange from near St. Helena to the Middleton (Lake 
Co.) Grade. May. 

4. A. Breweri Wats. Bulbs large, 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the 
coats without reticulation; scapes 1 or 2 in. high; leaves 3 to 5 lines 
broad; bracts acute; pedicels 4 lines long; flowers deep rose-color, the 
lanceolate acute segments nearly erect, 5 to 6 lines long, a third 
longer than the stamens; ovary and capsule with a thick, slightly 
lobed crest upon each cell. 

Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, no. 1060. 

5. A. lacunosum Wats. Scape 3 to 6 in. high; bulb-coats light 
colored, thick and distinctly pitted by the quadrate or transversely 
oblong reticulation, the outline of the cells very minutely sinuous; 
umbels 10 to 20-flowered, the pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; bracts broadly 
ovate, tipped with a slender-subulate point; flowers small (3 lines 
long); perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, a little 
exceeding the stamens; filaments narrowly deltoid below; ovary-cells 
with an obtuse thickened ridge toward the summit on each side. 

Collected by Brewer on Mariposa Peak, Santa Clara Co., 1862, no. 
1284; (?) Mt. Diablo, Greene. 

6. A. serratum Wats. Bulb-coats with a distinct close hori- 
zontally serrate denticulation; bracts narrowly acuminate; perianth- 
segments pink, broadly ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, acute or 
somewhat acuminate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the inner 
narrower, somewhat snorter and rarely serrulate; filaments tall with a 
narrowly deltoid base; crests very narrow, central. 

Low hills. Description chiefly from the Botany of California. 

7. A. attenuifolium Kell. Bulb-coats commonly reddish, with a 
delicate transversely sinuate or serrate reticulation, the vertical lines 
especially also minutely sinuous; scape slender, 6 to 13 in. high, 
leaves narrow and becoming convolute-filiform above the sheathing 
base; bracts 2, short, abruptly acute; umbel erect, usually dense; 
pedicels 25 to 35, 3 to 8 lines long;, flowers white or nearly so, the 
oblanceolate acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, more or less 
exceeding the stamens and style. 

From San Francisco Bay and Mariposa Co. northward in both 
ranges of mountains. 

Var. monospermum (A. monospermum Jepson). Scapes in 
clusters of 2 to 4; bracts 3; capsule by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded. 
— Vaca Mountains. 

11. CAMASSIA Lindl. 

Acaulescent plants with linear leaves, slender scapes from a tuni- 
cated bulb, and dark blue or nearly white flowers in a simple raceme. 



LILY FAMILY. 121 

Bracts scarious. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth-segments 
6, distinct, oblanceolate, somewhat spreading, persistent. Stamens 6, 
on the base of the perianth, shorter than the segments; anthers versa- 
tile. Style filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex, the lower part persistent. 
Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell. 
(Quamash or camass, the name of the northwest Indians.) 

1. C. Leichtlinii Baker. Camass Plant. Bulb globose, 7 to 10 
lines in diameter; scape 1 to 2 ft. high; racemes loosely 7 to 18- 
flowered, the pedicels shorter than the narrow bracts; perianth dark 
blue to white, 8 to 14 lines long, nearly regular, the segments 5 to 9 
(usually 7)-nerved, commonly connivent and somewhat twisted above 
the ovary when withering, at length deciduous; capsule oblong- 
obovate, slightly notched at apex, 8 to 10 lines long, obliquely 
veined. 

Meadows and marshes near the coast, rare within our limits: Point 
Reyes, Bigelow; and northward to British Columbia, where it was 
first collected by John Jeffrey in 1851. 

12. CHLOROGALUM Kunth. 
Stem from a tunicated bulb, tall, almost leafless, branching above 
into a spreading panicle, the branches racemose and sparingly 
branched or simple. Leaves of the radical tuft long-linear, those of 
the stems very much reduced. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels 
jointed at the summit. Perianth white or pinkish, persistent and at 
length twisted over the ovary; segments 6, distinct, spreading, ribbon- 
like, with 3 distinct but closely approximate nerves down the middle. 
Stamens 6, rather shorter than the segments and inserted on their 
bases; anthers versatile. Style long-filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex. 
Capsule broadly turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidal, with 1 or 2 seeds in 
each cell. (Greek chloros, green, and gala, milk or juice.) 

Perianth-segments rotate-spreading in anthesis; pedicels 3 lines long or more; 

bulb with a thick coat of coarse fibers 1. C. pomeridianum. 

Perianth-segments somewhat spreading from above the base; pedicels 1 line 

long; bulb with a membranous coat 2. C. angustifolium. 

1. C. pomeridianum Kunth. Soap Plant. Amole. Plants 
2 to 5 ft. high; bulbs 4 in. long and 2 in. thick with a very dense coat 
of coarse brown fibers; radical leaves numerous, f to 2\ ft. long, \ to 
\\ in. broad, carinate and with strongly undulate margin; cauline 
leaves few, s"hort and long-attenuate; pedicels slender, about 3 lines 
long; perianth-segments 8 to 10 lines long, white, purple- veined; 
capsule 3 lines long, the valves pinnately nerved; seeds \\ to 2 lines 
long. 

Dry open low hills and plains throughout California. July-Aug. 
The flowers open only in the afternoon, whence the specific name. 

2. C. angustifolium Kell. Bulb with a membranous coat; leaves 
4 to 7 in. long, 2 or 3 lines broad, becoming revolute; plant 14 to 22 
in. high, the panicle with few ascending branches; flowei's white with 
yellowish-green lines, 5 lines long, on pedicels 1 line long or less, 
equaling the bracts or a trifle shorter; perianth funnel-form-campanu- 
late, its segments narrowly oblong; ovary on a short stipe. 



122 



LILIACE.E. 



Milton (San Joaquin Valley) and northward to the upper Sacra- 
mento. May. 

13. ZYGADENUS Michx. Zygadene. 
Stem simple, scape-like, in ours from a tunicated hulb. Herbage 
glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear, mostly radical. 
Flowers erect, greenish-white, rather large, in a raceme or panicle. 
Perianth nearly rotate, withering-persistent; segments ovate to 
oblong-lanceolate, with a green glandular spot at the narrow but 
scarcely clawed base. Stamens free from the segments and about 
equaling them. Styles distinct, persistent. Capsule deeply 3-lobed. 
(Greek zugon, a yoke, and aden, a gland.) 

Stamens % as long as the perianth; only inner segments contracted to a broad 

claw 1. Z. Fremonti. 

Stamens equaling the perianth; segments all contracted to a short claw .... 

2. Z. venenosus. 

1. Z. Fremonti Torr. Star Zygadene. Bulb globose or 
broadly oblong, £ to 1} in. long, with dark coats; stem glabrous or 
rarely somewhat pubescent, commonly 1^ to 2£ ft. high; radical 
leaves 8 to 20 in. long, 5 to 9 lines broad, usually somewhat falcate- 
curving; cauline leaves few, the lower 1 or 2 mostly 5 or 6 in. long 
and usually shortly sheathed at base; flowers few to many in a raceme 
or panicle, with mostly green bracts; lower pedicels 1 to If in. long; 
segments 3 to 7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the inner contracted 
to a broad claw T ; gland greenish-yellow, toothed on its upper margin; 
stamens about half as long as the segments; styles short; ovules 10 to 
20 or more in each cell; capsule oblong, 6 to 10 lines long. 

Variable species common among bushes in the Coast Ranges. 
Apr-June. The var. minor H. & A. is an early dwarf form, 4 or 5 
in. high, with few flowers, and is found in open wet ground near the 
c oast. 

2. Z. venenosus Wats. Hog's Potato. Bulb oblong-ovate, 
about 4 to 6 lines in diameter; plants % to 2 ft. high; leaves narrowly 
linear, 1 to 2| lines broad, carinate and usually folded, scabrous on 
the margin; raceme commonly simple and narrow, 3 to 5 or 10 in. 
long, the bracts setaceous-acuminate; perianth segments triangular- 
ovate to elliptical, 2 or 3 lines long, all abruptly contracted to a short 
claw; gland irregular on its upper side but not toothed; stamens 
nearly equaling the segments; capsules on erect pedicels, often 
contracted at apex. 

Common in meadows near the coast from Monterey northward and 
in the Sierra Nevada from Yosemite northward. 

14. VERATRUM L. False Hellebore. 
Stems tall and leafy from short thick rootstocks, bearing coarse 
fibrous roots. Leaves broad, plaited, coarsely nerved. Stem and 
inflorescence pubescent. Flowers polygamous, greenish or cream- 
color, in a terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 distinct obovate-oblong 
segments, somewhat contracted at the base, adnate to the base of the 



LILY FAMILY. 123 

ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free from them, 
shorter by half and recurving; filaments subulate; anthers with con- 
fluent cells, cordate. Styles 3, persistent, mostly curved. Capsule 
3-celled, 3-lobed. (Latin vere, truly, and ater, black, in reference 
to the color of the roots.) 

Perianth segments oblone-obovate or oblanceolate, entire or merely denticulate 
near the apex: capsule oblong-ovoid, about I in long. . 1. V. Calif ornicum. 

Perianth segments rhombic-ovate, deeply fringed except at the base; capsule 
deprissed-^lobose with notched apex, 4 lines long . . . . 2. V.fimbriatum. 

1. V. Californicum Durand. Stem very stout and leafy, suggest- 
ing a corn-stalk, 3 to 5 or 6 ft. high; leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong, 
sheathing at base, 6 to 12 in. long or the uppermost lanceolate and 
shorter; panicle 1 to 1£ ft. long, the lower portion often sterile; 
pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; perianth-segments 7 or 8-nerved, 4 to 9 
lines long, with a thickened greenish margin toward the base, the 
margin near the apex often somewhat denticulate or erose; stamens 3 
or 4 lines long; capsule nearly 1 in. to 1| in. long. 

Common in wet meadows and about springs at 5,000 to 6,000 ft. 
altitude in the Sierra Nevada and Yallo Bally Mountains, Jepson. 

2. V. fimbriatum Gray. Similar in habit to the preceding; 
leaves very long and narrow, 7 to 19 in. long and about 2 in. wide; 
panicle 7 to 12 in. long, its branches widely spreading; pedicels 4 
lines long; perianth segments rhombic-ovate, 2 to 5 lines long, the 
margin cleft into filiform segments, except at the broad base which 
bears two oblong more or less glandular spots reaching to the middle 
of the segment and separated by a furrow; filaments 2 lines long; 
styles long and slender; capsule depressed or globose and somewhat 
notched at apex, 4 lines long, the walls membranaceous; seed scarcely 
margined. 

Common on the so-called plains of Mendocino Co. Mr. Davy 
reports a Veratrum as occurring at Stewart's Point, Sonoma Co., 
which may be this species. 

15. XEROPHYLLUM Michx. 

Perennials with a thick and short woody rootstock bearing cord- 
like roots. Radical leaves sedge-like in a dense tuft, numerous, 
elongated and very narrowly linear, dry, serrulate. Stem simple, 
stout and leafy, bearing a many-flowered raceme; pedicels slender, 
white. Perianth white or cream-colored of 6 distinct, several-nerved 
persistent segments. Stamens with rounded extrorse anthers. Ovary 
sessile, ovate, 3-lobed. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidal, or in some 
cases also septicidal. Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell. (Greek xeros, dry, 
and phullon, leaf, the foliage very hard and dry.) 

1. X tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Bear Grass. Stem 2\ to 3 ft. high, 
exceeding the radical leaves which are 1 to 3 lines wide; raceme 
dense, f to 1 ft. long or more; pedicels 1 to 2 in. long, each with a 
scarious bract at base \ as long, or the lowermost bracts foliaceous and 
exceeding the pedicels; perianth-segments linear-oblong, 4 lines long, 



124 LILIACEiE. 

the filaments a little longer; capsule broadly ovate, acute, almost 3 
lines long, loculicidally 3-valved. 

Monterey, ace. to Bot. Cal.; Mt. Tamalpais, where it seems to 
bloom only once in seven years; Howell Mountain, Napa Co., where 
it is said to fruit only once in five years; northward to Mendocino 
Co., Bolander; Sierras from Placer Co., northward. Sonoma Co. 
plants show an irregular perianth; the (apparently) upper perianth 
segment is keeled, the two adjoining ones auricled or strongly oblique 
on the upper side at base; leaves somewhat revolute-concave as if 
channeled. 

16. NARTHECIUM Mceh. Bog Asphodel. 

Leaves narrowly linear and equitant, mostly radical, borne on a 
creeping rootstock. Stems rather scape-like with few radical leaves, 
bearing a terminal raceme of yellowish-green flowers. Pedicels with 
a bractlet at the middle. Perianth with 6 distinct segments. Stamens 
6, the filaments densely woolly, except at the very base. Style one, 
attenuate upward to the stigma which is scarcely or very slightly 
lobed. Capsule loculicidal, with thin-chartaceous walls. Seeds 
numerous with a long bristle-like point at each end. (Narthex, Greek 
name of Ferula, the stems of which were used as rods; applied here 
on account of the scapose or rod-like flower steins.) 

1. N. Californicum Baker. Leaves iris-like, 4 to 8 in. long, 1£ to 
2 lines wide; cauline leaves 2 or 3, 1 to 1£ in. long; stems 18 or 20 in. 
high; raceme loose, 3£ to 4£ in. long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; 
perianth segments oblong-linear, acute, 3 or 4 lines long, the inner 
with scarious margins; ripe capsules salmon-color; seeds, including 
the points or tails, 5 lines long. 

Sherwood Valley (Mendocino Co.) and northward, and in the 
northern Sierras. 

17. SCOLIOPUS Torr. 

Acaulescent, the very short subterranean stem bearing a pair of 
broad leaves and an umbel of greenish-purple flowers, the peduncle of 
which is almost obsolete, the sharply angular pedicels (which look 
like scapes) alone appearing above ground. Root a cluster of coarse 
fibers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, purple-veined, somewhat carinate 
toward the base, the upper | abruptly spreading or recurved. Petals 
linear-subulate. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals, short, with greenish 
extrorse anthers. Style short, its three long branches abruptly spread- 
ing horizontally, or the tip recurving. Capsule with a membranous 
wall which bursts irregularly. (Greek skolios, crooked, and pous, 
foot, in allusion to the tortuous pedicels.) 

1. S. Bigelovii Torr. Leaves elliptic to oblong, commonly 
mottled with dark splotches, 4 to 8 in. long, sheathing at base; flowers 
with a fetid odor and having something the appearance of orchids; 
pedicels 4 to 9 in. long, 3-angled, slightly winged, erect in fruit, 
tortuous recurving or procumbent, the maturing capsule more or less 
hidden by leaves or forest litter; sepals 7 to 9 lines long with 10 or 12 
black or purple veins; petals as long as the sepals, hardly 1 line wide, 



LILY FAMILY. 125 

ascending at base and with their long points convergent, forming an 
arch above the pistil; stamens 2£ or 3 lines long. 

Shade of redwood trees from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co. 
Jan. -Mar. 

18. TRILLIUM L. Wake Robin. 

Low herbs with a tuberous rootstock and a simple stem which is 
naked below and bears at the summit a whorl of 3 round-ovate netted- 
veined leaves, and a single large flower. Perianth of 3 lanceolate, 
herbaceous, persistent sepals, and 3 larger marcescent petals. 
Stamens 6, much shorter than the segments; anthers linear, on short 
filaments, adnate. Ovary 3 to 6-angled, 3-celled or 1 -celled at sum- 
mit. Stigma sessile, elongated, stigmatic down the inside. Fruit a 
fleshy reddish capsule. Seeds ovate. (Name from triplum, triple, on 
account of the 3-merous flowers.) 

Flower sessile 1. T. sessile. 

Flower raised on a peduncle 2. T. ovatum. 

1. T. sessile L. var. Californicum Wats. Common Wake 
Robin. Stems stout, sometimes more than one from the same root; 
1 to If ft. high; leaves round-ovate, 3| to 5 in. long, commonly 
broader than long; sepals shorter than the petals; these narrowly 
obovate, 2\ in. long, maroon-purple, with white base or varying 
wholly to white; stamens 10 to 12 lines long. 

Woods of the Coast Ranges; but not in the inner Coast Range. 
Feb.-May. The flowers are mostly white in the Napa River Basin, 
especially on Howell Mountain; in the Oakland Hills mostly purple. 
The var. chloropetalum Torr., with greenish petals, is common on 
the peninsula of Pt. Reyes in Marin Co. 

2. T. ovatum Pursh. Coast Trillium. Plants 8 or 10 in. high; 
leaves ovate to round, sometimes disposed to be rhombic, abruptly 
acute, 2J to 5J in. long; peduncle erect; petals oblong-lanceolate 
to ovate, 1 to \\ in. long, white changing to deep rose-color; sepals of 
about the same shape and size or narrower; stamens 3 to 6 lines long; 
capsule broadly ovate, somewhat winged. 

Woods near the coast from Santa Cruz, Mt. Tamalpais and Olema 
north w T ard. Mar. -Apr. 

19. CLINTONIA Raf. 

Apparently acaulescent, the stem from a creeping rootstock, very 
short and bearing at or from beneath the ground few broad leaves and 
a scape-like peduncle. Flowers few to many in a terminal umbel or 
with 1 to several small supplementary clusters scattered along the 
peduncle. Perianth resembling a very small lily flower, campanulate, 
of 6 distinct deciduous segments. Stamens 6, with filiform filaments, 
inserted on the base of the segments; anthers fixed just above the 
base, extrorse. Ovary 2 to 3-celled; ovules 2 to 3 in each cell; style 
slender, slightly 2 to 3-lobed, deciduous. Fruit a smooth ovoid dark- 
blue berry. (In memory of De Witt Clinton of New York.) 

1. C. Andrewsiana Torr. Leaves commonly 5, sometimes 6, 



126 LILIACEiE. 

narrowly or broadly oblong, rather abruptly short pointed, 7 to 13 in. 
long, 2 to 4£ in. broad- peduncle 15 to 20 in. high, bearing a termi- 
nal umbel of 16 to 19 flowers and with 2 to 4 scattered clusters borne 
laterally, the lateral clusters 1 to 4-flovvered or rarely none; flowers 5 
to 8 lines long, rose-red or pink; filaments thickened toward the base 
and pubescent below the middle. 

Shade of woods near the coast from the Santa Gruz Mountains to 
Marin Go., and northward to Humboldt Co. May-June. Said to 
occur in the ravines about Redwood Peak, Oakland Hills. G. uni- 
flora Kunth, of the Sierra6, has 1 or 2 white flowers. 

20. MAIANTHEMUM Wigg. 

Stem low from a horizontal rootstock, bearing 2 or 3. broad leaves 
and white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels solitary or 2 or 3 
in a cluster. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4, with filiform fila- 
ments. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a red globose berry. 
(Greek maios, May, and anthemon, flower, in allusion to the flowering 
period.) 

1. IVT. bifolium DC. var. dilatatum Wood. Stems simple, erect, 
4 to 14 in. high, bearing 2 or 3 ovate or triangular-cordate leaves, 
2£ to 4£ in. long, the petiole of the lower one sometimes longer than 
the blade; radical leaf very long-pe tilled, almost as tall as the flower- 
ing stem; raceme peduncled, £ to 2 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines 
long; perianth-segments oblong-obovate, 1 to 1£ lines long, becoming 
deflexed; berry 3 lines in diameter. 

Swampy places near the coast from Marin Co., northward. 

21. SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal. 
Stems simple and leafy, from horizontal rootstocks, bearing a termi- 
nal raceme or panicle of small white flowers with minute bracts. 
Leaves alternate, sessile, many-nerved. Pedicels jointed at the sum- 
mit. Perianth persistent, the segments distinct and spreading. 
Stamens with subulate filaments inserted at the base of the segments; 
anthers versatile. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-celled; style short and thick, 
3-lobed at the summit, persistent; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a 
globose, 1 to 3-seeded berry. Seeds subglobose, with thin testa and 
horny albumen. (Diminutive of smilaxT) 

Flowers in a simple raceme; perianth segments twice as long as the stamens. 

1. S. sessilifolin. 
Flowers in a panicle; filaments broad and much longer than the perianth 
s< gments 2. S. ajnpltxicaulis. 

1. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Rootstock slender; stem 1 to 2 ft. high, 
usually flexuous above; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 6 
in. long, acute or acuminate, sessile and clasping, more or less pube- 
rulent; raceme open, sessile or shortly peduncled, the spreading 
solitary pedicels 2 to 7 lines long; perianth -segments 1| to 4 lines 
long, lanceolate, the stamens half as long; style nearly equaling the 
ovary; berry red-purple or nearly black, globose, 3 to 5 lines in 
diameter, 1 to 4-seeded; seeds whitish, subovoid, 2 lines long. 



LILY FAMILY. 127 

Shady woods of the Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Oakland, 
the Napa Mountains and westward to the ocean, and northward. 
Mar.-Apr. 

2. S. amplexicaulis Nutt. Rootstock stout, elongated; stem 1 to 
3 ft. high, this and the under surface of the leaves with a minute 
fuzzy pubescence or rarely glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceo- 
late, 3 to 7 in. long, acute at apex, sessile by a broad clasping base; 
panicle usually short peduncled, oblong, 2 to 4 in. long; pedicels 
solitary, 1 line long or less; perianth segments less than 1 line long; 
filaments lanceolate or broadly subulate, much longer and often 
broader than the segments; style very short; berry light red, very 
finely sprinkled with dark red dots, 2 to 2£ lines in diameter, usually 
1 -seeded; seed whitish, 1£ lines broad. 

Shades of woods. Range of the preceding, but also in the Sierras. 
Apr. 

22. DISPORUM Salisb. Fairy Bells. 

Rootstocks short, horizontal, bearing fibrous roots and giving rise 
each year by a terminal bud to an erect stem, which is branched 
above and leafy. Leaves alternate, ovate, thin, transversely-veined 
between the primary nerves. Flowers greenish or white, drooping 
on a terminal peduncle, solitary or few in an umbel. Perianth nar- 
rowly campanulate, deciduous. Filaments attached within the 
anthers, above the base. Fruit a berry. (Greek di, two, and spora, 
seed, some species with two seeds in each cell of the ovary.) 

Flowers greenish, y 2 in. long; style glabrous, entire; leaves mostly cordate at 
base 1.2). Hookeri. 

Flowers whitish, % to 1 in. long; style densely short-hairy, slightly 3-cleft at 
apex; leaves mostly rounded or siibcordate at base 2. D. Menziesii. 

1. D. Hookeri (Torr.) Britton. Roughish pubescent, 1 to 2\ ft. 
high; leaves ovate, sessile by the cordate base, abruptly acute or 
attenuate, 1J to 3 in. long, the uppermost somewhat oblique; perianth 
green, narrowly campanulate, 5 to 6 lines long, the tips of the seg- 
ments spreading; stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; anthers 
much longer than the filaments; style glabrous, entire; berry obovate, 
obtuse, scarlet. 

Shades of woods: Santa Cruz Co.; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; 
north of San Francisco Bay (Marin Co. to Napa Valley) but not 
reported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Mar. -May. 

2. D. Menziesii (Don.) Britton. Soft-pubescent or almost 
glabrous; stems 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate, or sometimes round-ovate 
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate (and often a little oblique) 
at base, at apex acuminate-attenuate, 2 to 4 in. long; perianth 
whitish, broad and cup-shaped at base, f to 1 in. long, the tips of the 
segments erect; stamens shorter than the perianth; style densely 
short-hairy, except at the very base, slightly 3-cleft at apex; fruit 
oblong-obovate, attenuate above into a short beak, J in. long, salmon- 
color. 



128 IRIDACEJE. 

Along stream banks in the outer Coast Range woods: San Mateo 
Co., northward to Ross Valley; Olema; Big River and Long Valley 
(Mendocino Co.). Mar. -Apr. 

23. ASPARAGUS L. 

Stems from rootstocks, very much branched and with filiform 
branchlets clustered in the axils of the scaly leaves. Flowers small, 
solitary or in umbels or racemes. Perianth-segments alike, distinct 
or slightly united, the stamens inserted on their bases. Ovary 
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short, stigmas 3, recurved. 
Fruit a globose berry. (Ancient Greek name.) 

1. A. officinalis L. Asparagus. Rootstock much branched; 
stems tall and branching, 3 to 5 ft. high, when young stout, succulent 
and edible; clustered branchlets 4 to 8 lines long; flowers green, 
pendulous on jointed peduncles; perianth campanulate, 3 lines long, 
with included stamens; berry red, 4 lines in diameter. 

An escape from the gardens. Abundant in low lands abou^ 
Alameda and Bay Farm Island. 

12. IRIDACEvE. Iris Family. 

Perennial herbs, ours low, with stout stems and 2-ranked sword- 
like and sheathing leaves. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers perfect, 
with petal-like perianth of 6 divisions in 2 whorls. Stamens on the 
base of the outer whorl, with extrorse anthers. Ovary 3-lobed, 
becoming a 3-celled capsule. 

Stems terete; divisions of the perianth in .two unlike whorls. . 1. Iris. 

Stems 2-edged or -winged; divisions of the periunth alike. . . 2. Sisyrinchium. 

1. IRIS L. Flag. 
Stems terete, from creeping stout rootstocks. Flowers in the axils - 
of spathaceous bracts. Perianth-tube prolonged beyond the ovary; 
outer segments or sepals obovate above the claw, spreading or 
recurved; inner segments or petals narrower, erect. Style divided 
into 3 petal-like branches, each branch with 2 lobes or appendages at 
summit; stigma a small projecting shelf (stigmatic only on the upper 
surface) situated on the lower surface of the branch just below the 
lobes or appendages. Stamens with linear anthers lying close beneath 
the branches of the style, i. e., opposite them. Capsule oblong, 
3-angled. Seeds flattened or turgid, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek 
iris, the rainbow, the Greek species of the genus being celebrated for 
its brilliant colors. I. Hartwegi Baker, of the Sierras in the Sugar 
Pine belt, may be known by its separate often distinct bracts, leafy 
stems and India-yellow flowers; the following species have the bracts 
of the spathe closely approximate.) 

Flowers 3 to 5 in a cluster, pale violet or the sepals white, veined with purple; 

perianth tube 3 lines long 1.1. longipetala. 

Flowers 2 or 3 in a cluster, cream-color or azure; perianth-tube 6 to 12 lines 

long 1. I. Douglasiana. 

Flowers 1 or 2 in a cluster, violet; perianth-tube 1% to 2% in. long 

3. I. macrosiphon. 



IRIS FAMILY. 129 

1. I. longipetala Herbert. Leaves 10 to 22 in. long, 4 to 6 lines 
broad, equaling or rather exceeding the flower-peduncles; pedicels 
f to If in. long; bracts scarious at apex, 2£ to 4 in. long, f to If in. 
broad (when spread out); sepals white, veined with violet or violet 
above, 3 in. long, 1^ to 1£ in. broad, narrowed to a short claw, the 
claw with a very prominent ventral ridge which disappears in the 
middle of the blade; petals light violet, 2f in. long, 6 or 7 lines wide; 
anthers 8 lines long; lobes above the stigma broader and more obtuse 
than in no. 3, more evidently overlapping; capsule narrowed at each 
end, 2 in. long. 

Point Isabel (Contra Costa Co.) and about San Francisco, where it 
is very common; thence southward to Monterey. 

2. I. Douglasiana Herbert. Stem 1^ to 2 ft. high, much exceeded 
by the (4 to 6j lines wide) radical leaves; bracts broader and less 
acuminate than in the next; flowers 2 or 3 in a pair of bracts, 
mostly cream-color or azure; the pedicels 1 in. long; perianth-tube 
6 to 12 lines long; sepals 2 in. long or more; capsule narrowly 
oblong, If to 2 in. long. 

Common in the Coast Kanges from the Vaca Mountains and 
Howell Mountain southward to San Mateo Co. May-June. The 
color of the flowers is exceedingly variable, but the species may be 
known from the next by its long pedicels, shorter perianth-tube and 
stouter habit. 

3. I. macrosiphon Torr. Ground Iris. Stems low and slender, 
much shorter than the leaves which are 5 to 10 in. long and 2 lines 
broad; bracts lanceolate, long acuminate, 2J to 3J in. long; flowers 
1 or 2, very shortly pediceled, with slender tube 1J to 2\ in. long; 
perianth violet-purple; sepals oblong-obovate, their lower or middle 
portion blotched or veined with white, the margin above often 
undulate, about If in. long; petals oblanceolate, of a uniform color; 
anthers 6 lines long; capsule about 1 in. long. 

San Mateo and Marin Cos. northward. Apr. 

2. SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-eyed Grass. 
Glabrous plants. Stems slender, 2-edged or -winged, often genicu- 
late, from fibrous roots, with grass-like or lanceolate leaves and 
fugacious, relatively small flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 sheathing 
herbaceous bracts, with scarious bractlet subtending each pedicel. 
Perianth 6-parted, the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens mona- 
delphous, their anthers alternate with the branches of the style; 
stigmas thread-like. (Name of Theophrastus for a bulbous plant 
allied to Iris.) 

Flowers purplish-bine; filaments united to the top 1. S. helium. 

Flowers yellow; filaments united only at base 2. S. Califomicum. 

1. S. bell um Wats. Blue-eyed Grass. Nigger-babies. Erect, 
10 to 15 in. high, the stems somewhat branching; leaves shorter than 
the stem, 1 to 2^- lines wide; bracts 1 in. long, enclosing about 7 
flowers; perianth purplish-blue, segments oblong-obovate, conspicu- 



11 



130 ORCHID ACE^E. 

ously 4 to 6-nerved, emarginate at apex, with a slender tooth in the 
notch, 7 lines long, the inner narrower; anthers short-sagittate; style 
terminated by an abruptly thickened or obclavate structure, the 
attenuate portion being divided into 3 short stigmas; capsule globose, 
2 to 3 lines long; seed obscurely pitted. 

Very common throughout California. Mar.-Apr. Called ' ' Azulea ' ' 
and "Villela" by Spanish-Californians. 

2. S. Californicum Ker. Golden-eyed Grass. About the size 
of the last but the stems unbranched and the leaves somewhat 
broader; bracts rather unequal, enclosing 3 to 7 flowers; perianth 
bright yellow; segments 4 to 6 lines long, 5 to 7-nerved, obtuse or 
acutish; anthers 1£ lines long, about equaling the filaments; style 
cleft below the middle; capsule obovate-oblong, 4 lines long. 

Wet places near the coast from San Diego northward beyond 
California. Apr. 

13. ORCHIDACE/E. Orchid Family. 

Perennial herbs with corms, bulbs, tuberous roots or rootstocks and 
sheathing leaves often reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, irregular, 
bracted, either solitary or in spikes or racemes. Sepals 3, alike. 
Petals 3, 2 alike; the third petal called the "lip" commonly 
dissimilar in color, size and shape, often enlarged, sac-like or spurred, 
in our genera most frequently brought into an inferior position (i e., 
on the lower side of the flower), by twisting of the ovary. Filaments 
united with the single style forming a column, anther 1 (in 
Cypripedium 2), situated on the apex of the column and just above 
or behind the stigma, which is a viscid surface facing the lip. 
Pollen agglutinated into 2 to 8 pear-shaped masses. Ovary inferior, 
commonly long and twisted, 1-celled. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. 
Seeds innumerable, minute. 

Plants with green herbage. 
Flowers few and showy; lip an inflated sac; stem leafy . . 1. Cypripedium. 
Flowers in spikes or racemes. 

Perianth with a spur 2. Habenaria. 

Perianth spurless. 
Stem leafy. 
Raceme loose with foliaceous bracts; flowers greenish or rose-color . . . 

3. Epipactis. 

Spike dense and twisted; flowers white 4. Spiranthes. 

Stem scape-like, the leaves in a radical cluster; flowers white 

5. GOODYKRA. 

Flower solitary, showy; lip sac-like; leaf 1, basal 6. Calypso 

Plants reddish-brown, destitute of green herbage and the leaves reduced and 
scale-like 7. Corallorhiza. 

1. CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's Slipper. 
Stems leafy from tufted fibrous roots. Leaves large. Flowers few 
or solitary, large and showy, leafy bracted. Sepals spreading, in ours 
seeming as if only 2, the lateral completely or almost completely 
united into one under the lip, which is an inflated sac with the 
incurved margin auricled near the base. Column very short, 



ORCHID FAMILY. 131 

incurved, terminating in a disk-like stigma. Fertile anthers 2, on 
short filaments, one on each side of the column below the stigma; 
sterile anther conspicuous, roundish or ovate, situated on the upper 
side and over-arching the stigma. (Latin Cypris, Venus, and pes, a 
foot, the saccate lip a fit buskin for the goddess.) 

1. C. montanum Dougl. Rough-pubescent with short glandular 
hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves elliptic- to narrowly-ovate, the largest 
5 or 6 in. long and 3 in. broad; flowers 1 to 3, shortly pediceled; 
sepals and wavy-twisted petals linear-lanceolate, 1£ to 2 in. long; 
lower sepals united almost to the apex, only the lanceolate-subulate 
tips free; lip 1 in. long, dull white, veined with purple; sterile anther 
ovate, 4 lines long, on a slender filament; capsule erect or nearly so, 
oblong, 10 lines long. 

Woods, rare in our district and only near the coast from the Santa 
Cruz Mountains northward: Marin Co.; Skaggs Springs; Mendocino 
Co. (from the coast to Round Valley); Humboldt Co.; Sierra Nevada. 

C. Californictjm Gray of Mendocino Co. and the northern Sierras 
has 3 to 6 flowers; sepals oblong, 6 to 7 lines long, the lower united 
to the apex; sterile anther rounded, nearly sessile. 

2. HABENARIA Willd. Rein-orchis. 
Stems erect, leafy at least at base, solitary from fleshy tuber-like 
roots Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white, in a terminal spike or 
raceme. Sepals equal, the lateral mostly spreading, the petals a trifle 
smaller. Lip spreading or drooping, in ours entire, produced at base 
into a long slender spur. Column very short. Anther-sacs more or 
less divergent. (Name from the Latin habena, a thong or rein of a 
horse, on account of the shape of the spur in some species.) 

Flowers greenish; dry hills. 
Lip ligulate: stems slender, naked, with 2 leaves at base . .1. H. elegans. 
Lip triangular-ovate; stems cylindrical, leafy at base and with scale-like 

leaves above 2. H. Michaeli. 

Flowers white or whitish, fragrant. 
•Stem leafy; lip slender-lanceolate above the roundish base, much exceeding 

the sepals and petals; moist places 3. H leucostachys. 

Stem leafy at base, scaly above; lip narrowly ovate, not exceeding the sepals 
or petals 4. if. maritima. 

1. H. elegans Bolander. Wood Rein-orchis. Stem slender, 10 
to 20 in. high, with 2 (or sometimes 3 ?) leaves at base; leaves lan- 
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in. long, drying up or 
quite gone by flowering time; spike slender, rather dense but not 
crowded, 4 to 7 in. long; flowers small, light-green; bracts broadly 
subulate, acuminate, equaling the ovary; perianth segments 1J to 2 
lines long; sepals oblong; petals and lip ligulate; spur filiform, 4 or 
5 lines long, equaling or exceeding the ovary; capsule oblong, nearly 
sessile, 3 or 4 lines long. 

Dry hillsides under oaks and other trees. Coast Ranges from 
Monterey to Berkeley; Marin Co.; Napa Co.; the Vaca Mountains; 
and Mt. Shasta. June. 

2. H. Michaeli Greene. Stem very thick and cylindrical, 1 ft. 



132 ORCHIDACE^E. 

high or less, leafy at base; cauline leaves triangular-ovate, thin, 
appressed, 4 to 9 lines long; spike rather dense, 2\ to 3 in. long; 
sepals and petals similar, 1^ to 2 lines long; lip triangular-ovate, of 
about the same length; spur fully ^ longer than the ovary. 

Under oaks in the hills south of Livermore, ace. to Greene; San 
Luis Obispo Co., G-. W. Michael. 

3. H. leucostachys Wats. Sierra Keix-orchis. Stem leafy, 
16 to 22 in. high; leaves linear or lanceolate, 3 to 8 lines broad; 
flowers white, rather large, in a dense or open spike which is 4 to 8 
in. long; bracts linear-subulate, exceeding the ovary; sepals oblong 
or oblong-ovate, 3 or 4-nerved, thin, 2 or 3 lines long; petals 
lanceolate; lip slender-lanceolate from a roundish-dilated base, much 
exceeding the sepals and petals; spur slender, 4 to 6 lines long; beak 
of the stigma prominent, ovate, more than half the length of the 
connective; capsule oblong, sessile, 6 to 9 lines long. 

Common about springs and in moist meadows of the Sierra Nevada; 
Shasta region; Point Arena; attributed to the San Francisco Peninsula. 

4. H. maritima Greene. Low and stout, 6 to 10 or 14 in. high; 
basal leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 in. long, J to 1 in. wide, the lowest 
narrowed to a broad petiole; upper cauline leaves reduced, appressed, 
lanceolate-subulate; spike i\ to 4 in. long, slightly conical, 7 to 13 
lines broad, the flowers white, with a heavy fragrance, closely 
crowded; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, with a green midvein, a little 
exceeding 2 lines; petals 2 lines long, broadest at the base, ligulate- 
attenuate above; lip narrowly ovate, with a prominent ridge toward 
the base; spur slender, longer than the ovary; column short and 
almost beakless. 

Sea cliffs of the San Francisco Peninsula (Fort Point and Point 
Lobos). July-Oct. 

3. EPIPACTIS Haller. 

Stem leafy from creeping rootstocks. Flowers in racemes with 
foliaceous bracts. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; -lip 
strongly constricted at the middle, the lower portion deeply concave, 
the upper portion dilated. Anther 2-celled, sessile behind the 
broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed base; the pollen-masses 
become attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak 
of the stigma. Ovaries reflexed at maturity. 

1. E. gigantea Dougl. Stream Orchis. Stout, 1 to 2 ft. high, 
nearly glabrous; leaves ovate below, lanceolate above, acute or 
acuminate, 3 to 7 in. long; raceme minutely pubescent; flowers 3 to 
10, greenish or rose-color, on pedicels 2 lines long; sepals 7 lines long 
(exceeding the petals), the upper concave and somewhat carinate; 
petals rose-color, purple-veined, particularly the lip; lower portion of 
lip with short erect lobes or wings and with many callous tubercles 
near the base; upper portion ovate-lanceolate, crested or ridged 
towards the base; capsule oblong. 

Moist stream banks from Santa Barbara to Mt. Diablo, Marin Co. 
(Nicasio, Taylorville), Cazadero, the Napa Mountains and northward. 
May 15-June. 



ORCHID FAMILY. 133 

4. SPIRANTHES Kich. 
Stems from a cluster of tuberous roots, erect, leafy. Flowers white, 
spurless, in 1 to 3 rows in a twisted spike. Sepals and petals all 
narrow, erect, or more or less connivent. Lip sessile or with a short 
claw, the lower portion embracing- the column and bearing a minute- 
callose protuberance on each side, the upper portion spreading and 
wavy-crisped. Column short, obliquely inserted on the ovary, bear- 
ing the stigma on the front and the sessile or short-stalked erect 
anther on the back. Capsule erect. (Greek speira, spiral, and 
anthos, flower, in allusion to the twisted inflorescence.) 

Perianth 4 to 6 lines long; callosities at base of lip minute 

1. S. Romanzoffiana. 
Perianth 3 lines long; callosities at base of lip nipple-like and pointing 
downward 2. 8. porrifolia. 

1. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Glabrous, 5 to 16 in. high; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 7 in. long, 4 to 8 lines wide; spike dense, 3 in. 
long, the flowers in 3 ranks; bracts conspicuous, ovate, abruptly 
subulate-pointed, 5 or 6 lines long; perianth 4 to 6 lines long, curved, 
the sepals and petals connivent; lip recurved, broader at base, con- 
tracted below the narrower rounded summit; callosities smooth, often 
not obvious. 

Wet meadows or marshy places in the mountains: Marin and 
Sonoma Cos. northward to Mt. Shasta; high Sierra Nevada. July- 
Aug. 

2. S. porrifolia Lindl. Similar in habit to the preceding; stems 
1 ft. high or more; flowers smaller and spike narrower; perianth 3 
lines long; callous protuberances at base of lip nipple-like and 
pointing downward. 

Little known species: Marin Co., ace. to Behr; upper Sacramento 
Valley on the eastern side, Hartweg. 

5. GOO DYER A E. Br. Kattle-snake Plantain. 

Scapes erect, bearing a few sheathing scale-like leaves, a terminal 
spike, and at base a cluster of petioled white-reticulated leaves. 
Kootstock creeping, with fleshy roots. Flowers white, similar to 
Spiranthes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the 
petals into an erect galea. Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire and without 
callous thickenings at base. Anther without a lid. (John Goodyer, 
British botanist.) 

1. G. Menziesii Lindl. Plants 11 to 15 in. high, glandular- 
pubescent, especially the scapes and inflorescence; leaves thickish, 
rosulate, oblong-ovate, acute at both ends, reticulated with white or 
light-colored veins or markings, 1\ to 1\ in. long, on petioles \ to f 
in. long; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; spike about 5 in. long. 

Woods near the coast from Marin Co. (Lagunitas Creek and Bear 
Valley near Olema) northward; Shasta Springs; Sierra Nevada. 
July-Aug. 

6. CALYPSO Salisb. 

Low herb with a corm and coral-like roots. Stem scape-like, 



134 ORCHID ACE^E. 

1-flowered, sheathed by a few scale-like leaves and with a single 
petioled leaf at base. Flowers large, showy, terminal, bracted. 
Sepals and petals similar and equal; lip sac-like, with 2 short spurs 
below the expanded apex. Column broadly winged, almost oval, 
concave, and petal-like; anther hemispherical, borne just below the 
summit, opening by a lid. (Named for the nymph Calypso in 
Homer. ) 

1. C. boreal is Salisb. Calypso. Stem 4 or 5 in. high, the 
sheathing scales 1 to 2 in. long; leaf ovate, cordate or truncate at 
base, 1\ to 2\ in. long; petioles | to 1£ in. long; flower on a drooping 
pedicel; sepals and petals rose-purple, sometimes pale, linear- 
lanceolate, 9 lines long; lip as long or slightly longer, ovate-inflated, 
reddish-brown and mottled, the terminal expanded portion with 3 
hairy ridges at base running towards the spurs. 

Bogs or in leaf-mokl in the redwood forests from Mt. Tamalpais 
and Cazadero to Mendocino Co. and northward along the coast. 
Mar. Flowers resembling those of the Lady's Slipper. 

7. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Coral-root. 
Brownish or yellowish saprophytes or parasites, destitute of green 
herbage, and with branching toothed coral-like roots. Stem scape- 
like, the leaves reduced to scales, and bearing the flowers in a 
terminal raceme. Perianth segments oblong or lanceolate, nearly 
alike, ours 3-nerved. Lateral sepals united at base with the foot of 
the column, forming a short spur which is adnate to the summit of 
the ovary. Lip 1 to 3-ridged. Column 2-edged, slightly incurved. 
Anther terminal, opening by a lid. Pollen-masses 4, soft-waxy. 
Capsules reflexed. (Greek korallion, coral, and rhiza, root.) 

Perianth 3 or 4 lines long, the lateral sepals spurred at base; lip 3-lobed, the 

middle lobe largest ...••• 1. C. multiflora. 

Perianth 6 lines long; spur none; lip entire 2. C. Bigelovii. 

1. C. multiflora Nutt. Stems 8 to 13 in. high; raceme 2 to 4 in. 
long; flowers whitish, tinged or veined with purple; sepals and petals 
3-nerved, 3 or 4 lines long; lateral sepals united at base with the foot 
of the column forming a short (1 line long) spur which is adnate to 
the ovary; lip mostly purple, broadly ovate and somewhat convex, 
3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side; lateral lobes narrow and acutish; 
middle lobe large and rounded or notched with involute or denticu- 
late margin; raceme loose, 3 to 10 in. long; capsules f in. long. 

Shade of woods in the seaward or middle Coast Kanges: Oakland 
Hills; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. St. Helena. 

2. C. Bigelovii Wats. Stems 12 to 15 in. high, with 3 or 4 
sheathing leaves; sepals and petals somewhat flesh-colored, striately 
3-nerved with purple or reddish-brown lines, about 6 lines long; 
lateral sepals oblique; lip quite entire; base of the column (opposite 
lip) prominently gibbous over the ovary; capsule 6 to 9 lines long. 

Mountain woods of the Sierras and alone; the coast. 



SALIC ACE^E. 135 



DICOTYLEDONS* 

Vascular bundles arranged in a circle around a central pith, the 
stem when perennial increasing in size by means of a cambium ring. 
Leaves with netted veins. Parts of the flower commonly in fours or 
fives. Embryo with 2 cotyledons. 

CHORIPETAL.E. 

Corolla present or absent; when present consisting of distinct 
petals. 

14. SALICACE/E. Willow Family. 

Trees and shrubs with simple alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers 
dioecious, arranged in aments (catkins), these falling off as a whole, 
the staminate after anthesis, the pistillate after the ripening of the 
fruit and dispersion of the seeds. Bracts of the ament scale-like. 
Perianth none. Stamens 1 to several. Ovary 1-celled; stigmas 2. 
Fruit a 2-valved capsule, enclosing many seeds furnished with a tuft 
of hairs at base. 

Bracts entire or merely denticulate; flowers without disk; stamens in ours 1 to 
5; stigmas .-hort 1. Salix. 

Bracts fimbriate or lacerate; flowers with a broad disk; stamens numerous; 
stigmas elongated, conspicuously dilated 2. Poptjlus. 

1. SALIX L. Willow. 
Leaves mostly narrow, short-petioled. Buds covered by a single 
scale. Aments (catkins) mostly erect, appearing before or with the 
leaves; bracts entire or merely denticulate. Stamens (in our species) 
1 to 5, accompanied by 1 or 2 little glands. Pistillate flowers with a 
gland at the base of the ovary. Stigmas short. (Classical Latin 
name of the Willow.) 

Stamens 3 or more; aments terminal on leafy branches; bracts of the pistillate 
ament pallid or greenish, falling before the fruit matures; bark of trunks 
rough and fissured; leaves serrulate; trees. 
Petioles not glandular. 
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, long pointed, green on both surfaces; stipules 

semi-cordate, acuminate, sometimes deciduous . . . . 1. S. nigra. 
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale or 

glaucous beneath; stipules commonly none 2. S. Imvigata. 

Petioles glandular near the blade; leaves lanceolate, long-pointed, often pale 
or glaucous beneath; stipules semi-orbicular, mostly conspicuous .... 

3. S. lasiandra. 
Stamens 2, rarely 1; bark smooth. 

Aments terminal on short leafy branchlets; bracts pallid, often falling before 
the ament matures: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or serrulate; 
occurring mostly as shrubs in our district. 
Leaves silky pubescent on both surfaces; stigmas large, sessile 

4. S. fluviatilis 
var. argyrophylla. 

Leaves green on both surfaces and more or less glabrous; style short but 

obvious; stigmas linear ft. &. sessilifolia. 

Aments terminating very short leafless lateral hranchlets: bracts dark-colored 
at apex, persistent in fruit; bark smooth; leaves entire; small trees or 
shrubs. 



136 SALICACE.E. 



Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, pale or gray-pubescent beneath; ovary and 

capsule glabrous ■ • ■ 6. S. lasiolepis. 

Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate to oblanceolate and 
Pubescent beneath, at maturity glabrate; pi>tillate aments oblong, }4 to 
% in. long; stigmas divided into 2 linear lobes . . . . 7. S. Nuttaltii 

var. brachystachys. 

Lustrous-silky beneath; pistillate aments slender, 2 in. long; stigmas 

oblong, entire or nearly so 8. S. Silchensis. 

1. S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Kiver Willow. Tree 
20 to 30 ft. high; bark rough and dark; branchlets brittle at the base; 
mature leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, often 
falcate, serrulate, 4 to 6 in. long, on petioles f in. long, green on both 
surfaces; stipules semi-cordate, acuminate or minute or early decidu- 
ous; aments (catkins) becoming rather lax; bracts obovate, yellow, 
more or less villous below the middle, sometimes slightly dentate; 
stamens 3 to 5; ovary ovate; capsule reddish-brown. 

River and slough banks of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. 

2. S. laevigata Bebb. Bebb Willow. Tree 30 to 40 ft. high; 
branchlets one winter old reddish-brown; young leaves mostly oblong, 
disposed to be broadest above the middle, but very variable, entire, 
soon becoming serrulate; stipules small and caducous or represented 
by minute glands; mature leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 
serrulate, green and shining above, pale or conspicuously glaucous 
beneatb, 4 in. long, nearly 1 in. to 1J in. broad, on petioles 4 lines 
long, the smaller oblong, 1£ in. long, all mucronate; staminate 
aments erect or pendulous, commonly flexuous, 2£ to 3£ in. long; 
bracts closely imbricated, more or less elliptic, woolly at base, 
glabrous and pallid towards the apex, 2 to 4-toothed at apex; stamens 
5 or 6, elongating after dehiscence begins, less than twice the length 
of the bracts when fully grown; anthers chrome-yellow; filaments 
hairy below; capsule brown, 2 to 2\ lines long. 

Coast Ranges: Berkeley; York Creek, St. Helena; Howell Mt. 
Sierra Nevada. Mar. 15-Apr. Dr. Anderson of Santa Cruz calls 
this "Spotted-leaf Willow." 

3. S. lasiandra Benth. Western Black Willow. Tree 30 to 
45 ft. high, the trunk with brown roughly fissured bark; branchlets 
one winter old yellowish; young leaves mostly lanceolate, glandular- 
serrulate with suborbicular stipules; petioles glandular at the upper 
end; mature leaves lanceolate with long tapering point, 4 to 7 in. 
long, | in. wide; stipules on vigorous shoots conspicuous, 5 to 12 
lines broad; aments (catkins) on leafy peduncles; staminate aments 
1^ to 3 in. long, straight; bracts thin, oblong, nearly or quite glabrous 
on the back, hairy at base, entire or often minutely toothed at the 
acute apex, 1£ lines long; stamens 5 or 4, anthers pale-yellow; pistil- 
late aments 1£ to 2\ in. long; bracts acute, mostly minutely toothed; 
pistil pedicellate; capsule reddish-yellow, 3 lines long. 

A common tree on river banks and along creeks and ravines, com- 
monly associated with S. lasiolepis but, unlike that, rarely deserting 
living streams. Mar. Staminate bracts often reddish-brown on the 
back at apex; stamens varying from 5- to 9 ace. to Sargent. 



WILLOW FAMILY. 137 

4. S. fluviatilis Nutt. var. argyrophylla (Sarg.). Sand-bar 
Willow. Shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high; leaves linear, acute or acuminate, 
2 to 3 in. long and 1 to 2 lines wide, sessile or nearly so, lustrous- 
silky when young, more or less glabra te in age, entire or obscurely 
denticulate; stipules early deciduous; aments (catkins) linear, borne 
on lateral leafy branchlets of the season, often clustered; bracts 
yellowish, villous, deciduous; capsule shortly pediceled, usually 
tomentose; stigma large, sessile. — (S. longifolia Muhl. of Bot. Cal.) 

Very common in beds of arroyos and rivers, forming dense clumps 
on sand and gravel bars. Lower Sacramento; Alameda Co., etc. 

5. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Very similar to the last; leaves narrowly 
lanceolate, green on both surfaces, pubescent or more or less glabrous; 
stipules acute; bracts oblanceolate, villous; capsules mostly tapering 
to a beak, sessile or nearly so, densely pilose when young; style short 
but distinct; stigmas deeply bind with linear lobes. i 

Very common along rivers and in stream beds, in the Coast Ranges 
and Sacramento Valley. 

6. S. lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow. Shrub or tree, 10 to 
18 ft. high; mature leaves oblong or slightly broadest above the 
middle, obscurely serrulate, dull green above, gray pubescent beneath, 
^ to f in. broad, 2 to 3 in. long on petioles 2 to 5 lines long; aments 
appearing before the leaves, densely silky tomentose in the bud, 
suberect; staminate aments f to 1J in. long, stamens 2; pistillate 
aments 1 in. long or less, in fruit 2 in. long or somewhat more. 

Coast Ranges and Lower Sierras: the most common willow, filling 
river and creek beds and following dry gulches to their sources in the 
hills. Feb. 

7. S. Nuttallii Sarg. var. brachystachys Sarg. Tree 25 ft. high 
with a trunk f to 1} ft. in diameter or a shrub only 4 to 8 ft. high; 
the branchlets commonly with very dark bark; leaves broadly obovate 
or oblong-obovate, 1 to 1| in. long; staminate aments \ to 1^ in. long, 
its bracts obovate, rounded, black or black-tipped, hairy-pubescent, 
those of the female flower similar; stamens 2, long exserted; pistillate 
aments oblong, \ to f in. long or in fruit 1^ in. long; ovary short- 
silky; stigmas divided into linear lobes, seeming as if 4; capsule less 
silky than the ovary. — (S. flavescens Nutt.) 

Coast Ranges near the coast, on mountain sides. Flowering in 
winter. In the Oakland Hills it grows in clumps about springs or in 
moist hollows on north slopes, and is very straggling and ancient 
looking. The author is indebted to Mr. Harry A. Dutton of Stanford 
University for a note on its occurrence as a tree in the Santa Cruz 
Mountains. 

8. S. Sitchensis Sanson. Velvet Willow. Arborescent or 
shrubby, 15 to 25 ft. high; leaves oblong-ovate to oblanceolate, acute 
or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, densely tomentose and lustrous- 
silky beneath, dark-green and almost glabrous above, 2 to 4 in. long, 
sometimes, especially toward the south, very thick and leathery; 
staminate aments slender, white or silky with very long hairs which 



138 SALICACE^. 

at first quite conceal the body of the anient; stamens 1 or 2; bracts 
spatulate, rounded at apex, yellowish or pallid; pistillate aments very 
slender as compared with the last species, 2 in. long or in fruit 3 in. 
long; bracts somewhat shorter and broader than in the staminate, 
more acute; stigmas short-oblong, entire or nearly so. 

Along stream banks, from Santa Barbara to Wright's, Santa Cruz 
Mountains; Lagunitas Creek, Marin Co. and northward. Mar. 

2. POPULUS L. Poplar. 
Trees with scaly buds and caducous stipules; leaves long-petioled, 
broad. Aments (catkins) appearing before the leaves, in ours pendu- 
lous, sessile or nearly so; bracts fimbriate or lacerate, caducous. 
Stamens inserted on the surface of a concave, often oblique, disk. 
Ovary more or less surrounded by a disk; style short, stigmas 2 to 4, 
narrow and elongated or in ours conspicuously dilated. Capsule 2 to 
4-valved. Coma of the seeds usually very long and conspicuous. 
(Classical Latin name of the Poplar.) 

Leaves deltoid-orbicular, broader than long, green or yellowish-green, alike on 

both faces 1. P. Fremonti. 

Leaves longer than broad, ovate, green above, rusty or silvery beneath .... 

2. P. trichocarpa. 

1. P. Fremonti Wats. Common Cottonwood. Tree 30 to 50 
ft. high with a broad crown of wide-spreading branches; young twigs 
straw-colored; leaves deltoid-orbicular, broader than long, the margin 
crenate or sinuate crenate but entire at the abruptly short-pointed (or 
rarely obtuse) apex and at the truncate or subcordate base, 2 to 4 in. 
broad, 1| to 3 in. long, green or yellowish-green on both surfaces; 
staminate aments 1 to 1£ in. long, densely flowered, stamens on an 
entire disk, CO to 80, with dark red anthers; pistillate aments 2 in. long, 
loosely flowered; ovary crowned with three roundish stigmas and sur- 
rounded at base by a membranaceous disk which is persistent under the 
capsule; fruiting aments 4 or 5 in. long; capsules on pedicels 2 lines 
long, ovate, obtuse, minutely rough-tuberculate or transversely ridged, 
4 to 5 lines long, 3 or 4-valved; seeds 1 line long, with an abundance of 
long white hairs which cover the mature ament with a dense soft 
cottony mass. 

Common in interior valleys, along creeks and rivers, throughout 
California; not seen in the seaward or middle North Coast Kanges 
within our limits. 

2. P. trichocarpa Hook. Black Cottonwood. Tree 20 to 30 
ft. high with a rather broad head of upright branches; leaves ovate or 
broadly oblong-ovate, round at base, acute at apex, serrulate, dark- 
green and shining above, rusty or silvery beneath, 2 to 3£ in. long on 
petioles 1 or 1J in. long or less; staminate aments 1 to 1^ in. long, 
stamens on an oblique disk 40 to 60, with light-purple anthers; 
pistillate aments loosely flowered, 2£ to 3 in. long; ovary crowned by 
three dilated deeply lobed stigmas; fruiting ament 4 to 5 in. long; 
capsule nearly sessile, 3-valved; seed 1 line long, with long lustrous 
white hairs. 



BETULACEiE. 139 

Sierras at considerable elevations. An infrequent tree in the Coast 
Ranges of middle California: Mitchell Canon, Mt. Diablo; San 
Leandro Creek; Carnadero Creek, near Gilroy, Jepso?i; no other 
localities in the Bay Region hitherto recorded; noted near the Moun- 
tain House on the Round Valley road from Ukiah and at occasional 
stations northward but rarely. Winter buds over £ in. long, very 
slender and long-pointed. Sometimes called "Balsam Cottonwood." 

P. tremuloides Michx., the Aspen of the High Sierras, has 
round-ovate leaves, crenulate or almost entire, abruptly acuminate, 
1 to 1^ or 2 in. long; 7 to 10 stamens; and linear stigmas. 

15. BETULACE/E. Birch Family. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate petioled simple leaves, caducous 
stipules, and small flowers in linear or elongated clustered aments. 
Staminate aments pendulous, the flowers in clusters of 3 in the axil of 
each bract, consisting of a membranous 4-parted calyx and 2 to 4 
stamens. Pistillate aments much smaller, erect, spike-like, the 
flowers 2 in the axil of each bract, without perianth, consisting of a 
pistil with two styles and a 2-celled ovary with 1 ovule in each cell; 
fruit a small compressed 1-seeded nut which is margined or winged. 

1. ALNUS L. Alder. 
Our trees with toothed leaves and aments which appear in the 
autumn of the year previous to their flowering and pass the winter 
naked. Bracts of the staminate anient dilated above with the apex 
abruptly upturned, each covering 4 bractlets. Pistillate aments 
woody and cone-like when mature, the bracts and bractlets united 
and persistent. (So called on account of the trees growing along 
streams, the name derived from the Celtic through the Latin.) 

Bracts of staminate ament acute; stamens 4 1. A. Oregana. 

Bracts of staminate ament obtuse; stamens 2 to 4 2. A. rhombifolia. 

1. A. Oregana Nutt. Red Alder. Tree 30 to 45 ft. high, the 
limbs long and straight and the ultimate branchlets mainly few; 
trunk usually ^ to 1J ft. in diameter, gray or almost white and often 
mottled; leaves broadly ovate, 2 to 6 in. long, more or less pubescent 
and often rusty beneath; the margin irregularly serrulate and some- 
times more or less revolute, the teeth callous-tipped and mostly 
triangular or blunt; staminate aments 3 to 5 in. long; bracts acute; 
stamens 4, filaments less than 1 line long, the' anthers brick-red; 
pistillate aments 6 lines long; cones oblong-ovate, f to 1 in. long; 
bracts with the apices turned abruptly upward and, therefore, slightly 
tabular at summit; nutlets winged, 1 line long. — (A. rubra Bong.) 

Bottoms of canons along streams in the Coast Ranges throughout 
the State. Feb.-Mar. 

2. A. rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder. Tree 20 to 35 ft. 
high with trunk of a light-gray or ashy color, mottled with large 
blotches, the limbs often ultimately much branched and becoming 



140 CORYLACE^E. 

finely twiggy; leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to elliptic, 1 to 4 in. 
long, serrulate as in the last, but the teeth narrower and often salient, 
or else very low; staminate aments 3 to 4 in. long, more slender than 
in the preceding; bracts obtuse; filaments often more than 1 line long; 
pistillate aments 2 or 3 lines long; cones broadly oblong, i to f in. 
long, the bracts with a straight or only slightly upturned point; seeds 
slightly larger that in the last, acutely margined. 

Sierra Nevada, and from the banks of the Sacramento River west- 
ward through the Coast Ranges to the ocean. Jan. -Feb. Our only 
other species, A. tenuifolia Nutt., forms shrubby thickets at 6,000 to 
7,000 ft. altitude in the Sierras. 

In the genus Betula, the stamens are 2 with forked filaments (each 
fork bearing an anther cell); the bracts in the pistillate anient fall 
from the axis when the cone is ripe, and the nutlet is broadly winged. 

B. occidentals Hook., Western Birch; leaves \ to 1£ in. long. — 
High Sierras and Humboldt Co. northward to Siskiyou Co. 

B. glandtjlosa Michx.; a low bush with leaves £ to 1 in. long. — 
Plumas Co. and northward. 

16. CORYLACE^E. Hazel Family. 

Shrubs or bushes with alternate simple leaves. Staminate flowers 
in aments without perianth. Pistillate flowers in a short spike, 2 to 
each bract and with small bractlets which become much enlarged and 
foliaceous, forming a tubular involucre enclosing the nut. 

1. CORYLUS L. Hazel. 

Leaves broad, thin, serrulate or incised. Staminate aments (cat- 
kins) pendent, cylindrical, single or fascicled, from scaly lateral buds, 
the pistillate clusters of flowers terminal and lateral on the same 
branchlets. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Staminate flower 
consisting of 4 (seemingly 8) stamens with forked filaments, each fork 
bearing one cell of an anther, the undivided portion of the filament 
cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale or bract of the 
ament. Pistillate flowers several in a scaly bud, two to each bract, 
each flower with a posterior and anterior bractlet, these very small 
but conspicuously laciniate-fringed; perianth minute, adnate to the 
ovary and without limb; style short; stigmas elongated and slender. 
Nut ovoid or oblong, large, bony, enclosed in a leaf-like involucre 
formed of the enlarged bractlets. (Name said to be from korus, a 
helmet, in reference to the involucre.) 

1. C. rostrata Ait. var. Californica A. DC. California Hazel. 
Commonly 6 to 10 ft. high; leaves broadly obovate, ovate or oval, 
glandular-pubescent or villous, 1£ to 2\ in. long; bract or scale of the 
ament with its terminal portion abruptly turned upward; filaments, 
save for the forked portion, obsolete or not evident, so that the stamens 
are apparently 8 instead of 4; anthers with a sparse tuft of hairs at 
apex; involucre densely hispid, prolonged beyond the nut into a 
laciniately-fringed beak 1 in. long; nut 6 lines long. 



CUPULIFERJE. 141 

Common in the hills, especially along streams. Feb. -Mar. The 
staminate aments appear as early as Sept. of the year preceding 
anthesis. 

17. CUPULIFERyE. Oak Family. 

Trees or shrubs with alternate and simple leaves and promptly 
deciduous stipules. Flowers monoecious, apetalous, appearing with 
the leaves in deciduous species. Staminate flowers in aments (cat- 
kins'); stamens 4 to 12 in the 4 to 6-parted calyx. Pistillate flowers 
solitary or spicate; calyx adherent to the 3-celled 6-ovuled ovary, the 
minute teeth crowning the summit; ovary or ovaries surrounded by an 
involucre which forms a cup furnished externally with scales or spines. 
Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded nut or acorn, only one ovule maturing, the 
remaining ovules and the other two cells abortive. 

Involucre 1-flowered, becoming a scaly cup 1. Quercus. 

Involucre 1 to 3-fiowered, becoming a spiny bur 2. Castanea. 

1. QUERCUS L. Oak. 
Trees, or sometimes low shrubs, with greenish or yellowish flowers. 
Staminate aments slender and naked, pendulous (in one species erect), 
one or several from a scaly bud of the previous season; bracts cadu- 
cous; calyx 2 to 8-parted or lobed; stamens variable, 3 to 12. Pistil- 
late flowers solitary or somewhat scattered, borne on shoots of the 
season, consisting of an ovary with 3 (4 or 5) styles or sessile stigmas, 
surrounded by a scaly involucre which becomes the woody cup of the 
fruit. Seed with thick fleshy cotyledons; rudiments of the 5 remain- 
ing ovules often discernible at the base or top of the nut. (Latin 
name of the Oak.) 

Staminate aments pendulous, borne below the pistillate; filaments not longer 
than the anthers; siigmas dilated. 
Bark • ale, wood nearly white; stamens mostly 6 to 9; stigmas sessile or nearly 
so; abortive ovules mostly basal.— White Oaks. 
Acorns maturing the first year, the nut glabrous on the inner surface. 
Trees; leaves deeply or shallowly sinuate-pinnatifid, falling in the autumn, 
their lobes or teeth obtuse, rarely bristle-pointed. 
Calyx-lobes ovate, acute; nut conical, elongated, 1% to 2 in. long .... 

1. Q. lobata. 
Calyx-lobes laciniately cut. 

Nut oval or oblong, i to 1% in. long; leaves mostly 4 to 6 in. long. . . . 

2. Q. Garryana. 
Nut broadly oblong, % to 1% in. long; leaves mostly 2 to 3 in. long. 

3. Q. Douglasii. 
Shrub; leaves not lobed, persisting until after the appearance of those of 

the following year 4. Q. dumosa. 

Acorns maturing the second year, the nut tomentose on the inner surface; 
evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves oblong, entire, or spinose-dentate. 

5. Q. chrysolepis. 
Bark dark, wood reddish; stamens 4 to 6; stigmas on long styles; inner surface 

of nut silky-tomentose; abortive ovules toward the top of the fruit.— 
Black Oaks. 
Acorns maturing the first year, ovate, elongated; leaves persisting until the 
appearance of those of the following year in Mar. and Apr 

6. Q. agrifolia. 
Acorns maturing the second year. 

Leaves mostly oblong, dentate or entire, persistent until the second sum- 
mer or autumn; nut slender, tapering 7. Q. Wislizenii. 



142 cupulifer^:. 

Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the teeth bristle-pointed, falling in the autumn; 

nut oblong, obtuse 8. Q. Californica. 

Aments erect and androgynous (with the pistillate flowers at base and the 
staminate flowers above), or wholly staminate; filaments several times 
longer than the small anthers; stigmas linear; fruits maturing in the second 
year; evergreen tree 9. Q. densiflora, 

1. Q. lobata Nee. Valley Oak. A graceful tree commonly 40 
to 60 ft. high, in typical form broader than tall, with long pendulous 
branches sometimes sweeping the ground; leaves oblong or obovate, 
shallowly or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid with entire or toothed lobes, 
green and nearly glabrous above, pale beneath with a fine close 
indument and conspicuously yellow-veined, 1\ to 4 in. long; staminate 
aments 2 to 3 in. long, the calyx-lobes 6 to 8, externally pubescent, 
stamens 8 or 9; pistillate flowers mostly solitary and sessile; acorns 
sessile or subsessile; mature nut long-conical, 1^ to 2 in. in length, at 
first bright-green, later chestnut-brown; cup deep-hemispherical, 
strongly tuberculate. 

The largest and most beautiful West-American oak, sometimes 80 
to 100 ft. high and 8 to 20 ft. in trunk diameter. The main stem 
commonly divides into several wide-spreading branches, which form a 
broad head with graceful drooping sprays. The bark is dark brown to 
ashen-gray and is very deeply fissured into narrow plates. This tree, 
which won the unreserved admiration of all early travelers, is the most 
characteristic oak in the fields and along the water courses of the 
Coast Kange and interior valleys. "Koble" of the Spanish-Califor- 
nians. Apr. Fr. Oct. 

2. Q. Garryana Hook. Pacific Post Oak. Tree 30 to 70 ft. high; 
branches not drooping but rigid and more tomentose-pubescent; 
leaves oblong-obovate 4 to 6 in. long, cuneate or rounded at base, 
shallowly sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes coarser than in the last; calyx- 
lobes of the staminate flowers laciniately cut, slightly ciliate; acorns 
sessile or short-pedunculate; nut oval or slightly obovate, often 
ventricose, 1 to \\ in. in length; cup shallow, cup-shaped or turbinate, 
its scales thin and free or at base thickened and united. 

In the mountains at lower or middle elevations from Santa Cruz 
and Sonoma Cos. northward; a rare tree within our limits, but abun- 
dant in northwestern California. 

3. Q. Douglasii H. & A. Blue Oak. Mountain White Oak. 
Tree usually 20 to 30 ft. high with round -topped head; leaves obovate 
to oblong or oval, bluish-green above, mostly yellowish and pubescent 
beneath, with deep or shallow sinuses, the lobes commonly increasing 
in size from the base upwards or nearly entire, or sometimes with 
spinescent margin, cuneate or rounded at base, mostly 2 to 3, rarely 
5 in. long; staminate aments about 1 in. long, the calyx yellow or 
green, the segments laciniately cut, stamens about 9; acorns sessile or 
short-peduncled; nut broadly oval, often ventricose, f to 1 or \\ in. 
long, or ovate-acute, 1 to \\ in. long and very narrow; cup very 
shallow, thin, with flat or tubercled scales. 

Throughout middle California; most abundant on the dry foothills 
of the Coast Kanges, especially towards the interior, rarely found on 



OAK FAMILY. 143 

the higher mountain slopes or in the valleys. It is exceedingly vari- 
able in the size, outline and lobation of the leaflets, but may be 
recognized even at a distance by the characteristic blue color of the 
foliage whence the common name by which it is most generally 
known. The species was first collected by David Douglas, a success- 
ful and indefatigable Scotch botanist and explorer who visited Cali- 
fornia in 1832. 

4. Q. dumosa Nutt. Scrub Oak. Shrub 5 to 6 ft. high with 
pale gray bark and tomentose branchlets; leaves coriaceous, broadly 
or narrowly oblong, 1 in. long more or less, spinose-serrate and some- 
times sinuate or irregularly incised; staminate aments 3 in. long; 
acorns 2 together or solitary; nut oval, mostly pointed, J to 1£ in. 
long; cup hemispherical, strongly tuberculate at base, scales free 
above with minute hairy tips. 

Common in the higher Coast Ranges south of San Francisco Bay. 
One of the shrubs of the "chaparral." First collected by Nuttall 
near Santa Barbara. 

Yar. bullata Engelm. Mostly 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves thicker, 
rounder, spinescent, but often entire with strongly revolute margins; 
nuts obtuse, cups shallower. — North Coast Range (Knoxville grade; 
upper Conn Valley, Napa River Basin, and elsewhere), rare south 
of San Francisco Bay. 

5. Q. chrysolepis Liebmann. Maul Oak. Tree 30 to 40 ft. 
high, or on exposed mountain summits a shrub 4 to 10 ft. high (in 
such situations often gregarious); leaves oblong or narrowly-ovate to 
elliptical, cordate to cuneate at base, acute or cuspidate at apex, 
mostly entire on old trees, spinose-dentate on young ones or on 
vigorous shoots, pale and glaucous above, fulvous-tomentose or gray- 
pubescent below, at length glabrate; staminate aments 2 to 4 in. long, 
the calyx with 4 to 7 ovate, acute lobes; acorn usually solitary; nut 
oval or ovate, £ to 2 in. long; cup shallow, the tubercles and scales 
almost completely concealed by a close dense tomentum. 

High ridges and canon-walls of the Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. 
Sometimes called "Gold Leaf Oak," from the color of the tomentum 
on the under surface of the leaves. First collected by Hartweg near 
Monterey in 1846. 

6. Q. agrifolia Nee. Field Oak. Encina. Tree with very 
broad low top, 20 to 40 ft. high; on exposed hilltops a small shrub a 
few ft. high, with dark-brown bark; leaves oblong to oval or orbicu- 
lar, entire or sinuate-dentate with spinose teeth, 2 to 1\ in. long; 
staminate aments with the calyx deep-red, at length fading; styles 3, 
4 or 5; nut ovate, elongated, f to \\ in. long; cup turbinate, scales 
thin and membranaceous. 

From Mendocino Co. southward; very common about San Fran- 
cisco Bay. The trunk usually divides a few feet above the ground 
into very wide-spreading branches, which at their extremities often 
rest on the ground. Sargent says of this species, "The valleys and 
low hills of the California coast owe their greatest charm to this oak 
tree, which dotting their covering of vernal green or their brown 



144 CUPULIFER.E. 

summer surface with its low, broad heads of pale contorted branches 
and dense dark foliage, gives them the appearance of incomparably 
beautiful parks." The leaves fall in Mar. and Apr. The flowers 
appear in late March or early Apr. First collected by one of the 
ship's officers of the Malaspina Expedition, which visited Monterey in 
1791. 

7. Q. Wislizenii A. DC. Live Oak. A tree 25 to 40 ft. high, 
in the mountains a mere shrub 4 or 5 ft. high; leaves broadly oblong, 
mostly acute at apex, varying to lanceolate, mostly 1 to 1£ in. long, 
entire, or serrate with spinulose teeth; calyx of staminate anient with 
about 5 shallow lobes, these glabrous, except the ciliate margins; 
stamens 6, sometimes 7 or 5; nut slender, oblong, or elongated- 
conical, somewhat acute, 1 to 1£ in. long; cup turbinate or nearly 
tubular, 6 lines deep; scales of the cup thin, with free tips, oblong, or 
ovate, closely imbricated, mostly pubescent, or glabrous and the 
innermost ciliate. 

Coast Range valleys and foothills, more particularly away from the 
sea, usually reaching its best development along streams, in the 
higher mountains reduced to a low shrub, and sometimes a half- 
hearted associate of the shrubs of the chaparral. The aments from a 
terminal bud or a cluster of buds are often so numerous and in such 
profusion as to transform the appearance of the tree in April or May, 
imparting to the crown a singularly soft and half-billowy yellow-green 
appearauce. First discovered by Fremont in the Sierra Nevada, but 
described from specimens collected by Dr. F. A. Wislizenius, on the 
American River. 

8. Q. Californica Cooper. Black Oak. Kellogg Oak. Tree 
18 to 30 ft. high, taller than broad, the trunk dividing into 
mostly erect branches; leaves when young white-tomentose be- 
neath, more or less pubescent above, in age glabrate, dark-green 
and shining above, yellowish-green below, or the tomentum on the 
lower surface persisting, oblong or elliptic to broadly obovate in 
outline, parted by sinuses into 5 to 7 lobes, these repand-dentate at 
apex, with bristle-pointed teeth, or entire, 2£ to 4 or 7 in. long; 
staminate aments 2 to 3 in. long, the calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed with the 
lobes hairy-pubescent on the outside; stamens 5 to 7, anthers at first 
bright-red. on dehiscence yellow; pistillate flowers in the upper axils 
nf the young shoots, 2 flowers in a cluster; acorn solitary; nut 
broadly oblong, obtuse, 1 in. long; cup deeply hemispherical with 
lanceolate or broadly-ovate thin nearly glabrous scales. — (Q. Kelloggii 
Newberry.) 

A common tree in the foothills and valleys of western middle 
California or occasionally met with (and usually in a small form) on 
high montane ridges. Mar. First discovered by Hartweg near 
Sonoma in 1846. The leaves in some cases are sparingly-lobed or 
toothed or almost entire. The young leaves are often conspicuouslv 
dark-red or purple. In some instances the scales at base of cup are 
tuberculate. 

9. Q. densiflora H. & A. Tan-bark Oak. Becoming a large 



JUGLANDACEiE. 145 

tree, 20 to 60 ft. high, the trunk 2 to 5 ft. in diameter; leaves oblong 
to elliptic-oblong, 2 to 4 or 5 in. long, 1 to 1£ in. wide, serrate or 
entire, rather densely tomentose when young; nerves conspicuous, 
parallel; aments 3 to 5 in. long, tomentose; stamens about 10; cup 
wallow, 8 to 13 lines wide, covered with linear or subulate spreading 
or recurved scales; nut oval, f to 1£ in. long, densely tomentose 
within, at first tomentose without. 

South Coast Ranges near the sea; North Coast Ranges from the 
coast eastward to the Napa Mountains. 

2. CASTANEA L. Chestnut. 

Low stout shrubs or tall trees, ours with evergreen leaves, alternate. 
Flowers monoecious, in erect, unisexual or androgynous aments. 
Staminate calyx 5 to 6-parted, the lobes imbricated in aestivation; and 
the stamens mostly twice as many. Pistillate flowers 1 to 3 in a scaly 
involucre; calyx adherent to the 3-celled ovary; styles 3. Nuts 1 to 
3, enclosed in an involucre which is covered with stout branched 
spines. (Greek castanea, the Chestnut.) 

1. C. chrysophylla Dougl. Chinquapin. Shrubby, 4 to 8 ft. 
high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly narrow at both ends, 
entire, 2 to 6 in. long; aments staminate and androgynous, 2 to 1\ 
in. in length, crowded at the ends of the branchlets; staminate 
flowers 3 in the axils of the ovate bracts; pistillate clusters 1, 2 or 3, 
at the base of some of the lower aments; staminate calyx with a 
minute abortive ovary, 5 or 6-lobed, the lobes shorter than the 
stamens; pistillate calyx oblong-campanulate, shortly lobed and with 
minute abortive stamens; fruit ripening the second season; involucres 
irregularly 4-valved; seed edible.— (Castanopsis chrysophylla A. DC.) 

A low shrub in the Sierra Nevada and on the Coast Ranges about 
San Francisco Bay (Mt. Tamalpais, Oakland Hills, Mt. St. Helena), 
often forming thickets; in northwestern California, near the coast, 
becoming a massive tree 150 ft. high. 

18. JUGLANDACE>E. Walnut Family. 

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules and monoecious 
apetalous flowers. Staminate flowers in lateral pendulous aments 
with an irregular calyx, and several to many stamens. Pistillate 
flowers terminal, 1 to several in a cluster, the 3 to 5-lobed calyx 
adherent to the ovary; styles 2, stigmatic along the inside. Nut of 
the fruit incompletely partitioned, containing a single oily seed, its 
exterior covered with a green and fleshy or at length dry and brown 
husk. Endosperm none. 

1. JUGLANS L. Walnut. 
Bark aromatic and strong-scented, the branchlets hollow, cham- 
bered b}' pithy plates; buds nearly naked, axillary and superposed. 
Leaves odd-pinnate with numerous leaflets, deciduous. Staminate 
flow r ers from wood of the preceding season; calyx irregularly 3 to 

12 



146 mykra< j:j.. 

Globed; stamens 3 to 4<>. Pistillate anient- on terminal peduncle of 
the same season; calyx 4-lobed; ovary inferior. 1-celled. Nut divided 
internally by one true and several false partitions into several incom- 
plete compartments, the seed so lobed as to fit the irregular] ties of 
the cavity. (From Jovis and glans, the nut of Jove.) 

1. J. Californica Wats. California Walnut. Tree 30 to 50 
ft. high; leaves 6 to in. long; leaflets 11 to 15, oblong-lanceolate, 
serrate; staminate aments often in pairs. 3 to 5 in. long:" stamens 30 
to 40, anthers yellow, the connective bifid at the apex: "fruit globose, 
} to 1 in. in diameter. 

Region of the Lower Sacramento and of the valleys about the 
northwestern, base of Mt. Diablo, southward to the 'Sierra Santa 
Monica. 

19. MYRICACE/E. Sweet-gale Family. 

Shrubs with fragrant alternate simple Leaves, without stipules, 
and monoecious or dioecious flowers in oblong or cylindrical aments. 
Flowers solitary and ses>i;e in the axil- of scaly bracts; perianth none. 
Staminate flower with 4 to l'i stamens. Pistillate flower with a 
1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary with 2 sessile filiform stigmas, surrounded at 
base by 2 to 4 small scales or bractlets. Cotyledon- fleshy. 

1. MYRICA L. Bay Berry. 

The only genus. (Name from the Greek murike, the ancient name 
of the Tamarisk.) 

1. M. Californica Cham. Wax Myrtle. Thickly-branched 
evergreen shrub, or small tree, 8 to 14 ft. high; leaves thick, glabrous. 
oblong, or oblanceolate-oblong, tapering above to an acute apex, nar- 
rowed below to a petiole, 2| to 5 in. lono;, remotely serrate, or almost 
entire; flowers monoecious; pistillate aments in the axils of the upper 
leaves, 3 to 5 lines lon<:: staminate aments below, sometimes as much 
as 1 in. long; androgynous aments often occur between, with the 
staminate flowers at the base; staminate flower consisting of 7 or 
10 to 10 stamens, united by their filament- into a cluster longer than 
the scale of the anient; bractlets 2, one on each side of the cluster at 
base, narrowly oblong, hairy at apex; ovary ovate with 2 bright-red 
exserted styles; fruit globose, brownish-purple, covered with a coat 
of whitish wax, 2 lines in diameter, the bractlets at the base minute. 

Sand-dunes, moist hillsides, or rocky declivities near the ocean, 
from Santa Monica northward, along the entire California coast: 
San Francisco, where first collected by Chamisso; Oakland Hills; 
Tiburon; Bolinas Bay. 

My'kica Hartwegi Wats., Sweet Bay, is a deciduous shrub of 
the Sierra Nevada, with dioecious flowers; stamens 3 or 4, shorter 
than the bract; bractlets exceeding the sub-compressed naked fruit. 

20. URTICACE/E. Nettle Family. 
Ours berbs with stinging hairs and stipulate simple leaves. Flowers 



URTICACEJE. 147 

small, greenish, unisexual, arranged in ament-like inflorescences. 

Petals none. Calyx in ours 2 to 4-toothed or -cleft, or of nearly 
distinct segments with as many stamens opposite the lobes, the fila- 
ments coiled or bent inward in the bud so that when released, they 
fly upwards like a spring, scattering the pollen. Ovary superior, 
1-celled. 1-ovuled: style and stigma 1. Fruit an achene. Embryo 
straight. 

Calyx 4-parted, the segments almost distinct, the inner ones largest in the fertile 
'flower and enclosing the achene 1. Urtica. 

Pistillate calyx sac-like, unequally 2 to 4-toothed, enclosing the achene; 
staminatecalyx 4-parted 2. Hesperocmde. 

1. URTICA L. Nettle. 
Annual or perennial herbs with stinging hairs, opposite petioled 
3 to 7-nerved serrate leaves and distinct lateral stipules. Flowers 
in ours monoecious, clustered in axillary geminate racemes or heads. 
Staminate flowers of 4 sepals and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx with 
the sepals unequal, the exterior smaller than the inner and at length 
enclosing the flattened achene; ovaiy with sessile tufted or almost 
feathery stigma, and erect orthotropous ovule. Endosperm scanty. 
(Ancient Latin name.) 

Annual; inflorescence androgynous; stipules very small . ... 1. 17. urens. 
Perennial; inflorescence unisexual; stipules large. 
Herbage dark-green; upper leaves narrowly- to round-ovate, mostly cordate 
at base; stipules broadly oblong to elliptical; near the coast, rare .... 

2. U. Lyallii 
var. CaVfornica. 
Herbage gray; upper leaves ovate-laneeolate. obtuse to truncate at base; 
stipules narrowly oblong; common everywhere 3. U. holosericea. 

1. U. urens L. Small Nettle. Erect and simple or branching 
from the base, 1 to 1| ft. high, leafy to the top; leaves elliptic or 
ovate, coarsely laciniate-serrate, 3 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 in. long, slender 
petioled; stipules short, about 1 line long; inflorescence oblong, rather 
dense, mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androgynous, that is, 
staminate and pistillate mixed in the same cluster. 

Introduced weed. Berkeley. 

2. U. Lyallii Wats. var. Californica. Often branched from the 
base, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage dark green, the stems and foliage some- 
what pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base, coarsely serrate, 
3 to 5 in. long, stipules broadly oblong to elliptical, obtuse, 3 to 6£ 
lines long; flowers in spreading panicles; sepals broadly ovate or 
rounded, obtuse, shorter than the broadly ovate achene, which is § 
line long. — (IT. Californica Greene.) 

Point Reyes Peninsula, Greene a,r\&Jepson; marshes near Tennessee 
Bay, Marin Co., Eastwood; Pilarcitos, Davy. Mar. The species is 
far northern. 

3. U. holosericea Nutt. Creek Nettle. Herbage gray; stems 
strict, unbranched, 4 to 6 or even 10 ft. high; leaves ovate to lanceo- 
late, 3 to 5| in. long, on petioles £ to 1 or 2 in. long, more or less 
pubescent on both faces or the upper surface green and with scattered 
bristles and the lower surface gray; stipules narrowly oblong, acute 



148 POLYGON ACE^. 

or obtuse, 2 to 5 or 6 lines long; flowers in somewhat dense clusters, 
these disposed in mostly geminate (or somewhat paniculately branched) 
axillary racemes 3£ in. long or less, the pistillate inflorescences some- 
what shorter and in the axils above the staminate; stamens twice as 
long as the calyx, their filaments dilated at base; sepals of pistillate 
flower enclosing but scarcely exceeding the achene. 

Very common along streams in the valleys throughout the state. 
Aug.-Sept. 

2. HESPEROCNIDE Torr. 

Annual herbs similar to the last genus, but the pistillate calyx con- 
sisting of a membranous flattened oblong-ovate sac with a minutely 
2 to 4-toothed orifice. (Greek hespera, west or western, and knide, 
a nettle.) 

1. H. tenella Torr. Slender, erect or straggling, 1 or 2 ft. high; 
stems and petioles bristly with scattered hairs, the blades very 
sparsely hispid; leaves thin, ovate, serrately incised, £ to 1^ in. long 
on slender petioles; flowers densely glomerate in the axils, the clusters 
shorter than the petioles; ealyx thin, hispid with hooked hairs, in 
fruit £ to less than 1 line long; achene with minutely roughened 
pericarp. 

Napa Co.; Bushy Knob (southeast of lit. Diablo); and southward. 

Parietaria debilis Forster is unarmed and has alternate entire 
leaves without stipules and a tubular pistillate calyx. — Santa Barbara 
southward. 

21. POLYGON ACE>E. Buckwheat Family. 

Ours herbs or sufFrutescent plants with alternate or opposite simple 
leaves and small regular apetalous mostly perfect flowers. Stamens 
4 to 9, slightly perigynous. Calyx 3 to 6-cleft. Ovary ] -celled, 
bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas and a single erect orthotropous ovule. 
Fruit an achene, triangular in all ours except some species of 
Polygonum and Eriogonum. 

Leaves without stipules. 
Involucre brj.ct-like, 1-flowered, enlarged in fruit, 2-lobed, 2-saccate on the 

buck; leaves opposite, biond 1. Pterostegia. 

Involucre none; calyx involucre-like; leaves linear, in whorls 

2. Lastarri.ea. 
Involucre tubular, campanulate or turbinate; leaves alternate or in whorls 
or radical. 
Involucie one-flowered; teeth of the involucre 3 to 6, cuspidate or awned, 

often hooued 3. Chorizanthe. 

Involucre two to many-flowered and 
Deeply 4 (3 to 5) -cleft, the lobes ben ring bristles or awns, or awnless. . . . 

4. OXYTHECA. 

Four to 8-toothed, the teeth blunt or at least not bristly . . 5. Eriogonum. 
Leaves with sheathing siipuKs, atprnate; flowers without involucre. 
Sepals fi, ihe outer 3 rrflexed in iruit, the inner 3 erect and enlarging; calyx 
closing about the fruit an I persisting as a hardened covering to the 

achene; flowers mostly green ; . . 6. Rumex. 

Sepals 5 (or 4), equal and erect in fruit; flowers mostly colored 

7. Polygonum. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 149 

1. PTEROSTEGIA F. <fc M. 

Very slender weak diffused annuals, dichotomous from the base, 
with opposite leaves. Involucres nearly sessile in the forks and 
terminal, consisting of a single bract, subtending and shorter than 
the solitary sessile flower, rounded and more or less 2-lobed or dentate 
on the margin, in fruit enlarged, scarious and reticulated, loosely 
enclosing the achene and with 2 sac-like gibbosities on the back. 
Calyx 6, rarely 5-parted; stamens 8 or 6. (Greek pteron, a wing, 
and stegia, a covering, in reference to the involucre.) 

1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems commonly several from 
the base usually with a branch at each node, diffuse or straggling, 
from a few in. to 1 ft. long; leaves roundish or broader than long and 
notched once or twice at apex or even cleft, or distinctly fan-shaped 
or obcordate, 3 to 6 lines broad, narrowed at base to a slender but 
mostly short petiole; flower reddish, less than 1 line long; perianth 
segments lanceolate. 

Open woods under Oaks or in the shade of rocky outcroppings: 
Berkeley; Mt. Diablo and southward to Southern California. Sierra 
Nevada. Last of Apr. -May. 

2. LASTARRI/EA Kemy. 

Small fragile annual, diffusely branched from the base. Leaves 
linear, in cauline whorls and in a radical tuft which disappears early. 
Floral bracts in whorls, with hooked awns. Involucre none. Flowers 
sessile in the forks and terminal. Calyx simulating an involucre, 
tubular, 5 to 6-ch-ft to the middle, the teeth with recurved hooked 
awns. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat, with a small membranous 
tooth on each side of the filaments. (Jose Yictorino Lastarria, 1817- 
1888, Chilean publicist and writer on the constitutional history of 
Chile.) 

1. L. Chilensis Kemy. Branches 2 to 4 or 8 in. long; floral 
bracts concealing the flowers; perianth 1 to 1£ lines long. 

Introduced from Chile. Antioch; southward to Fresno and Mon- 
terey Cos. and Southern California. May-June. 

3. CHORIZANTHE R. Br. 

Low dichotomously branched annual herbs of summer, with 
rosulate radical leaves (which disappear early in the dry season). 
Cauline leaves opposite or ternate, frequently reduced and bracteate, 
the bracts sometimes unilateral. Involucres (in ours) 1-flowered; 
tubular or funnel-form, always sessile, 3 to 6-angled or -costate, and 3 
to 6-toothed or -cleft; teeth divaricate, cuspidate or awned, the awns 
very frequently with a hooked tip. Flowers pedicellate or nearly 
sessile, ebracteolate, included within the involucre or the segments 
protruding. Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, often colored, never herbaceous. 
Stamens usually 9 (seldom 3 or 6), adnate to the base of the tube. 
Ovary glabrous. Embryo with inflexed or straight radicle. (Greek 
chorizo, to divide, and anthos, flower, on account of the parted 
perianth.) 



150 POLYGONACEiE. 

Involucral teeth equal or the three alternate shorter. 
Erect plants. 
Calyx-segments equal, nearly distinct; involucre with broad scarious margin 

1. C. membranacea. 
Calyx-segments very unequal, the alternate shorter; involucral margin 

none * 2. C. valida. 

Calyx shortly cleft, segments equal; involucral margin none or scanty . . . 

3. C. robusta. 
Erect or diffuse plants; involucral margins pink or white; calyx shortly cleft; 

segments equal 4. C. Dauglasii. 

Prostrate plains; calyx segments equal. 

Involucre usually margined; stamens 9 5. C.pungens. 

Involucre not margined; stamens 3 6. C. Cleveland/. 

Involucral teeth very unequal, 1 long and 5 very short; prostrate 

7. C. uniaristata. 

1. C. membranacea Benth. Erect, 6 to 12 or 14 in. high, 
unbranched, or oiice or twice dichotomous at the summit of the stem; 
herbage lanate throughout, floceose in age, the upper surface of the 
leaves glabrate; internodes about 2 in. long; leaves £ to 1} in. long, 
linear, sessile, or gradually narrowed into a short petiole; involucres 
condensed into dense head-like cymes, these solitary in the upper 
axils and terminating the branches; margin of the involucre wholly 
scarious between the awned teeth; awns slender, uncinate, and 
strongly divergent; flowers 2 to 3, of these 1 or 2 undeveloped or 
nearly obsolete; calyx-segments distinct, broadly obspatulate with 
long narrow claw. 

Inner Coast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains to Mt. Diablo. 

2. C. valida Wats. Erect, 4 to 6 in. high, once or twice di- or 
tri-chotomously branched; leaves spatulate; involucral teeth or lobes 
hot margined but awned; awns mostly straight; inflorescence similar 
to the preceding; flow T ers pedicellate, partly exserted; calyx segments 
oblong, erose-denticulate, hirsute along the back on the midvein, 
very unequal (the alternate only .] as long). 

Sonoma. Samuels; Potaluma; Russian Kiver. Rarely collected. 

3. C. robusta Parry. Stout, G to 24 in. high, ternately and 
dichotomously branched above, the stem below bearing two or three 
whorls of spatulate leaves, 2 in. long or less; heads large, dense, 
mostly terminal or sub-terminal; involucres with narrow margins or 
none, teeth mostly uncinate, the alternate shorter; calyx cleft | the 
way down, slightly exserted or not at all; segments equal, oblong, 
apiculate. 

Sandy soil at Alameda and near Santa Cruz. Apparently a good 
species but not well marked save by its erect habit and regular 
branching. 

4. C. Douglasii Benth. Erect, with slender diffuse branches from 
the base or more commonly simple below the first or second nodes, 3 
to 10 in. high, pubescent throughout; radical leaves oblanceolate; 
cauline similar but reduced above, 3 to 6 lines long; involucres 
in small loose clusters, each H lines long, densely hairy in the 
furrows, with pink scarious margins and straight or uncinate awns; 
calyx segments apiculate, the alternate often emarginate; hairy on 
the back. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 151 

Santa Cruz Mountains. The var. diffusa Parry (C. diffusa Bentli.) 
lias the cauline leaves all reduced to narrow or very small bracts and 
the margins of the involucre usually white. 

•"). C. pungens Benth. Somewhat slender, villous-pubescent, the 
branches prostrate or at first erect, 2 to 12 or 15 in. long, sub- 
dichotomous; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, i to 1| in. long, oppo- 
site petioles of the cauline leaves 3 lines long, those of the radical 9 
lines or less; bracts linear or subulate acerose; involucres clustered on 
short lateral branchlets 2 to 3 lines long, unequally toothed, the 
alternate shorter: teeth of the involucre scarious margined, strongly 
uncinate: calyx narrowed at base, cleft about £ the way down; seg- 
ments equal, oblong, erose-denticulate at summit, mucronulate; 
stamens 9, unequal, filaments plainly adnate to the lower part of the 
tube; styles slender, equaling the stamens. 

Sand hills. San Francisco Peninsula southward to Monterey. 0. 
cuspidata Wats, is plainly a synonym. 

6. C. Clevelandi Parry. Plants prostrate, branched from the 
base, 4 to 16 in. broad, hairy pubescent; radical leaves ovate-spatulate, 
cauline leaves narrow and pungent; involucre with unequal divergent 
uncinate teeth; outer calyx segments shortly cleft, broadly ovate, 
erose; inner narrow and laciniate; stamens 3. 

Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay, toward the interior: 
Napa and Lake Cos. 

7. C. uniaristata T. & G. Stems prostrate, 2 to 6 in. long, with a 
short soft pubescence; leaves broadly spatulate, the bracts oblanceo- 
late, cuspidate; involucres numerous but rather loosely cymose on 
the branches or sometimes densely clustered; involucral teeth not 
margined but awned; one awn long and straight, the others very 
short and hooked; flowers cream-colored; outer segments of the calyx 
entire, obovate, the inner £ as long, oblona; stamens 3. 

Base of Mt. Diablo, June, 1884, M. K. Curran (the inner calyx 
segments not entire); more common southward: Salinas, Palmer. 

4. OXYTHECA Nratt. 

Slender annuals with the internodes more or less covered with 
stipitate glands and a repeatedly dichotomous inflorescence. Leaves 
in a rosette at base. Bracts foliaceous and more or less connate, often 
in 3's. Involucres few-flowered, more or less distinctly pedicellate, 
campanulate or turbinate, 3 to 5-cleft, the teeth bearing a bristle or 
awn, or awnless. Flowers mostly exserted. Calyx segments equal, 
glandular-pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9. Achene commonly 
lenticular. (Greek oxus, sharp, and theke, case, in allusion to the 
spiny involucre.) 

1. O. hirtiflora (Gray) Greene. About 6 in. high, glandular- 
puberulent; leaves oblong-spatulate, with scabrous ciliate margins 
and a broad red mid-vein; bracts hispid; involucres awnless, turbinate, 
J line long, deeply and unequally 4-lobed, on erect or nodding pedi- 
cels 1 to 3 lines long; flowers 3 to 5, yellowish, tinged with red, J line 
long; achenes triangular, exserted. — (Eriogonum hirtiflorum Gray.) 



\ 

152 POLYGONACE.E. 

Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton, ace. to Greene; Sierra Nevada. 

0. inermis "Wats, lias been doubtfully credited to Mt. Diablo. — 
Bracts 2 or 3 lines long; involucres shortly pediceled, 4-cleft nearly 
to the base, avvnless; flowers rose-color, £ line long; inner segments 
smaller and retuse. 

5. ERIOGONUM Michx. 
Annuals or perennials with radical or alternate or whorled leaves 
without stipules, the upper bract-like. Flowers perfect, involucrate. 
Involucre 4 to 8-toothed or -lobed, several to many-flowered; pedicels 
more or less exserted, intermixed with narrow scarious bracts. Calyx 
G-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens 9, 
inserted on the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas capitate. 
Achene triangular, except in a few species. Embryo straight, in the 
axis of scanty endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. (Greek erion, wool, 
and gonu, knee or joint, the nodes hairy in some species.) 

Involucres turbinate, deeply lobed, the lobes becoming reflexed, disposed in a 

simple or compound umbel, raised on a scape-like peduncle from a leafy 

perennial and more or less woody base; calyx" narrowed to a stipe-like base; 

filaments hairy below. 

Woody base much branched; leaves obovate to oblanceolate; acute, % to 1 

in. long 1. E. stellatum. 

Woody base very short and simple; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate at base, 1% 

to 2 in. long 2. E. compositum. 

Involucres cylindric-turbinate or prismatic, 5 to 6-nerved, with erect teeth, 
always sessile, either disposed in heads in a cymose panicle or umbel-like 
inflorescence or solitary and scattered along the virgate branches; calyx not 
attenuate at base; filaments usually glabrous. 
Peduncles scape-like; involucres capitate-clustered; perennials. 
Heads 1 to 3 or 4, large and terminal, or the peduncle forked and umbel- 
like; bractlets densely villous-tomentose 3. E. latijolium. 

Heads scattered in an ample cymose panicle; bractlets glabrous 

4. E. nailnm. 
Stems parted from the base or above the base into mostly elongated flowering 

branches, along which the solitary involucres are scattered, rarely 2 to 
several in a cluster. 
Perennials, with short woody stems which are densely leafy. 
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute; bracts all small and triangular . . 

5. E. Wrigktii 

var. trachygonum. 
Leaves roundish; lower bracts subfoliaceous .... 6. E. saxatile. 
Annuals; leaves mostly in a rosette at base. 
Inflorescence somewhat umbel-like, the 2 to 4 rays once or twice di- or tri- 

chotomous, or 1 or 2 simple I.E. truncatum. 

Plants for the most part di- or tri-chotomously parted from the base or 

the middle, with the flowering branches much elongated and the 

involucres s attered along them. 

Involucres narrow or turbinate, 1 to 1% lines long; flowers glabrous; 

often diffusely branched. 

Stems and inflorescence glabrous; teeth of the involucre inconspicuous 

9. E. vimineum. 

White-woolly throughout; teeth of the involucre prominent 

8. E. gracue. 
Involucres cylindric, 2 lines long. 
Flowers glabrous; erect and strictly branched . 10. E. virgatum. 
Flowers villous on the outside; more or less umbellately branched, 

sometimes very diffuse 11. E. dasyantfiemum. 

Involucres turbinate, on filiform pedicels; panicle repeaiedly dichotomnus, com- 
monly leafy at the nodes 12. E. angulosum. 

1. E. stellatum Benth. Somewhat tomentose, the leaves densely 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 153 

tomentose on both sides or glabrate above; peduncles naked from a 
diffusely branched woody base, the branches leafy, especially at the 
ends; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute, h to I in. long; peduncle 
naked, 6 to 10 in. high, bearing an umbel of 2 to 4 usually elongated 
and cymosely-divided rays; nodes and lateral rays all leafy-bracted; 
lobes of the involucre nearly as long as the turbinate tube; flowers 
yellow or yellowish, slightly tinged with red on the outside, 2 or 3 
lines long. 

Sierra Nevada. Of infrequent occuiTence in the Coast Ranges; 
summits of 31 1. Diablo, Ml. Hamilton, and Mt. San Carlos, south- 
ward to Southern California. 

2. E. comppsitum Dougl. Peduncles stout, 6 to 16 in. high 
from a simple short caudex; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate at base, '1£ 
to 2 in. long, white-tomentose on the under side, the upper surface 
green and merely woolly-flooculent; petioles long (1|- to 4 in.); umbel 
either simple or compound, the rays 6 to 9, \ to 2 in. long, each 
bearing a short several-rayed umbellet, subtended by whorls of linear- 
oblanceolate leaves; lobes of involucre short; flowers 2 to 4 lines 
long, cream-colored or yellow. 

Mountains of Napa and Sonoma Cos. ace. to Greene; volcanic 
rocks near Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Bolander, and northward. 
Rays often with a blackish band at middle. 

3. E. latifolium Smith. Stout, tomentose throughout, the indu- 
rated caudex with short leafy branches; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, 
oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base, 
rarely cuneate, the margin often undulate and upper surface glabrate 
with under surface very densely woolly; petiole often margined; 
peduncles erect or ascending, 5 to 12 in. high, very stout, not 
fistulous; bracts triangular; involucres very many-flowered, crowded 
into large heads which are either solitary and terminal or few in a 
simple or nearly simple umbel; involucres tomentose, 2 lines long; 
flowers glabrous, light rose-color, 1\ lines long; bractlets densely 
villous-tomentose. 

Rocky or sandy places along the sea-coast from Humboldt Co. to 
Southern California. June-July. 

4. E. nudum Dougl. Tall and slender, sparingly leafy at base, 
mostly glabrous above; leaves broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, J to 2 
in. long, cordate or abruptly cuneate at base, on slender petioles, 
undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate above; 
peduncle (fistulous and sometimes inflated) and the sparingly- 
branched panicle a foot or two high, smooth; involucres 2 or 3 lines 
long, glabrous or nearly so, usually 3 to 6 in each cluster; flowers 
glabrous or sometimes more or less villous, 1 to 1J lines long, white or 
reddish, sometimes sulphur-yellow. 

Common in both the Coast Ranges and Sierras, in the dry foothills 
and at middle elevations. 

Var. oblongifolium Wats. Leaves broadly oblong, 1 to 2£ in. 
long, abruptly contracted to slender petioles 3 in. long; perianth 



154 POLYGONACEJE. 



usually somewhat pubescent on the inner lobes.— Napa C<>., and 
northward. 

5. E. Wrightii Torr. var. trachygonum. Woody base much 
branched, the branches erect, very leafy and 6 to 11 in. high; leaves 
obovate or oblanceolate, acute, white-tomentose on both faces, short- 
petioled, 3 to 6 lines long, often with smaller ones fascicled in the 
axils, or the lowermost twice as long with longer petioles; inflores- 
cence short-peduncled, once or twice dichotomous, the branches erect; 
lower involucres scattered, the upper approximate, campanulate- 
tubular, prominently but obtusely angled and woolly between the 
angles; flowers 2 J lines broad; sepals white with a green midrib, the 
inner longer than the outer. — (E. trachygonum Torr.^ 

•Dry gravel beds of interior streams from Putah Creek, Jepson, 
southward to the Mt. Diablo range, Brewer^ and about Mt. Hamilton, 
Greene. Sept.-Oct. 

6. E. saxatile Wats. Tomentose throughout, becoming floccu- 
lent, 8 to 16 in. high, the base of the peduncles or caudex densely 
leafy; leaves roundish, both sides with a dense, often felt-like 
tomentum, 3 to 8 lines broad, short-petioled ; peduncle 3 to 5 in. high, 
the branches of the inflorescence short and spreading; bracts (espe- 
cially the lower) subfoliaceous, triangular or oblong, acute; involucre 
\\ to 2 lines long, its teeth acute; flowers yellowish or rose-tinted. 2 
Lines long; sepals all spatulate-oblong and carinate, about equal. 

Southern California northward to Mt. Hamilton, ace. to Greene. 
July. 

7. E. truncatum T. & G. Slender thinly tomentose annual 1 ft. 
high, with many stems from the base; leaves obovate or oblong- 
oblanceolate, with undulate margin, 1 in. long, attenuate to a 
slender petiole usually quite as long; peduncle short, bearing a leafy- 
bracted umbel-like inflorescence of 4 to 6 elongated rays, which are 
loosely once or twice di- or tri-chotomous; bracts nearly minute; in- 
volucres solitary or 2 to 4 in a cluster, tomentose, oblong-turbinate. 
2 lines long; flowers light rose-color, 1 line long. 

Drv foothills east of Mt. Diablo, where first collected by Brewer. 
May" 29, 1862. 

8. E. gracile Benth. Floccose-tomentose throughout, somewhat 
strict and narrowly panicled, or more diffuse, 5 to li in. high; leaves 
oblanceolate or broadly oblong, attenuate to a slender petiole, 1 to 1} 
in. long or less, tomentose on both sides or less so above; bracts more 
or less elongated or somewhat foliaceous; involucres 1 line long or 
less, broader above, with rigid acute, and rather prominent teeth, 
often dark brown; flowers white, rose-color or yellowish, •} line 
long. 

Dry plains or valleys; Solano Co., and southward. 

9. E. vimineum Dougl. Glabrous or at least not tomentose, 
unless at the very base, erect, 9 to 18 in. high, much branched from 
near the base, the branches elongated and virgate, with the lower 
commonly in whorls of 4 or 5; lower forks often leafv; leaves orbic- 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 155 

ular to broadly ovate, 3 to 10 lines broad, greenish, reddish, or 
yellowish, white tomentose below; margin undulate, at least in age; 
the petioles as long or longer; involucres very narrow, 1 line long; 
flowers rather few, rose-color, or yellowish, 1 line long; outer sepals 
obovate, inner oblong. 

Common in the Coast Ranges, especially towards the interior. 
Sept. 

Var. caninum Greene (E. Nortoni Greene as to plant of Bay 
Region). Stems numerous from the base, repeatedly di- or at first 
tri-chotomous, procumbent or very diffuse, sometimes erect and 
branching only above the base; inflorescence and stems reddish; 
involucres mostly at the ends of the short branches or sessile in the 
forks.— Oakland' Hills; Tiburon. July-Oct. 

10. E. virgatum Benth. Tomentose throughout, stem slender. 
erect, simple, or the few branches strict, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves 
rosulate at the base, oblanceolate, an inch or two long, on slender 
petioles, the margin usually undulate; involucres rather remote, 
tomentose, cylindric, 2 lines long; bracts lanceolate, shorter than the 
involucres; flowers 1 line long, buff or sulphur-yellow. 

Stream beds of Coast Range rivers and creeks: Putah Creek: 
Kelseyville, Lake Co.; Russian River near Cloverdale; Walnut 
Creek; also in the Sierras. Aug.-Sept. 

11. E. dasyanthemum T. & G. Plants clothed with a thin coat 
of tomentum which is soon deciduous, 1 to 2 ft. high, more or less 
umbellately branching from or near the base, and often very bushy in 
habit; leaves roundish, plane, tomentose below, less so ahove, h to 1^ 
in. long, abruptly contracted to a slender petiole as long or half as 
long; involucres rather remote, cylindric, 2 lines long, tomentose 
between the callous ribs; flowers few, scarcely exserted, white or 
rose-color, densely villous on the outside. 

North Coast Range country towards the interior; Vaca Mountains 
to Clear Lake, where first collected by Bolander and later by Torrey. 
Sept. 

Var. Jepsonii Greene. Lower branches in whorls of 3 to 5; lower 
leaves 2 in. long; panicle ample; flowers deep red. — Gates' Canon, 
Vaca Mountains. 

12. E. angulosum Benth. Gray tomentose or nearly green, 8 to 
14 in. high, diffusely branching: from near the base, and repeatedly 
dichotomoiis, the plants frequently broader than high; branches 4 to 
6-angled; radical leaves roundish to broadly oblong or lanceolate, 
commonly undulate, J to 1 in. lon<r, on rather short petioles; upper 
leaves oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so; invo- 
lucres on filiform pedicels 3 to 8 lines long, mostly in the forks or 
terminal, hemispherical, 1 to 2 lines broad, many-flowered, trlabrous 
or minutely glandular, bractlets mostly firm and dilated; calyx seg- 
ments pink with a red-purple midvein running nearly to the apex, 
£ line long, nearly glabrous; outer segments ovate, concave, the 
inner oblong-lanceolate. 

Common in Southern California and in the Upper San Joaquin 



156 POLYGONACE^. 

Valley northwestward to Monterey; Corral Hollow, Brewer; Tracy, 
Ben). Cobb; Stockton, Parry. Apr. 

6. RUMEX L. 

Weed-like perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, the petioles with 
entire somewhat sheathing stipules. Flowers greenish, reddish or 
yellowish, crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes. 
Calyx of 6 sepals, nearly distinct, the 3 inner larger, petal-like, 
accrescent in fruit and connivent over the aohene, 1 or more of them 
usually hearing a callous grain or tubercle on the back; the 3 outer 
spreading or reflexed. Stamens 6. Styles 3, short; stigmas tufted. 
Achene triangular. Embryo lateral. (Old Latin name used by 
Pliny.) 

Emex australis Steinh., native of South Africa and Australia, is 
adventive on our sea-beaches, ace. to Greene; flowers unisexual; 
pistillate calyx in fruit thick and almost woody and the outer lobes 
thorn-like. 

Flowers dioecious; inner sepals without callous grains, not reticulated and not 

longer than the achene; leaves hastate.— Sorrels. . . 1. R. Acctosella. 
Flowers perfect or andro-moncecious; inner sepals commonly reticulated; in 
fruit becoming much longer than the achene; leaves never hastate.— Docks. 
Inner fruiting sepals entire (or only low-denticulate) and 

Not grain-bearing, 3 to 6 lines long 2. li. occidental is. 

All grain-bearing, or 1 or 2 naked, 1 to 2^ lines long; pedicels jointed near 
the base, recurved or geniculate. 

Leaves strongly undulate, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate 

3. R. crispus. 
Leaves slightly undulate, mostly oblong or ovate ... 4. A'. con?jlomeratus. 

Leaves plane, lanceolate 5. R. saliC'folius. 

Inner fruiting sepals with very prominent slender teeth or bristles, grain- 
bearing. 
Perennial; flowers in dense whorls, the whorls remote. 
Flowering branches divaricate; pedicels jointed in the middle 

6. R. pulcher. 
Flowering branches sub-erect; pedicels jointed near the base 

7. R. obtusifolius. 
Annual; whorls mostly spicate-crowded; pedicels jointed near the base. 

8. R. persicarioides. 

1. R. Acetosella L. Sorrel. Stems tufted, commonly 9 in. high; 
radical and lower leaves hastate, the upper reduced or the branches 
leafless and ending in the reddish (pistillate) or yellowish (staminate) 
panicle; pedicels capillary, as long or twice as long as the flowers; 
staminate flowers 1 line long or less, the pistillate £ as long. 

Introduced. Very common in the seaward Coast Range region, 
propagating freely by creeping roots and often hard to exterminate. 
May. 

2. R. occidentalis Wats. Western Dock. Erect, glabrous, 
stout, and nearly simple, commonly 3 or 4 ft. high; leaves somewhat 
fleshy, oblong-ovate or ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, mostly 
narrowed toward the apex, the blade 16 in. long or 'less, the petioles 
of the radical leaves longer than the blade; panicle strict, mostly very 
dense, 1 ft. long or more, leafless or with a few small leaves below, 
rosy in fruit; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, obscurely jointed below the 
middle; inner fruiting sepals broadly ovate, subcordate. 

Marshes borderino- the bavs. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 157 



3. R. crisp us L. Curly Dock. Stoutish, commonly 2 ft. high; 
leaves bluish-green, veiy wavy-margined or crisped, elliptical to 
oblong-lanceolate, the base often somewhat decurrent upon the petiole, 
10 in. long or less; flowering branches strict, with few leaves, the 
whorls dense and mostly crowded; pedicels twice as long as the fruit, 
tumidly jointed near the base; inner fruiting sepals broadly ovate, 
scarcely cordate, 2 to 2£ lines long, all with smooth callous grains. 

Very common naturalized weed in neglected lands. May-June. 

4. R. conglomeratus Murr. Green Dock. Stems slender, 
mostly clustered, 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate or mostly oblong, 
slightly undulate, 4 in. long, reduced above; flowering branches 
slender, the whorls remote, with a lanceolate or ovate leaf subtending 
every whorl or almost naked; pedicels slender about as long as the 
fruit, tumidly jointed near the base and geniculate; inner fruiting 
sepals oblong, f to 1£ lines long, callous grains mostly 3 and smooth. 

Naturalized. Very abundant in low lands about San Francisco 
Bay, sometimes exclusively occupying several acres. June-Aug. 
The grain is very large, nearly covering the fruiting sepal, leaving 
only a narrow wing; in R. crispus the grain is relatively small and 
the fruiting sepal large. In both of these species the blade is more or 
less decurrent upon the petiole; in R. occidentalis not decurrent. 
R. conglomeratus is a much more slender and a taller plant than 
R. crispus. 

5. R. salicifolius Weinm. Willow-leaved Dock. Com- 
monly tufted, 2 ft. high; leaves plane, glaucous, lanceolate, acute at 
both ends, petiolate, 1J to 4 in. long, including the short petiole; 
flowering branchlets short, about 2 in. long and the lateral mostly 
divaricate; whorls dense, crowded, leafless, or 1 or 2 lower whorls 
remote and leafy; pedicels rather shorter than the fruit, jointed near 
the base and recurved but not geniculate; inner fruiting sepals 
triangular-ovate, 1 to 2 lines long, the callous grains variable in 
number, smooth or pitted. 

Not so common as R. crispus but found throughout California in 
valley lands. May easily be recognized by its glaucous willow-like 
foliage. 

6. R. pulcher L. Fiddle Dock. Stem slender but rigid, 
widely branched above, the branches zigzag; leaves oblong or fiddle- 
shaped, 3 to 5^ in. long, petiolate; flowering branches simple, divari- 
cate, sparsely leafy, the dense whorls remote; pedicels stout, about 
equaling the fruit, tumidly jointed in the middle; inner fruiting sepals 
with 5 to 10 awn-like teeth on each side, one sepal often larger than 
others; callous grain often solitary. 

Common naturalized wayside weed, readily recognized by its zig- 
zag branches. June. 

7. R. obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Tall, slender, 3 ft. high 
or more; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat undulate, 
acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at base, 6 in. long or less, long- 



158 POLYGON AC ILK 

petioled; flowering' branches in a rather strict panicle, leafless or with 
a few little-reduced leaves at the base; whorls loose, not crowded, the 
lower remote, pedicels slender, 1 to 2 times as long as the fruit, 
tumidly jointed toward the base; inner fruiting sepals ovate-deltoid, 
1£ to 3 lines long, with 3 to 5 thin triangular or subulate teeth on 
each side; grain 1 only or with 2 other small ones. 

Introduced species in low lands, rarely collected, perhaps mistaken 
for R. conglomerates. Lagunitas, Marin Co.; Presidio. San Fran- 
cisco; and Alameda Co. July. -Sept. Inflorescence sometimes deep- 
red. 

8. R. persicarioides L. Goldex Dock. Stems prostrate or 
erect, seldom more than 1 ft. high, soft, mostly fistulous; herbage 
yellowish-green, minutely pubescent; leaves oblong or lanceolate, 
truncate or subcordate at base, acute at apex, a little undulate, the 
blade 2 to 4 in. long, rather short-petioled; inflorescence spicate- 
compacted with scattered sub-equal leaves, or the lower whorls remote; 
pedicels capillary, very unequal, tumidly jointed at base; inner fruit- 
ing sepals f to 1£ lines long, acutely produced at apex, with 2 or 3 
awn-like teeth on each side; callous grains 3. 

Shores of lakes or in marshy lands. Mountain Lake, San Francisco: 
Alvarado. J uly- Aug. 

7. POLYGONUM L. 

Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants. Leaves entire, alternate, with 
scarious sheathing stipules ( " sheaths "\ these entire, ciliate or lacerate. 
Flowers white, red, or greenish, on jointed pedicels. Calyx red, 
white, or sometimes greenish, in all ours 5-cleft or -parted, the divi- 
sions erect in fruit. Stamens 4 to 9. Styles 2 or 3. Achene lentic- 
ular or triangular, enclosed in the fruiting calyx. Embryo curved, 
lying in a groove at an angle of the endosperm. (Greek polus, many, 
and gonu. knee, on account of the nodose zigzag stem of many 
species. ) 

Flowers in axillary clusters, either widely separated or crowded into a terminal 
raceme, with ioli teeous bracts; stamens mostly s, the filaments or some of 
them often dilated at base; achene triangular: leaves mostly narrow and 
lanceolate or linear, jointed upon a very short petiole adnate to the short 
sheath of the scarious s ipules— Subgenus Avicularia. 
Perennial and more or le-s suffrutescent. 
Flowers several in a cluster, crowded at the ends of the branches; stipules 
c unpicuously lacerate: leives revolute; stems ascending or prostrate, 

from large woody rootstocks ]. P. Paronychia. 

Flo '.vers 1 or 2 in each axil, less crowded; stipules 2-lobed, the lower lobe 
lacerate; leaves p ane; floweiing stems strictly erect from horizonal or 
prostrate woody branches or from the woody crown of a very strong 

tanroot 2. P. Bolanderi. 

Annuals. 

Prostrate; branches leafy to the ends 3. P. aviculare. 

Erect; leaves diminishing upwards and becoming brae -like, the branches 

terminating in more or less loose spikes A. P. spergulariseforme. 

Flowers spicate, solitary in the axils the internodes very short; stamens 8; 
achene triangular; leaves very narrow, not jointed ?o the lacerate stipule; 
ours slender wiry brittle annuals.— Subgenus Duravia. 

Plants 3 to 7 in. high; flowers in terminal or axillary spikes 

5. P. Calif ornicum. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 15!) 



Plants 1 to 2 in. high, flowering even from the base; loaves] to '_' lines long 

6. P. Parryi, 
Flowers in dense spicate racemes (usually geminate or paniculate), with smnll 

scarious bracts; calyx 5-parted, appressed to the triangular or lenticular 
acheiie; stamens -1 to 8, filaments filiform; leaves ample, not jointed to the 
petiole.— Subgenus Persicari a . 
Racemes solitary or sometimes 2; flowers red; stamens o, exserted: achene 

lenticular; mostly aquatic perennials. 
Sheathing stipules neither fringed at summit nor with a spreading margin. 

Leaves mostly elliptical or oblong; spikes oblong or ovate. y 2 to 1 in. long 

7. P. amphibium. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; spikes more elongated, 1 to 3 in. long 

8. P. Muhlenbergii. 
Sheathing stipules ciliate-fringed at summit and with a spreading foliaoeous 

border 9. P. Hartwrightii. 

Racemes several to many, geminate or more or less paniculate; stamens 6 to 
8, included; achene either lenticular or triangular. 
Sheathing stipules naked in age; racemes often drooping; sepals white or 

flesh-color: stamens 6; annual 10. P'. lapathifolmm. 

Sheathing stipules fringed with bristles; racemes erect. 
Sepals pink, red or greenish; racemes not interrupted; stamens generally 

6; annual 11. P. Pcrt-icaiia. 

Sepals greenish and glandular-dotted; racemes interrupted; stamens 8: 

perennial of marshy places 12. P. punctoium. 

Flowers in loose panicled" racemes; stamens 8; achene triangular; leaves 
cordate; twining plants.— Subgenus Tiniaria. 
Annual 13. P. Convolvulus. 

1. P. Paronychia C. & S. Stems suffrutescent, prostrate or 
ascending, 1 to 3 ft. long; "branches leafy above, below clothed with 
old sheaths; sheaths large, 4 to 6 lines long, brown and 5-nerved, the 
margin freely lacerate above, persistent, the segments becoming hair- 
like in age; leaves linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 or 11 lines long, acute, the 
margin revolute; flowers about 3 in an axil, on short pedicels, densely 
crowded at the ends of the branches in short more or less leafy spikes; 
sepals rose-color, veined with green or brown, 3 lines long, oblong- 
obovate; stamens 8; styles as long as the ovary; achene smooth and 
shining, 2 lines long or more. 

Sandy hills near the coast: San Francisco and northward. 

2. P. Bolanderi Brewer. Taproot woody and strong, either with 
a conspicuous crown or with horizontally spreading or prostrate 
suffrutescent branches 4 or 5 in. long; stems of the season numerous 
and erect, either arising from the woody crown or from the suffrutes- 
cent branches, 5 to 10 in. high, slender, simple, with short strict 
leafy branchlets towards the top; sheathing stipules scarious, 2-lobed; 
the lower lobe finely lacerate, persistent; leaves narrowly linear to 
subulate, acute or cuspidate, 2 or 3 lines long, not revolute; flowers 1 
or 2 in the axils on the branchlets, involucrate with a sheaf-like 
scarious bract on the joint of the very short pedicel, 1| lines long; 
calyx 5-parted; sepals white or rose-color, with a green midrib, oblong- 
ovate, slightly spreading; stamens 8 or 9, included; styles 3-parted; 
achene triangular. 

On rocky outcroppings, mostly in the lowest foothills; known only 
from the Mayaoamas Range and parallel chains: Suscol Hills; Hood's 
Peak; east of Napa City, and northward to the La Jota Plateau on 
Howell Mountain. July-Sept. 



160 POL YGON ACE^E. 

3. P. aviculare L. Wire Grass. Yard Grass. Glabrous 
and green; stems wiry, minutely striate, prostrate, often several ft. 
long, flowering from the base; leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 lines long; 
flowers on very short pedicels, 2 lines broad when expanded; calyx 
cleft into oblong lobes which are white with a green center; stamens 
8, the 3 inner with dilated bases; styles 3, very short; achene ovoid, 
dark brown, minutely granular. 

Naturalized: common in hard, especially beaten soils, and some- 
times in cultivated lands; flowering through the summer into early 
winter. 

4. P. spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, much branched and 
somewhat ditfuse, or sparingly branched and more strictly erect, 4 to 
13 in. high; sheaths with a short mostly scarious base and lacerate 
summit; leaves linear or oblanceolate, at least narrow, 1-nerved, 
acute, 6 to 13 lines long; spikes 4 in. long or less, very slender, the 
flowers much scattered below, crowded above; calyx rose-color or 
white; stamens 8, included, the filaments hardly dilated at base; 
style as long as the ovary, 3-parted. — (P. coarctatum Dougl.) 

Dry hills. Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., ace. to Greene; lower 
slopes of Mt. St. Helena on the Middleton grade, Davy; and north- 
ward to the Mt. Shasta Kegion. Oct, 

5. P. Californicum Meisn. Annual, 3 to 7 in. high; diffusely 
branched just above the base, the stems slender and wiry, the ulti- 
mate branches elongated and floriferous; herbage glabrous, but the 
brownish stems striate and minutely scabrous; leaves linear to filiform, 
cuspidate, 3 to 6 lines long, not jointed to the sheathing stipules which 
are deeply lacerate-fringed and imbricated on the upper portion of the 
very slender and elongated spikes; bracts subulate, 1 or 2 lines long; 
flowers solitary and sessile in each axil; sepals white with rose-colored 
midvein; achene narrowly lanceolate, slightly exserted; styles slightly 
divergent. 

Dry hills from Napa Valley and Lake Co. to northern California. 

6. P. Parryi Greene. Dwarf compact annual, commonly branch- 
ing from base, 1 to 2 in. high; stems rigid and brittle, bearing flowers 
even to the base; leaves narrowly linear, acute, cuspidate, 1 to 2 lines 
long; stipules so extremely lacerate as to appear cottony, and often 
hiding the flowers; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, the bract 
broad, laciniate to the middle; stamens included; style 3-parted; 
achene triangular. 

Sierra Nevada; Coast Ranges, Howell Mountain, ace. to Brandegee, 
and (?) headwaters of the Eel in Lake Co., Jepson. 

7. P. amphibium L. Water Persicaria. Aquatic glabrous 
perennial with stout stems not branching above the rooting base; 
leaves floating, elliptical to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, truncate or 
rounded at base, 2 to 5 in. long on petioles nearly 1 to 2\ in. long; 
sheaths leaf-bearing at about the middle; spike terminal, dense, ovate 
or oblong, \ to 1 in. long, on a commonly short peduncle; calyx 
bright rose-color, \\ to 3 lines long, the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style 
exserted; achene lenticular, smooth. 



BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 161 

Ponds and lakes in the mountains of the Coast Ranges and Sierra 
Nevada and also in sloughs of the interior valleys. 

8. P. Muhlenbergii Wats. Perennial, aquatic or in half dry 
places; leaves and upper portion of the simple stem appressed- 
hirsutulose or scabrous, the peduncle glandular with short hairs; 
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate or even atten- 
uate, usually rounded at base, 3 to 8 in. long, the petioles 1 to 3£ in. 
long; spikes 1 to 3 in. long, often in pairs; calyx rose-color or pink, 
5-parted to the middle; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft; achene 
lenticular. 

Mountain Lake, San Francisco; Healdsburg, Alice King; ranging 
to the interior (sloughs of the Lower Sacramento, Jepson). June- 
Oct. 

9. P. Hartwrightii Gray. Perennial; closely allied to P. 
amphibium but differing in its rough hairy sheaths, which are 
ciliate and usually with an abruptly spreading herbaceous margin; 
leaves mostly narrow, either lanceolate or oblong, 2 to 7 in. long, on 
very short petioles, arising from the middle of the sheath. 

Sierras; in the Bay Region, ace. to Greene. 

10. P. lapathifolium L. Common Knotweed. Annual, com- 
monly stout, 1 to 4 ft. high, branching, glabrous except a very scanty 
glandular pubescence on the peduncles and a scabrous pubescence on 
the leaf-margins; leaves broadly lanceolate, attenuate upward from 
near the base and mostly long-acuminate, cuneate at base and short- 
petioled, 4 to 5 in. long; spikes axillary and terminal, oblong and 
erect or linear and nodding, 1 in. long or more; calyx white or flesh- 
color, 1 line long; stamens 6, included; styles 2 or 3-parted; achene 
lenticular or rarely triangular. — (P. nodosum Pers.) 

Common along streams or in low or marsh land, often whitening 
great areas. Aug. -Sept. 

11. P. Persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Resembling P. lapathi- 
folium but the sheaths and bracts conspicuously ciliate; leaves sub- 
sessile; spikes shorter and erect; stamens generally 6, included; style 

2 or 3-parted. 
Rarely seen. 

12. P. punctatum Ell. Dotted Smart-weed. Perennial", root- 
ing and decumbent at base, erect and branching above, 2 to 5 ft. high, 
glabrous or -the margin of the leaves scabrous; leaves lanceolate to 
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate to a very short petiole, about 

3 in. long; sheaths and the short bracts bristly-ciliate; inflorescence a 
panicle of spike-like racemes, these loose and filiform, 1 to 3 in. long, 
erect on long peduncles; calyx greenish, conspicuously glandular, 
5-parted, 1 line long; stamens 8, included; styles 2 or 3-parted to 
the base; achene lenticular or triangular. — (P. acre HBK.) 

Common in low and especially marshy ground or in moist mountain 
meadows; Howell Mountain. Sept. 

13. P. Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. Twining or trail- 
ing, the stems 1 to several ft. long; herbage glabrous, pale green; 

13 



162 



SAURURACEiE. 



leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate, sagittate at base, acuminate at apex; 
flowers either in axillary clusters or disposed in a raceme; calyx 
5-cleft, in fruit minutely scurfy and closely investing the black 
achene which is 2 lines long. 

Introduced: region of Mt. Shasta; about Berkeley ace. to Greene. 

22. SAURURACE/E. Lizard-tail Family. 

Ours perennial astringent herbs, with nodose scape-like stems and 
alternate entire petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, bracteate, in a dense 
terminal spike. Perianth none. Stamens generally 3 to 6. Ovary 
1-celled, with 1 to 5 stigmas. Fruit a capsule or berry. 

1. ANEMOPSIS Hook. 

Stoloniferous herb with aromatic rootstock and astringent somewhat 
spicy herbage. Leaves mostly radical. Spike conical, surrounded at 
base by a persistent showy involucre of 5 to 8 bracts; each flower 
(except the lowest) also subtended by a small white bract. 'Stamens 
6 to 8. Ovary sunk in the rachis of the spike, 1-celled, with 3 to 4 
stigmas. Capsule dehiscent at the apex. (Greek anemone, and opsis, 
appearance, since the flowers resemble those of Anemone.) 

1. A. Californica Hook. Yerba Mansa. Stems hollow, £ to 
2 ft. high, with a broadty-ovate or elliptic clasping leaf abovethe 
middle and a fascicle of 1 to 3 small petioled leaves in the axil; 
radical leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded above, often somewhat nar- 
rowed toward the cordate base, 2 to 8 in. long, on petioles 5 to 8 in. 
long or less; spikes £ to 1$ in. long; involucral bracts white (or 
reddish beneath), oblong, £ to 1\ in. long; floral bracts obovate, 
Unguicul&te, 2J to 3 lines long; ovules 6 to 10 on each placenta. 

Saline and rather wet places: Collinsville (Sacramento Valley) and 
southward; Walnut Creek; Alameda Marshes; San Jose. May- 
July. Flowers protandrous. 

23. FRANKENIACE/E. Frankenia Family. 

Ours low perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants, with 
opposite entire leaves and no stipules, perfect flowers, a 1-celled 
superior ovary with 2 to 4 parietal placentte, and seeds with a straight 
embryo. 

1. FRANKENIA L. 

Leaves small, crowded and fascicled in the axils. Flowers sessile, 
solitaiy, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming 
somewhat cymose. Calyx tubular, furrowed or almost prismatic, 
4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, appendaged at the very base of the 
blade, the appendage decurrent on the claw. Stamens in ours about 
6 (4 to 7), hypogynous, exserted from the tube. Style in ours 3-cleft, 
included. Capsule included in the persistent calyx, 2 to 4-valved, 
the seeds attached by filiform funiculi to the margins of the valves. 
(Named for I. Frankenius, Swedish Professor of Medicine.) 



« ARYOPilYLLACLYK. 163 

1. F. grandifolia C. & S. Yerka Hkuma. Erect or diffuse, 
slightly woody at base, 8 to 13 in. high, smooth or somewhat pubes- 
cent or short-hirsute, particularly at the nodes; leaves obovate to 
linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, with revolute margins, sessile or 
short-petiolate, the opposite pair mostly united by a somewhat mem- 
branaceous sheathing base; calyx 3 lines long, narrow-cylindrical, 
with acute teeth; petals slightly irregular, pinkish, exserted 1 to l| 
lines, with oblong blade erose at summit; filaments sometimes slightly 
dilated below the middle; capsule linear, angled, shorter than the 
calyx; seeds numerous. 

Common along the seashore, in salt marshes, and on alkaline plains 
of the interior. Flowering through the summer into autumn. 

24. CARYOPHYLLACE^E. Pink Family. 

Herbs of inert properties, with commonly swollen nodes, simple 
and entire leaves always opposite, and regular perfect flowers. Calyx 
persistent. Corolla white, red or pink. Sepals and petals 5 (or 4), 
the stamens as many and alternate with the petals or twice as many, 
rarely fewer. Ovary superior, 1-celled (imperfectly 3-celled in some 
Silenes), with 2 to 5 styles and 1 to many ovules on a free central 
placenta. Fruit a few to many-seeded, 1-celled capsule dehiscent at 
the summit by short valves or teeth (these as many or twice as many 
as the carpels), or 1-seeded and indehiscent, thus becoming a nutlet or 
utricle. Embryo in all ours curved around the periphery of the seed, 
the endosperm occupying the center. 

A. Fruit a capsule. 

Sepals iinited into a 5-toothed tubular or campanulate calyx; petals narrowed 
below into a conspicuous claw; these with the (10) stamens and ovary 
frequently raised above the calyx on a stipe; stipules none; flowers mostly- 
large and showy. 
Styles 2, capsule opening by 4 short teeth; calyx with 5 prominent angles; 

petals not appendaged 1. Vaccaria. 

Styles 3; capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth or valves; claw of the petals com- 
monly bearing scales or appendages at its junction with the blade .... 

2. Silene. 
Styles 5; capsule coriaceous, opening by 5 teeth; calyx-teeth conspicuously 

prolonged; exceeding the large petals, these without appendages .... * 

3. Agrostemma. 
Sepals distinct; petals spreading, without claws or appendages, or in a few 

species wanting; stamens 10 or 5 or fewer; ovary not stipitate; fruit a 
capsule; low herbs. 
Stipules none. 

Petals retuse or bifid; styles 5, opposite the sepals 4. Cerastium. 

Petals parted almost to the base into narrow segments; styles 3 or 4 . . . . 

5. Stellaria. 

Petals entire; styles 3 6. Arenaria. 

Petals entire or slightly emarginate, or none; styles 5, opposite the sepals. . 

7. Sagina. 
Stipules present, scarious (setaceous in no. 11). 
Petals entire; mostly conspicuous for the group. 

Styles 3, distinct; leaves opposite 8. Tissa. 

Styles 5, distinct; leaves apparently whorled 9. Spergula. 

Petals minute or none. 
Styles 3, short, united below; leaves opposite or in 4's, oblong or obovate 

10. POLYCARPON. 

Style short or none; leaves opposite, subulate, cuspidate.il. Lceflingia. 



164 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 



B. Fruit a utricle or nutlet. 

Sepals distinct or slightly united at base; petals none or represented by mere 
bristle-like organs; stipules present; very small or prostrate herbs. 

Annual; stipules and flowers minute 12. Herniaria. 

Perennial; stipules conspicuous, silvery-scarious. 
Leaves subulate; sepals very unequal, armed with a divergent spine . . . 

13. Pentac^na. 
Leaves oblanceolate; sepals equal, cuspidate 14. Paronychia. 

1. VACCARIA Medic. 

Glabrous glaucous annual with sessile exstipulate leaves and showy- 
red flowers in a broad loose flat-topped corymb. Calyx synsepalous, 
ovate, with 5 prominent angles. Petals 5, clawed, not appendaged. 
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled but with rudimentary parti- 
tions at base. Capsule ovate, dehiscent at apex by 4 short teeth. 
(From the Latin vacca, cow, some species used for fodder.) 

1. V. vulgaris Host. Cow Herb. Two to 3 ft. high, dichoto- 
mously branching above but strictly erect; leaves ovate, 3 or 4 in. 
long with cordate-clasping base; flowers 7 to 9 lines long; petals red, 
the blade obcordate and claw linear. 

European grainfield weed introduced into California: Livermore; 
Berkeley; Scott Kiver Valley in northern California. 

2. SILENE L. Catch-fly. Campion. 
Annual or perennial herbs, more or less viscid and mostly large- 
flowered. Calyx tubular or inflated, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long 
claws; summit of the claw commonly furnished with an entire or 
cleft scale or appendage, sometimes called a crown; blades spreading, 
entire or more commonly cleft or laciniate. Stamens 10. Styles 3, 
rarely 4. Capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth at apex. (Name derived 
from sialon, saliva, the stems and other parts viscid.) 

Annuals. 

Flowers in cymes with unequal branches; pubescent throughout 

1. S. multinervia. 
Flowers in a compound cyme; middle of each of the upper internodes with a 

viscid belt, otherwise glabrous 2. S. antirrhina. 

Flowers in a one-sided raceme; stems hirsute 3. S. Gallica. 

Perennials. 
Flowers large, 1 in. broad or more, scarlet; blade of petals deeply cleft, the 

segments bifid with entire or toothed lobes 4. S. Californica. 

Flowers smaller, rose-color; blade of petals bifid to the middle, the lobes entire 
or bearing a very small lateral tooth 5. S. verecunda. 

1. S. multinervia Wats. Erect, about 1 ft. high; pubescent 
throughout, viscid-glandular above; leaves linear-oblong; inflores- 
cence cymose with unequal branches; calyx ovate in fruit, about 20- 
ribbed, the ribs equally prominent; petals small, purplish, without 
appendages, not exceeding the subulate spreading calyx-teeth. 

Said to be an introduced plant; listed as an exotic by Californian 
authors under the name of Silene conoidea, but not S. conoidea of L. 
ace. to Dr. B. L. Robinson, the American authority on this family. 
Behavior plainly that of an immigrant but its origin unknown. Mt. 
Tamalpais, Brandegee. Frequent in Southern California. 



PINK FAMILY. 165 

2. S. antirrhina L. Sleepy Catchfly. Erect, slender, spar- 
ingly branched, 1 to 1\ ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, 
1 in. long; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels 1 in. long, more or less, 
filiform; flowers small; petals pink or red, the blade emarginate, 1 
line long; appendages minute; capsule ovoid, 3 lines long. 

Distributed throughout California but nowhere common: Mt. 
Shasta, Jepson; region of San Francisco Bay. 

3. S. Gallica L. Erect, simple or sparingly branched, 10 to 15 
in. high, hirsute or hispidulous with spreading hairs; leaves spatulate- 
obovate, 1 to 1£ in. long; flowers in a mostly 1-sided raceme on v«ery 
short (1 to 2 lines long) pedicels; petals white or flesh-color, the blades 
obovate and entire and appendages small; ovary almost completely 
3-celled. 

Introduced from Europe, the most common species, found every- 
where in fields and along roadsides. Apr.-May. The petals are 
commonly twisted one-fourth round or nearly so, thus resembling the 
fans of a turbine windmill. 

S. dichotoma Ehrh. Vespertine Old World annual with inflores- 
cence dichotomous and racemose; flowers white, J in. broad. — Occa- 
sional in fields about Berkeley, ace. to Greene. S. Cucubalus Ur- 
bel, the Bladder Campion, another Old "World weed, is naturalized at 
Vallejo, ace. to Greene. It is perennial with white flowers and an 
inflated calyx. 

4. S. Californica Durand. Indian Pink. Eoot thick and stout, 
descending vertically to a depth of 1 or 2 ft. ; herbage puberulent and 
more or less glandular; stems several, procumbent or half erect, very 
leafy; leaves elliptic-ovate or ovate to oblanceolate, more or less 
abruptly acuminate, 1 to 3 in. long; pedicels J to 1^ in. long; calyx 
7 to 10 lines long; corolla scarlet, more than 1 in. broad; petals deeply 
cleft, the segments bifid with the lobes 2 to 3-toothed or the lateral 
smaller and entire; appendages conspicuous, with 3 or 4 minute 
notches; capsule ovoid, concealed until dehiscence by the broad calyx; 
seeds regularly papillate, the papillae with a depression in the center. 

Open woods of canons and hillsides both in the Sierras and Coast 
Kanges. June. 

5. S. verecunda Wats. Finely pubescent below, glandular- 
viscid above; stems several, erect or decumbent, 1 to 1^ ft. long, leafy 
especially near the base; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate (or those 
below broadly oblong), all acute; flowers terminal or borne in 
3-flowered lateral cymes, the pedicels short and stout; calyx cylindric, 
J in. long, or becoming clavate or obovate as the fruit develops; 
■calyx-teeth with membranous margins; petals 9 lines long, rose- 
color, the limb cleft to the middle into entire or slightly toothed 
oblong lobes; appendages oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and often 
notched at the apex. 

Not common: Mt. Diablo; San Francisco Peninsula; Pt. Reyes, 
ace. to Davy; southward to Southern California. Maj'-July. 

3. AGROSTEMMA L. 

Tall annual, sparingly branched above, with linear ex-stipulate 



166 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 

leaves and few long-peduncled purplish-red flowers. Calyx synsepa- 
lous, ovoid, with 10 strong ribs, the 5 teeth conspicuously prolonged 
into foliaceous lobes exceeding the five large entire unappendaged 
petals. Stamens 10. Capsule coriaceous, dehiscent by 5 teeth. 
(Latin, ager, a field, and stemma, a wreath, the showy flowers in 
ancient times made into garlands.) 

1. A. Githago L. Corn Cockle. Plants H ft. high; hairs 
long, ascending or somewhat Oppressed; leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 1£ 
lines wide, acute; flowers solitary and long-peduncled; calyx-teeth f 
to i in. or more in length, as long as the tube, and deciduous from 
the mature fruit; corolla nearly 1 to 1£ in. in diameter; blade of the 
petals obovate, black-dotted toward the claw, entire. 

European grainfield weed, the occurrence of which in California is 
occasionally reported. St. Helena. 

4. CERASTIUM L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. 
Pubescent herbs with exstipulate leaves and white flowers. Cymes 
dichotomous with herbaceous or scarious bracts. Sepals 5, distinct. 
Petals as many, retuse or bifid. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 5. Capsule 
elongated, cylindric, often curved, usually exceeding the calyx r 
dehiscent at apex by 10 teeth, these erect or spreading. Seeds rough, 
more or less flattened. (Greek, keras, a horn, in allusion to the 
elongated curved capsules.) 

Annual; petals about equaling the sepals 1. C. viscosum. 

Perennial; petals about twice as long as sepals 2. C. arvense. 

1. C. viscosum L. Mouse-ear Chickweed. Erect, 3 to 4 in. 
high, pilose-hirsute and somewhat glandular, especially on the calyx; 
leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong, sessile, slightly connate, 7 to 12 lines 
long; pedicels mostly shorter than the flowers; calyx divided nearly 
to the base into 5 sepals; petals equaling or distinctly shorter than 
the sepals, oblong, bifid at apex, 2 lines long; stamens 10, one or 
more with reduced, or abortive anthers, or sometimes only 5 with 
anthers, the other 5 represented by mere scale-like filaments; capsule 
tubular, the slightly curved apex contracted, much exceeding the 
calyx, 3£ lines long; seeds numerous, minutely muriculatc 

Common in fields and by roadsides. Mar.-Apr. Native of 
Europe. 

2. C. arvense L. Field Chickweed. Pubescent throughout; 
stems several from a decumbent base, very leafy at base, nearly naked 
above, 5 to 9 in. long; leaves linear, acute, the upper 1 to lj in. long, 
the lowermost often but half as long; cyme contracted, bearing 
1 to 5 flowers; sepals 1£ to 2\ lines long, scarious-margined; petals 
usually twice as long as the calyx, obcordate, deeply notched; capsule 
scarcely exceeding the calyx. 

Near the coast: San Francisco Peninsula and Marin Co. Apr.- 
May. Var. maximum Hollick & Britton. (C. pilosum Brew. & 
Wats, not Ledeb.) Stout, tall, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves elongated; 
inflorescence very spreading; capsule equaling to nearly twice the 
length of the calyx. — Point Reyes. 



PINK FAMILY. 167 

5. STELLAR I A L. Chickaveed. 
Low herbs, loving moist ground or shaded habitat, with exstipu- 
late leaves. Flowers white, small, axillary and solitary, or terminal 
and cymose. Sepals 5. . Petals 5, parted almost to the base into 
narrow segments. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles 3 or 4. Capsule ovoid 
or oblong, relatively shorter than in Cerastium, dehiscent below the 
middle into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles. 
(From the Latin stella, a star, on account of the star-shaped flowers.) 

Annual. 

Stems weak, procumbent; bracts foliaceous 1. S. media. 

Stems filiform, erect; bracts scarious 2. S. nitevs. 

Perennial; bracts foliaceous 3. S. littoralis. 

1. S. media Cyrill. Common Chickweed. Slightly succulent, 
with weak procumbent stems, rooting at the lower nodes; lower leaves 
ovate, acute, rather abruptly contracted into slender petioles, the 
upper narrower, sessile; floral bracts foliaceous; pedicels slender, 
deflexed in fruit; petals shorter than the pubescent sepals; stamens 3, 
5 or 10; styles 3. 

A common weed along fence lines and ditches and shaded half- 
waste places generally. Feb. -May. Stems with a pubescent line, 
and petioles of lower leaves hairy. 

2. S. nitens Nutt. Erect, with very slender stems, branching 
above, 3 to 7 in. high, glabrous or slightly hairy below; leaves linear, 
acute, sessile, 2 to 7 lines long, or the lowest ovate, 1 to 3 lines long, 
abruptly contracted into slender petioles nearly twice as long; inflo- 
rescence strict, the pedicels erect, § in. long or less or some of the 
flowers quite sessile; bracts scarious; sepals scarious-margined, 
subulate-lanceolate, 2 lines long; petals \ as long as the sepals, some- 
times none; capsule oblong, nearly as long as the calyx. 

G-rassy hillsides and plains, a somewhat obscure plant, occurring 
from Solano Co. southward to Southern California. Apr.-May. 

3. S. littoralis Torr. Pubescent, ascending, stoutish, the stems 1 
to 2 ft. long; leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the sessile base, \ to f or 
1 to \\ in. long; flowers in a terminal compound cyme; sepals lanceo- 
late, acute, 2 lines long, slightly shorter than the petals; capsule 
included within the calyx. 

Boggy or marshy spots, seacoast onty: Point Lobos; Point Reyes, 
Davy; Dil-lon's Beach. June. 

6. ARENARIA L. Sandwort. 
Low branching annuals or tufted or prostrate perennials with mostly 
lanceolate or subulate sessile often rigid leaves, without stipules. 
Flowers white. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles 
3. Capsule globose or short oblong, dehiscent into as many entire or 
2-cleft valves as there are styles. (From the Latin arena, sand, in 
which many species grow.) 

Low annuals. 

Leaves lanceolate, rather broad at the very base, 2 lines long 

1. A. Calif ornica. 



168 CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 



Leaves filiform, 3 to 5 lines long 2. A. Douglasii. 

Perennials. 

Sepals y 2 the length of the petals; palustrine 3. A. paludicola. 

Sepals exceeding the petals; montane 4. A. macrophylla. 

1. A. Californica Brewer. Glabrous annual, 1 to 4 in. high, dif- 
fusely branching from the base, the stems delicate and filiform; leaves 
very short, slightly fleshy, 1 to 2 lines in length, obtuse; corolla 3 
lines in diameter; petals oblong, H times the length of the ovate- 
oblong sepals; seeds small, finely roughened. 

Gravelly hillslopes or disintegrating rock outcroppings in the Coast 
Eanges from Mt. Hamilton to Napa Co. and northward; Marysville 
Buttes. Apr. 

2. A. Douglasii Fenzl. Annual, nearly glabrous, sometimes 
viscid-glandular; stems much branched, 2 to 6 in. high; leaves fili- 
form, 3 to 5 lines long or the lowermost longer; peduncles filiform; 
flowers numerous, 4 to 5 lines in diameter; sepals oblong-ovate, 
narrowly thin-margined; petals obovate, conspicuous; capsule sub- 
globose; valves rounded at the apex; seeds large, smooth, compressed- 
reniform, acutely margined. 

Sterile soil of hillsides both in the Coast Eanges and Sierras. 
Apr.-May. 

3. A. paludicola Robinson. Glabrous flaccid plant, the stems 
several, procumbent, rooting at the lower joints, sulcate, shining, 
leafy throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, f to 1£ in. long, 
somewhat connate, slightly scabrous upon the margins; peduncles 
solitary in the axils, 1 to 2 in. long, spreading or somewhat deflexed; 
sepals elliptic, nerveless, herbaceous; 1£ to 2 lines long, about half 
the length of the obovate petals; capsule oblong, shorter than the 
calyx. — (A. palustris Wats, not of Gay.) 

Swamps, Southern California to "Washington. Formerly at Fort 
Point, San Francisco. Barely collected. 

4. A. macrophylla Hook. Puberulent perennial, with running 
rootstocks and ascending or erect stems, 3 to 4 in. high; leaves in 3 
to 5 pairs, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, more or 
less punctate, 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles slender, terminal or becoming 
axillary, 1 to 5-flowered; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, 1£ to 2 
lines long, exceeding the petals; capsule ovoid, nearly equaling the 
calyx. 

Shady slopes in the mountains, from Southern California to Mt. 
Hamilton (ace. to Davy), Mt. Diablo, and northward. 

7. SAGINA«L. Pearl Wort. 
Diminutive herbs with subulate or filiform leaves without stipules. 
Flowers minute, terminal, often long-pediceled. Sepals 5 or 4, 
usually rotate-spreading in fruit. Petals white, entire or slightly 
emarginate, or often none. Stamens usually 5. Styles as many as 
the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule dehiscent to the base by 
entire valves. (From the Latin sagina, fattening, some species 
abundant in sheep-grazed country.) 



PINK FAMILY. 169 

Filiform annuals. 

Sepals and petals 5; herbage nearly glabrous 1. S. occidentalis. 

Sepals 4; petals commonly none; herbage glandular-pubescent 

2. S. apetala. 
Succulent perennial; flowers 5-merous 3. &. crassicaulis. 

1. S. occidentalis Wats. Inconspicuous annual with almost 
capillary stems, branching at the base, erect, 2 to 5 in. high; slightly 
hispiduious-glandular on the calyx and upper portion of pedicel, 
otherwise glabrous; upper leaves broadly subulate, acute, 2 to 3 lines 
long, the lower filiform-linear, 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels 3 to 6 lines 
long; calyx and corolla 5-merous; sepals f line long, the petals nearly 
as long; calyx rounded at the base; stamens 3 to 10; capsule 1^ lines 
in length. 

Not uncommon but obscure and mostly in low ground: San Joaquin 
and Sacramento Valleys; Napa Valley; southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia. Apr. -May. 

2. S . ap etal a Ard. Similar to the preceding but usually glandular- 
pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, acute, 1^ to 3 lines long; calyx 
4-parted; petals 4, minute and obovate, or commonly none. 

Introduced. North Berkeley, Davy. 

3 S. crassicaulis Wats. Smooth perennial, the stems stoutish 
and succulent, branching, 1£ to 5 in. long, decumbent; leaves linear, 
thickish, 2 to 9 lines long, the basal forming a rosette, the cauline 
connate by broad scarious membranes; flowers erect or nodding; petals 
and sepals subequal, 1J lines in length; capsule ovate, little exserted 
from the fruiting calyx. 

Beaches along the coast from Monterey to Tomales Ba}^. Marin Co. 
June. 

8. TISSA Adans. Sand Spurry. 

Low herbs, usually of alkaline plains, borders of salt marshes, or 
maritime. Leaves linear or subulate-filiform, semi-terete, with scari- 
ous stipules. Sepals 5. Petals 5, purplish or white, entire. Stamens 
commonly 10. Styles 3, rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds often 
wing-margined. Embryo annular. (Origin of name not known.) 

Erect or ascending, more or less succulent perennials with fusiform fleshy roots. 

1. T. macrotheca. 
Prostrate perennials. 
Stems long and somewhat straggling, from a matted or tufted center, flowering 

from the middle to the ends of the branches 2. T. rubra 

var. perennans. 
Plants matted; flowers mostly at the ends of the branches . . 3. T. Clevelandi. 
Nearly or quite erect annuals • 4. T. salina. 

1. T. macrotheca (Hornem.) Britt. Stems stout, 7 to 12 in. high, 
erect or ascending from the short, often branched, woody crown of a 
very thick and fleshy taproot; herbage deep green and viscid- 
pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 1J in. long; pedicels 3 to 6 
lines long; sepals 3 to 4 lines long, scarious-margined; petals as long, 
pink; capsule about equaling calyx; seeds with or without a wing, 
even in the same capsule. 

Sandy borders of salt marshes, common about San Francisco Bay. 



170 CARYOPHYLLACEJE. 

Var. leucantha (Robinson) (Tissa leucantha Greene). Glabrous 
except a glandular pubescence on the looser inflorescence; flowers 
commonly white. — Alkaline plains of the Sacramento southward to 
the Livermore Valley and the San Joaquin. May-June. 

Var. scariosa Britton (T. pallida Greene). Herbage pale, glan- 
dular-pubescent or almost glabrous; internodes short; stipules ovate, 
acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long; flowers scattered and on pedicels f in. 
long or less, or in reduced terminal cymes. — Sea-bluffs, San Francisco 
to Monterey. 

2. T. rubra (L.) Britt. var. perennans Greene. Stems 4 to 9 
in. long, slender and wiry, many from a densely tufted base, branch- 
ing little, flowering from about the middle; herbage comparatively 
glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 5 lines long or less; stipules ovate, 
silvery-scarious, 2 lines long, very conspicuous; pedicels slender, 2 to 
4 lines long; sepals oblong, acute, 2 lines long; petals reddish, about 
equaling the sepals; capsule not exserted from the calyx; seeds with 
a marginal elevation. 

Beaten paths and by roadsides, infrequent: Sacramento Valley, 
from Redding to the Montezuma Hills; Napa Valley; Healdsburg. 
May. Introduced from Europe. 

3. T. Clevelandi Greene. Perennial, viscid-glandular, the stems 
prostrate, forming deep-green mats 5 to 13 in. broad; leaves filiform, 
conspicuously fascicled in the axils, all longer than the internodes; 
flowers in terminal cymes; corolla 3 to 4 lines broad, white. 

Sandy soil. San Francisco; San Jose, ace. to Robinson; San 
Diego. 

4. T. salina (Presl.) Greene. Branching, erect or sometimes 
diffuse and prostrate, the stems 3 to 8 in. long; leaves narrowly 
linear, commonly shorter than the internodes; pedicels leafy-bracted 
or the upper bractless, not exceeding the capsules; sepals oblong- 
ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, 2 lines long; capsule acute, longer 
than the calyx. 

Alkaline plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin westward to 
the salt marshes near the coast. May-Aug. 

Var. involucrata (Robinson). Heads of closely aggregated flowers 
subtended by 2 to several foliaceous bracts. — Mt. Eden; Newark. 

Var. tenuis (T. tenuis Greene). Dichotomously and copiously 
branched, the branches slender and internodes long; flowers very 
numerous, short-pediceled,' the uppermost sessile in close groups; 
stamens 2 to 5; capsule twice as long as the ovate-oblong sepals. — 
Rarely collected: Alameda, Greene; Hollister, Setchell. Apr. 

9. SPERGULA L. Spurrey. 
Annual. Leaves narrowly linear or subterete, apparently in whorls 
but rarely opposite, several others of their own size being crowded in 
the axils; stipules small and scarious. Flowers symmetrical. Sepals 
5. Petals 5, white, entire. Stamens 10, occasionally 5. Styles 5, 
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the entire valves oppo- 



PINK FAMILY. 171 

site to the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. (Name from the Latin 
spargere, to scatter, in reference to the dispersion of the seeds.) 

1. S. arvensis L. Corn Spurrey. Diffusely branching from 
the base; the stems 1 to 2 ft. long; pubescence of short spreading 
glandular hairs; leaves slightly fleshy, numerous in rather remote 
whorls; flowers white, 4 lines broad in a cymose panicle with strongly 
divergent branches; petals ovate, exceeding the sepals. 

Fields and orchards, Berkeley to Monterey Co. Apr. European 
weed. 

10. POLYCARPON L. 

Low much branched annual with numerous flat leaves, small 
scarious stipules and very small flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, more or 
less carinate, scarious-margined. Petals 5, hyaline, shorter than the 
sepals. Stamens 3 to 5. Styles united below, very short, with 3 
branches. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds several. Embryo little curved. 
(Greek polus, many, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the numerous 
pods.) 

Leaves in 4's or opposite; inflorescence leafless . . 1. P. tetraphyllum. 

Leaves opposite; inflorescence more or less leafy 2. P. depressum. 

1. P. tetraphyllum L. Nearly glabrous, the stems prostrate 2 or 
5 in. long; leaves in 4's or opposite, oblong or obovate, short-petioled, 
2 to 6 lines long; cyme leafless, many-flowered, dense, the flowers 
nearly 1 line long or a trifle more, short pediceled; sepals green or 
purplish; capsule nearly equaling the calyx. 

Native of Europe; established along railway lines in Napa Valley 
and at Vallejo. July-Aug. 

2. P. depressum Nutt. Plants prostrate, 1 to 1\ in. broad with 
slender stems; leaves spatulate, varying to obovate, obtuse or acute, 
\ to 2 lines long; flowers \ as large as in the preceding; sepals little 
if at all keeled, about \ line long; petals white, membranaceous, linear, 
\ as long as the sepals. 

Pajaro Hills, Monterey Co., collected within a few miles of the 
Santa Cruz Co. line, June-July, 1899, H. P. Chandler; hitherto 
known only from Southern California. 

11. LCEFLINGIA L. 

Low rigid annuals, dichotomously branched from the base, with 
subulate leaves and setaceous stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the 
axils. Sepals acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer with a tooth on 
each side. Petals 3 to 5, minute or none. Stamens 3 to 5. Style 
short or none. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. (Peter Lcefling, 
Swedish traveler of the 18th Century.) 

1. L. squarrosa Nutt. Glandular-pubescent, diffusely branched 
from base, 2 to 5 in. high; leaves subulate, cuspidate, squarrose- 
spreading; 2 to 3 lines long; capsule shorter than the sepals. 

Lower San Joaquin at Oakdale; to be expected within our limits. 

12. HERNIARIA L. 

Ours a very small annual, with minute scarious stipules. Flowers 



172 A MAR ANT ACE.*:. 

minute, green, in clusters, crowded, sessile. Sepals united at base. 
Petals and stamens as in Paronychia. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent 
nutlet, with a thin pericarp, enclosed in the calyx. (From the Latin 
hernia, a rupture, which one species was thought to cure.) 

1. H. cinerea DC. Low, but erect plants, 1 to 2£ in. high, with 
hispidulous herbage, branched from base, the branches bearing 
2-ranked branchlets; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 1^ to 2£ lines long; 
flowers in all the axils, even the lowest; calyx £ line long, very 
hispid. — (Paronychia pusilla Greene.) 

San Joaquin region at the edge of the foothills on either side of the 
valley; naturalized from southern Europe. May-June. 

13. PENTAC^ENA Bartl. 

Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and silvery-hyaline 
stipules. Flowers sessile, clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, almost 
distinct, very unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger, and with a stout 
divergent terminal spine, the 2 inner smaller and with a shorter 
spine. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted at the 
base of the sepals. Style very short, bifid. Utricle enclosed in the 
rigid persistent calyx. (Greek pente, five, and akaina, a thorn, the 
five sepals spine-tipped.) 

1. P. ramosissima H. & A. Sand Mat. Stems prostrate, 
forming dense mats 5 to 18 in. broad, pubescent; leaves crowded on 
the stems, 3 lines long, the stipules \ or sometimes nearly as long; 
calyx 1£ to 2 lines long; sepals hairy or woolly below the divergent 
spinose apex; utricle apiculate. . 

Along the entire Californian coast; common on the San Francisco 
sand hills. Apr.-May. 

14. PARONYCHIA L. Whitlow-wort. 

Prostrate tufted perennial, with scarious stipules and clustered 
flowers. Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave or cucullate under the 
apex, the very tip aristate or cuspidate. Petals filament-like, or 
minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals 
when these are present, inserted on the base of the sepals. Ovary 
1-ovuled. Fruit a utricle enclosed in the persistent calyx, at length 
bursting longitudinally. (Greek paronuchia, a whitlow, or felon, the 
name applied to an herb used as a remedy for the disease.) 

1. P. Chilensis DC. Stems long, tough, with short internodes 
from a tufted crown, prostrate; leaves oblanceolate, acute, cuspidate, 
2 to 4 lines long, much crowded on the branches and branchlets, 
especially towards the ends; stipules hyaline; flowers obviously 
pediceled, 3 or 4 in the axils. 

Hilltops in western San Francisco; introduced from South America 
where it is native. Apr.-June. 

25. AMARANTACE>E. Amaranth Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs with simple entire leaves with stipules. 



AMARANTH FAMILY. 173 

Flowers small, usually greenish, inconspicuous, perfect or unisexual. 
Calyx of 3 to 5 sepals, or sometimes only 1, always persistent and 
more or less scarious. Corolla none. Stamens 5, sometimes fewer. 
Ovary superior, 1-celled, with 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit a utricle or 
bursting irregularly or circumscissile. Embryo curved. 

AMARANTH US L. Amaranth. 
Coarse annual weeds with petioled leaves and small green or some- 
times purplish regular flowers, disposed in axillary or terminal spikes 
or clusters. Flowers polygamous or monoecious, with bracts at base, 
staminate and pistillate flowers commonly in same cluster. (Greek a-, 
not, and maraino, to fade, the spikes of certain species retaining their 
color in drying.) 

Fruit dehiscent, the top falling away as a lid. 
Flowers in dense terminal and axillary spikes; sepals 5 . . 1. A. retroflexus. 
Flowers in small axillary clusters or spikelets; 

Sepals 3; plant erect, bushy-branched 2. A. albus. 

Sepals 3, or in the fertile flower 1; stems prostrate or ascending 

3. A. Californicus. 
Fruit indehiscent; sepals 3; plant prostrate 4. A. deflexus. 

1. A. retroflexus L. Rough Pigweed. Stoutish, slightly 
puberulent with few erect or ascending branches from the base, 1 to 2 
ft. long, simple or paniculately branched above; herbage dull green, 
roughish or pubescent; leaves from rhombic to oblong-ovate, petioled; 
flowers green, densely crowded in erect or slightly spreading axillary 
and terminal spikes, 1 to 1J in. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate, 
scarious, except the green carinate midrib, 1^ to 3 lines long; sepals 
5, oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, 1 line long or less; fruit circum- 
scissile; seed rather less than J line broad, black and shining. 

Very common in uncultivated orchards, gardens and waste lands. 

2. A. albus L. Tumble Weed. Herbage light green; stems 
freely and rigidly branching, 1 to 3 or 4 ft. high, commonly of bushy 
outline; leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate-ovate; flowers in clusters 
in short axillary spikelets; bracts subulate 1 to 2J lines long; sepals 
3, oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the somewhat rugose utricle. 

Summer weed; extremely abundant in cultivated fields. The plant 
becomes rigid when dead and dry, and when loosened by Fall winds 
is carried across the fields, the seeds being thus effectively dispersed. 

3. A. Californicus Wats. Stems stoutish or rather fleshy, pros- 
trate or ascending, branching at the base, with numerous short 
branchlets; leaves obovate to oblong, often with white veins and mar- 
gin, 1 in. long or less, including the petiole; flowers green or reddish 
in many smalt axillary clusters; sepals 3, or in the pistillate or fertile 
flower 1; bracts often inconspicuous, shorter than or a little exceeding 
the utricle; utricle somewhat rugose, at length circumscissile. 

Moist soils. South Coast Ranges. 

4. A. deflexus L. Stems slender, prostrate, 1 to 1£ ft. long; leaves 
rhombic-ovate; flowers in shorter spikelets clustered in axils of leaves 
or disposed in dense terminal spikes 1 in. long or more; sepals 3. 

Introduced from southern Europe; gardens at Berkeley; Petaluma. 



174 CHENOPODIACE.E. 

26. CHENOPODIACE4E. Goosefoot Family. 

Herbs or shrubs, very often succulent or scurfy, with alternate or 
rarely opposite leaves, or leafless. Flowers perfect or unisexual, 
with an herbaceous calyx of 5 or fewer sepals, or in the pistillate 
flower the calyx sometimes absent. Stamens as many as the sepals, 
and opposite them or fewer, distinct. Ovary superior, 1-celled, 
containing a single ovule, becoming in fruit an achene or utricle; 
embryo annular and surrounding the mealy endosperm, or spiral and 
the endosperm lateral or wanting. Nitrophila has a scarious calyx 
and stamens not distinct. 

Stems leafy. 
Leaves all opposite; flowers perfect; stamens united at base into a perigynous 

disk l. Nitrophila. 

Leaves all or mostly alternate. 
Leaves plane, membranaceous, or fleshy. 
Flowers perfect; calyx 5-cleft or -parted. 

Ovary partly inferior 2. Beta. 

Ovary superior 3. Chenopodium. 

Flowers perfect or pistillate; calyx urceolate, 3 to 5-toothed 

4. ROUBIEVA. 

Flowers unisexual; staminate calyx 4 or 5-parted; calyx of fertile flower 

none, the pistil enclosed by 2"bracts 5. Atriplex. 

Leaves subterete, linear; flowers perfect or gyno-moncecious 

8. SUiEDA. 

Leaves reduced to mere scales; flowers perfect, immersed by 3's in the 
depressions of a fleshy cylindrical spike and 
Decussately opposite; perianth bladder-like; herbaceous plant with stout 

fleshy jointed stems 7. Salicornia. 

Spirally arranged; perianth 4 to 5-cleft; shrub with fleshy jointed alternate 
branchlets .6. Allenroi.fea. 

1. NITROPHILA Wats. 

A low perennial glabrous herb with fleshy opposite amplexicaul 
leaves and axillary perfect flowers. Calyx of 5 (rarely 6 or 7) equal 
erect concave and carinate sepals. Stamens equal in number, united 
at base into a narrow' yellowish disk. Style larger than the sub- 
globose ovary; stigmas 2. Utricle 1-seeded, indehiscent, beaked by 
the persistent style, included within the connivent sepals. (Greek 
nitron, carbonate of soda, and 'philos, fond of, these plants loving 
alkaline soils.) 

1. N. occidentalis Wats. Stems decumbent, 4 to 11 in. long, 
dichotomously branched, the internodes mostly very short; leaves 
linear, sessile, the lower 1 in., the floral mostly 3 to 6 lines long, 
triangular, mucronate; flowers solitary in the axils of the opposite 
leaves and bibracteate, or often 2 to 3 with the central one frequently 
bractless and the lateral often pedicellate; sepals imbricated, pinkish 
or whitish, chartaceous, 1 line long, carinate and concave, especially 
the 2 inner; stamens ^ the length of the sepals and opposite them; 
ovule attached to base of ovary on a long funiculus. 

Bare in our limits; alkaline springs, base of the Pelejo Hills, 
Solano Co., where it is nearly extinct; southward through the San 
Joaquin Valley, where it is common. 



GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 175 

2. BETA L. 

Robust glabrous biennials with large fleshy roots and alternate 
leaves, the radical large and long-petioled, the floral reduced and 
sessile. Inflorescence spicate. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the 
leaves or bracts, perfect. Sepals 5, sometimes costate dorsally. 
Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, perigynous; filaments frequently 
connate at base. Ovary sunk in the succulent base of the perianth 
and partly inferior; styles 2 or 3, short, stigmatose on the inside. 
Fruit included in the at length much indurated calyx. Embryo 
annular. (Name said to be from the Celtic, bett, red, on account of 
the color of the root.) 

1. B. vulgaris L. Beet. Root biennial, 1| to 2 in. in diameter, 

3 to 6 in. long, tapering downwards; stems stout, 2 to 4 ft. high, 
paniculately branched above; leaves 6 to 9 in. long, oblong or oval, 
undulate; cauline smaller, ovate-lanceolate; flowers greenish-white in 
sessile clusters, forming slender spikes, these disposed in a leafy 
panicle; seed rugose. 

Marshes near Alvarado; Petaluma. An escape from gardens. 
June. 

3. CHENOPODIUM L. Goosefoot. Pigweed. 
Annual or perennial herbs, frequently Avhite-mealy or glandular, 
with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, greenish, bractless 
and sessile, clustered in axillary or terminal spikes. Spikes often 
panicled. -Calyx 5 (or 3 to 4)-parted, the lobes usually somewhat 
carinate or in fruit crested, and commonly completely covering the 
seed-like achene. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary depressed; styles 2, 
rarely 3 to 4, slender. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the 
seed. Embryo annular, sometimes incompletely so. (Greek chen, 
goose, and pous, foot, on account of the shape of the leaves.) 

Annual; calyx parted into lobes or segments. 
Finely mealy, not pubescent or glandular; periantb dry, closely persistent on 
the seed; embryo annular. 

Erect, herbage light green 1. C. album. 

Diffuse, herbage dark green 2. C. murale. 

Not mealy, glandular-pubescent and aromatic; fruit seed-like, small, 
included in the dry perianth; embryo curved. 
Leaves slender-petioled; fruit imperfectly enclosed; spikes cymose-diverg- 

ing, leafless 3. 6'. Botrys. 

Leaves slightly petioled; fruit perfectly enclosed. 

Spikes dense, leafy 4. C. ambrosioides. 

Spikes more elongated, leafless , 5. C. anthelminticum. 

Neither glabrous nor mealy; flowers in dense short axillary spikes; perianth 
more or less fleshy in fruit, enclosing the utricle; embryo annular .... 

6. C. rubrum. 
Perennial; calyx merely toothed or cleft, more distinctly synsepalous, in fruit 
dry; leaves broadly triangular; spike terminal, leafy only below; fruit 
seed-like, exserted; embryo annular 7. C. Califomicum. 

1. C. album L. Pigweed. White Goosefoot. Commonly 2 to 

4 ft. high, erect, usually paniculately branched; herbage more or less 
light green or white-mealy; leaves rhombic-ovate, sinuate-dentate 
below or about the middle, the uppermost varying to lanceolate, and 
subentire, 1 to 2 in. long, whiter beneath than above; flowers densely 



176 CHEfr OPODI ACE^E. 

clustered in close spikes, the panicle strict and close or somewhat 
spreading; calyx about f line wide in fruit, the lobes strongly 
carinate. 

A very common European weed in half cultivated lands, flowering 
in late summer and early autumn. 

2. C. murale L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. Kather stout 
and succulent, the loose branches decumbent and ascending, 8 to 15 
in. long; herbage dark green, the growing parts very finely mealy; 
leaves rhombic-ovate, irregularly and sharply toothed above the 
base, 1 to If in. long; flowers in rather dense axillary or terminal 
spicate panicles; panicles leafless, or nearty so; fruiting calyx closed; 
seed acutely margined. 

Naturalized from Europe; a common weed in old yards and waste 
places, flowering through the winter. 

3. C. Botrys L. Jerusalem Oak. Glandular pubescent and 
viscid throughout; leaves slender-petioled, ovate to oblong, £ to 1£ 
in. long, obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, sinuately pinnatifid and 
the lobes usually toothed; spikes cymose, diverging, loose, leafless; 
perianth not completely enclosing the fruit. 

Waste places near dwellings and in stream beds; naturalized from 
Europe and widely distributed but not common. Stockton; Vaca- 
ville; Winters; Kelseyville; Russian River; Coyote Creek, between 
San Jose and Gilroy. July-Sept. 

4. C. ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Glabrous, scarcely 
glandular; when young sometimes tomentose-pubescent; 2 to 3£ ft. 
high, usually stout and branched; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or 
lanceolate, 2 to 5 in. long, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper 
tapering to both ends; flowers in dense, axillary clusters upon the 
branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes obtuse, appressed; styles 
3, sometimes 4; pericarp deciduous. 

Common near salt marshes and abundant along interior streams; 
mostly autumnal. Alameda; West Berkelej 7 ; Ross Valley; Napa 
River; Suisun Marshes; Sacramento River. 

5. C. anthelmintrcum L. Wormseed. Resembling the pre- 
ceding; sometimes perennial (?); herbage light green, glandular- 
puberulent and highly aromatic; leaves sinuate-serrate or the lower 
sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, 2\ or mostly 1 in. long, or less; inflo- 
rescence a terminal mostly leafless panicle of dense but elongated 
slender spikes; sepals not carinate, enclosing the fruit; seed smooth 
and shining, obtusely margined. 

Not so common as the last, but appearing to hybridize with it. 
Alameda; Benicia; Lower Sacramento; Lake Co. 

6. C. rubrum L. Coast Blite. Stem angled, erect, 1 to 2 ft. 
high; herbage green or nearly so; leaves lanceolate-oblong to broadly 
ovate, coarsely sinuate, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers numerous in dense 
short axillary spikes; calyx-lobes 2 to 4, rather fleshy; stamens 1 to 2; 
seeds shining, the margin acute. 

Sparingly naturalized from Europe. Andrus Island, Lower 
Sacramento; Alvarado Marshes. Sept. 



GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 177 

7. C. Californicum Wats. Soap Plant. Stout, erect or de- 
cumbent at base, 1£ to 2£ ft. high from a very large simple or 
branched root; herbage green, scarcely at all mealy; leaves broadly 
triangular, truncate or cordate at base, or subhastate, sharply and 
unequally sinuate-dentate, 1£ to 3£ in. long, on petioles 1 to 4 in. 
long; flowers in dense clusters of 8 or 9, the clusters disposed in a 
simple terminal spike, leafless or leafy at the very base; calyx cam- 
panulate, barely exceeding 1 line in length, 5-lobed; lobes broadly 
oblong, obtuse, denticulate at apex; pericarp persistent; fruit seed- 
like, large, subglobose, or somewhat compressed, exserted, f to 1 line 
broad; embryo completely annular. 

Wooden Valley Grade near Mt. George, Napa Co.; Loraa Prieta, 
Dam/; Hollister, Setchell; Pacific Grove, Tidestrom (whose specimens 
show fruiting spikes over 1 ft. long); southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia, where it is very common. Apr.-May. A root of a plant 
taken from the Berkeley Hills in 1896 showed 3 strong tap-like 
branches below the depressed caudex, descending vertically over 2 ft.; 
two of these were simple, the third branched; all measured at their 
greatest diameter 8 to 9 in. in circumference. The most northerly 
locality recorded is the Marysville Buttes, Jepson, 1891. 

4. ROUBIEVA Moq. 

Heavy-scented herb, with prostrate branches. Leaves alternate, 
deeply pinnatifid. Flowers minute, perfect or pistillate, solitary or 2 
or 3 together in the axils; calyx deeply urceolate, 3 to 5-toothed, 
becoming saccate and contracted at the top, enclosing the fruit. 
Stamens 5, included. Ovary glandular at the top; styles 3, somewhat 
lateral, exserted. Pericarp membranaceous, glandular-dotted, thin 
and deciduous; seed vertical, lenticular; embryo annular. 

1. R. multifida Moq. Branches 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves J to l\ in. 
long; calyx in fruit obovate, very conspicuously reticulate-veined. 
— CChenopodium multifidum L.) 

Native of Peru; first reported from Plumas Co. (prior to 1880); in 
recent years become abundant on the San Francisco sand hills, and in 
waste places about West Oakland, Vallejo, and Napa; also at Vaca- 
ville, where it was first noticed in 1891. 

5. ATRIPLEX L. 

Herbs or Shrubs, usually mealy or scurfy with bran-like scales. 
Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in 
clusters, or mostly short spikes which are either simple or panicled, 
the pistillate and staminate in separate inflorescences or mingled in the 
same cluster (androgynous); staminate with a regular 4 or 5-parted 
calyx, the pistillate consisting of a pistil enclosed between a pair of ap- 
pressed foliaceous bracts, without perianth. Bracts either free or 
united, much enlarged in fruit, the margin becoming more or less 
dilated or foliaceous and the sides thickened, indurated, muricate or 
variously appendaged. (The ancient Latin name of these plants 
derived originally from the Greek.) 

14 



178 CHENOPODIACEE. 

Annuals somewhat succulent and mealy; leaves petioled, the lower at least 
1 in. long; bracts distinct or nearly so, ovate to rhombic. 
Leaves mostly lanceolate; fruiting bracts 4 to 6 lines long. . 1. A. patula. 
Leaves triangular-hastate or deltoid; fruiting bracts \]4 to 2 lines long. . . . 

2. A. hastata. 

Leaves triangular-ovate; fruiting bracts 1 line long 3. A. spicata. 

Annuals, not succulent; leaves less than 1 in. long (except no. 7); bracts more 
or less united and indurated and nut-like in fruit, the sides smooth, 
toothed or appendaged. 
Prostrate, decussately branched throughout; leaves mostly less than l]4 lines 

long 4. A. depretsa. 

Erect or ascending, not decussately branched throughout. 

Leaves cordate-ovate, sessile 5. A. cordiilata. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, short petiolate or mostly sessile 

6. A. coronata. 
Leaves broadly or deltoid-ovate, the lower petiolate; plant 2 to 3^ ft. high. 

7. A. expansa. 
Perennials. 

Interior species of alkaline flats. 

Diffuse; leaves mostly dentate 8. A. braeteosa. 

Erect and rather rigid; leaves entire 9. A. fniticulom. 

Seaboard species. 

Stems prostrate, wiry; fruiting bracts membranous, compressed 

10. A. Califovnica. 

Stem reclining, stout; fruiting bracts spongy, globose. . . 11. A. leucophytta. 

1. A. patula L. Stout and succulent, erect, 10 to 18 in. high, 
with few ascending branches; herbage green, only the growing part> 
somewhat mealy; leaves (the lowest often opposite) lanceolate or 
linear, sometimes with hastate base; inflorescence more or less leafy at 
base; bracts rhombic-ovate, thick and subcoriaceous, 4 to 6 lines long 
or more. 

Salt marshes about San Francisco Bay; common. , 

2. A. hastata L. Bather slender, with long (1 to 2.] ft.) ascending 
branches; herbage mealy, scarcely succulent; leaves triangular- 
hastate or deltoid, entire or sinuate-dentate, 1 to 2 in. long, often as 
broad or broader, on petioles 3 or 4 lines long; flowers in dense termi- 
nal and lateral spikes 1 (or 2) in. long; fruiting bracts triangular- 
ovate, 1£ (or 2) lines long. 

Common at the edges of salt marshes about San Francisco Bay. 
Bracts verv variable as to size and either much or little toothed, or 
entire. Lateral angles of the deltoid leaves often prolonged into 
salient lobes. 

8. A. spicata Wats. Annual, erect, 12 to 16 in. high; herbage 
scurfy, the stem below glabrate; leaves triangular-ovate, £_to 1 in. or 
more long, irregularly dentate or entire, cuspidate, on petioles 1 to 6 
lines long; inflorescence a panicle of spikes; flowers androgynous, the 
clusters dense on the often long (£ to 3£ in.) spikes; staminate calyx 
4-sepalous; bracts of pistillate flowers nearly concealed by the male 
flowers, ovate, acute, coherent at base, free at apex, in fruit little 
enlarged, and about 1 line long. 

Low alkaline tracts bordering the Sacramento River marshes near 
Main Prairie, Solano County, Jepson, July 5, 1891, and southward to 
Livermore, Greene. The leaves of seedlings and of the young plant 
coarselv and irregularly sinuate-toothed. Spikes sometimes very 



G.OO&EFOOT FAMILY. 179 

loose. The species occasionally exhibits a tendency to become 
dioecious. Var. Laguxita. Very slender, simple, 5 to 8 in. high; 
fruiting bracts 1.] lines long-. — Lagoon Valley, Solano Co., Sept. 1891. 

4. A. depressa Jepson. Annual, prostrate, grayish-scurfy; 
stems slender, 1 to 4 in. long, decussately branched throughout; 
leaves opposite, sessile, broadly ovate, acute, a line or two long; 
flowers in the axils of the opposite leaves in clusters of 4; these and 
the subtending leaves crowded on the branchlets, the internodes at 
time of flowering a line long or less; fruiting bracts ovate-hastate, 
acute, wingless, or the pair of hastate lobes repi-esenting the wing. 

Low saline spots, base of the Pelejo Hills, Solano Co. Bemark- 
able among our species for its decussate branching and prostrate 
habit. The inflorescence is androgynous, commonly 2 staminate and 
2 pistillate flowers in each cluster. The bracts are seldom partially 
distinct even at the apex, the sides smooth. 

5. A. cordulata Jepson. Widely and oppositely branched at base, 
alternately and sparingly so above, 7 to 15 in. high, the branches 
commonly virgate, erect or ascending; herbage scurfy throughout; 
leaves sessile, cordate-ovate, 3 or 4 lines long; flower-clusters in all 
the axils, consisting of both staminate and pistillate flowers; calyx 
tomentosely-scurfy and deeply 4-cleft; fruiting bracts semi-orbicular, 
1| to 2 lines broad, much compressed, sessile or short-stipitate, the 
mai*gin with acute teeth, the terminal tooth commonly the largest, 
the sides smooth or the lower bearing one or more tooth-like pro- 
jections. 

Near Vacaville, Solano Co.; low plains of the San Joaquin south 
of Stockton. July- Aug. The androgynous clusters are commonly 
of 3 staminate and 3 to 5 pistillate flowers. 

6. A. coronata Wats. Bather stout, scurfy, 1 ft. high; leaves 
ohiong-ovate, the larger 8, the smaller 4 lines long, contracted at base 
to a short petiole, or sessile; flowers in axillary clusters, androgynous; 
bracts of the pistillate flower sessile or shortly pedicellate, strongly 
compressed, surrounded by a gash-toothed herbaceous margin nearly 
as broad as the body, the sides rarely muriculate. 

First collected in 1862 by Brewer (no. 1189) in or near Livermore 
Pass; nothing quite like the original specimens have since been dis- 
covered, but these are merely robust branches broken off a young 
plant. I take A. verna Jepson to be the same specifically and the 
plants so called are now to be known as 

Var. verna. Annual, low, only 3 to 6 in. high, sometimes rather 
stout, white-scurfy throughout; branches simple or nearly so, two or 
three pairs opposite at base, the upper alternate; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate or ovate, sessile, 3 to 5 lines long; flowers androgynous in 
the axils of the leafy stems, two or three in a cluster; calyx deeply 
4-cleft; stamens 4; fruiting bracts orbicular, compressed, 2 lines long, 
the margins crenate-dentate. — Collinsville, Jepson; Antioch, Mrs. 
Brandegee; and southward to saline flats near San Felipe, Santa Clara 
Co., Setchell and Jepson. May-June. 

7. A. expansa Wats. Annual, erect, much branched, 2 to 3| ft. 



180 CHENOPODIACEJE. 

high; herbage closely and finely mealy-scurfy; leaves 1 to 3 in. long 7 
broadly ovate or deltoid-ovate, irregularly and sharply sinuate- 
toothed, the lower on stout petioles 9 or 10 lines long and strongly 
3-nerved from the base, the upper reduced to sessile and more or less 
cordate floral bracts as broad or broader than long; flower clusters 
showing a tendency to become unisexual, the staminate flowers in the 
lower clusters more or less sterile; fruiting bracts numerous, clustered 
in the axils of the leaves, sessile, orbicular, mostly 3-nerved, 2 lines 
long, 2£ to 3 lines broad, usually emarginate at apex, the wing sharply 
toothed, partly distinct, and commonly bearing on one face a few 
irregular projections or crests. — (A. trinervata Jepson.) 

Low alkaline areas from the base of the Coast Range foothills of 
northwestern Solano Co. southeastward to the lower San Joaquin, 
where it is a weed in the grain fields near the river. Recent speci- 
mens from Solano Co. seem to indicate that the plants there are more 
or less dioecious. A. nodosa Greene, Pitt. i. 40, is unmistakably a 
monstrous form of this species, perhaps due to insect stings. A speci- 
men from near Stockton, Dari/, matches in some of its branches the 
abnormal branches and inflorescence of A. nodosa; the remaining 
branches are typical A. expansa! 

8. A. bracteosa Wats. Perennial, more or less diffuse, with 
stems 1 to several ft. long; branches smooth and shining, straw- 
yellow; foliage finely grayish-scurfy; leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 4 to 
9 lines long, thin, sharply but sparingly toothed or the smaller entire; 
flower clusters unisexual, the staminate in terminal submoniliform 
spikes, the pistillate axillary; fruiting bracts a line long, the margin 
laciniately toothed or simply dentate and the central tooth lanceolate 
and conspicuous. 

Sacramento. Miehener; Andrus Island and Tyler Island, Lower 
Sacramento, jepson; Antioch, Mrs. Brandegee; and southeastward 
through the San Joaquin Valley to Kern Co., where it is common. 

9. A. fruticulosa Jepson. Perennial; herbaceous or suffrutescent 
below, erect, 6 to 13 in. high, and branched from the base, the stems 
simple below, with terminal branchlets; herbage grayish; leaves 
sessile, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, \ to £ in. long; staminate 
flowers in dense globose clusters 2 lines in diameter, the clusters in a 
terminal simple or sometimes slightly branched spike, naked or nearly 
so; pistillate chiefly below, from the leaf axils; calyx deeply 5-cleft, 
occasionally unequally parted and one lobe reduced; fruiting bracts 
orbicular, \\ to 2 lines broad, the margins partly free, the sides tooth- 
crested; seed nearly a line broad. 

Leesville, Colusa Co.; alkaline flats near the Little Oak Ranch, 
Solano Co., Jepson; Antioch, Mrs. Brandegee, June 8, 1892. The 
name not well chosen, but the first specimens with perennial woody 
stems 3 to 6 in. high. 

10. A. Californica Moq. Finely white-mealy or somewhat 
glabrate in age; the hue of the herbage mostly greenish; root large 
and somewhat fleshy; stems slender, wiry, mostly herbaceous, pros- 
rate, often much branched and forming a thick mat; leaves thinnish , 



GOOSE FOOT FAMILY. 181 

ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 6 lines long, sessile, or 
narrowed at base into a very short petiole; staminate flowers in termi- 
nal spikes; pistillate flowers in axillary clusters; fruiting bracts mem- 
branous, ovate, acute, entire, loosely closed over the utricle, but not 
united, 1J lines long or less. 

Not uncommon on sandy beaches from Point Reyes and about San 
Francisco Bay, southward to Santa Cruz, Setchell, and Santa Monica, 
Alder son. Apr.-May. Roots cylindrical or fusiform, -£ to 1 in. 
thick and 1J to 4 in. long. 

11. A. leucophylla Dietr. Stems prostrate, densely light brown- 
scurfy, 1 to several ft. long, often somewhat woody at base, with 
usually many short ascending branches; leaves thick, orbicular to 
elliptic or elliptic-ovate, 4 to 8 lines long, sessile, 3-nerved; calyx 
rather large, 5-cleft; staminate clusters in a dense terminal spike £ to 
1 in. long; pistillate flowers 2 or 3 together in axillary clusters; fruit 
globose or nearly so, 1J to 2 lines long, with the bracts completely 
united and marginless (except at the apex where there is a small 
ovate double wing) and the sides commonly with two (or several) 
warty projections. 

Seabeaches, very common; San Francisco and southward. Said by 
Greene to be dioecious; it may sometimes be. Tips of the ovate 
wing of the bract commonly spreading. 

6. ALLENROLFEA 0. Kuntze. 

An alkaline shrub with alternate leafless jointed branches; the 
branchlets fleshy and green with short scale-like leaves. Flowers 
perfect, arranged spirally by threes in a crowded spike, in the axils 
of fleshy subsessile bracts. Calyx of 4 (or 5) concave carinate 
imbricated sepals, more or less united. Stamens 1 or 2, with slender 
filaments at length exserted. Ovary oblong, axial; styles 2, rarely 3, 
commonly distinct. Pericarp membranous, free from the vertical 
oblong seed. Embryo green, nearly surrounding the rather copious 
albumen. (Named for Allen Rolfe, a member of the botanical staff at 
Kew, England. ) 

1. A. occidentalis 0. Kuntze. Kern Greasewood. Erect, 
diffusely branched, 4 ft. high or less; vestiges of leaves very short, 
broadly triangular and amplexicaul, acute, often nearly obsolete; 
spikes numerous, sessile or nearly so, cylindrical, 3 to 10 lines long; 
bracts rhomboidal; flowers crowded, slightly exserted; calyx becom- 
ing spongy and enclosing the fruit. — (Spirostachys occidentalis Wats.) 

Alkaline soil in the Livermore Pass, Setchell and Jepson, 1896; 
abundant in strongly alkaline soil about Byron Springs, Davy, 1898. 
Frequent in the Great Basin and upper San Joaquin but of rare 
occurrence in western California. 

7. SALICORNIA L. Samphire. Glasswort. 
Low saline very succulent plants, ours herbs, with leafless 
jointed stems and opposite branches. Inflorescence spicate-cylin- 
drical. Flowers perfect, immersed in the hollows of the thickened 



1 82 CHENGPODIA< KJE. 

upper joints, and disposed in opposite clusters of 3, the lateral ones 
of each trio often only staminate. Calyx small and hladder-like, 
with an anterior opening, formed of 2 sepals laterally placed and 
united above and below, in fruit spongy or thickened on the margins. 
Stamens 2, exserted in flower. Ovary oblong; styles 2 to 3, short, 
free. Pericarp membranous, in our species adherent to the vertical 
seed. Endosperm small; embryo thick. (Name from sal, salt, and 
cornu, horn, plants of saline habitat with horn-like branches.) 

1. S. ambigua Michx. Pickle-weed. Stems 5 to 12 in. long, 
from woody rootstocks, erect or decumbent and rooting at the joints; 
herbage greenish; spikes slender, terminal, not thicker than the sterile 
portions of the stem, short-jointed, the scales short; flowers nearly 
equal in height; seed £ line long. 

Very abundant in salt marshes about San Francisco and Suisun 
Bays. S. Californica Jepson, of the Upper San Joaquin Valley, has 
intercalary spikes much thicker than the sterile portions of the stem. 

8. SU/EDA Forsk. Sea Blite. 
Fleshy plants of salt marshes or alkaline plains, with alternate sub- 
terete linear leaves. Flowers perfect, or perfect and pistillate on the 
same plant, sessile in the axils of the leafy bracts, minutely bracteo- 
late; calyx 5-parted, fleshj^, enclosing the utricle and mostly carinate 
or crested. Stamens "). Styles 2 or 3, short and rather thick. Seed 
with a black, shining, crustaceous testa and a spiral embryo, the rad- 
icle exterior. (Name from the Arabic.) 

Succulent, woody only at base; branches decumbent, with ascending branch- 
lets; flowers 1 to 3 in the axils. . 1. S. Californica. 

Mostly snfifrutescent, with erect main stem and ascending branches; flowers 
5 or 6 in the axils 2. <S. Torreyana, 

1. S. Californica Wats. Glabrous and slightly glaucous; main 
stem or woody trunk short, £ ft. high, 1 to 1.] in. in diameter, giving 
rise to decumbent branches 3 to 9 ft. long; these woody for 1 or 2 ft., 
then succulent, bearing ascending or erect branchlets \ to 1 ft. 
long, and forming low circular plants to 12 ft. in diameter; leaves 
spreading or somewhat recurved, densely crowded upon the branch- 
lets, broadly linear, acute, 6 lines long; flowers large, 2 lines broad, 
1 to 3 in the axils; when 3 the central one perfect, the 2 lateral 
smaller and pistillate; perianth deeply cleft, the lobes with narrow, 
scarious margins, not cucullate-appendaged; pericarp at maturity 
thin and watery; seed vertical, \ line broad, notched at the lower 
end, the testa jet-black, smooth and brittle. 

Sandy beaches bordering San Francisco Bay; rarely collected. 
San Pablo Landing, Bolander; abundant on Bay Farm Island, 
Jepson. Sept.-Oct. The flowers are decidedly protogynous, the 
two or three stigmas being exserted between the tips of the calyces 
before the flower expands. The ovary is surmounted by a short 
thick column, the styles arising from the concavity of the cup-shaped 
summit of the column. The herbage quickly blackens in drying or 
when broken, as commonly in the genus. 



NYCTAGINACE2E. 183 

2. S. Torreyana Wats. Thickly branched plant of bushy habit, 
about 2 ft. high, the central stem erect, and the (6 to 14 in. long) 
branches ascending or suberect, a woody base 5 to 12 in. high persist- 
ing through the winter; leaves linear, subterete, narrow at base, 5 to 
7 lines long, mostly acute, the floral similar; clusters several (mostly 
7)-flowered; perianth rather deeply cleft, the lobes often somewhat 
thickened at the apices and incurved or slightly cucullate, with 
narrow scarious margins; seed vertical, £ line broad, dark brown, 
smooth and shining. 

Alkaline soil, Livermore Pass, Jepson, June, 1896; Byron Springs, 
Hansen, Sept., 1899. Branches mostly flexuous, or somewhat crooked. 
Main stems rarely depressed, with prostrate branches. Ovary and 
styles similar to the foregoing. 

27. NYCTAGINACE/E. Four-o'clock Family. 

Ours succulent herbs with opposite entire petioled leaves and 
swollen joints. Flowers perfect, delicate. Involucre of several 
distinct bracts subtending a many-flowered head, or calyx-like and 
containing 1 to many flowers. Petals none. Calyx tubular, colored 
like a corolla, 4 to o-lobed, its persistent base constricted over the 
1-celled 1-seeded superior ovary, forming a hardened pericarp-like 
covering to the achene. Stamens 3 to 5, slender, hypogynous or 
perigynous. Embryo coiled, with broad foliaceous cotyledons, the 
endosperm in the center. 

1. ABRONIA Juss. 
Ours perennial seaside herbs with viscid herbage. Peduncles axil- 
lary or terminal, bearing a many-flowered head subtended by 5 to 15 
distinct involucral bracts. Flowers showy. Calyx salver-form. Sta- 
mens commonly 5, unequal, included in the tube and adnate to it. 
Style included. Persistent base of calyx indurated, 3 to 5-winged, 
more or less reticulate, enclosing a cylindrical achene. Embryo with 
one cotyledon. (Greek abros, graceful.) 

Calyx rose-purple; wings thin but solid 1. A. umbellata. 

Calyx yellow; wings thicker, the central cavity of the fruit extending through 
the'm 2. A. latifolia. 

1. A. umbellata Lam. Common Sand-Verbena. Stems slender, 
prostrate, viscid, 1 to 3 ft. long; leaves nearly glabrous, roundish or 
ovate to narrowly oblong, the margin often somewhat sinuate, 1 to 1J 
in. long, narrowed at base to a slender petiole; heads 10 to 15-flowered, 
peduncles 2 to 6 in. long; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, 2 or 
3 lines long; calyx rose-purple, 6 to 8 lines long; lobes 5, emarginate; 
fruit rigid and hard, oblong, attenuate at each end, 4 to 5 lines long; 
wings thin, broadest above and often truncate, narrowed to the base. 

Common on the whole California seacoast. June-Oct. 

2. A. latifolia Esch. Yellow Sand-Verbena. Very succulent; 
stems stout, 1 to 2 ft. long, prostrate, onhy the leaves and flowering 
peduncles ascending or erect; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular 



184 PORTULACACE^E. 

and broader than long, truncate or reniform at base, £ to \\ in. long; 
petioles longer than the leaves; peduncles usually exceeding the 
leaves; bracts 5, broadly ovate, 2 lines long; flowers somewhat fra- 
grant; calyx yellow, £ in. long, the limb 5-lobed and the lobes 
emarginate; fruit coriaceous, 4 to 6 lines long, acute at each end; 
wings 4 to 6, commonly 5. 

Common along the seashore from Monterey northward; also at 
West Berkeley. May-Nov. 

28. PORTULACACE/E. Purslane Family. 

Low herbs with succulent entire leaves and regular flowers. Calyx 
chorisepalous (synsepalous in Portulaca). Sepals 2 (or in Lewisia 4 to 
8), fewer than the petals. Petals 3 to 16, often 5. Stamens 3 to 20, 
sometimes more numerous. Ovary superior; styles 2 to 8, united 
below or distinct, stigmatic along the inside. Fruit a 1-celled cap- 
sule, dehiscent from the apex by 2 or 3 valves, or circumscissile, the 
top falling away as a lid. 

Sepals 2, united below and partly adherent to the ovary, the free upper portion 
deciduous; capsule circumscissile, opening at the middle by a lid 

1. Portulaca. ■ 
Sepals 6 to 8, distinct and free from the ovary, persistent; capsule circumscissile 

near the base, the upper deciduous part splitting from below 

2. Lewisia. 
Sepals 2, distinct and free from the ovary, persistent. 

Flowers racemose or axillary; capsule 3-valved, style-branches 3. 

Petals mostly red, showy; stamens mostly 5 or more ... 3. Calandrinia. 

Petals mostly white or pinkish; stamens 3 to 5 4. Montia. 

Flowers in scorpioid spikes; capsule 2-valved; sepals more or less scarious . . 

5. Calyptridium. 

1. PORTULACA L. 

Fleshy prostrate annual with alternate leaves and yellow flowers. 
Calyx 2-cleft, the tube adnate to the ovary below. Petals 5 (rarely 
6), inserted with the stamens on the calyx. Stamens 7 to 20. Style 
mostly 3 to 8-parted. Fruit a 1-celled globose capsule, opening 
transversely, the upper part coming off like a lid. Seeds many. 
(Old Latin name.) 

1. P. oleracea L. Common Purslaxe. Glabrous; leaves cune- 
ate or obovate; flowers sessile, opening only in sunshine. 

Common in low lands: Napa Valley; Lake Co. 

2. LEWISIA Pursh. 

Acaulescent fleshy perennials with very thick farinaceous root 
bearing a rosulate cluster of leaves and short 1-flowered scapes. 
Flowers large and handsome. Sepals (in ours) 6 to 8, herbaceous, per- 
sistent. Petals (in ours) 12 to 16, varying from white to red. Sta- 
mens (in ours) numerous. Style-branches 3 to 8, filiform, stigmatic 
their whole length. Capsule circumscissile near the base, the upper 
deciduous part more or less valvate-cleft from the base. (In honor of 
Capt. Lewis of the Lewis & Clarke expedition across the continent, 
who collected the following species.) 



PURSLANE FAMILY. 185 

1. L. rediviva Pursh. Bitter Hoot. Leaves thick, linear; 
scapes 1 or 2 in. high, jointed above the middle and bearing an 
involucral whorl of 5 or 7 scarious subulate bracts; petals pink or 
bright rose, f to 1 in. long, spreading rotately. 

Mt. Hamilton; Mt. Diablo; high peaks east of Napa City (ace. to 
Greene); Sonoma and Napa ridge, "number of style-branches in 4 
flowers examined = 3, 4, 6, 7," Brewer; the only known localities 
within our limits. It is the "Racine d'Amere " of the French trap- 
pers of the Rocky Mountains of the Northwest where it is common 
and an article of food among the Indians. May. 

3. CALANDRiNIA HBK. 

Low fleshy annuals with alternate leaves and ephemeral red or rose- 
colored flowers, rarely varying to white. Sepals 2, persistent. Petals 
3 to 7. Stamens 5 or more, rarely 3, seldom of the same number as 
the petals. Style-branches 3. Capsule 3-valved from the apex. 
Seeds numerous, black and often shining. (J. L. Calandrini, Swiss 
botanist.) 

Capsule enveloped by the fruiting calyx; branches mostly ascending or erect; 

var. Menziesii of 1. C. caulescens. 

Capsule nearly twice as long as the fruiting calyx; branches mostly trailing . 

2. C. Breweri. 

1. C. caulescens HBK. var. Menziesii Gray. Red Maids. 
Branching from the base and more or less diffuse, or erect and simple, 
2 or 3 to 18 in. high; leaves narrowly oblanceolate to linear, acute; 
calyx glabrous, or somewhat hispidulous on the margin or midrib of 
the sepals; petals 5, orbicular-obovate, retuse at apex, crimson or 
rose-red, 3 or 4 lines long; stamens 7 to 13, commonly 10 to 12, rarely 
fewer than 7; capsule ovate, short-pointed, enveloped by the sepals 
which are nearly or quite as long. — (C. Menziesii T. & G.) 

Sometimes in fields and pastured hills; in wet years very abundant 
in orchards and vineyards, often occupying such exclusively and 
behaving like an immigrant. Mar. -Apr. 

2. C. Breweri Wats. Stems lax, trailing or sometimes ascending, 
nearly 1 to quite 2 ft. long; leaves spatulate or oblong-spatulate; 
flowers sparse; pedicels longer than in no. 1, often deflexed in fruit; 
capsule narrower and longer (5 lines long), at length nearly twice as 
long as the calyx. 

Near summit of Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Santa Inez Mountains 
(where first collected by Brewer). June. 

4. MONTIA L. Indian Lettuce. 
Moderately succulent, very glabrous and often glaucous, low herbs. 
Leaves mostly radical. Flowers white or pinkish, rarely rose-color, 
usually reopening the second or third day. Sepals 2, persistent. 
Petals 5 (in M. fontana 3), equal or somewhat unequal, distinct or 
more or less connate at base. Stamens 5 or 3. Style-branches 3. 
Capsule 3-valved from the apex. Seeds 2 or 3. 



186 rORTULACACE.E. 



Leaves all radical, except a sessile and often united opposite cauline pair 
under the inflorescence; petals 5, retuse or notched, equal. 

Cauline pair of leaves distinct; perennial 1. If. Sibirica. 

Cauline pair connate-perfoliate into a roundish or angular disk; petals white, 

little surpassing the calyx; rather coarse annual ... 2. M. perjoliata. 
Cauline pair partially joined on one side, rarely on both; petals pink, about 3 
times the length of the calyx; rather slender annual . 3. M. gypsophiloides. 
Cauline pair broadly to narrowly lanceolate, distinct or connate on one side; 
petals white, I to 2 lines long; dwarfish annual . . . 4. M. spathulata. 
Stems bearing many alternate small leaves; petals 5, notched, often somewhat 
unequal. 

Perennial by stolons or bulblets; stems simple and peduncle-like 

5. M. parvifolia. 

Annual; stems diffuse and dichotomous 6. M. diffusa. 

Stems bearing opposite leaves; petals 3, unequal, connate at base into a 
Sympetalous corolla which is split down one side ... 7. M.fontana. 

1. M. Sibirica (L.) Howell. Erect, 9 to 18 in. high; radical 
leaves long-petioled, blades ovate, acuminate or barely acute, 1 to 2 
in. long; cauline pair ovate or obovate to almost orbicular, distinct 
and sessile, or short-petioled; raceme very lax, the flowers on long (2^ 
in. or less) pedicels; sepals ovate, obtusish; petals pink with 5 longi- 
tudinal rose-purple lines, emarginate at apex, 4 lines long, narrowed 
at base into a distinct claw. — (Claytonia Sibirica L.) 

Swampy places along the coast. Marin Co., northward to Men- 
docino. Feb. 

2. M. p erf o I iata (Don n.) Howell. Miner's Lettuce. Usually 
4 to 10 (sometimes 16) in. high; radical leaves long-petioled, the 
earliest narrowly linear, the later ones ovate, rhomboidal or deltoid; 
cauline pair completely united into a round and entire or angulately 
2-lobed disk, £ to 4 in. broad; flowers in pairs, threes or fascicles, in a 
short-peduncled or sessile more or less interrupted raceme; petals 
white, little surpassing the calyx. — (Claytonia perfoliate Donn.) 

Everywhere common in orchards or vineyards and in the shade of 
Oak and other trees in the foothills and canons. Feb. -June. 

Var. nubigena (Claytonia nubigena Greene). Compact plant 
with glauceseent herbage, and numerous stems; leaves linear or a few 
spatulate at apex; racemes dense; flowers white or pinkish, twice as 
large as in the species. — Marin Co.; Mt. Diablo. 

3. M. gypsophiloides (F. & M.) Howell. Slender, 2 to 9 in. 
high, the branches erect or ascending; herbage very pale and glau- 
cous; radical leaves linear or filiform, the flowering stems 2 to several 
times as long; cauline pair ovate to linear-lanceolate, partially united 
on one side; raceme slender, elongated; flowers for their size showy 
and most delicately beautiful; petals pink, cuneate-obovate, retuse, 
about 3 times as long as the sepals. — (Claytonia gvpsophiloides 
F. & M.) 

Northward slopes and summits of the Coast Ranges from Mt. 
Diablo, Brricer. Mac Lean, to Mt. Tamalpais; Napa Co.; Healdsburg 
and northward. Last of Mar. to early May. 

4. M. spathulata (Dougl.) Howell. Densely csespitose, 1 to 2| in. 
high, the herbage glaucous and very fleshy; leaves linear or slightly 
dilated above, nearly terete; cauline leaves lanceolate nearly dis- 



PURSLANE FAMILY. 187 

tinct or somewhat connate upon one (rarely on both) sides, nearly 
equaling the short raceme; sepals much shorter than the petals, these 
somewhat quadrangular, retuse or rounded at apex, short-clawed, 
white or very light pink, with darker pink markings at base of blade; 
corolla 4 lines broad; anthers vermilion. — (Clavtonia spathulata 
Dougl.j 

Common on gravelly or rocky hill tops (often in vineyards and 
other cultivated areas) from the Oakland Hills and San Francisco 
northward along the coast and as far eastward as the summit of the 
mountains bounding Napa Valley. Feb. -Mar. 

5. M. parvifolia (Moc.) Greene. Stems at base bearing clusters 
or tufts of ovate or obovate petioled leaves, 1^ in. long or less; above 
the somewhat caudex-like base the stems are slender with scattered 
small (2 to 4 lines long) leaves and are, therefore, peduncle-like; 
sepals roundish, 1 line long; petals scarcely unequal, obovate or 
oblanceolate, emarginate, rose-color or white, 4 or 5 lines long; cap- 
sule mostly 1-seeded. 

North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada from Yosemite, Bolandei\ 
northward. Thought to be perennial; certainly propagating by 
bulblets formed in the leaf axils. 

(5. M. diffusa (Nutt.) Greene. Diffusely dichotomous, the stems 
5 to 8 in. high, leafy and flower-bearing throughout; leaves deltoid- 
ovate, the upper oblong-ovate, contracted at base into a petiole as 
long; racemes numerous, few T -flowered; pedicels very slender; petals 
emarginate, white or rose-color, 2 lines long, surpassing a little 
the calyx; seeds covered with fine elevated lines crossing each other 
at right angles. — (Clavtonia diffusa Nutt.) 

Coniferous woods: Mill Valley, Marin Co., ace. to Brandegee; 
Humboldt Bay. Rarely collected in California. 

7. M. fontana L. Water Moxtia. Annual; stems slender 2 
to 6 in. long, ascending or procumbent; leaves opposite, narrowly 
oblanceolate or oblong, somewhat connate at base; petals minute, 
white, unequal, united at base into a sympetalous corolla which is 
split down one side and exceeds little the calyx; seeds minute, 
roughened. 

Growing along the margin of small surface streams or in muddy 
places. Marin Co. to Napa Co., and northward. Mar.-Ma}*. 

M. Chamjssoxis (Esch.) Greene, is an opposite-leaved species of 
the higher Sierras; 3 to 5 in. high; petals 5, 3 times the length of 
the calvx. 

5. CALYPTRIDIUM Nutt. 

Depressed and rather succulent herbs with alternate spatulate leaves 
and small ephemeral flowers in solitary or clustered scorpioid spikes. 
Sepals 2, scarious or scarious-margined, orbicular, emarginate at apex 
and base. Petals in ours 4, obovate; stamens 1. 2, or 3, twice the 
length of the petals. Style simple; stigmas 2. Capsule membrana- 
ceous, globose-ovate, 2-valved, few to many-seeded. (Name derived 
from kaluptra. a calyptra, the petals closing over each other and 
carried up on the capsule.) 



188 FICOIDE.E. 



Stamens 1, 2, or 3, shorter than the petals; style very short or almost none . . . 

1 . C. quadripetalum . 
Stamens 3, twice as long as the petals; style very long, filiform 

2. C. umbellatum. 

1. C. quadripetalum Wats. About 9. in. high; branches erect 
from a decumbent base, leaf} 7 up to the short dense spikes; leaves 
oblong-spatulate, 2 in. long or less, including the tapering petiole; 
sepals round-reniform, white-scarious and rose-tinged with greenish 
center, 2 to 4 lines broad, exceeding the 4 petals; capsule oblong-oval, 
10 to 20-seeded, little or not at all surpassing the fruiting calyx. 

Near the Geysers in Sonoma Co., ace. to Greene; first coll. by 
Torrey in 1864* in Lake Co.; later (1884) by Rattan on the head 
waters of the Eel in northern Lake Co. 

2. C. umbellatum (Torr.) Greene. Pussy's Paws. Radical 
leaves spatulate in a dense rosette; peduncles 1 to 7 in. high; sepals 
wholly scarious or with a mere greenish center emarginate at 
apex and base, equal; petals 4, obovate; 2 stamens opposite petals, 
the third alternate, these and the long styles exserted; capsule 
globose-obovate, few-seeded. 

Near Santa Cruz, Anderson; Humboldt Co.; frequent in the Sierra 
Nevada. June-Sept. 

29. FICOIDE/E. Carpet- weed Family. 

Ours prostrate or decumbent herbs. Flowers perfect and regular, 
cither solitary or clustered. Calyx 4 to 5-lobed or -parted, either free 
from or more or less adnate to the.ovarj'. Stamens hypogynous or 
commonly perigynous, fewer than the sepals or more numerous. 
Fruit a loculicidal or circumscissile capsule or indehiscent. 

Calyx free from the ovary; petals none; leaves opposite. 
Capsule loculicidal, 3-valved; sepals 5, white inside; stamens 3 to 5 .... 

1. Mollugo. 
Capsule circumscissile; calyx 5-cleft. 

Stipules scarious, laciniate; ovary 1-celled; stamens 1 to 3. 

2. Cypselea. 
Stipules none; ovary 3 to 5-celled; stamens numerous 

3. Sesuvium. 
Calyx adnate to the ovary. 

Petals none; leaves alternate, plane; fruit indehiscent 

4. Tetragonia. 
Petals numerous; leaves opposite, 3-sided and very fleshy; fruit dehiscent . . 

5. Mesembryanthemum. 

1. MOLLUGO L. Carpet Weed. 

Low much-branched annuals with whorled leaves and obsolete stip- 
ules. Flowers axillary, on slender pedicels. Sepals 5, scarious- 
margined, white within, thus resembling petals when expanded, 
persistent. Petals none. Stamens 5, hypogynous and alternate with 
the sepals, or 3 and alternate with the cells of the ovary. Stigmas 3. 
Capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, loculicidally dehiscent, the partitions 
breaking away from the many-seeded axis. (Ancient Latin name.) 

1. M. verticil lata L. Indian Chick-weed. Prostrate, form- 



CARPET- WEED FAMILY. 189 

ing patches, glabrous, not fleshy; leaves ohovate or spatulate, entire, 
clustered in whorls of 5 or 6, unequal, 7 lines long or less; flowers 
several at each node; sepals oblong; capsule ovoid, scarcely exserted 
from the calyx; seeds reniform, shining, nearly smooth, obviously 
striate, crow T ded in the capsule and irregularly distending its walls 
which are thus roughened. 

Naturalized in California but not yet common: Healdsburg, Alice 
King, 1897, the only reported Bay Eegion locality; Los Angeles, 
Davidson, 1893; upper Sacramento, Brewer, 1862. 

2. CYPSELEA Turp. 

Inconspicuous prostrate herb with opposite leaves and scarious 
laciniate stipules. Tube of calyx short, campanulate, the lobes (in 
ours) 5, ovate, unequal. Petals none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; 
style 2-cleft. Fruit a subglobose circumscissile capsule. Seeds 
minute, smoothish, the funiculi persistent on the central placenta. 
(Greek kupsele, a beehive, which the capsule is thought to resemble.) 

1. C. humifusa Turp. Stems much branched and matted; leaves 
2 to 6 lines long, oblong or elliptical, obtuse, the petioles slender, 
nearly as long as the blade, those of each pair very unequal; stamens 
3, rarely 1, inserted opposite the sinuses. 

West Indian weed naturalized in low lands: Lower San Joaquin; 
Santa Cruz (ace. to Syn. Fl.). Aug. 

3. SESUVIUM L. 

Fleshy decumbent or prostrate herbs with opposite leaves and no 
stipules. Flowers solitary in the axils, sessile or shortly pediceled. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, the lobes 5, purplish, oblong, obtuse. Petals 
none. Stamens (in ours) numerous, inserted on the calyx, united by 
their filaments into sets. Ovary 3 to 5-celled, with as many separate 
styles. Capsule membranous, the upper part falling off as a lid. 
Seeds smooth. Embryo annular. 

1. S. sessile Pers. Lowland Purslane. Stems prostrate, 
freely branching, 1 to 3 ft. long; herbage finely warty; leaves broadly 
spatulate, f to 2 in. long; flowers 4 to 5 lines long; sepals ovate- 
lanceolate, commonly acuminate, 3 lines long; filaments united for 
about one-half their length. 

River lowlands and alkaline fields in the San Joaquin Valley: 
Banta, Delano, etc. May-Aug. 

4. TETRAGON I A L. Sea Spinach. 

Succulent perennial herb with alternate plane leaves. Flowers 
axillary, greenish, apetalous. Calyx 4-lobed, adnate to the 3 to 
9-celled ovary. Stamens 1 to many, perigynous. Fruit a hard or 
bony nut, indehiscent, enveloped by the calyx which bears several 
horn-like protuberances. (Greek, tetra, 4, and gonu, knee or angle, 
alluding to the fruit. ) 

1. T. expansa Murr. New Zealand Spinach. Branches 
procumbent or prostrate; leaves rhombic-ovate, entire, 4 to 5-nerved 



1 DO ( 'A LYCANTHACE.E. 



beneath, 1 to 2£ in. long, abruptly contracted at base to a broad 
petiole, the surface covered with crystalline papilla?; flowers sub- 
sessile, 1 to 3 in each axil; calyx-lobes widely spreading, yellowish 
within; fruit 4-horned, 4 to 6 lines long. 

Beaches of San Francisco Bay: Alameda and Marin Cos. and South 
San Francisco. 

5. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM L. Fig Marigold. 

Oui-s glabrous perennial herb. Stems and leaves very succulent, 
the latter opposite, without stipules. Flowers axillary and terminal. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the lobes unequal and foliaceous. 
Petals linear, very numerous, inserted with the innumerable stamens 
on the tube of the calyx. Ovary in ours 10 to 12-celled, the styles as 
many as the cells of the ovary and distinct or nearly so. Capsule 
becoming baccate, dehiscing in rainy weather by stellate valves at 
the flattened summit. Seeds minute, numerous. (Corruption of the 
Greek mesembria, midday, and anthemon, blossom.) 

1. M. sequilaterale Ha worth. Ska Fig. Stems several ft. long, 
the plants often forming extensive mats; leaves 3-sided, with nearly 
flat faces, thicker than broad, H to 2 in. long; flowers terminal, sub- 
sessile or shortly peduncled, fragrant and showy (1^- to 2 in. broad): 
petals bright rose-purple; styles 6 to 10. 

Dunes and cliffs near the sea from Bodega Bay and Marin Co. 
southward to San Diego. Known to students of the University of 
California as "Faculty Onions." The fruits, which "taste like 
salted apples,'' arc eaten bv schoolboys in Southern California (H. P. 
Chandler). 

30. CALYCANTHACE/E. Sweet-shrub Family. 

Aromatic shrubs with opposite entire leaves and no stipules. 
Flowers large, solitary, terminating the branches. Bracts, sepals and 
petals passing into each other, imbricated in many series, adnate at 
base to the enlarged hollow receptacle which is like a rose-cup. 
Stamens numerous, the inner ones sterile. Pistils many, distinct, 
nearly enclosed in the hollow receptacle, becoming achenes. 

1. CALYCANTHUS L. 

Flowers livid red. Petals in several rows at mouth of tube, the 
inner ones shorter. Styles equaling the anthers, filiform, colorless. 
Seed without endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous, convolute. (Greek 
kalyx, covering or calyx, and anthos, flower.) 

1. C. occidentalis H. & A. Western Sweet-scented Shrub. 
Erect branching shrub 5 to 9 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, acute at apex, rounded at base, 1\ to 6 in. long; sepals and 
petals linear-spatulate, 1^ in. long or less, the upper £ or i fading 
tawny or brown in age or in drying; filaments about 4 line long; 
fruiting calyx cup-like, 1\ in. long: achenes oblong, somewhat 
velvetv-hirsute, nearly 3 lines long. 



LAURACE.dE. 191 

Along streams in canons of the Coast Ranges from Sonoma, Napa 
Valley and Vacaville northward. Last of May-July. 

31. LAURACE/E. Laurel Family. 

Trees and shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and no stipules. 
Flowers perfect, regular. Petals none. Anthers opening by uplifted 
valves. Ovary simple and superior. Fruit a berry or drupe. 

1. UMBELLULARIA Nutt. 

Foliage highly aromatic, evergreen. Flowers in simple peduncu- 
late umbels, covered in the bud by an involucre of 6 caducous bracts, 
each flower except the central one with a similar bract and sometimes 
with two lateral bractlets at the base of the pedicel, the bract and 
bractlets caducous. Sepals 6. Stamens 9, the three inner with a 
stipitate orange-colored gland on each side of the filament at base and 
alternating with scale-like staminodia; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved, the 
three inner extrorse, the outer introrse. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, 
with a single style. Fruit a subglobose or ovoid drupe. 

1. U. Californica Nutt. Mountain Laurel. Tree 20 to 30 ft. 
high or more with a dense crown of erect slender branches; leaves 
oblong, entire, tapering rather more to the apex than to the base, 4 
in. long, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; peduncles in the terminal 
axils, 4 to 7 lines long; umbels 4 to 9-flowered, the bracts orbicular to 
ovate; sepals 1J lines long, the stamens included and borne on their 
united base; pedicels in flower 2 or 3 lines long, in fruit somewhat 
elongated and noticeably turbinate-thickened beneath the drupe; 
drupe 1 in. long, greenish and mottled with white dots before matu- 
rity, changing into light red or aging into brown-purple. 

Throughout California, mainly along mountain streams, more 
rarely in the valleys. The Mountain Laurel is usually a good-sized 
tree in the canons, but it ascends the most rocky slopes or declivities 
and appears in a reduced form at considerable elevation as bush-like 
clumps; or again, it may be seen in the hills on abrupt north slopes, 
forming dense thickets of limited area, with sapling-like stems and 
presenting a remarkably even surface above as if clipped like a garden 
hedge. The leaves may persist 4 or 5 years; the new shoots begin to 
grow in June. It is found in flower from Dec. to Mar. The drupes 
fall in Nov. or Dec; scattered over the ground beneath the trees they 
look not unlike nearly ripe olives. It is also called Bay Tree, Spice 
Tree and (in the North Coast Kanges) Pepperwood. 

32. CERATOPHYLLACE>E. Hornwort Family. 

Aquatic submerged fragile herbs, with cylindric jointed stems and 
whorled sessile exstipulate leaves cut into filiform divisions. Flowers 
minute, axillary, monoecious, without perianth but surrounded by 
an 8 to 12-cleft persistent involucre. Staminate flowers crowded, 
of a single fleshy anther, dehiscing irregularly. Ovary superior, 



192 NYMPH.EACEiE. 

1-celled, with a single ovule. Fruit indehiscent, beaked by the 
slender persistent style, spinose or tuberculate at base. Embryo with 
highly developed plumule. No endosperm. 

1. CERATOPHYLLUM L. 

The only genus. (Name from the Greek, keras, a horn, and 
phyllon, a leaf, the leaves cut into slender rigid divisions.) 

1. C. demersum L. Hornwort. Stems slender, J to 2 ft. long- 
leaves in whorls of 6 to 8, the segments prickly-dentate, \ to 1 in. 
long; style as long as the achene; this 1 to 2 lines long, with a 
spine or reflexed horn on each side near the base. 

Ponds and lakes: Santa Cruz, San Francisco, and northward. 
Aug. Seldom collected in fruit; achene variable, the margin winged 
or wingless and the sides sometimes crested or covered with tubercles. 

33. NYMPH>EACE/E. Water-lily Family. 

Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks or with tubers. 
Leaves floating or erect, peltate or deeply cordate. Flowers large, 
solitary, perfect, on long peduncles. Sepals 3 to 12. Petals 3 to 
many. Stamens 6 to numerous, hypogynous. Carpels 3 to many, 
united into a single pistil with many cells, or distinct. 

To this order belong the Water Lilies, the Pond Lilies, the Water 
Chinquapin of the Eastern United States, and the Sacred Indian 
Lotus. Besides two species of Pond Lilies we have in California the 
Water-shield, Brasenia peltata, which has tuberous rootstocks, pel- 
tate leaves, flowers ^ in. long, and distinct pistils; it has been found 
near Stockton (fide Greene) and Clear Lake (Jepson). 

1. NUPHAR Sibth. & Smith. Pond Lily. 
Aquatic or subterrestial plants. Scapes from creeping rootstocks 
rooting from beneath and bearing on the upper side the scars of 
former petioles. Leaves in ours cordate with rounded lobes and 
narrow or closed sinus; petioles long. Sepals 5 to 12, conspicuous, 
orbicular, concave, mostly petal-like, unless at base or on the outside. 
Petals 10 to 20, small and thick, bearing more or less resemblance to 
staminodia. Stamens hypogynous, numerous, densely imbricated 
around the ovary, at length recurving; anthers linear; filaments very- 
short. Ovary 10 to 25-celled, the stigmas radiating upon its truncate 
or disk-like summit. Fruit coriaceous-baccate. (Name thought to be 
from the Arabic.) 

Sepals 6 to 7; anthers yellow; stigmatic rays 13 to 22 1. N. advena. 

Sepals 5 to 12; anthers dark red; stigmatic rays 15 to 24 . . . .2. N. polysepalum. 

1. N. advena Soland. Yellow Pond Lily. Rootstock horizon- 
tal, creeping; leaves 6 to 9£ in. broad, 9 to 13 in. long, floating or 
raised above the water on stout subterete petioles; calyx If (when 
fully expanded, 2 to 3) in. in diameter; sepals 6 or 7, the inner 
narrowed at base, yellow, the three outer smaller and greenish; petals 



KAMXCri.ACK/K. 193 

about 15, nearly or quite concealed beneath the many stamens; 
atamens in 5 or 6 series; anthers yellow; stigmatic rays 13 to 15 or 22, 
usually not reaching the edge of the disk; neck beneath the disk 
scarcely constricted. 

Sloughs near Stockton, Sanford t Setchell and Jepson; flowering in 
summer. 

2. N. polysepalum Engelm. Indian Pond Lily. Leaves as 
in the preceding, the sinus J to £ the length of the blade; calyx sub- 
globose or somewhat cup-shaped, 3 (or when fully expanded 4 to 5) 
in. in diameter; sepals 9 to 12, yellow or brownish-red; petals 12 to 
18, 6 lines long, 4 lines broad, nearly or quite concealed beneath the 
many stamens; anthers dark red; stigmatic rays 15 to 24; fruit sub- 
globose, 1J in. in diameter, with short constricted neck and convex 
disk. 

Near Santa Cruz, Hartweg (in 1846), to Marin Co. and northward 
in the mountains. Flowering in summer. The seeds were used as an 
article of food by the Klamath Indians. 

34. RANUNCULACE/E. Buttercup Family. 

Herbs with alternate or radical leaves, excepting Clematis, a 
shrubby climber with opposite leaves. Flowers solitary or in terminal 
racemes or panicles, with the parts all free and distinct. Sepals more 
than two, usually 5, often petal-like. Petals usually 5 or more, but 
sometimes minute or altogether wanting. Stamens indefinite, usually 
numerous. Pistils several, each 1-celled, bearing a single style. 
Fruit an achene, follicle or berry. Seeds containing abundant 
endosperm and a minute embryo. The leaves are mostly palmately 
divided or lobed and in all cases exstipulate, but the petioles often 
have a broad sheathing base. The flowers are regular, except in 
Delphinium and Aconitum, and most frequently have a pronounced 
convex receptacle. Aconitum Fischeri, of the High Sierras, has the 
upper sepal conspicuously hooded and concealing the upper 2 petals, 
the lower 3 petals being obsolete or minute. All our genera are 
common to the Eastern United States and to Europe. This is a 
widely diffused order to which belong many choice garden plants and 
very many medicinal herbs. 

Flowers complete. 
Fruit a follicle. 
Petals red, roundish, concave, inserted on a fleshy disk adnate to the base of 

the calyx 1. P^eonia. 

Petals all spurred 3. Aquilegia. 

Upper sepal spurred; petals 4 4. Delphinium. 

Fruit an achene. 
Sepals spurred; petals small, white; achenes numerous on a slender spike- 
like receptacle; diminutive herbs 7. Myosueus. 

Sepals not spurred; petals plane, yellow or white; achenes capitate 

8. Ranunculus. 
Fruit a berry. 

Flowers very small, whitish, in a short raceme 10. Act^a. 

Flowers incomplete; petals wanting. 
Sepals petal-like. 
Stem leafy; fruit a follicle 2. Isopyrum. 

15 



194 RANUXCTLACE^E. 

Leaves all radical, except an involucral whorl of 3; fruit an achene 

6. Anemone. 
Leaves all opposite; sepals 4; fruit a feathery-tailed achene; woody- 
climber 5. Clematis. 

Flowers small, greenish, panicled, in ours dioecious; achenes few 

9. Thalictrum. 

1. P/EONIA L. 

Perennial herbs with ternately divided leaves. Flowers large, 
solitary and terminal. Sepals and petals 5 or 6, the latter and the 
numerous stamens borne on a fleshy disk, adnate to the base of the 
calyx. Style short or none. Follicles 2 to 5, thick and leathery, 
several-seeded. (Paion, the physician of the gods.) 

1. P. Brownii Dougl. Peoxy. Somewhat flesh}- plant about 
■ 8 in. high: leaves glaucous or pale, ternately or biternately divided, 
chiefly radical, the lobes obovate to linear-spatulate; peduncles 1 or 2 
in. long; petals plane, dull brownish-red, thick and leathery, scarcely 
longer than the roundish concave sepals; disk of many thick fleshy 
lobes; follicles mostly 5, broadly oblong, smooth, 1 to 1.] in. long. 

A rare herb within our limits: Santa Cruz, Mrs. A. E. Bush, 1880; 
attributed to Marin Co. by Behr. More frequent southward: San 
Antonio. Hartweg; Paso Robles, Cahunanga Pass; Temescal Range, 
Brewer; San Bernardino. In the Sierras from at least Placer Co. 
northward. May. 

2. ISOPYRUM L. 

Low glabrous slender perennials with ternately compound leaves. 
2 to 3-lobed petiolulate leaflets and axillary or terminal white flowers. 
Sepals 5, petal-like. Petals none. Stamens 10 to 40. Follicles 5 tq 
10. oblong or ovate, 2 to several-seeded. (Isopyron, the Greek name 
of a species of Fumaria.) 

1. I. occidentale H. & A. Plant of delicate habit; stems from a 
cluster of slender fusiform roots, branching above, 6 to 10 in. high; 
leaflets 5 to 6 lines long, with 2 or 3 broad rounded lobes, glaucous 
beneath; flowers white. 6 to 9 lines in diameter; follicles 5 to 9, nar- 
rowly oblong, obliquely pointed, transversely veined, 6 lines long- 
seeds 8 to 9, wrinkled. 

A rare herb of shady places in the lower mountains. Sierra 
Nevada: Forest Hill. Bolander; Mariposa, • Congdon. Coast Ranges: 
Weldon Canon, Vaca Mountains. Jepson. Mar-Apr. First collected 
by Douglas in the Coast Ranges, the exact station unknown. 
Greene's var. coloratum (Erythea, i, 125). with rose-red flowers, is 
from the Gabilan Mountains. 

3. AQUILEGIA L. 

Perennial herbs with ternately compound chiefly radical leaves, 
petiolulate leaflets and showy "solitary flowers. Sepals 5, plane, 
colored like the petals. Petals 5 T all alike and produced backward 
into large hollow spurs projecting below the calyx. Stamens numer- 
ous, some inner ones sterile with dilated filaments, appearing like 
scarious scales. Pistils 5. becoming several-seeded follicles. (Deriva- 



BUTTERCUP FAMILY. 195 

tion doubtful, said by some to be from the Latin jaquila, an eagle, on 
account of the claw-like spurs.) 

1. A. truncata F. & M. Columbine. Glabrous, 2 to 3£ ft. high; 
leaves biternate, the leaflets roundish in outline, broadly cuneate at 
base, at summit incised, the segments lobed or crenately toothed; 
petioles long, those of the radical leaves 1 ft. long; flowers scarlet, 
tinged with yellow, .pendulous in anthesis; spurs, therefore, erect, f in. 
long, somewhat exceeding in length the widely spreading sepals, and 
truncate at the oritice. the blade being almost none; follicles nearly 
1 in. long, conspicuously veined, the long styles persistent. 

Moist, shaded places in the lower hills, or at middle altitudes in the 
mountains, almost throughout California; not in the inner Coast 
Ranges. May- June. 

4. DELPHINIUM L. Larkspur. 
Herbs, ours perennial, with palmately divided leaves. Flowers in 
terminal racemes. Sepals 5, irregular, the upper one produced into a 
spur at the base. Petals 4, in pairs, with small spreading usually 
oblique blade on a claw of about equal length, the upper developed 
backward into nectary -bearing spurs and concealed within the spur of 
the calyx. Pistils in ours 3, seldom more, becoming many-seeded 
follicles. (Greek delphinion, larkspur, derived from delphin, the 
flowers of some species resembling the classical figures of the dolphin.) 

Flowers blue, white, pink or lavender-color. 
Roots woody-fibrous or fusiform-thickened. 
Lower leaves 4 to 7 in. in diameter; flowers Avhitish; sepals externally 

villous all over 1. D. Califomicum. 

Leave's mostly 1 to 3 in. in diameter; sepals finely pubescent or nearly 
glabrous, not villous. 
Racemes commonly rather short and few-flowered; pedicels spreading; 

sepals 7 to 10 lines long I.J), variegatum. 

Raceme commonly elongated and many-flowered; pedicels erect; sepals 

4 to 7 lines long 3. D. hesperium. 

Root a more or less globose tuber. 
Follicles % in. or less long, erect; flowers usually small . 4. D. decorum. 
Follicles % in. or more long, widely spreading; flowers few and large. . . . 

5. D. Menziesii. 
Flowers red 6. D. nudicaule. 

1. D. Califomicum T. & G. Coast Larkspur. Stout, 2J to 7 
ft. high, sparsely pubescent, many -leaved; ( leaves very large, 4 to 6 
in. broad, 2 to 4 in. long, deeply parted into 3 to 5 segments; segments, 
incised, sinuses of the primary divisions mostly closed in the lower 
leaves, open in the upper; racemes dense, f to 1^ ft. long; pedicels 4 
to 7 lines long, or the lowest somewhat more; bractlets very long and 
slender; flowers rather densely pilose-pubescent, white or whitish or 
somewhat purplish inside, never fully expanded; upper petals entire 
or very slightly emarginate with a woolly tuft at apex on the inside; 
lower pairs bifid, woolly on the outside; spur mostly longer than the 
sepals; follicles oblong, turgid, hardly if at all diverging. 

Throughout our region toward the coast, but not common, flower- 
ing in Mar. and Apr. San Francisco, Bolander, 1865; Berkeley 
Hills, Greene, 1883; lower petioles often 8 to 10 in. long. 



196 RANUNCULA< !EJE. 

2. D. variegatum T. & G. Sacramento Larkspur. Com- 
monly about 1^ to 1J ft. high, more or less hispidulous toward the base; 
leaves dissected into oblong mostly obtusish mucronulate diverging 
segments; raceme few (about 1 to 10)-flowered, loose, with ascending 
or spreading pedicels usually 1 in. long or more, the lower pedicels 
sometimes much elongated; sepals deep but bright blue, 7 to 
12 lines long; spur stoutish, the tip often slightly curved; lower 
petals large, elliptic or roundish, commonly colored like the sepals; 
upper petals obliquely oblong, whitish; capsule oblong, rather turgid, 7 
to 10 lines long, hispid-pubescent; seeds with brownish-winged angles. 

Monterey, north to Contra Costa Co., Napa Valley, and the upper 
Sacramento Valley. Apr. The var. apiculatum Greene, has many 
flowers on shorter pedicels in a compact cylindrical raceme. — Lower 
Sacramento Valley, especially low foothills bordering the Coast 
Ranges. 

3. D. hesperium Gray. Western Larkspur. Root a cluster 
of short thickened fibers, or of a single much thickened and some- 
what elongated woody root; stems and leaves with a short more or 
less appressed pubescence, commonly simple, lh to 2}- ft. high; leaves 
2 to 3 times palmately cleft into oblong or linear spreading segments; 
raceme rather dense, virgate, to 12 in. long; pedicels 4 to 8 lines 
long, or the lowest 1 in., strictly erect; flowers blue, pink or white 
and running into various intermediate shades; sepals 4 to (i lines long, 
equaled or exceeded by the straight spur; petals little shorter than 
the sepals, the lateral pair emarginate or shortly cleft; follicles short 
oblong, 3 to 5 or sometimes 7 lines long, pubescent; seeds wing- 
margined. 

Dry ground in open places, flowering at the beginning of the dry 
season, last of May or in June. Especially common in the interior 
and in the inner Coast Ranges, less frequent near the sea: Vacaville; 
Mt. Tamalpais; Berkeley; San Mateo Co.; Coyote Creek (south of 
San Jose). Typically the single stem terminates in an elongated 
cylindric raceme. The lower flowers of the inflorescence are some- 
times somewhat remote from those of the raceme proper and on 
longer stalks, solitary, or 2 together, showing a tendency to become 
subpaniculate below. Further, late rains sometimes induce lateral 
flowering branches: plants from Forest Grove, Santa Cruz Mountains, 
above Los Gatos, June, 1896, had solitary strictly virgate main stems, 
about 2 ft. high, which had passed out of flower and fruited; from the 
axils of the radical and subradical leaves flowering branches were later 
produced. 

D. recurvatum Greene has the linear-oblong sepals conspicuously 
recurved; it belongs to the low-lying lands along the San Joaquin 
and is at present insufficiently known. 

4. D. decorum F. & M. Perfectly glabrous, except a slight 
pubescence on the branchlets and sometimes on the pedicels; radical 
and subradical leaves thick, often somewhat succulent, roundish in 
outline, 3 to 5-parted into broadly cuneate segments, 1 to 1} in. long; 
segments subentire, or 3-cleft or -lobed, the lobes acute or obtuse; 



BUTTERCUP FAMILY. 197 

upper haves pedately 8 to o or rarely 7-parted into linear-oblong 

lobes: racemes mostly many-flowered, 4 in. long or less; pedicels 
Blender, spreading-, | to 1 or 2 in. long; flowers purple-violet; sepals 
oval. •") to 8 -lines long, equaled by the spur; petals oblique, 2-cleft, 
the upper whitish, purple-veined, glabrous, smaller than the lower; 
lower pubescent, especially above; mature follicles thickish, oblong, 
5 to 6 lines long, erect, or the tips spreading; seeds rough-papillose. 
Common in open woods: Vaca Hills, Piatt; Napa Valley; Berkeley. 
Earliest leaves shallowly 8 to 5-lobed, the lobes broad and rounded. 
Raceme often with a few branches at base or inclined to be corymbose. 

5. D. Menziesii DC. Root a cluster of roundish connected 
tubers; herbage commonly pubescent; stems often flexuous, about 
1 ft. high, leafy below; leaves parted, the divisions mainly cleft, long- 
petioled; raceme loose; flowers few, on long ascending pedicels; pedicels 
in fruit often 2 in. long; sepals J to f in. long, the slender spur of equal 
length; follicles at maturity ^ to f in. long, almost always widely 
recurving. 

Northern California; "San Mateo Co. and northward," Greene. 

6. D. nudicaule T. & G. Red Larkspur. Stems 1 ft. high or 
more, few-leaved or quite naked; leaves somewhat succulent, little 
divided, the divisions with short obtuse lobes; racemes loose and 
open; pedicels 2 to 3J in. long; calyx bright scarlet, 1 in. long; 
petals partly or mostly yellow, the upper narrowly obovate, sharply- 
notched at summit, much larger than the small cleft lower ones; 
follicles glabrous, divergent at summit. 

Banks of rivulets and high rocky summits: Santa Lucia Mountains 
to the region of San Francisco Bay, Napa Valley, Vacaville and 
northward. Apr. 

5. CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower. 
Stems woody at base, climbing by aid of the petioles of the opposite 
leaves. Sepals 4, valvate in the bud, white and petal-like. Petals 
none. Stamens numerous. Achenes numerous in a head, the styles 
persistent as hairy or plumose tails, very conspicuous in fruit. 
(Ancient name, from Greek klema, a twig.) 

Leaflets 3; flowers large, solitary or 3 together 1. C. lasiantha. 

Leaflets 5 to 7; flowers smaller, in panicles 2. G. ligusticifolia . 

1. C. lasiantha Nutt. Pipe-stem. Large-flowered Clematis. 
Branchlets and sepals tomentose-pubescent, the foliage less so; leaves 
trifoliolate, elliptic to orbicular in outline, truncate or rounded at 
base, above 3-lobed and coarsely toothed, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers 
polygamous, solitary or 3 together, on bibracteolate peduncles 2 in. 
long, 1^ to 2£ in. in diameter; sepals broadly oblong; achenes 2 lines 
long, supporting a tail 1 in. long or more, the fruit of one flower 
forming a head-like cluster 2 to 2| in. broad. 

In the hills, clambering over low shrubs and often illuminating 
canon sides with its profusion of flowers. Coast Ranges; Santa Clara 
Co.; San Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; Berkeley; Napa Valley; Gates' 



198 . RANUNCULACE.E. 

Canon. Vaca Mountains; Marysville Buttes; Sierra Nevada. Apr.- 
May. ' 

2. C. ligusticifolia Nutt. Virgin's Rower. Hil.l Clematis. 
Nearly glabrous, except the inflorescence; leaflets 5 to 7. ovate, 
cordate or obtuse at base, 3-lobed or coarsely laterally toothed about 
midway, or nearly entire; flowers 2 in. in diameter; panicles borne on 
axillary peduncles 2 in. long; fruiting panicles 6 to 15 in. long. 

Almost throughout California, in the hilly districts, from San 
Bernardino north to Santa Cruz; San Jose; Marin Co.; Ukiah; and 
AVeldon Canon, Vaca Mountains; Sierra Nevada. June-July. Fr. 
Sept.-Oct, 

6. ANEMONE L. Wind-flower. 

Perennial herbs, the stems and radical leaves from a horizontal root- 
stock. Cauline leave- none except an involucral whorl of 3, usually 
distant from the solitary or umbellate flowers. Sepals 5 or more, 
petal-like, imbricate. Petals none. Stamens numerous. Aclienes 
numerous, merely pointed. Seed suspended. (Greek anemos, wind, 
the flowers disturbed by the wind.) 

1. A. quinquefolia L., var. Grayi (Greene). Stems slender, 4 to 
12 in. high; radical leaf of reniform outline, tririd; involucral leaves 
3-foliolate, leaflets elliptic or obovate in outline, entire at base, the 
lateral usually somewhat ohliquej crenately toothed or incised, :] to 
I 1 , in. long; flowers white, (i to 8 lines broad; sepals about 6; achenes 
tapering into the short recurving Style. — (A. nemorosa L. var. Grayi 
Greene. A. Grayi Kell. & Behr.) 

Shady mountain woods: Santa Cruz Mountains; Tamalpais. 
Mar. -Apr. 

7. MYOSURUS L. 

Dwarf annuals with entire tufted radical leaves and naked 
1-fhuvered scapes. Sepal- 5, spurred at base. Petals 5, with a 
nectar-hearing hollow at the summit of the slender claw. Stamens 
5 to 20. Achenes numerous, crowded on a long and slender spike- 
like receptacle. Ovules attached near the summit of the cell. 
(Greek mus, a mouse, and oura, a tail, in allusion to the curious 
receptacles.) 

Flowers on scapes; achenes with an appressed hcak . . . . 1. .V. minimus. 
Flowers sessile, the spike-like receptacles in a close cluster; achenes with 
a spreading beak . . .2. M. alopecuroides. 

1. M. minimus L. Mot sk Tail. Leave- linear-filiform; scapes 
3 to (i in. high, the -lender receptacles -} to If, commonly about 1 in. 
long; mature achenes with somewhat rhomboidal back and very low 
keel ending in a straight appressed or rarely obsolete tip. 

Low ground: Vacaville, Greene; Maine Prairie, Jepson; south- 
ward to the Livermore Pass. Brewer. Apr. Fr. May-June. 

2. M. alopecuroides Greene. Antioch Mouse Tatl. Leaves 
1 line wide, 2J in. long or less; spike-like receptacles o' to 10 lines- 



BUTTERCUP FAMILY. 199 

long, rather thick, sessile, in clusters of about 4 to 9; achenes with 
prominent spreading beak. 

Low plains near Antioch and Stockton; shallow vernal pools in 
alkaline fields near Vacaville. Mar.-Apr. Fruiting May-June. 
Between this species and M. sessilis Wats, of Oregon there is not the 
least difference in habit and but a slight difference in the achenes; it 
is altogether likely that the two plants will be found, in all respects, 
identical. 

8. RANUNCULUS L. Buttercup. 
Annual or perennial herbs with divided or entire leaves. Flowers 
solitary or somewhat corymbed, yellow or white. Sepals 5, rarely 
4 or 3. Petals 5 (rarely 1 or 8) to many, with a little nectar- 
bearing pit at base, commonly covered by a scale. Stamens usually 
numerous. Achenes numerous, in a globular or oblong head. Ovules 
attached near the base of the cell. (Latin name for a little frog, some 
species aquatic, growing where frogs are found.) 

Petals yellow; nectar-bearing pit covered by a scale. 
Leaves undivided; achenes not strongly flattened. 
Petals 5; beak of achene straight but short; perennial . . 1. J2. Flammula 

var. intermedins. 

Petals 1 to 3, minute; achene beakless or nearly so; annual 

2. R. pusiUus. 
Leaves lobed, cleft or divided; achenes flattened. 
Perennial; achenes smooth (hispidulous in no. 7). 
Leaves with mostly 3 leaflets; petals 5, emarginate; beak subulate, 

straight 3. R. Bloomer i. 

Leaves ternately once or twice divided, the divisions parted, laciniate or 
lobed. 
Petals 5 to 8; beak subulate, as long as body of achene.4. R. maximus. 
Petals 5; beak very broad, only slightly curved . ... 5. R. canus 

var. hesperoxys. 

Petals many (about 9 to 16), in some of the varieties few (5 to 8): beak 

very short, recurved; herbage more or less pubescent or hirsute; 

common 6. R. California^. 

Petals 5; beak rather slender, curved or hooked . . . 7. R. occidcntalis 

var. Rattani. 
Annual. 

Achenes with hooked hairs; slender herbs with minute flowers 

8. R. hebecarpus. 
Sides of achenes bearing prickles, the margin with raised border; flowers 

4 or 5 lines broad 9. R. muricatus. 

Petals white; nectar-bearing pit not covered by a scale; aquatic. 
Leaves submersed, dissected into capillary divisions; achenes many . .... 

10. it.' aquatilis. 
Leaves floating, with broad divisions; submersed leaves as in the preceding 
or none; achenes 4 to 6 . 11. R Lobbii. 

1. R. Flammula L. var. intermedius Hook. Spearwort. 
Stems slender or almost filiform, decumbent and creeping, rooting at 
the joints, 4 to 11 in. long; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 
entire, 1 to 2 in. long, tapering into the petiole; flowers 2 to 4 lines 
broad; achenes few, the short beak straight and stout. 

Common at middle altitudes in the Sierras, along the margins of 
lakes, pools, or shallow slow meadow-streamlets; rare in the Bay 
Region (Point Reyes, Davy). July. 

2. R. pusillus Poir. Slender annual, 4 to 10 in. high, or succu- 



200 RANUNCULACE^. 

lent and only a few in. high; herbage glabrous or the dilated petiole 
sometimes sparingly villous-ciliate; leaves long-petioled except the 
uppermost; radical round-ovate, toothed or entire, 3 to 6 lines long; 
cauline elliptic-oblong to linear-lanceolate, entire or slightly denticu- 
late, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers minute; sepals subscarious, mostly not 
reflexed; petals commonly 1 to 3, less than 1 line long; achenes 
numerous in a small globose head, beakless or nearly so. 

Low wet places, rare. Napa Vallev. Bigelow, 1854; and Sonoma. 
Bioletti, May 1, 1892 (R. Bioletti Greene); to San Rafael, J. P. 
Moore, Apr. 14, 1878. 

3. R. Bloomeri "Wats. Glabrous somewhat succulent herb, the 
stems 5 to 16 in. high, from a cluster of thick-iibrous or even slender- 
fusiform roots; a few leaves simple, but mostly trifoliolate, the radical 
long (1 ft. or less) -petioled; leaflets roundish, dentate with coarse 
round teeth, usually petiolulate, sparsely incised or 3-lobed; flowers 
few and large, 1\ in. in diameter or less; petals 5, emarginate at apex, 
the greenish area at base conspicuous and the gland large; achenes 
turgid, 1£ lines long, tipped with a slender subulate beak. 

Common in low fields near the coast (not in the inner Coast 
Ranges): San Mateo Co.; West Berkeley; Marin Co.; Napa Yal ley; 
Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Bolander. Feb. -Mar. First collected 
by H. G. Bloomer, pioneer member of the California Academy of 
Sciences and amateur student of the local botany. 

4. R. orthorhyncus Hook. var. maximus. Diffuse, the stems 
very stout, 1£ to 3£ ft. long, from a cluster of slender fusiform roots; 
leaves ternately or biternately divided, the divisions broad, sharply 
or laciniately cleft; radical leaves biternately compound, at least the 
primary divisions stalked, on petioles 6 to 22 in. long; petals 5 to 8, 
oblong-ovate or orbicular, 8 or 9 lines long; achenes with long 
straight slender style as long as the body. — (R. maximus Greene.) 

Swampy places: first known from East Berkeley, where it is now 
extinct; but seldom seen in the typical form; specimens from Marin 
Co. are referred here. 

5. R. canus Benth var. hesperoxys. Young herbage soft- 
villous or conspicuously canescent on the under surface of the leaves; 
stems 1£ to 2 ft. high; leaves nearh- all in a radical tuft, long- 
petioled, deeply parted and subdivided into many lanceolate acute 
segments; achenes large, flat, 3 lines long, including the short trian- 
gular-subulate beak which is slightly curved at the tip. — (R. hesper- 
oxys Greene.) 

Not common or at least little collected: Antioch, Davy, some of the 
specimens having 8 petals; low hills near Vacaville, Jepson; perhaps 
upper Napa Valley, Jepson, but not at all villous, the leaf-segments 
very broad and merely cleft, the petals uniformly 5 and the achenes 
typical. Clearly passing into the next. The type is silky-lanate 
throughout and was collected by Hartwes in the fields of Butte Co. 
in 1847. 

6. R. Californicus Benth. Common Buttercup. Herbage 



BUTTERCUP FAMILY. 201 

deep green and nearly glabrous, or with a short stiffish pubescence, 
especially on the leaves, or soft-pubescent throughout; stems mostly 
csespitose, erect or decumbent, 9 to 18 in. long, freely branching and 
many-flowered; leaves roundish in outline, ternately divided, and 
again divided, parted or lobed, the earlier with the broad divisions 
obtusely lobed, the later with the laciniately and sharply cleft 
divisions less broad or narrowly linear, but in these particulars 
exceedingly variable on the same individual and on different individ- 
uals; sepals usually somewhat petal-like, closely reflexed; petals about 
9 to 16, obovate to oblong, 4 to 5 lines long; achenes flattened, 1£ to 
less than 1 line long, the short and rather stout beak closely 
recurved. 

The most common species, everywhere abundant, coloring leagues 
upon leagues of grassy hills in the late winter and early spring with 
its profusion of yellow flowers. Running into innumerable varieties, 
few of which are in anywise distinguishable. The following may be 
noted: Var. laetus Greene. Erect, stoutish, the herbage light 
yellowish-green; segments of the large leaves rather broad. — Low 
lands, vicinity of the salt marsh region, Suisun, etc. Feb. Var. 
gratus. Taller and more slender than the type; petals 5, or (on the 
same individual) 7 or 8; style not slender, rather strongly curved; 
achenes mostly glabrous. — Commonly in wooded country: hills of 
Napa Valley; Vaca Mountains. Mar.-Apr. This form can be 
traced into the typical R. occidentalis of the north which occurs as 
far south as Ukiah {Purely). 

7. R. occidentalis Nutt. var. Rattani Gray. Very similar to R. 
Californicus, but the leaf-segments commonly broad; petals 5; style 
subulate, forming a curved beak, this longer relativel} r to the achene 
which is papillose-roughened and densely hispidulous. 

First collected by Rattan on the Klamath; credited by Greene to 
Mt. Hamilton; otherwise little known in the Coast Ranges.- 

8. R. hebecarpus H. & A. Very slender herb, 5 to 11 in. high, 
branched above, sparsely villous; leaves thin, rounded or reniform in 
outline, 3-parted into ovatish entire or notched or lobed divisions, or 
the upper divided into 3 divergent narrowly oblong acute segments; 
peduncles 3 to 6 lines long; flowers minute, yellow; petals of about 
the same length as the stamens; achenes few, hispidulous with hooked 
hairs, orbicular, flat, 1 line long, tipped with a short curved beak. 

Common in the shade of Oaks and other trees in the hill country 
from San Luis Obispo northward: Loma Prieta; Berkeley; Mt. 
Diablo; Vacaville; also in the Sierra Nevada. 

9. R. muricatus L. Rather stout and succulent; 3 to 10 in. high; 
herbage yellowish-green, glabrous; leaves roundish or reniform, 
deeply 3-cleft, the segments again cleft or toothed; petals 3 to 4 lines 
long; achenes 4 lines long, including the stout ensiform beak, the 
sides very flat, surrounded by a raised border and coarsely muricate 
or prickly. 

Naturalized, the known localities few: San Francisco; Marin Co.; 
Knight's Ferry, Sierra Foothills. Apr. 



202 RANUNCULACE.*:. 

10. R. aquatilis L. Water Buttercup. Perennial; leaves 
submersed, all many times dissected into filiform or capillary divi- 
sions; flowers I in. in diameter or less; sepals deciduous; styles 
subulate, rarely persisting; achenes transversely rugose, commonly 
hispidulous, about 11 to 18 in a rather compact round head. 

Common in ditches and ponds, less frequently in running water; 
in the Coast Ranges and Sierras. Pilarcitos Lake, San Mateo Co.; 
Berkeley; Sonoma; Upper Napa Valley. In the last locality floating 
leaves are found, 7 to 10 lines broad, all of the oval or orbicular 
segments 2, 3, or 4-notched. 

11. R. Lobbii Gray. Lobb's Buttercup. Annual; submersed 
leaves none, or when present, few and as in the preceding; floating 
leaves 6 lines broad, divergently 3-parted into oblong or ovate lobes, 
the middle one commonly entire, the lateral notched; stamens 5 to 10; 
petals withering persistent; styles filiform, about 3 times the length 
of the ovary; achenes few (4 to 6), rather sharply rugose, the mature 
ones sometimes with minute black dots. 

Whitening the surface of shallow vernal ponds, Marin Co. to 
Upper Napa Valley. Apr. -May. 

9. THALICTRUM L. Meadow Rue. 

Perennial herbs with tall erect stems from a short rootstock 
bearing hi- or tri-ternately compound leaves with petiolulate (or 
some sessile) leaflets. Flowers many, small, panicled, in ours dioe- 
cious. Sepals in pistillate flowers 4 to 7, in staminate flowers more 
commonly 4, greenish or more or less petal-like. Petals none. 
Stamens numerous with long mucronate anthers on capillary fila- 
ments. Achenes 4 to 15, veined or furrowed and usually acute at 
both ends, sometimes inflated, tipped with the persistent long styles. 
(From the Greek thallo, bloom, the application uncertain.) 

1. T. polycarpum Wats. Glabrous, aromatic, 1| to 3 ft. high; 
leaflets ovate to roundish, .] to 1 in. long, the pair below the terminal 
one usually sessile, serrate or incised or divided into 2 or 3 segments, 
the teeth acute or acutish, rather prominently veined beneath; pan- 
icle 3 to G in. long, terminal or with accessory branches from the 
upper axils; sepals elliptic to ovate, mostly acute; stamens 16 to 25, 
anthers yellowish; pistils of about the same number, styles purplish; 
achenes somewhat inflated, the sides marked with anastomosing 
veins. 

Coast Eanges: Conn Valley, Napa River Basin; Marin Co. Last 
of Mar. -May. In the Contra Costa Hills passing into the var. 
hesperium (T. hesperium Greene); leaflets with more obtuse lobes, less 
veiny beneath, often glandular, puberulent, as also the inflorescence. 
— Berkeley and Oakland Hills. Apr. -May. 

10. ACT/EA L. Baneberry. 
Perennial herbs with bi- or tri-ternately compound ample leaves. 
Flowers small, white, in a short terminal raceme. Sepals about 4, 
roundish or obovate. concave, caducous-. Petals small, plane, entire, 



BERBERIDACEiE. 203 

rhombic-spatulate, or none. Stamens many, with small anthers and 
slender white filaments, more showy than the petals. Pistil 1, the 
broad stigma sessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Fruit a berry. (Latin mime 
of the Elder, transferred by Linnaeus to these plants.) 

1. A. spicata L. var. arguta Torr. Plants with stoutish root- 
stocks, propagating vegetatively by suckers; stems clustered, 1£ to 2\- 
ft. high; leaves mostly radical, 1 to 2 ft. long, triternately divided, 
then trifoliolate, or the middle divisions again ternate; leaflets rather 
deeply incised and sharply serrate, 1£ to 1\ in. long; petioles short or 
almost none; racemes terminal, 1 in. long, or with 1 or 2 small 
lateral racemes in the axils of the upper leaves; tips of sepals often 
pinkish; petals none, or 1 or 2 and white, concave dorsally; stamens 
11 to 14 or 18; berries red or white with polished surface. 

Northward slopes of bushy, hills, rather infrequent: Berkeley; 
Marin Co. Mar. -Apr. 

35. BERBERIDACE>£. Barberry Family. 

Shrubs or herbs. Ours have alternate exstipulate. compound 
leaves; flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, with G sepals and 6 
petals (there being 2 circles of each, 3 pieces in a circle); stamens as 
many as the petals and opposite them; anthers opening by an uplift- 
ing valve or lid. Ovary one, 1-celled, becoming in fruit a berry or 
capsule. Seeds with endosperm. 

Prickly shrubs; leaves pinnate: petals bifid 1. Berberis. 

Perennial herbs; leaves bi- or tri-ternate; petals entire . . . . 2. Vancouveria. 

1. BERBERIS L. Barberry. 
Shrubs with yellow wood. Leaves alternate, prickly, in ours pin- 
nately compound with the rachis jointed at the insertion of the 
leaflets. Flowers yellow, in bracteolate racemes. Sepals petal-like. 
Petals concave, in ours distinctly bifid. Filaments irritable. Stigma 
peltate-umbilicate. Fruit a berry. (Berberys, Arabic name of the 
fruit.) 

Racemes from small lateral or terminal buds of triangular or roundish decidu- 
ous scales, about. 2 lines long. 
Leaflets 5 to 7. very undulate and strongly spinose, few-toothed .1. B. dietyota. 

Leaflets 5 to 17, nearly plane, with many prickly teeth 2. B. pinnala. 

Racemes from a large terminal bud of persistent gluruaceous scales about 1 in. 
long 3. B. nervosa. 

1. B. dietyota Jepson. Erect, stout, scarcely branched, 3 to 4J 
ft. high, sparsely leafy; leaflets 5 to 7, glaucescent on the upper 
surface, little paler but very prominently reticulated on the under 
surface, very strongly undulate, lowest pair close to base of petiole; 
filaments with a recurved tooth on each side near the apex. 

Denuded areas in the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co., growing in the 
crevices of rocks, the only known locality within our limits. First 
collected at the Marysville Buttes. Mar" Leaflets strongly callous- 
margined, glaucescent on the upper face, little paler beneath, so 



204 BERBERIDACEvE. 

strongly undulate that the few hut stout spines are presented in nearly 
every direction. Racemes fewer and not so dense as in B. pinnata; 
pedicels 5 to 6 lines long. Wood not so yellow as in no. 2. 

2. B. pinnata Lag. California Barberry. A few in. to 4 or 

5 ft. high; leaflets usually 5 to 9 but often 11 to 13 (or even as many 
as 17 and rather crowded on the rachis), ovate-elliptical to oblong, 1 
to 2^- in. long, shining above, somewhat paler beneath, plane or 
moderately undulate, shallowly repand and dentate, the mostly 
numerous teeth prickly; lowest pair close to base of petiole; racemes 
clustered, dense; filaments as in the last. 

Rather common on hills, mostly along the edge of thickets. 
Berkeley Hills and San Francisco southward to Monterey. Mar.- 
Apr. 

3. B. nervosa Pursh. Mahonia. Leaves in a tuft from a low 
scaly caudex, 9 to 16 in. long, the rachis conspicuously nodose; 
leaflets 11 to 17, bright green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spinulose- 
serrate, and somewhat palmately nerved; scales of the strong terminal 
bud about 1 in. long, coriaceous-glumaceous; racemes erect, elongated, 
4 to G in. long; bracts oblong to lanceolate, membranaceous; filaments 
not toothed'. 

AVoods near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Oregon and 
AVashington. 

2. VANCOUVER I A Morr. & Decsne. 

Low perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and hi- or 
tri-ternately compound leaves, all radical or nearly so. Flower- 
small, nodding, arranged in a panicle on slender scape-like peduncles. 
Sepals G in two series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, subtended by 6 to 
<) small calycine bractlets. Petals 6, deflexed. Stamens 6, erect. 
often closely appressed to the pistil, the anther connective produced 
into a pointed tip. Pistil 1, stigma scarious-cupulate. Fruit a 
follicle, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Seeds arillate. (Capt. 
George Vancouver of the English exploring ship Discovery, wh<> 
visited San Francisco Bay in 1702.) 

1. V. chrysantha Greene var. parviflora. Inside-out Flower. 
Stems from a branched rootstock, clustered, sparsely pubescent with 
short spreading gland-tipped hairs, or at base rusty-pilose, 8 to 20 in. 
high; foliage glabrous, or rusty-pilose on the petiole at the forks; 
leaflets green above, paler or whitened beneath, roundish in outline, 
broadly cordate at base, obscurely or evidently 3-lobed, narrowly 
cartilaginous-margined and often crenulate or crisped, f to 1£ in. 
long; frequently broader than long, petiolulate; panicle loose, 2£ to 7 
in. long, bearing 25 to 30 small white or lavender-tinged flowers; 
petals 2 lines long; ovules 2 or 3. — (V. parviflora Greene.) 

Coast Ranges, in the shade of forests from the Santa Cruz Moun- 
tains northward; Oakland Hills, ace. to Greene; Marin Co., Cheximt 

6 Drew; near Calistoga, Jepson. May. Leaves said to persist 
through the winter, but flowering specimens from Calistoga exhibit 
leaves that are nearly half perished. In some country districts called 
"Flowering; Fern." 



PAPAYEKACE/i:. 205 

36. PAPAVERACE/E. Poppy Family. 

Herbaceous plants (Denclromecon is a shrub) with mostly colored 
juice and regular perfect flowers. Sepals 2 or 3, the petals twice as 
many. In Eschscholtzia the 2 sepals are united into a single piece 
like a fool's cap. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Carpels 2 to 
several, united into a 1-celled superior ovary (in Platystemon the 
lightly united carpels become distinct in fruit). 

Sepals 3, petals 6; annuals; leaves opposite or radical. 
Filaments petal-like; carpels 6 to 20, in anthesis united into a compound 
ovary, in fruit separating and through constrictions breaking up into 

1-seeded joints 1. Platystemon. 

Filaments filiform or flattened; carpels 3, united into a 3-angled or terete 

ovary, forming in fruit a 3- valved capsule 2. Platystigma. 

Sepals 2 (iu Eschscholtzia the calyx is a single mitre-like piece which is pushed 
off by the expanding petals); petals 4; leaves alternate. 
Leaves entire, coriaceous; capsule 2-valved; shrubby . . . 3. Dendromecon. 
Leaves not entire. 

Receptacle hollowed or cup-like; flowers erect in bud; capsule 2-valved: 

leaves ternately dissected; annual or perennial herbs 

4. Eschscholtzia. 
Receptacle not excavated; flowers nodding in the bud; capsule opening 
by holes just below the summit; leaves pinnately cleft, lobed or 
divided; ours annuals 5. Papaver. 

1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. 

Low annual with mainly opposite entire leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 
6 in two series. Stamens numerous; filaments petal-like and obovate 
or spatulate. Stigmas subulate-filiform, one terminating each carpel; 
carpels 6 to 17 or 20, each several-ovuled, connivent or coherent in a 
circle, becoming torulose, at maturity separating, and breaking 
transversely into indehiscent l-seeded joints. Anthesis lasting for 
more than one day. Petals tardily deciduous, withering and closing 
over the forming fruit. (Greek platus, broad, and stemon, a stamen.) 

1. P. Californicus Benth. Cream-cups. Conspicuously pilose; 
branched from the base, widely spreading and more or less decumbent 
or nearly acaulescent, 3 to 6 in. high; peduncles more or less scape- 
like, 5 in. long; petals cream-yellow; stamens about 25. 

Common almost throughout California, in the hills and on the 
plains, in Apr. Free ovules are sometimes found opposite the con- 
strictions in the carpels, having been forced through the thin suture 
as the carpels become torulose. In plants from Ukiah the petals are 
deeper colored at apex with this color repeated as a spot on the lower 
portion of the petals. 

2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth. 

Annual herbs with the leaves, sepals and petals as in Platystemon, 
the flowers rarely with 2 sepals and 4 petals. Petals deciduous. 
Stamens 6 to 12. Carpels 3, combined into a single 1-celled ovary, 
which is 3-lobed or nearly terete. Placental as many as the carpels, 
parietal, many-ovuled. Stigmas ovate to subulate. Capsule com- 
pletely 3-valved, dehiscent through the placenta?. (Greek platus, 
oroad, and stigma, a stigma.) 



206 PAPAVERACE^E. 



Not acquiescent; peduncles glabrous; flowers light yellow; ovary linear; capsule 
tw.sted 1. P. CaHfurnicinn. 

Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes hairy; flowers light yellow; ovary and capsule 
3-lobed IP. lineare. 

1. P. Californicum (Torr.) B. & H. Very slender, erect, 4 to 7 
in. high, paniculately or dichotomously branched above or even 
from the base; glabrous throughout; radical and lower leaves elliptic 
to obovate-spatulate, 5 to 11 lines long, often contracted into a 
petiole, the upper cauline oblanceolate to linear; peduncles 2 to 3 in. 
long, erect in anthesis, in fruit deflexed almost horizontally but the 
capsule vertical or nearly so; sepals often reddish; petals white, 
elliptic to oblong, often narrowed to a short claw, 3 to 5 lines long; 
stamens 6 to 12, rarely 4, unequal, in two series, the outer shorter; 
filaments filiform, slightly dilated upwards; capsule % to 1 (rarely 1£) 
in. long. — (Platystemon Torreyi Greene.) 

San Francisco Peninsula and southward. Mar. -Apr. 

2. P. lineare Benth. Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes commonly 
4 to 8 in. high, hispid with spreading hairs; leaves linear, 1 to 2 in. 
long, sessile; sepals brownish; petals light yellow cuneate-orbicular 
or obovate, 4 to 9 lines long; stamens numerous, filaments conspicu- 
ously dilated; body of capsule 5 to 7 lines long. 

Clear Lake to Oakland, Holder; San Francisco, Bloomer, and south- 
ward. Mar. -May. Leaves often with several parallel nerves 
beneath. 

3. DENDROMECON Benth. 

Low branching shrub with alternate entire and coriaceous leaves 
and yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with 
short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear with 2 
nerve-like placenta'. Capsule linear. Seeds pitted, provided with a 
caruncle. (Greek dendron, tree, and mecon, poppy.) 

1. D. rigid um Benth. Tree Poppy. Glabrous, 2 to 4 or even 
7 ft. high; main stems one or several, somewhat trunk-like, often 1 
in. thick and with very shreddy bark; branches white or light colored; 
leaves reticulate-veiny, oblong or acute at each end, yellowish green 
above, hispidulous on the margin, mucronate-acuminate, 3 in. long, 
borne on very short petioles which, by a twist, bring the blade verti- 
cal; upper leaves smaller and oblong-ovate or lanceolate; flowers 
golden yellow, 1 to 2\ in. in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 3 in. long; 
sepals orbicular; capsules curved, 2 to 4 in. long, attenuate into a 
short style bearing 2 oblong stigmas. 

Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges at middle altitudes from 
Lake Co. and Caux's Knob (east of St. Helena) to Mt. Tamalpais 
and Mt. Diablo; thence southward to San Diego; also in the Sierras. 
Last of Apr.-June. 

4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. 

Annuals or perennials with watery juice, petioled ternately dis- 
sected leaves and peduncled yellow flowers. Receptacle hollowed or 



POPPY FAMILY. 207 

excavated, surrounding the base of the pistil, the calyx and corolla in 
consequence seeming as if perigynous; this receptacle in addition often 
bears a spreading outer and an erect inner rim. Sepals completely 
united into a calvptra or extinguisher-shaped hody which parts from 
the receptacle and is pushed off hy the expanding petals. Stamens 
numerous, mostly on the hase of the petals; anthers commonly longer 
than the filaments. Ovary linear; style very short; stigmas com- 
monly 4, subulate-filiform unequal. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 
2-valved; dehiscence commonly occurs after the capsule parts from the 
reeeptaele and before it reaches the ground, usually beginning at the 
moment that the hase of the capsule is released from the vise-like 
hollowed receptacle, this action allowing the valves which are elas- 
tically dehiscent from base to apex, to separate. (Collected at San 
Francisco in 1816 by Adelbert von Chamisso, German poet and 
naturalist, and named by him in honor of his college friend and 
companion on a scientific voyage around the world, Dr. J. F. 
Eschscholtz.) 

Eeeeptacle with broad rim, cotyledons 2-cleft; perennial (or some varieties 

annual) 1. E. Californica. 

Receptacle destitute of rim or the rim represented by a mere herbaceous ring; 
cotyledons entire; annuals. 

Stems leafy; petals fan-shaped, longer than broad 2. E. csespitosa. 

Acaule^ceht; petals rhomboidal, mostly broader than long 

3. E. rhombipetala. 

1. E. Californica Cham. California Poppy. Suberect or 
diffuse, with stems 1 to 2 ft. long; radical leaves ternately several 
times dissected into linear or oblong segments, on long petioles, the 
whole leaf ^ to 1 ft. long; cauline smaller on shorter petioles; pedun- 
cles 2 or 3 to 6 in. long; petals fan-shaped, J to. 2 in. long, varying 
from deep orange to straw-color; outer spreading rim of the receptacle 
| to 2 lines wide; inner erect rim hyaline; capsule 1 to 3 or even 4 
in. long. 

One of the most common, striking and widely diffused plants of the 
Californian flora, abundant in the spring but in many portions of the 
state found in flower in other or in all seasons. On account of its gor- 
geous beauty it has been favored with an exceptional number of 
poetic names mostly derived from Spanish sources, such as "Copa de 
Oro," "Torosa," "Amapola, ,; "X)ormidera. " The original speci- 
mens, from which the species was first described, came from the San 
Francisco sand hills; this form has small flowers and a very narrow 
rim to the receptacle and is common everywhere in the immediate 
vicinity of the ocean. The interior form, which is much more robust 
and may be designated as var. crocea (E. crocea Benth.), has a very 
conspicuous rim to the receptacle (often 2 lines wide), and very large 
flowers, the petals as much as 2 in. long. It is abundant everywhere 
in the valleys, on the plains and among the foothills, frequently 
covering large areas in Apr. and May with an extraordinary profusion 
of golden or deep orange flowers. In the sunshine the sheen of the 
petals is exceeding striking and brilliant. In the latter part of May 
and in June the tips of the petals become yellow and by autumn the 



208 PAPAVERACEJE. 

species produces wholly straw-colored and comparatively small 
flowers. This dry season form simulates very closely the form of the 
sand hills which is exposed to adverse conditions near the sea. 
Although the various large-flowered forms have heen described as 
distinct from the original seacoast form, there are in reality not the 
slightest constant distinctions to be had; there are not only gradations 
between the forms but the gradations are so numerous and moreover, 
topographically considered, cover such extensive areas of country that 
they are almost or quite as likely to be found as the extremes. The 
maintenance of such forms as artificial species on the grounds of con- 
venience would in this case have no point whatsoever. Even in San 
Francisco Co. large-flowered forms with a broad rim to the receptacle 
are common. In addition the following varieties may be noted: 

Var. ambigua (E. ambigua Greene). Annual, glaucous, scabrous- 
pubescent throughout. — Mt. Diablo, ace. to Greene, otherwise not 
known within our limits. Yar. Douglasii (E. Douglasii H. & A.) 
has the outer rim of the torus narrower than or not exceeding the 
erect inner one and the petals yellow shading into orange at base. — 
Plains of Solano and Contra Costa Co., ace. to Greene. Var. OOM- 
pacta (E. compacta Walp.) is acaulescent. — From the Bay Region, 
where it is perennial, to Fresno, where it is seemingly annual. 

2. E. caespitosa Benth. Annual plants f to 2 ft. high; stems 
few or many, slender or rather stout, leafy and leafy tufted at base or 
the subradical leaves few; leaves mostly twice ternately dissected; 
peduncles 3 to even 8 in. long, much exceeding the leaves; calyx 
oblong-conical, abruptly slender pointed; receptacle short-tubular, 
1 to 2 lines deep; petals f to 1 in. long; capsule 1^ to 3 in. long; 
seeds reticulate; embryo ^ of a line long, the cotyledons (as seen in 
the seed) divergent. 

Canon sides of the higher Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Maya- 
camas Range east of Napa City, and southward. Apr.-May. 

3. E. rhombipetala Greene. Acaulescent, densely tufted; scapes 
very many, stout, diffuse, 3 to 4 in. high, twice as long or equaled or 
exceeded by the thick tuft of nearly equal subradical leaves; these 
laciniately cleft into 3 to 6 linear divisions, glaucous or glaucescent; 
receptacle subcylindrical; spreading rim obsolete, likewise the scarious 
inner margin or this very narrow and approximate to the trace of the 
obsolete rim; petals rhombic-ovate or orbicular, 5 lines long, 6 lines 
broad, fugacious; capsule 3 in. long or less, very large for the size of 
the plant; seeds reticulate; embryo about £ line long; cotyledons 
very short, the embryo with scarcely more than a notch at the apex. 

Plains and rolling country near the Coast Range foothills: Brown's 
Valley, Solano Co., Jepson; to Antioch, Brcundegee. Mar.-Apr. 
Scapes sparsely tuberculate-scabrous. 

5. PA PAVER L. Poppy. 

Ours annual herbs with narcotic juice. Leaves pinnately cleft, 
lobed. or divided. Flowers showy, solitary on long peduncles, nod- 
difig in bud. Sepals 2. Petals 4." .Stamens very many. Ovary and 



FUMARIACKiE. 209 

capsule obovoid t<> subglobose, with 4 to many intruded placentae. 
Capsule dehiscent just below the stigmatic summit by pores or valve- 
like openings. 

Juice milky; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of the ovary 

1. P. Californicum. 
Juice yellow; stigmas capitate upon the short slender style . 2. P. heteropkylhim. 

1. P. Californicum Gray. Western Poppy. Two ft. high or 
less; glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent; juice milky; leaves pin- 
nately divided, the segments oblong or roundish, toothed or lobed or 
entire; petals red with a green spot at base; stigmas sessile and 
radiate upon the summit of the ovary, persistent in fruit; capsule \ 
in. long or more, turbinate-obovate, 6 to 11-nerved; pores or valve- 
like openings just beneath the stigmas, quadrate. 

Mt, Tamalpais, M. A. Howe; otherwise of the southern part of the 
State from the Santa Inez Mountains to Los Angeles. May. 

2. P. heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene. Wind Poppy. One and 
one-fourth to 2 ft. high, glabrous; juice yellow; leaves pinnate or 
pinnately cleft, or pinnate with pinnately cleft lobes, the segments 
exceedingly diverse in shape on the same plant or even on the same 
leaf, varying from oval and entire or lobed to narrowly linear; petals 
broadly cuneate-obovate, brick-red, with a dark spot at base, 1 in. 
long or less; stigmas capitate at summit of a distinct and slender 
style; capsule clavate-obovoid, 3 to 7 lines long; pores small with 
rounded valves which separate from the stout parietal ribs. — (Mecon- 
opsis heterophylla Benth.) 

Middle California: Berkeley; Livermore; Stockton; San Mateo; 
southward to Southern California. Thought to be rare north of San 
Francisco Bay. May. 

Var. crassifolium (Meconopsis crassifolia Benth.). Blood Drops. 
Plant smaller, more branching and with more numerous flowers; 
leaves smaller and thicker; flowers small, erect. — Interior fields; with 
the preceding at Sunol Glen, ace. to Geo. B. Grant, May, 1900. 

37. FUMARIACE/E. Fumitory Family. 

Glabrous herbs with alternate compound dissected leaves and irreg- 
ular perfect flowers borne in racemes. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. 
Petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs, the outer larger, inner pair narrower, 
carinate or crested on the back, cohering by the callous apex and 
covering th^anthers and stigma. Stamens in 2 sets of 3 each, placed 
opposite the outer petals, the filaments of each set usually united; 
middle anther of each set 2 -celled, the lateral ones 1-celled. Ovary 
superior. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas from which the 
valves separate, or indehiscent. 

1. DICENTRA Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. 
Perennial herbs with the stems and leaves from a tuber-like, grain- 
bearing or scaly crown. Flowers racemose or paniculate. Corolla 
flattened and cordate at base. Filaments of each set dilated and 

16 



210 CRUCIFER^E. 

united, but distinct at the very base and slightly free above. (Greek 
dis, twice, and kentron, a spur, some species 2-spurred.) 

Stems leafy; flowers yellow, petals distinct 1 D. chrysantha. 

Acaulescent; scape naked; flowers rose-purple, petals united . 2. D. formosa. 

1. D. chrysantha H. & A. Glaucous plants with stiff coarse 
leafy stems 2 to 3 ft. high; leaves bipinnate, \ to 1 ft. long or more, 
the divisions cleft into narrow lobes; flowers yellow, in a large 
racemose panicle; corolla linear-oblong, only slightly cordate, £ in. 
long; petals distinct; capsule £ to 1 in. long; style slender, persistent, 
at dehiscence of the capsule splitting up to the stigma; seeds crestless. 

High dry ridges of the inner Coast Ranges, but not common: Lake 
Co.; Vaca Mountains; Mt. Diablo; Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., 
Vasey, 1875; and southward. Sometimes called "Golden Ear- 
drops.'" 

2. D. formosa DC. Bleeding Heart. Acaulescent; root- 
stock fleshy and spreading; leaves on very long petioles, biternately 
compound, the divisions incisely cleft or pinnatifid; scapes slightly 
exceeding the leaves, 2 ft. high, naked, terminated by a cluster of 
short racemes with subulate bracts; corolla rose-purple, ovate-cordate; 
petals all united to above the middle, the larger with short spreading 
tips; stigma with a double pair of lobes; seeds crested. 

Shady woods: Moraga Canon near Oakland, Chas. Paletche; com- 
mon in Marin Co. and northward; also in the Sierras. Apr.-June. ' 

38. CRUCIFER/E. Mustard Family. 

Herbs with alternate leaves, no stipules and the flowers in terminal 
bractless racemes (or in Tropicloearpum with a leafy raceme). Sepals 
and petals each 4, regular and distinct. Petals rarely none, commonly 
with claws, the blades spreading in the form of a cross. Stamens G, 
commonly tetradynamous (4 long and 2 short), sometimes subequal. 
sometimes 4 or 2. Ovary superior, 2-celled by a thin partition 
stretched between the placenta?. Fruit a capsule the 2 valves sepa- 
rating from below upwards, leaving behind the placentas and parti- 
tion, or sometimes indehiscent, or breaking up transversely into 
1-seeded joints. Capsule long and narrow (a silique) or short and 
roundish (a silicle) commonly termed a "pod" and either terete, 
4-sided, compressed (flattened parallel to the partition) or obcom- 
pressed (flattened contrary to the partition). Seeds in each cell 
attached alternately to either placenta and occupying the center 
of the cell (in 1 row) or disposed in 2 row r s (the seeds from either 
placenta not overlapping each other). Embryo always curved, the 
caulicle folded upon the back of one of the cotyledons (incumbent) 
or along the edge of the cotyledons (accumben't). Herbage always 
with the characteristic mustard-like or pungent juice. Streptanthus 
glandulosus has a somewhat irregular flower. 



.MUSTARD FAMILY. 211 



A. Pod completely dehiscent by two valves. 

1. Pod a silique, several times (or at least three times) longer than broad. 
Seed> in 1 row in each eell (except Sisymbrium multifidum and Arabis glabra); 

silique linear or narrowly linear. 
Kacemes leafless. 
Filaments with one or two pairs connate (except 1 or 2 species); silique 
compressed; sepals colored, commonly purple; petals purple varying 

to whitish, the limb narrow, commonly undulate-crisped 

2. Streptanthus. 
Filaments all distinct. 
Silique terete, pointed with a long conical beak prolonged much beyond 

the valves; flowers large, yellow 5. Brassica. 

Silique terete, 4-sided or compressed, tipped with a short style or 
pointless. 
Silique narrowly linear, elongated, terete or nearly so. 
Leaves coarsely toothed or some pinnatifid or entire; flowers 

white or yellowish 1. Thelypodium. 

Leaves for the most part pinnatifid, or the lowest pinnately 

parted; flowers yellow 3. Sisymbrium. 

Silique compressed; valves more or less 1-nerved; flowers purple, 

white or nearly white 8. Arabis. 

Silique pointed, somewhat triangular, midrib of valve conspicuous ; 

flowers rather small, bright yellow 9. Barbarea. 

Silique 4-sided or flattened; valves 1-nerved; flowers large, pale 

yellow or orange 7. Erysimum. 

Silique compressed, pointed. 
Stems sparingly leafy from a perennial, tuberous rootstock; 

flowers large, white to rose-tinted . . . ,11. Dentaria. 
Stems leafy; annual with fibrous roots and smaller flowers . . . 

12. Cardamine. 

Racemes leafy; silique obcompressed 13. Tropidocarpum. 

Seeds in 2 rows "in each cell; silique terete, linear to oblong; flowers small 
(2 lines long or less), white or yellow . ...:.. . 10. Nasturtium. 

2. Pod a silicle, roundish or little longer than broad. 

Silicle turgid, obovoid or pear-shaped; edges of the valves narrowly 

margined; flowers yellowish 15. Camelina. 

Silicle much flattened contrary to the narrow partition and 
Obcordate or elliptical, several-seeded; flowers white or slightly 

yellowish 14. Capsella. 

Didymous, the valves separating as closed 1-seeded nutlets; flowers 

greenish-white 20. Coronopus. 

Orbicular or ovate, more or less emarginately winged at summit; flowers 

white or apetalous 19. Lepidium. 

Silicle flattened parallel to the broad partition; flowers white 

18. Alyssum. 
B. Pod indehiscent. 
Pod elongated, breaking transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. 
Pod several-seeded, commonly with constrictions between the seeds; 

flowers showy " 6. Raphanus. 

Pod 2-jointed, breaking in the middle, each joint 1-seeded; flowers small. 

4. Cakile. 
Pod broader than long, more or less didymous, the cells indehiscent but sep- 
arating from the axis when ripe 20. Coronopus. 

Pod wholly indehiscent, roundish or obovate. 

Pod 1 to several-seeded, Avingless 16. Athysaxus. 

Pod 1-seeded, margined with a wing 17. Thysanocarpus. 

1. THELYPODIUM Endl. 
Ours annual herbs. Flowers white or pale yellow (straw-colored), 
in often dense racemes. Leaves mostly petioled, not auriculate or 
clasping. Petals with narrow claw and linear or obovate exserted 
limb. Stamens tetradynamous, exserted, with long and slender, 
never united filaments. Anthers narrowly linear, sagittate, curved. 
Stigma circular or obscurely 2-lobed, usually small. Pod elongated, 



212 CRUCIFEILE. 

terete, sessile or short-stipitate. Seeds oblong, somewhat flattened, 
not winged. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek, thelus, female, and 
pus, foot or support, the ovary more or less stipitate.) 

Cauline leaves mostly petioled; flowers 1% to 2 lines long . .1. T. lasiopfn/ltum. 
Cauline leaves sessile or the lower frequently petioled; flowers 4 or 5 lines long. 

Ovary glabrous; petals conspicuously exceeding the acuminate sepals . . . . 

2. T. Grcenei. 

Ovary hairy; petals little exceeding the obtuse sepals . . . 3. T. flavescens. 

1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Annual; erect, simple or branching 
above, 1 to 3 ft. high, hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous 
above; lower leaves sinuately pinnatifid with mostly acute denticulate 
or entire segments, 2 to 5 in. long, the upper lanceolate, less lobed or 
merely toothed, all petioled, or the upper rarely sessile; flowers 1.] or 
2 lines long, closely clustered, white or yellowish, on commonly 
curved pedicels 1 line long; sepals oblong, scarcely more than half 
the length of the narrow petals; pods ascending or strictly deflexed, 
straight or somewhat curved, 2 to 4 in. long, }, line wide or less, 
obtuse at apex. 

More frequent in the Coast Range region but also in the Sierras. 
Apr. A variable species. Yar. rigidum Robinson. Often branch- 
ing from the base; pods \\ in. long, f line broad, divaricately spread- 
ing, sharply tipped with the short style, more or less torulose. — 
Elmira to Antioch. Yar. txalienum Robinson. Pods 1\] to 2] in. 
long, 1 line broad, erect or slightly spreading. — Collinsville, Brandegee. 
Scarcely differing from the preceding variety. 

2. T. Greenei. Glaucous and glabrous; erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, the 
stem with several much elongated simple branches from below the 
middle; leaves all sessile except the radical; lower cauline leaves 
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly or somewhat erosely toothed or 
laciniate, sometimes with two or three pairs of broad salient lobes 
below the middle, 8 in. long or less; petiole about 1 in. long; upper- 
most leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate or denticulate, 1 to 4 in. 
long, sessile; racemes in flower rather dense, in fruit much elongated 
(even 2} ft. long); flowers 4 to 5 lines long, pale yellow; sepals 
narrowly oblong, tapering to an acuminate apex, which often bears a 
few hairs; petals much exceeding the sepals, the claw broad and the 
undulate blade narrow; ovary glabrous; pods 2 to 3 in. long, rather 
less than 1 line wide, beaked by the style. — (T. flavescens Greene, 
not Streptanthus flavescens Hook.) 

Brandegee's Collinsville specimens are illustrative of the natural 
type here described which is not infrequent from Main Prairie to the 
Montezuma Hills and Antioch; thence southward through the Mt. 
Diablo range. It is our present opinion that T. procerum (also 
referred to Streptanthus and Caulanthus) of authors is the same; if it 
be distinct the contrasting characters have yet to be discovered. A 
satisfactory arrangement in this group can only be had, however, 
when complete material (now lacking to herbaria) has been gathered 
by field-students. 

3. T. flavescens (Hook). One ft. high, perhaps more; stems, 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 213 

petioles, midribs and margins of leaves hispidulous; leaves coarsely 
and unequally toothed, the lower petioled and sometimes pinnatifid, 
the uppermost sharply denticulate or entire; flowers yellowish, 4 
lines long; sepals oblong, broadest toward the acute apex; which 
usuallv bears a few hairs; petals undulate, the claw as broad or 
broader than the blade, little exceeding the sepals; ovary hairy; fruit 
unknown to us. — (T. Hookeri Greene.) 

Mt. Diablo region (Livermore, Greene, Mar. 10, 1889) to Mon- 
terey, Douglas, about 1830. Description drawn from Greene's speci- 
mens which match fairly well the illustration of Douglas' specimen 
in Hooker's Icones, figured under the name of Streptanthus flavescens 
Hook. Very doubtfully distinct from the preceding. 

2. STREPTANTHUS Nutt. 
Annuals or a few biennials, often glaucous. Kadical leaves com- 
monly toothed or pinnatifid, the cauline similar or entire, often 
sagittate-clasping. Sepals of the same color as the petals, two or all 
saccate at base, the calyx thus ovoid or broad at base and contracted 
above or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask- 
shaped, rarely subcylindric. Petals purple or white, with a narrow 
undulate or crisped limb and channeled claw, regular or somewhat 
irregular as in no. 6. Stamens tetradynamous, or in 3 unequal pairs, 
the 2 longer pairs with filaments connate below or the uppermost 
pair with entirely united filaments. Silique oblong to narrowly 
linear, flattened parallel to the partition, sometimes subterete; valves 
1-nerved or rarely carinate. Seeds flat, margined or winged. 
Cotyledons accumbent. Receptacle, enlarged. (Greek streptas, 
twisted, and anthos, flower, in reference to the petals.) 

Upper leaves oval or orbicular and cordate-clasping. 
Filaments all distinct or one pair connate; biennial, the flowering stems 

from an indurated stock 1. S. suffrutescens. 

Filaments distinct; annual : . . . 2. S. or'biculatus. 

Upper leaves mostly narrow; filaments of longer stamens connate in pairs; 
annuals. 
Herbage glabrous; 2 pair of filaments connate. 
Some lower leaves broadly ovate; flowers ^ery short-pediceled ; petals 

purple and white '. 3. S. Breweri. 

Cauline leaves all linear; petals white. 

Flowers subsessile; sepals with whitish tips 4. S. barbiger. 

Flowers long-pediceled; sepals dark purple or black 

5. S. niger. 
Herbage hispid-pubescent or hirsute; upper pair of filaments connate. 
Leaves mostly narrow. 

Flowers purple ; raceme not 1-sided 6. S. glandulosus. 

Flowers pale; raceme 1-sided 7. S. secundus. 

Some leaves obovate ; petals purplish with white tips 8. S. hispidus. 

1. S. suffrutescens Greene. Biennial (sometimes annual?), 
herbage glabrous; branches 6 to 15 in. long from a stout indurated 
trunk 6 to 9 in. high and nearly 3 lines thick; lower leaves broadly 
oblong or cuneate, obovate, coarsely serrate-toothed, narrowed at 
base into a winged petiole, 1J to 2\ in. long; upper leaves orbicular 
with cordate-clasping base, f to 1 in. broad; petals white, with purple 
veins, 4 lines long; pods arcuate, 2\ to 3 in. long, 1 line wide. 



214 CRUCIFER.E. 

Montane species of the Coast Ranges: Hood's Peak, Sonoma Co.; 
Humboldt Co., Chesnut and Drew. This may be merely a form of 
S. orbiculatus but more abundant material is needed to settle the 
problem of relationships in this group. 

2. S. orbiculatus Greene. Annual; herbage glabrous; main stem 
or ascending axis short, 1 to 3 in. long, bearing many ascending 
branches, or the branches at base spreading horizontally, 8 to 5 in. 
long; leaves rather small, lower spatulate-oblong, upper round, 
cordate-clasping; sepals pink or purple, 2 to 3 lines long; filaments 
distinct; pods falcate-recurved, mostly exceeding 2 in. 

Summit of Mt. Diablo; Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Mt. 
Shasta. 

3. S. Breweri Gray. Herbage glabrous and glaucous; stems 1 to 
2 ft. high, branching from near the base; leaves mostly sessile and 
clasping, the lowermost broadly spatulate with a winged petiole, 
toothed, the cauline broadly ovate and acute to narrowly lanceolate, 
denticulate or entire; flowers 3 to 4 lines long, purplish; sepals 
acuminate; 2 pairs of filaments connate; pods ascending, short- 
pediceled, 1£ to 2h- in. long by £ line broad, ascending, slightly 
curved; stigma sessile or nearly so; seeds small, orbicular, wholly 
marginless. 

Inner South Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton, Arroyo del Puerto and 
Mt. San Carlos. 

•A. S. barbiger Greene. Glabrous, 1 to 2 ft. high, branched; 
cauline leaves linear, entire; flowers white or purple, 3 lines long, 
subsessile; calyx saccate; sepals connivent, with recurved whitish tips; 
petals white, unequal; filaments dark purple, the upper pair connate 
and at length exserted; fruit 1} to 2 in. long, £ line wide, recurved. 

Colusa Co. to St. Helena. June. 

5. S. niger Greene. Stout, 1} to 3 ft. high, much branched, the 
herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves linear, the lower with shallow 
pinnate lobes or teeth, the upper entire and auriculate-clasping; 
racemes loose, flexuous; flowers 4 to 5 lines long, long-pediceled; 
calyx broad and saccate;, sepals dark purple or black, obtuse; petals 
white; pods ascending, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 line broad, on pedicels 6 to 
12 lines long; stigma entire, sessile; seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly 
winged. 

Hills at Tiburon, Marin Co. Apr. Perhaps no more than a 
robust glabrous form of S. glandulosus. 

6. S. glandulosus Hook. Jewel Flower. Nearly simple or 
branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, the herbage more or less hispid; lower 
leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and often saliently toothed, at least the 
radical slender-petioled; upper lanceolate to linear, toothed or entire, 
sessile and auriculate-clasping, the teeth callous-tipped; flowers 5 to 6 
lines long; calyx commonly deep purple; petals purple, or white with 
conspicuous purple veins; calyx broad and saccate; 3 sepals connivent 
at tips, the lower free from the others and usually spreading; longest 
pair of filaments often connate for their entire length and with 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 215 

reduced anthers; pods curved, more or less spreading on short 
pedicels, glabrous or hispid, 2 to 3 in. long, 1 line wide; seeds 
elliptical, narrowly winged. — (S. Bioletti, Mildredte, albidus, and 
pulchellus of Greene.) 

Common in the mountains at middle altitudes, or at the highest 
altitudes in the hills. 

7. S. secundus Greene. Either simple or with slender branches 
10 to 18 in. high, the foliage similar to that of S. glandulosus; 
racemes rather dense, secund; flowers flesh-color, 4 lines long; remote 
lower sepal distinctly, the uppermost obscurely, unguiculate, all 
carinate and commonly hispid-ciliolate on the keel; petals with 
ample purple-veined crisped limb; upper pair of filaments connate to 
near their scarcely divergent tips, their anthers small but bearing 
pollen; pods slender, 2 in. long, falcate-recurved; seeds wingless. 

Near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Mendocino Co. 
June. S. pulchellus Greene is intermediate between this and S. 
glandulosus. 

8. S. hispidus Gray. Dwarfish, hispid throughout, branching, 

3 to 6 in. high; leaves obovate to connate-oblong, coarsely toothed, 
all sessile except the very lowest; petals purplish with white tips, 3 or 

4 lines long; sepals hispid with brownish hairs; pods erect or ascend- 
ing, 1J to 2 in. long, 1 line wide, the pedicels short, about 1 line long; 
style short and stigma broad; seeds elliptical, winged. 

Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, May 14, 1862, southward to 
Fresno Co. 

3. SISYMBRIUM L. 

Erect annuals with pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, the base 
not clasping or auriculate. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals oblong 
or linear, equaling or exceeding the claws of the petals. Silique 
linear, terete or nearly so, the valves more or less distinctly 3-nerved; 
stigma sessile or the style very short. Cotyledons incumbent. 
(Greek sisumbrion, the ancient name of some plant of the Mustard 
Family.) 

Leaves pinnatifid; seeds in one row I. S. officinale. 

Leaves finely dissected; seeds in 2 rows 2. S. pinnatum. 

1. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard. A little rough- 
hispid with scattered hairs; stem rigid, erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, with 
divaricate branches above; leaves lyrately and often somewhat 
runcinately pinnatifid or pinnately parted with dentate or coarsely 
toothed segments, petioled, the lowest rosulate and 4 to 10 in. long; 
flowers 1J to 2 lines in diameter; pods terete, 6 lines long, tapering 
from base to summit, nearly sessile, closely appressed to the axis in 
a long slender raceme. 

Very common weed of waysides and waste places. Apr. -May. 

2. S. pinnatum (Walt.). Tansy Mustard. Cinerous-tomentu- 
lose with short branching hairs, sometimes glabrate and green, 
| to 2 ft. high; leaves pinnately or bipinnately dissected, thinnish 



216 CRUCIFER^E. 

and delicate; segments small, elliptical or in the upper leaves 
linear-oblong; petals about 1 line long, equaling or exceeding the 
sepals; capsule oblong to linear, acute at each end and beaked 
with a very short style, 3 to 6 lines long, borne on slender spreading 
pedicels of equal or greater length. — (S. canescens Nutt.) 

Livermore (ace. to Greene), the upper San Joaquin Valley, and 
southward to Southern California. Apr. 

4. CAKILE L. 

Maritime branching annual with fleshy leaves and rather small 
purplish or white flowers. Pod fleshy, or when ripe, dry and 
corky, 1-celled, jointed in the middle, the 2 joints 1-seeded, the 
upper joint at length deciduous, the lower one persistent. Cotyledons 
accumbent. (Arabic name.) 

1. C. Americana Nutt. Sea Kocket. Stems decumbent, often 
2 ft. long; leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, crenate or 
shallovvly sinuate-toothed; pod 1 in. long or less, the lower segment 
cylindrical, the upper ovoid and aeuminately narrowed to a flattened 
truncate often retuse beak. 

Seashore about San Francisco and beaches of San Francisco Bay 
at AVest Berkeley. 

5. BRASSICA L. Mustard. 
Annuals, either glabrous or sparsely hispid with coarse hairs, the 
lower leaves usually lyrately pinnatifid or pinnate, the upper disposed 
to be more or less entire. Flowers large, yellow. Lateral sepals 
more or less gibbous at base. Petals with long elaw and abruptly 
spreading limb. Papilla-like glands 4,* green, alternating with the 
claws of the petals. Pod terete, terminating in a stout beak; valves 
1 to several-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, globose. Cotyledons con- 
duplicate, incumbent. (The Latin name for Cabbage.) 

Pods terete, commonly 1 in. long or more, on ascending or spreading 
pedicels. 

Beak terete; stem-leaves auriculate-clasping 1. B. campestris. 

Beak 2-edged, often 1-seeded, much shorter than the body; stem-leaves 
petioled, or the upper merely sessile, none auriculate-clasping .... 

2. B. arvensis. 
• Beak very much flattened, longer than the white-hispid body; leaves all 

petioled 4. B. alba. 

Pods somewhat quadrangular, closely appressed to the axis of the raceme, 
% to ^i in. long; leaves all petioled 3. B. nigra. 

1. B. campestris L. "Common Yellow Mustard." Succu- 
lent, glaucous and glabrous save for bristle-bearing pustules on the 
upper surface of the lower leaves, erect, sparingly branched, 1 to 6 ft. 
high; cauline leaves all sessile and clasping by an auricled base; 
upper cauline lanceolate and entire; lower cauline irregularly serrate 
or denticulate, and pinnatifid or pinnate with the terminal segment 
very large and lateral segments sessile by a broad base and more or 
less decurrent on the rachis; radical leaves similar to the lower 
cauline, petioled; flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; sepals narrowly oblong, 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 217 

yellowish, ascending; petals with elliptic blade; pods terete, 1J to 1£ 
in. long, narrowed into a subulate beak, tipped with a flat stigma. 

Very common. Feb.-Apr. It is the Turnip of the gardens run 
wild. 

2. B. arvensis (L.) B. S. P. Charlock. Herbage light green, 
hispid with scattered hairs; leaves pinnatifid with a large shallowly 
lobed terminal segment and usually a pair of much smaller angular 
segments on the rachis, or ovate or triangular-ovate and lobed or 
denticulate; upper leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled 
or sessile by a narrow base, not clasping; petals 4 to 6 lines long; pods 
ascending or erect. 1 to 1£ in. long, with 3 to 8 seeds in each cell; beak 
flattish, J as long as the body, often containing a seed; valves nerved. 
— (B. Sinapistrum Boiss.) 

Frequent in western Alameda Co. Apr. 

3. B. nigra (L.\ Koch. Black Mustard. Dark green (not 
glaucous), nearly glabrous or with some scattered stiff hairs, 3 to 6 
or even 12 ft. high; leaves all petiolate; lower lyrately pinnatifid or 
divided; terminal segment very large, shallowly lobed and sharply 
dentate; upper leaves less lobed or the uppermost linear and entire 
and commonly drooping or pendulous; racemes long and dense; 
petals 3^ lines long, much larger than the sepals; pods closely 
appressed" to the axis of the raceme, torulose, indistinctly 4-sided, 
beaked by the style; seeds nearly black, highly pungent. 

Naturalized weed, everywhere common and very abundant in 
interior grainfields. May -July. 

4. B. alba Boiss. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves all pinnately lobed 
or divided and rather long-petioled, or the upper lanceolate or oblong, 
merely dentate and short-petioled; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, rather 
dense; pedicels in fruit spreading horizontally; pod hispid with white 
hairs, the body shorter than the long conspicuously flattened beak. 

European weed, perhaps not yet naturalized: Byron, Bioletti. 

6. RAPHANUS L. Radish. 
Coarse much-branched annuals or biennials. Lower leaves lyrately 
pinnate or pinnatifid, shortly petioled. Flowers large, purple or 
yellow, or becoming white. Petals long-clawed. Pod thick, beaked 
by the stout style, 1-celled, filled with spongy or corky tissue, lightly 
constricted between the seeds or even moniliform, indehiscent or 
eventually breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints. Seeds sub- 
globose, cotyledons conduplicate. (Greek raphanos, quick-appearing, 
on account of the prompt germination of the seeds.) 

Flowers purple, pink or white; pod with shallow constrictions, 2 to 

3-seeded 1. R. sativus. 

Flowers yellow or white; pod moniliform, 4 to 10-seeded.2. R. Raphanistram. 

1. R. sativus L. Wild Radish. Nearly glabrous or hispid with 
scattered hairs; stem branching widely, 2 to 5 ft. high; lower leaves 
pinnately parted, all the segments crenate, the terminal segment 
large and round, the lateral smaller, ovate or oblong, sessile with the 



218 CRUCIFER^E. 

upper side adherent to the midrib, the lower lobe free; upper leaves 
mostly toothed, or with a few small lateral segments; flowers 8 or 9 
lines broad, purple or white; pod thick, spongy at maturity, 3 to 4 
lines broad, 1 to 3 in. long, with one to several constrictions, or the 
body of the pod globose and 1-seeded. 

Common weed of waste places in towns and villages about San 
Francisco Bay; less frequent in the interior. Naturalized. 

2. R. Raphanistrum L. Jointed Charlock. Plants 1£ to 2 
ft. high, almost glabrous throughout; lower leaves deeply lyrate- 
pinnatifid, 4 to 7 in. long, the upper less lobed; flowers 6 to 9 lines 
broad, yellow or white; pods 1 to H in. long, 6 to 10-seeded, strongly 
constricted between the seeds, longitudinally grooved. 

Introduced from Europe but very rare and scarcely established: 
San Francisco; Berkeley. 

7. ERYSIMUM L. Wall Flower. 

Erect stoutish biennials or perennials, simple or with few branches. 
Leaves narrow, entire, dentate or lobed. Flowers large, orange to 
light yellow. Sepals narrow, equal at base or the lateral saccate. 
Petals with slender claws and obovate blades. Pod linear, flattened, 
with 1-nerved valves, or quadrangular. Seeds in 1 row, numerous, 
not margined. (Greek name of a garden plant.) 

Flowers orange; pod 4-sided; montane species \. E. asperum. 

Flowers cream-color or yellowish; pod flattened parallel to the partition; 
littoral species 2. E. capitatum. 

1. E. asperum DC. Western Wall-flower. Herbage sca- 
brous-pubescent, hairs stellately 3-parted; stems erect, simple or 
branching above, 1] to 2£ ft. high, rather densely clothed with 
leaves below; leaves narrow (2 to 6 lines wide and 3 to 6 in. long, or 
the uppermost shorter), entire or sharply dentate, the lower slender- 
petioled; flowers orange, 10 lines in diameter; blade of petal broadly 
elliptic; sepals narrow, with a longitudinal dorsal ridge; pods 
4-sided, ascending or widely spreading, commonly 3 to 4 in. long, 
1 line wide, beaked with a stout style; seeds oblong, often slightly 
winged at one end. — (E. Californicum Greene.) 

Common on rocky hills in the mountains of the Coast Kanges and 
Sierra Nevada. Mar.-Apr. 

2. E. capitatum (Dougl.) Greene. Stout and low, erect, £ to 1£ 
ft. high, leafy, finely pubescent; leaves narrow, entire or repand- 
dentate; flowers cream-color to yellowish, rarely white, at first sub- 
capitate, the axis elongating in fruit and becoming a short raceme; 
pods 1J to 2| in. long, 1J lines wide, abruptly short-pointed; valves 
flattish, 1-nerved; seeds brown, sometimes margined but not winged — 
(E. grandiflorum Nutt. ) 

Vicinity of the ocean along the California coast. 

8. ARABIS L. Kock Cress. 
Ours erect and tall annuals or biennials, or csespitose perennials. 
Flowers rose-purple, white or yellowish white. Sepals greenish or 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 219 

purplish, erect and equal, or the lateral pair slightly saccate at base. 
Petals obovate or spatulate, with narrow claw and flat blade, com- 
monly much exceeding the sepals. Pod flattened parallel to the 
partition, the valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds more or less 
winged; cotyledons accumbent, or in one species partially incumbent. 
(Name from the land Arabia.) 

Leaves all pinnately parted ; plants decumbently branching from the base ; 

flowers small, white 1. A. Virginica. 

Leaves entire, toothed or only the radical pinnatifld. 
Tall biennials with white flowers; sepals greenish. 

Glaucous; glabrous except at the base 2. A. glabra. 

Not glaucous; hirsute throughout 3. A.'hirsuta. 

Low, more or less tufted perennials; sepals purplish, rarely greenish. 
Herbage dark green, mostly glabrous; pods nearly straight; seaboard 

species 4. A.blepharophylla. 

Herbage more or less canescent; pods arcuate; montane species. . . . 

5. A. Breweri. 

1. A. Virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or biennial, nearly gla- 
brous; branched from the decumbent base, the branches 7 to 15 in. 
high; leaves deeply pinnatifld with nearly uniform oblong or linear 
few-toothed or entire segments; flowers small, white, on very short 
pedicels; pods spreading, f to 1 in. long, 1 line broad, borne on ped-. 
icels 1 to 2 lines long, beaked by a short pointed stj T le; valves faintly 
veined or obscurely 1-nerved at base; seeds in 1 row. — (A. Ludo- 
viciana C. A. Mey.) 

Lower San Joaquin Eiver banks, Sanford; probably introduced 
from Southern California. 

2. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Biennial, erect, 
simple (very rarely branched), 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage glaucous, at 
the base hispidulous, above glabrous; radical leaves broadly spatulate, 
coarsely dentate or merely denticulate, 2 to 4J in. long, soon wither- 
ing; cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, clasping by a 
sagittate base; flowers dull white, 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding 
the sepals; pods strictly erect, even appressed to the stem, straight, 3 
to 4 in. long, ^ to f line wide, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines long; seeds in 
2 rows, narrowly winged or wingless. — (A. perfoliata Lam.) 

Throughout California: not rare, but the plants commonly solitary- 
Apr. -May. 

3. A. hirsuta Scop. Hairy Bock Cress. Biennial, more or 
less hirsute, deep green, not glaucous; stems erect, simple or strictly 
branched, 1 to 3 ft. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, the petioles 
winged, 1 to 2 in. long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, commonly 
entire, sessile by a subcordate base; petals dull white, 1J to 3 lines 
long; pods strictly erect on slender pedicels, 1 to 2 in. long, J line 
wide; style scarcely any; valves faintly nerved below the middle and 
more or less veined; seeds suborbicular, very narrowly margined. 

Northern California: Marin Co. (ace. to Greene). 

4. A. blepharophylla H. & A. Biennial or perennial, branched 
at base or simple, 4 to 12 in. high, deep green, glabrous, or somewhat 
hirsute below; radical leaves broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse, 



220 crucifeilf. 

ciliate with forked hairs; cauline oblong, sessile, dentate or entire; 
flowers large, fragrant, purple, J in. long; sepals often colored, broad, 
2 to 3 lines long; pods erect or ascending, nearly straight, f to 1 in. 
long, 1 line wide, abruptly beaked by a short stout style; valves 
veined, 1-nerved; seeds in 1 row, round-elliptical, narrowly winged 
or scarcely margined. 

Rocky hilltops from San Francisco to Monterey. Mar. -Apr. 

5. A. Breweri Wats. Brewer Rock Cress. Stems many from 
the much branched crown of a stout woody root, 2 to 6 in. high; 
herbage stellately pubescent or canescent, especially below; lower 
leaves broadly spatulate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long; upper leaves lanceo- 
late to oblong, sessile by a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate; 
flowers bright red-purple or nearly white, 2 to 3 lines long, the 
pedicels and purplish calyx more or less villous; pods spreading and 
arcuate, H to 2£ in. long, 1 line broad; valves 1-nerved, veined; 
seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, somewhat in 2 rows. 

Rocky summits of mountain peaks from borders of Lake Co. south- 
ward to Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Loma Prieta. Apr. 

9. BARBAREA R.Br. 

Perennial herbs similar to the yellow-flowered Nasturtiums. Stem 
angular. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Stamens 6, distinctly tetra- 
dynamous. Pods linear, somewhat quadrangular, abruptly termi- 
nated by a pointed style, the valves strongly 1-nerved or carinate. 
Seeds in 1 row in each cell, turgid, not margined. (Named after St. 
Barbara.) 

1. B. vulgaris R. Br. Winter-cress. Glabrous, rather stout, 
10 to 16 in. high; radical leaves elliptic, sometimes cordate at base, f 
to 2 in. long, with or without small supplementary lobes borne along 
the petiole; cauline similar, pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe largest 
and often oblong-lanceolate; raceme terminal and solitary or with 
several from the upper axils; petals narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, 
the blade scarcely narrowed into a claw, about 3 lines long, twice as 
long as the yellow sepals; pod 1J in. long. 

Along streams in the mountains or among the hills: Coast Ranges 
and Sierra Nevada. June-July. 

10. NASTURTIUM L. 

Nearly or quite glabrous annuals or perennials, sometimes' growing 
in water, mostly in wet places. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid or 
pinnately divided. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals spread- 
ing in anthesis. Petals scarcely clawed. Stigma capitate, nearly 
sessile. Pod linear or oblong, terete or nearly so, valves mostly 
1-nerved. Seeds minute, in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accum- 
bent. (Nasus, nose, and tortus, twisting, the nostrils affected by the 
pungent herbage.) 

Flowers white; petals distinctly clawed, nearly twice the length of the 

sepals 1. N. officinale. 

Flowers yellow; petals scarcely clawed, little longer than the sepals. 

Pods linear, curved upward ' 2. N. curvisiliqua. 

Pods oblong, turgid, straight 3. iS r . palustris. 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 221 

1. N. officinale R. Br. Watkr-oress. Stems ascending or pros- 
trate at base and rooting at the nodes, the herbage glabrous; leaflets 
or segments 3 to 9, ovate or nearly round, the terminal always the 
largest, or the lowest leaves without lateral leaflets; flowers white, 2 
to 2£ lines broad; petals nearly twice the length of the sepals; 
pods divaricately spreading, £ to 1 in. long, the pedicels about as 
long. 

Common in slow-flowing creeks and about springs in the moun- 
tains. Naturalized. 

2. N. curvisiliqua Nutt. Western Yellow-cress. Stems 
branching, erect or decumbent, % to 1£ ft. long; herbage sparsely 
pubescent; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted (the segments varying 
from linear and commonly entire to oblong or ovate and either entire, 
toothed or pinnatifid), mostly f to 2 in. long, or the lowest or radical 
much longer; pods linear, terete, more or less curved, 4 to 7 lines 
long, the pedicel J to 1J lines long. 

Frequent in stream beds, margins of pools and marshy places, from 
San Mateo Co. and the Oakland Hills northward through the Coast 
Ranges and the Sacramento Valley. Exceedingly variable in foliage; 
radical leaves of a robust plant from the Napa River near St. Helena 
are bipinnatifid and 1 ft. long. The var. lyratum "Wats, has coarsely 
toothed leaves broad above and narrowed towards the base. 

3. N. palustris DC. Marsh Yellow-cress. Biennial, erect, 
branching, 2 to 5 ft. high, usually glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate 
in outline, coarsely toothed or deeply pinnatifid with the oblong lobes 
dentate; pods oblong, turgid, 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, the pedicels 
nearly as long. 

Lowlands of the Sacramento River. 

N. dictyotum Greene, collected on Grand Island, is teratological; 
stems more or less fasciated; pods often 3 or 4-valved and placentae 
3 or 4; pods at intervals crowded. 

11. DENTARIA L. Toothwort. 
Glabrous perennials. Stems and one or two long-petioled radical 
leaves from tuberous rootstocks, the stems rarefy branched and spar- 
ingly leafy. Flowers large, white or rose-tinted, appearing in early 
spring. Petals with slender claws and ovate spreading limb, much 
longer than the sepals; these equal at base, erect or nearly so. Pod 
linear, flattened parallel to the partition, stout, attenuate above into 
the slender style, the valves and partitions not nerved; seeds wing- 
less. (From the Latin, dens, a tooth, the rootstocks toothed in some 
species.) 

Leaves (at least the cauline) trifoliate 1. D. integrifolia. 

Leaves all undivided 2. D. cardiophylla. 

1. D. integrifolia Nutt. Milk-maids. Stems mostly one from 
the rootstock, erect, 1 ft. high, the herbage rather fleshy; radical 
leaves simple or trifoliolate, the leaves or leaflets mostly orbicular, 
minutely dentate, and £ to 1 in. long; cauline trifoliolate, ovate to 



222 CRUCIFERffi. 

lanceolate; raceme mostly single; corolla white, 6 lines broad; sepals 
green or dull red; siliques with dull red valves. 

Abundant in the valleys and on. the plains, often whitening the 
fields in Feb. and Mar. Propagating vegetatively by the production 
of roots at the summit of the petiole of the radical compound leaf. 
Exceedingly variable. The most marked variety is the following: 

Var. Californica (Dentaria Californica Nutt.) — Taller and more 
slender, leaves larger, comparatively thin, the radical often dull 
reddish, beneath and sometimes 5-foliolate; corolla white or pale 
rose-color. — Shady woods. Mar. -May. Exceedingly variable in its 
leaves, the cauline sometimes pinnately parted and the radical as 
frequently simple, as in the species. 

2. D. cardiophylla (Greene) Kobinson. Erect, stoutish, 8 to 13 
in. high; radical leaves undivided, broadly cordate, slightly and 
Bomewhat angulately lobed and mucronately denticulate, 1 to 21 in. 
wide; cauline similar, tapering from within the broad sinus to a 
petiole \ to 1 in. long; flowers white; siliques slender-beaked. — 
(Cardamine cardiophylla Greene.) 

Vaca Mountains at low altitudes. Jepson (1885), Piatt (1808). 

12. CARDAMINE L. Bitter-crkss. 

Ours annual with fibrous roots and leafy stems; leaves pinnate, the 
radical in a rosette. Very near Dentaria and scarcely separable, bul 
the flowers sinaller (in ours 1 to 1£ lines long) and pods narrower. 
(Ancient Greek name of some species of Cress.) 

1. C. oligosperma Nutt. Erect, slender, unbranched or with 
several very slender branches 3 to 14 in. high, hispidulous or nearly 
glabrous; stems slender, commonly branching. 3 to 9 in. high; radi- 
cal leave- in a rosette, these and the cauline leaves pinnate. 1 .} in. 
long or less; leaflets 5 to 11, little unequal, with a notch in each side 
toward the apex, 1 to 4 lines long, petiolulate; petals white, much 
surpassing the sepals; silique 6 to 9 or 12 lines long; valves separating 
and falling in a close coil while still green-herbaceous; pedicels 2 
lines long, little accrescent in fruit. 

Under Oaks and ether trees in openly wooded country. Oakland 
Hills and Marin Co." northward to Napa Valley and .Mendocino Co. 

13. TROPIDOCARPUM Hook. 
Erect or diffusely spreading annuals with pubescent herbage, pin- 
natifid leaves and leafy racemes of rather small yellow flowers. 
Sepals concave, ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals cuneate-obovate. 
Stamens tetradynamous; anthers roundish. Style slender, sometimes 
short. Pod completely or partially 2-celled, or 1-celled, strongly 
flattened contrary to the narrow partition, or only the upper part 
flattened, or somewhat inflated; valves 2 to 4, opening from above; 
seeds in 2 to 4 rows. (Greek tropis, keel, and karpos, fruit, 
in reference to the carinate valves of the capsule. For an interesting 
study of the fruit of Tropidocarpum see Kobinson in Erythea, iv. 109.) 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 223 

Plants, when robust, with mostly straggling branches; pods 2-valved and 

Two-celled 1. J*, gracile. 

One-celled, bnt the partition persistent above 2. T. dubium. 

Plants commonly erect; pods 4-valved and 1-celled . . . . 3. T. capparideum. 

1. T. gracile Hook. Erect or at last very diffuse; leaves pinnati- 
fid, the segments commonly linear, acutish, cleft or entire; leaves of 
the inflorescence similar but reduced; pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines 
long, spreading; stamens very unequal; pods linear, strongly obcom- 
pressed throughout, tardily dehiscent; style slender; seeds in 2 rows. 

On or near low hills of the inner Coast Ranges from Tehama Co. 
and the Marysville Buttes south west ward to Vacaville, Mt. Diablo 
and Southern California. 

2. T. dubium Davidson. Decumbent, the branches 6 to 12 in. 
long; radical leaves regularly pinnatifid with 3-toothed segments, 
petioled, 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves mostly sessile with linear seg- 
ments; stamens tetradynamous, but not markedly unequal; pedicels 
said to be arcuate; pods J to 1^ in. long, 1 line wide, only the upper 
portion obcompressed; partition not present, except in the upper I 
or \. 

Antioch (ace. to Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl.) and Southern 
California. 

3. T. capparideum Greene. Stem stoutish, erect, mostly less 
than 1 ft. high, simple or sparingly branched; foliage as in T. 
gracile, the upper leaves somewhat more deeply parted and with 
longer subentire segments; pods linear-oblong, 7 to 10 lines in length, 
2 lines wide, somewhat inflated, 1-celled, conspicuously 6-nerved, 
tipped with a slender style; valves 4, the dehiscence beginning at the 
apex; seeds in 4 distinct rows. 

Alkaline soil from Byron to Lathrop. Mr. C. D. Cobb sends us 
from the Lower San Joaquin a box of 40 ripe fruits, each capsule hav- 
ing an inner capsule containing a perfect seed. 

14. CAPSELLA Medic. 
Slender annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers. 
Petals small, little exceeding the calyx. Pod obcordate or elliptical, 
strongly or scarcely at all flattened, several-seeded; valves carinate. 
Seeds not winged; cotyledons incumbent. (Capsella, a little box, in 
allusion to the fruit.) 

Pod obcordate, or cuneate-triangular in outline with retuse apex, strongly 

flattened 1. C. Bursa-pastoris. 

Pod elliptic-oblong, scarcely flattened, entire at the apex.2. C. procumbens. 

1. C. Bursa-pastoris Mcench. Shepherd's Purse. Stems 
•erect, simple or branching, 3 to 10 or 15 in. high, sparsely hispid; 
radical leaves in a spreading rosette; lower leaves petioled, pinnatifid, 
rarely entire, the terminal lobe largest; upper leaves merely den- 
tate, sessile-auriculate; petals white, less than 1 to 1J lines long, 
slightly exceeding the sepals; pedicels elongating in fruit, 4 lines long; 
pods obcordate, 2| to 3 lines broad, many-seeded, strongly flattened. 

Common in pastures, orchards and by waysides; naturalized from 
Europe. 



224 CRUCIFEKiE. 

2. C. procumbens (L.) Fries. Three to 6 in. high with as- 
cending branches from the base; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, or 
the lower more or less pinnatifid; flowers minute, £ line long or less; 
sepals ovate-elliptic, thin-margined, about equaled by the white 
petals; pods elliptic-oblong, entire at the apex, 1 to l^ lines long, 
pedicels filiform, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long and divaricately spreading. 
— (C. elliptica C. A. Mey. C. divaricata "Walp.) 

Alkaline soil from Alameda and Byron southward to Kern Co. 

15. CAMELINA Crantz. 

Erect annual with sagittate-clasping leaves. Flowers small, yellow, 
in loose racemes. Pod obovate or pear-shaped, beaked with the 
slender, persistent style; valves convex with the edges flattened, form- 
ing a narrow margin around the pod; partition broad; seeds several 
in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. (Greek 
camai, dwarf, and linon, flax.) 

1. C. sativa Crantz. False Flax. Stem simple or branching 
above, 1£ to 2 ft. high, leafy, nearly glabrous; leaves oblong to lanceo- 
late, entire or dentate; flowers rather small, light yellow; pedicels in 
fruit ascending; pods 3.} or 4 lines long, 2 to 1\ lines broad. 

Old World weed of grain fields. Rare in California. 

16. ATHYSANUS Greene. 
Low annual, leafy below, the short stem divided at or near the 
base into few or many simple elongated filiform branches or racemes 
which are unilaterally flower-bearing throughout. Flowers minute, 
promptly reflexed or recurved. Petals linear or none. Stamens 6, 
nearly or quite equal; filaments slender. Pod small, orbicular, in- 
dehiscent, 1-celled, or 2-celled by a thin partition, wingless; cotyle- 
dons accumbent. (Greek a-, without, and thusanos, fringe, the fruit 
wingless, the species taken out of the genus Thysanocarpus, whose 
fruit is broadly margined.) 

Pods plane, numerous on the racemes 1. A. puoillus. 

Pods twisted at maturity; raceme lax, the pods often distant 1 in. or more . 

2. A. unilateral™. 

1. A. pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Herbage pubescent with simple or 
branching hairs; racemes 3 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly oblong with 
about 3 coarse teeth on each side, 3 to 5 lines long, rarely varying 
from 2 to 9 lines; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 to 4, only one maturing, 
that attached at base of the pod; fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to 3 
lines long; pods orbicular, strongly flattened £ to 1 line long, hispid 
all over with hooked hairs. 

Common everywhere on low hills and gravelly plains in the Coast 
Ranges; also in the Sierra Foothills at Bough and Ready. 

2. A. unilateralis (Jones). Habit of the preceding; racemes lax, 
diffuse, or horizontal and trailing, in age rigid and wiry, 6 to 18 in. 
long; pods round-oval, 1 to 1^ lines broad, hispidulous, twisted when 
mature, the pedicels thick, recurved, £ to 1 line long; seeds 6 to 10. — 
(Heterodraba unilateralis Greene.) 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 225 

Hillsides and valleys of the inner Coast Ranges from Colusa Co. 
to Livermorc Valley and southward. Apr. 

17. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. 
Slender erect annuals, with the stems commonly sparingly 
branched or often simple, and minute white or purplish flowers. 
Sepals ovate, spreading. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6, subequal, 
with slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an in- 
dehiscent fruit; this much flattened and winged, orbicular in outline, 
the body disk-shaped or plane on one side and convex on the other, 
the wing with small perforations or with radiating nerves or toothed. 
(Greek thusanos, fringe, and karpos, fruit). 

Fruiting pedicels more or less recurved their whole length. 
Wing of the obovate fruit with radiating nerves, mostly imperforate . . . 

1. T. curvipes. 

Wing of the commonly roundish fruit perforated 2. T. elegans. 

Wing of fruit scarious, not perforated, the radiating nerves none or very 

short , 3. T. emarginatus. 

Fruiting pedicels straight or recurved only at the very tip; wing broad with 
conspicuous rays 4. T. radians. 

1. T. curvipes Hook. Frixge-pod. More or less pubescent or 
hirsute, 10 to 20 in. high; cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile 
and auricled at base, the upper entire, the lower dentate or denticu- 
late; radical leaves often narrowed at base to a petiole, commonly 
sinuate-pinnatifid, with triangular acute or acuminate lobes; fruit 
obovate varying to round-obovate, pubescent or glabrous, 1J to 3 lines 
long, often very convex on one side; wing narrow, rather crowded 
with broad rays; pedicels recurved. 

Frequent everywhere in the open hill country of California. Apr.- 
May. Pods in the same raceme sometimes either pubescent or gla- 
brous, indifferent of age. Passing into the next by numerous grada- 
tions, of which T. hirtellus Greene is one. 

2. T. elegans F. &M. Lace-pod. Eather stout, with few 
branches; lower leaves repand-toothed; fruit nearly orbicular, 3 to 
4 lines long, the body densely tomentose; wing with large ovoid 
perforations between the rays, the margin membranaceous and entire. 

Middle North Coast Ranges; Antioch; Sierra Foothills. 

3. T. emarginatus Greene. Freely branching from the base, 1J 
ft. high; herbage ostensibly glabrous but the plant at the fruiting 
stage hispidulous under a lens, at least on the lower parts; cauline 
leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, not auricled; flowers and radical 
leaves unknown; fruit 2 to 2\ lines long, glabrous; the wing scarious, 
entire, destitute of radiating nerves or these very short, sometimes 
deeply, always slightly emarginate at the apex. 

Mt. Diablo, Jepson; Antioch, Miss Eastwood. Evidently passes 
into T. curvipes. 

4. T. radians Benth. Erect, commonly 1 to 1J ft. high and 
rarely branching; radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; cauline ovate- 
lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; fruit orbicular, 4 lines broad, glabrous 

17 



226 CRUCIFERJE. 

or tomentose, the edge of the body divided into radiating spoke-like 
nerves which disappear abruptly just within the margin of the white- 
membranaceous wing; pedicels straight, abruptly recurved at the 
very summit. 

Low hills or rolling plains, infrequent: Healdsburg; Sonoma; 
Vacaville; Antioch; and Linden (San Joaquin Co.). Apr.-May. 
Yar. montanus is a color form; branches several from the base, 
ascending, 5 to 8 in. high; fruit 3 lines long, the wing bright purple. 
— Plateau of the Napa Mountains, north of Mt. George, J&pson, 
Apr. 28, 1893. 

18. ALYSSUM L. 

Low-branching herbs with undivided leaves. Flowers white or 
yellowish, in ours 2 lines long or less. Filaments of the stamens 
winged near the base or toothed. P.od orbicular, with convex veinless 
valves and broad partition; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (A-, without, 
and lussa, madness, the plant valued by the ancient Greeks as an 
antidote for hydrophobia.) 

Petals yellowish white, scarcely exceeding the sepals; these persistent about 

the base of the fruit 1. A. calycinum. 

Petals white, twice as long as the deciduous sepals 2. A. maritimum. 

1. A. calycinum L. Small Altssum. Annual; stems branch- 
ing from the base, decumbent, 4 to 7 in. high; leave- linear-oblong 
or spatulate; petals yellowish white, little exceeding the persistent 
.-cpals filaments of the shorter stamens toothed at the base; pod 
notched at the apex, 1£ lines broad; seeds 2 in each cell. 

An escape from gardens; not common. 

2. A. maritimum (L.) Lam. Sweet Alyssum. Perennial, 
ostensibly glabrous, the stems procumbent or ascending, 4 to 12 in. 
b»ng; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; petals broad, white, twice 
the length of the sepals; sepals falling off after flowering; filaments 
without appendages; seeds 1 in each cell. 

European species of the gardens, more of less naturalized in 
California. 

10. LEPIDIUM L. Pepper-grass. 

Ours low annuals (commonly less than i, seldom 2 ft. high) with 
toothed pinnatifid leaves and very small flowers (1 line long or less). 
Petals white or none. Stamens 6, 4 or 2. Pod a round, ovate, or 
broadly oblong silicle, strongly obcom pressed, and in ours notched or 
lobed at the more or less winged apex; valves acutely carinate, the 
cells 1-seeded. Style not persistent in fruit. Cotyledons incumbent. 
(Greek lepidion, a little scale, in reference to the flattened pods.) 

L. Draba L., Hoary Cress, is occasionally found as an escape 
from the gardens; leaves large, elliptie-obovate or -lanceolate; pod 
somewhat cordate, neither notched nor winged, tipped with a stout 
style. — Napa Valley. 

Silicle notched at apex; not reticulated or only faintly. 
Petals present; erect plants. 

Leaves toothed; pedicels terete 1. L. medium. 

Lower leaves pinnatifid ; pedicels flattened 2. L.nitidum. 



MUSTARD FAMILY. 227 

Petals none; plants diffuse or prostrate; leaves pinnatifid 

3. L. bipinnatifidum. 
Silicic winged at apex with two lobes or teeth and 
Conspicuously reticulated; dwarfs with mostly prostrate or decumbent 
stems; wings or teeth approximate or parallel and 

Nearly as long as the body 4. L. latipes. 

Very short * 5. L. dictyotum. 

With "finer reticulations; teeth divergent. 
Pedicels erect or ascending, shorter than the silicles; teeth very promi- 
nent; sinus triangular . 6. L. strictum. 

Pedicels spreading or retrocurved; larger than the silicles; sinus broad 
and rounded 7. L. oxycarpam. 

1. L. medium Greene. Tall Pepper-grass. Stem erect, 1 to 

2 ft. high, simple below, paniculately branching above and bearing 
numerous racemes 2 to 3 or even 6 in. long; herbage ostensibly 
glabrous; leaves oblanceolate (the radical oblong), narrowed at base 
to a petiole, sharply serrate, 2 to 3 in. long; rameal leaves linear, 
serrate only towards the apex, shorter; petals white; silicles round, 
H lines long, nearly as broad, notched at the very narrowly winged 
apex; pedicels 2 lines long, widely (or even horizontally) spreading. 

Common in Scott Yalley, Lake Co. and southward to Napa Valley. 
Described by Greene as apetalous. 

2. L. nitidum Nutt. Common Pepper-grass. Tongue-grass. 
Branching from or near the base, 1 to 6 or 10 in. high, the branches 
mostly simple; herbage glabrous; leaves 4 in. long or less, the upper 
almost or quite entire, the lower pinnatifid with the rachis ligulate 
and bearing remote entire or laciniately toothed lobes; petals white, 
less than 1 line long, obovate, with no distinct claw; stamens 6, but 
the 2 shorter mere rudiments; silicles round, with a narrow margin, 
abruptly notched at apex, 1J to 2 lines long, plane on the upper 
face, convex on the lower, often dark purple, glabrous and shining. 

Common everywhere on the Californian plains, low hills and in 
the valleys. Feb. -Apr. 

3. L. bipinnatifidum Desv. Wayside Pepper-grass. Stems 

3 to 6 in. long, freely branching from the base, diffuse or even pros- 
trate, the plants often closely matting the ground; herbage light 
green, puberulent or glabrate; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipin- 
natifid; racemes numerous, dense and rather narrow; petals none; 
silicles round, nearly 1|- lines long, glabrous, faintly reticulate, the 
teeth at the apex short and obtuse; fruiting pedicels ascending, 
scarcely exceeding £ line. 

Common in hard beaten soil, by paths and waysides, throughout 
California. 

4. L. latipes Hook. Long-winged Pepper-grass. Stems sev- 
eral from the base, very thick and stout, 1 to 2 in. long, recurved- 
prostrate; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves pinnatifid with few 
linear acute segments, 3 to 5 in. long, the rachis ligulate, 2 lines 
broad, often dilated into a terminal lanceolate lobe; segments remote, 
5 to 6 lines long; racemes very dense, £ to 1^- in. long; petals broadly 
spatulate, greenish, rounded at the apex, 1 line long, much exceeding 
the short sepals; silicles broadly oblong or oval, 3 lines long, 2 lines 



228 crucifee^:. 

broad, strongly reticulated, sparingly pubescent, winged at apex with 
two broad acute teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between 
tbe teeth or wings a narrow cleft. 

Beds or margins of winter pools on the plains or in alkaline flats. 
Common in the Sacramento Valley and found in the Coast Ranges 
from Round Valley (Mendocino Co.) to Napa Valley, Mt. Diablo 
region, Hollister'and southward to Southern California. Mar.-May, 
fruiting June-July. 

5. L. dictyotum Gray. Branches several from the base, decum- 
bent, or at length ascending, 1 to 2 in. long; leaves pinnatifid, the 
segments few, linear and remote; petals little exceeding the sepals or 
wanting; silicles 1£ lines long, broadly elliptic, finely reticulated, 
pubescent, with short obtuse wings or teeth at the summit, the sinus 
narrow; pedicels ascending, flattened. 

Alkaline soils 'from Alameda (ace. to Greene) and Livermore 
southward to Southern California. Mar.-Apr. 

6. L. strictum Rattan. Branching from the base, the branches 
comparatively simple, suberect or diffuse, 4 to 12 in. high; haves 
with few pinnate segments or entire: stamens 4; silicles glabrous, 
lightly reticulated, 2 to 2£ lines long, with 2 widely divergent 
lanceolate wings or teeth at apex often J as long as the elliptic body; 
pedicels flattened, in fruit rather shorter than the pod. — (L. Oreganum 
Greene, Fl. Fr. in part.) 

Lower San Joaquin and the Montezuma Hills. First collected by 
Rattan in the "Live Oaks of the Mokelumne River, 1878." 

7. L. oxycarpum T. & G. Very slender, branched from the base, 
the branches elongated, erect or -ascending, 4 to 6 in. long, bearing- 
flowers more than half their length; leaves narrow, linear and sub- 
entire, or pinnatifid with a few acute linear segments; pedicels widely 
spreading or deflexed, more slender than in the other members of the 
group, 1£ lines long; sepals very unequal, caducous, \ line long; 
petals none; stamens 2; silicle roundish, glabrate, finely reticulated, 
\\ lines long, tipped with 2 very short and acute widely divergent 
teeth; pedicels widely spreading or retrocurved, very slender, flattened, 
longer than the pods. 

Borders of salt marshes or in alkaline soils in middle California 
toward the coast: Vallejo; Berkeley Hills; Alviso. 

20. CORONOPUS Gsertn. 
Prostrate annuals (exhaling a heavy-scented odor), with pinnatifid 
leaves and short racemes of minute greenish white flowers. Sepals 
oval, equal at base, spreading. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Silicle 
small, more or less didymous, flattened contrary to the narrow parti- 
tion, the surface strongly w T rinkled or tuberculate; valves of the pod 
falling away at maturity from the persistent axis as closed or nearly 
closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek korono, crow, and 
pous, foot, because of the shape of the leaves.) 



CAPPARIDACEiE. 229 



Fruit notched at summit and at base, strongly didymous, wrinkled 

1. C. didymus. 
Fruit not notched above, obscurely didymous, strongly roughened and 
cristate-muricate 2. C. Ruellii. 

1. C. didymus (L) Smith. Wart-cress. Herbage heavy-scented, 
sparsely hairy or almost glabrous; stems numerous, freely branching, 
diffuse or prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves 1 in. long or less, pinnately 
parted into entire or sharply toothed segments; flowers minute, 
greenish white; pods small, about 1 line broad, notched both above 
and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed or didymous, each 
lobe turgid and finely wrinkled. — (Senebiera didyma Pers.) 

Naturalized weed near dwellings: Montezuma Hills, Solano Co. 

2. C. Ruellii All. Swine-cress. Stems stouter; leaves pinnately 
parted (the segments mostly £ in. long and deeply 2 or 3-toothed), 
long-petioled, 2 to 1\ in. long; pods flattened, 1J to If lines broad, not 
notched at summit nor scarcely 2-lobed but strongly roughened, both 
muricate and cristate. — (Senebiera Coronopus Poir.) 

Naturalized weed: San Francisco. 

39. CAPPARIDACEvC. Caper Family. 

Ours annuals with palmately compound alternate leaves and 
fugacious or deciduous stipules. Flowers complete, in bracted 
racemes. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals 4. Stamens 
in ours 6 (in other genera often many), more or less unequal, com- 
monly inserted on the very base of the calyx, or hypogynous. Ovary 
raised on a stipe, 1 or 2-celled, composed of 2 carpels. Valves in 
fruit separating from the placentae and releasing the many seeds, or 
the valves 1-seeded and separating from the axis as nutlets. 

Stipules fimbriate, 1 to 2 lines long; capsule 1-celled, the valves falling away 
from the placentae 1. Cleomella. 

Stipules consisting of minute bristles; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, each valve 
closely investing its seed and falling away with it . . . .2. Wislizenia. 

1. CLEOMELLA DC. 

Branching annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and in ours with tufts 
of bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Stamens 6, exserted. 
Pods rhomboidal, few-seeded and small, pendent on spreading 
pedicels, ours with the valves produced laterally into acute or 
slender horns. (Diminutive of Cleome, ancient name of some 
European plant.) 

1. C. obtusifolia Torr. Branching from the base, 3 in. to 1J ft. 
high, finely pubescent or hairy; leaflets broadly obovate to oblong, 
shorter than the petioles; stipules deciduous; petals 2 lines long; 
sepals ciliate or almost fimbriate, very much shorter than the petals; 
pods 2 to 4 lines broad; stipe 3 lines long, reflexed upon the pedicel. 

Sacramento, Fremont; said to have been re-collected in the same 
locality in recent years. 

2. WISLIZENIA Engelm. 
Erect branching rank-scented annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and 



230 RESEDACE.E. 

with minute deciduous bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Sta- 
mens with long filiform filaments, much exserted. Stipe in fruit 
refracted upon the pedicel. Pod 2-seeded and didymous; each valve 
closely contracted upon its seed and falling away with it, therefore 
like a nutlet. (Dr. A. Wislizenius, who collected in early da} 7 s in 
California. ) 

1. W. refracta Engelm. Stink-weed. One to 2 or even 6 ft. 
high; leaflets obovate to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long, rather longer than 
the petiole; raceme dense, in age usually much elongated; petals 1J 
lines long; stamens and ovary exserted; pods 1£ to 2 lines broad, the 
lobes strongly divergent and crested or toothed at apex, the cells 
separated by a partition with a single rather large perforation; stipe 
in fruit 2 to 4 lines long; style persistent and bristle-like. 

Sacramento to Lathrop and southward in the San Joaquin Valley. 
Not abundant in the Lower San Joaquin twenty years ago as now 
(Mrs. K. Brandegee). Grows on the white alkali at Travers and 
Goshen, but appears only once in two years! Greedily visited by 
bees when in flower. 

40. RESEDACE>£". Mignonette Family. 

Herbs with simple alternate leaves and gland-like stipules. Flowers 
perfect, irregular, in racemes. Sepals and petals 4 to 7, the latter 
laciniate. Stamens indefinite, borne on the inside of a fleshy disk, 
which is enlarged on the upper side. Pistil superior, composed of 3 
to 6 carpels, 1-celled, with 3 to 6 parietal placentae, opening at the 
top before the seeds are full grown. Stigmas 3 to 6, sessile, minute. 

1. RESEDA L. Mignonette. Dyer's Weed. 
Stamens 8 to 30. Capsule 3 to 6-lobed, horned. (From the Latin 
resedo, to calm, certain species used as a sedative.) 

Petals deeply cleft into 5 to 8 spatulate segments; leaves entire 

1. K. odorata. 
Petals 3-cleft at summit; leaves divided 2. A', alba. 

1. R. odorata L. Common Mignonette. Stems decumbent or 
ascending, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves spatulate-oblong, entire; raceme 
broad and ratber open; flowers very fragrant, 2 lines broad, greenish 
white; anthers large, brick-red. 

An escape from the gardens. Spontaneous in Marin Co. Apr. 

2. R. alba L. White Mignonette. Leaves pinnate or deeply 
pinnatifid, the segments linear or oblong; raceme dense, spike-like; 
flowers nearly or quite white, 2 to 3 lines broad. 

Native of southern Europe: spontaneous ace. to Greene. 

41. VIOLACE/E. Violet Family. 

Herbs with alternate leaves and complete flowers. Sepals 5. 
Corolla irregular, consisting of 5 somewhat unequal petals, the 



YIOL.U K.K. 231 

lowest spurred at base. Stamens 5, with short and broad filaments 
bearing the anthers on their inner face and connivent over the ovary. 
Ovary superior, 1-celled, maturing into a 3-valved capsule with valves 
placenta-bearing along the middle. Seeds rather large, with a bard 
coat and straight embryo in fleshy endosperm. 

1. VIOLA L. Violet. 
Perennial herbs with foliaceous persistent stipules and 1 -flowered 
axillary peduncles. Sepals unequal, produced below the point of 
insertion into auricles, persistent. Stamens with broad connectives 
which are prolonged beyond the anthers, the two lower bearing 
spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. The valves of the 
capsule bear the seeds along the middle, and after dehiscence fold 
together firmly lengthwise and eject the seeds with violence. (Old 
Latin name used by Virgil.) 

Leaves all undivided. 
Flowers violet or purple; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or subcordate at 

base, obtuse at apex : var. adunca of 1. V. canina. 

Flowers wbite, or Avhite and yellow and purple; leaves cordate- or 

triangular-ovate, more or less acute or pointed at apex 

2. V. ocellata. 
Flowers yellow. 
Stems erect, short; leaves often oblong; high montane. 3. V. purpurea. 
Stems erect, longer; leaves round-ovate with truncate base; low open 

hills 4. V. pedunculata. 

Stems prostrate, stolon-like; leaves round-cordate, rounded at apex, 

glandular-dotted; Redwood belt 5. V. sarmentosa. 

Stems erect, long; leaves reniform-cordate, 1% to 3% in. broad; wet 

woods 6. V. glabella. 

Leaves divided; flowers yellOAV. 
Acaulescent; leaves bipinnatifid into narrow segments. .7. V. Douglasii. 

Caulescent; leaves cleft or divided into few to several lobes 

8. V. lobata. 

1. V. canina L. var. adunca Gray. Dog Violet. Stems leafy, 
2 to 4 in. high; leaves round-ovate to elliptic-ovate, the lower 
inclining to be subcordate. obscurely crenate, f to 1^- in. long; stipules 
more or less herbaceous and lacerate; petals violet, turning to red- 
purple, 6 lines long or less, the lateral strongly bearded on the upper 
side at base, the upper pair with a slight tuft in the middle at base; 
spur much shorter or quite as long. 

Hilltops in the vicinity of the coast. Feb.-Apr. 

2. V. ocellata T. & G-. Western Heart's Ease. Caulescent, 
the stems erect, 5 to 12 in. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves 
cordate- to triangular-ovate, crenate, acute or abruptly acuminate or 
somewhat pointed at apex, 1 to 2J in. long, the radical long-, the 
cauline short-petioled; stipules small and scarious; pedicels mostly 
shorter than the leaves; petals 5 to 7 lines long; two upper petals 
white, violet-purple on the outside; the other petals white or yellow, 
the lateral with a deep purple spot at base, the lower purple-veined 
at base. 

Shady woods, Monterey and the Santa Cruz Mountains to Men- 
docino Co.; not in the inner Coast Ranges. Mar.-June. 



232 violace.i:. 



3. V. purpurea Kell. Mountain Violet. Plants 3 to 6 in. 
high; the stems very short and densely tufted, from a stout vertical 
root, the young herbage hirsutulous-canescent; leaves rhombic-ovate 
or oblong (1 or 2 frequently nearly round), dentate or crenate or 
sometimes nearly entire, f to 1^ in. long, on petioles 1 to 3 in. long; 
peduncles surpassing the leaves, 2 to 4 in. long; petals yellow, 
brownish on the outside. 

Coast Kange peaks and high mountain ridges: Loma Prieta, Davy; 
Mt Diablo, Bracer; Caux's Knob (west of St. Helena), Jepson; 
Howell Mountain (lower petal twice or almost twice as broad as the 
others, truncate or slightly retuse, standing alone, the other 4 
turned upward; lateral petals with a short bearded spot at base: 
lateral and lower petals with purple lines at base). Mar.-Apr. 

4. V. pedunculata T. & G. Yellow Pansy. Short-caulescent, 
the stem 2 to 6 in. high and ascending, from a thick deep-seated 
rootstock; leaves round-ovate, usually with truncate base, coarsely 
crenate, \ to 1\ in. long; petioles 1 to 2 in. long; stipules foliaceous, 
narrowly lanceolate, uppermost often sparingly incised; flowers large, 
1 in. broad, on erect peduncles (4 to 5 in. long) much surpassing the 
leaves; petals golden yellow, the upper petals dark brown on the 
outside, the others purple-veined within; lateral petals bearded; 
stigma bearded; ovary and capsule glabrous, the latter broadly 
oblong, 5 lines long. 

Open hills: Vaeaville to Berkeley; Leona Heights; Lake Merced; 
and southward in the Coast Kanges. Middle of Mar.-Apr. In the 
foothills of the Sacramento Valley frequently known as " Johnny 
Jump-up. - ' 

5. V. sarmentosa Dougl. Wood Violet. Stems prostrate, 
stolon-like, sparsely leafy; peduncles commonly longer than the 
leaves, at first scape-like and arising from the cluster crowning the 
stipular-scaly rootstock; stipules brown-scarious, ovate-subulate; 
leaves round-cordate. ] to 1} in. broad, rather shorter than the 
peduncles, deep green above, often rusty beneath, finely crenate, in 
age brown-punctate; petioles of the cauline 1 or 2 in. long or less, 
of the radical 2 to 7 in. long; petals uniform light yellow, 4 lines 
long; spur very short and broad. 

Woods of the Coast Ranges, especially in the Redwood belt; multi- 
plying vegetatively by filiform rootstocks. 

6. V. glabella Nutt. Stems erect, mostly weak, naked below or 
nearly so, 7 to 12 in. high; rootstock horizontal, often branching; 
herbage glabrous or puberulent, bright green; radical leaves reniform- 
cordate, 1J to 3f in. broad, on elongated (4 to 11 in.) petioles, the 
cauline similar or cordate, on petioles 4 to 5 lines long; stipules small 
and thin-membranaceous; peduncles about H in. long; petals bright 
yellow, more or less purple-veined, lines long, the lateral ones 
bearded; spur short and saccate; stigma beardless; capsule oblong, 4 
lines long, abruptly beaked. 

Wet places in Coast Range woods: Monterey and northward. 
Also Sierra Nevada. Mar.-May. 



cistacej:. 233 

7. V. Douglasii Steud. Acaulescent, the cluster of stems sub- 
terranean and from a rather deep and short caudex-like rootstock; 
leaves bipinnatifid with long linear or oblong segments; stipules 
lanceolate, entire or incised; flowers usually large, on peduncles (2 to 
8 in. long) equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals about 6 lines 
long, orange-yellow, the two upper brownish-purple externally, the 
others purple-veined; lateral ones beardless; capsule 3 or 4 lines long, 
acute. — (V. chrysantha Hook.) 

Open hillsides in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino, Lake, and 
Solano Cos. southward. Sierra Nevada, Penn Valley, Jepson. Modoc 
Co., Baker. Readily recognized by its much dissected leaves. 

8. V. lobata Benth. Pine Violet. Erect, 4 to 14 in. high, 
the stems naked below; rootstock short, bearing many fleshy-fibrous 
white roots; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate or almost round in outline, 
cordate or truncate at base, palmately 3 to 5-cleft or -divided, the 
lobes entire or somewhat repandly toothed, and the lateral usually 
larger; inflorescence somewhat umbellate; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long; 
petals yellow, purple on the outside; valves of the capsule deeply 
concave-carinate. 

Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay, often under Yellow 
Pine: Sonoma, Brewer, no. 977; Franz Valley Grade, Jepson; 
Geysers, McLean; Howell Mountain (lower petal truncate or more 
commonly acute, always apiculate; lateral petals bearded at base; 
lower and lateral petals longitudinally purple-lined at base). Mar.-- 
Apr. Var. ixtegrifolia Wats. Leaves of similar outline, crenate 
or with a few very coarse teeth, but not at all lobed. — Growing with 
the species on Howell Mountain and otherwise exactly like it in every 
feature and detail of flower and habit. 

42. CISTACE/E. KocK-RosE Family. 

Low shrubs or (ours) somewhat suffrutescent plants with complete 
regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, persistent (2 smaller, wholly 
on the outside and bract-like). Petals 5, ephemeral. • Stamens 
indefinite. Ovary superior, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas; style 
one; ovules orthotropus on slender funiculi. Capsule 3-valved. 

1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. 

Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Petals yellow, opening but once. 
Stamens usually numerous, with filiform filaments and short anthers. 
Style very short or none; stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Capsule 1-celled 
or nearly 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentae. (Greek helios, 
sun, and anthemon, blossom.) 

1. H. scoparium ISTutt. Mostly suffrutescent at base, erect, 1 to 2 
ft. high, corymbosely much branched, glabrous or nearly so; leaves 
small, narrowly linear, sometimes very few; sepals minutely pubes- 
cent, sometimes glandular, the inner 2 to 3 lines long, the two outer 
minute and bract-like; corolla 5 to 7 lines in diameter; placentas 
septiform; embryo slender and much coiled. 



234 ELATINACE.^. 

Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Mt. 
Tamalpais and southward; not common. Apr. -May. Branches 
commonly clustered and very rush-like, owing to the sparseness, or to 
the early deciduous character of the foliage. 

43. E LATIN AC E/E. Water- wort Family. 

Small annuals with opposite leaves and membranous stipules 
between them. Flowers 2 to 5-merous, small, perfect, symmetrical, 
solitary in the axils. Sepals, petals and stamens all distinct and 
hypogynous. Ovary with as many cells as there are sepals; styles 
distinct. Capsule 2 to 5-celled, septicidal or the partitions more or 
less persisting with the axis; placentae central. 

Flowers 2 to 4-merous; sepals obtuse, without midrib 1. Elatixe. 

Flowers 5-merous; sepals pointed or acute, with thickened midrib and 
scarious margins 2. Bergia. 

1. ELATINE L. Water-wort. 

Glabrous dwarfs, somewhat succulent, growing in water or in wet 
places, rooting at the nodes. Leaves entire. Flowers 2 to 4-merous. 
Sepals submembranous, obtuse. Petals white or whitish. Capsule 
globose, thin-membranous, 2 to 4-celled, several- or many-seeded. 
Seeds striately sculptured. 

.Flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous 1. E. brachysperma. 

Flowers short-pediceled, mostly 4-merous 2. E. Californica. 

1. E. brachysperma Gray. Mud Purslane. Mostly terres- 
trial, the plants forming little mats (2 or 3 in. across) in wet places 
or late vernal beds of winter pools; leaves obovate or oblong, nar- 
rowed at base, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous; 
capsule bursting irregularly; seed with (J to 7 longitudinal line* and 
10 to 12 cross-bars. 

Walnut Creek and southwestward to the coast. May. 

2. E. Californica Gray. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the 
lower ones petioled; flowers on short pedicels; sepals and petals 3 or 
4, the stamens twice as many; seeds curved, with 10 or 12 longitudi- 
nal lines and several cross-lines. 

Suisun, ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee; northern Sierra Nevada. 

2. BERGIA L. 

Branching annual, very leafy, with pubescent herbage. Flowers 
pediceled and often fascicled, 5-merous. Sepals pointed or acute, 
with strong midrib and scarious margins. Capsule ovoid, of firm 
texture, more or less of the partitions remaining with the axis. 
(Named for Dr. P. J. Bergius, Swedish naturalist of the 18th 
century. ) 

1. B. Texana (Hook.) Seubert. Diffusely branched, 6 to 12 in. 
high; stems glandular-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, 
tapering at base, serrulate at apex, ^ to Ij in. long; sepals 2 lines 
long, equaling or exceeding the whitish petals; stamens 5 or 10. 

Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. 



HYPERICACEiE. 235 

44. HYPERICACE/C. St. John's Wort Family. 

Ours herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, entire, 
without stipules and with pellucid dots or dark glands. Flowers 
perfect, regular and hypogynous. Sepals 4 or 5, herbaceous, persist- 
ent. Petals 4 or 5, (in ours) yellow. Stamens usually numerous, 
distinct or more or less united into 3 to 5 clusters. Ovary 1-celled, or 
more or less'completely 3 to 5-celled. Fruit a septiciclal capsule. 
Seed without endosperm. 

1. HYPERICUM L. St. Johns Wort. 
Leaves sessile. Flowers cymose. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, 
deciduous or marcescent. Styles in ours 3. Capsule conical to 
globose or oblong. (Ancient Greek name.) 

Annuals; sepals longer than the petals; styles short; capsule 1-celled. 

Erect from the hase, more or less branching; stamens 6 to 12 

1. H. mutilura. 
Procumbent, forming mats with ascending or erect branches; stamens 15 

to 20 2. if. anagallotdes. 

Perennials; petals much longer than the sepals; styles long; capsule 
3-celled; stamens very numerous. 
Herbaceous; stems from rootstocks, simple or branched above: var. 

Scouleri of 3. H. formosum. 

Suffrutescent; stems branching from the base 4. H. concinnum. 

1. H. mutilum L. Stem mostly simple below and branching 
above, 10 to 17 in. high; leaves ovate, 5 to 10 lines long, 3 to 6 lines 
broad, 5-nerved at base, sessile; flow r ers in leafy cymes at the ends of 
the branches; stamens 6 to 12; sepals linear to lanceolate, mostly 
shorter than the capsule; capsule ovate, 1J lines long. 

Shores of the Sacramento at New Town Landing near Rio Vista. 
Aug.-Sept. 

2. H. anagalloides C. & S. False Pimpernel. Commonly 
forming dense mats 6 to 15 in. broad, with ascending or erect 
branches 2 to 5 in. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate or orbicular, 
obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved at base, 2 to 6 lines long and almost as broad; 
flowers in a leafy paniculate cyme, scarcely 2 lines long; sepals ovate 
or linear-oblong, unequal, longer than the capsules; stamens 15 to 20. 

Common about springy places and along streamlets in the moun- 
tains: Santa Cruz Mountains; Lake Co.; Sierra Nevada. July- 
Aug. 

3. H. formosum HBK. var. Scouleri Coulter. Stems from 
running rootstocks, slender, simple or branching at summit, 2 to 3 ft. 
high, leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, conspicuously black-dotted 
along the margins, sessile by a more or less clasping base, 1 in. long 
or less; flowers in more or less panicled cymes; sepals and petals 
black-dotted similarly to the leaves; sepals 2 lines long or less; petals 
6 lines long; stamens numerous, in 3 clusters. 

Howell Mountain and northward in the Coast Ranges at the highest 
altitudes, but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 

4. H. concinnum Benth. Stems wiry, numerous from the woody 
crown, forming a bushy plant about 1 ft. high; leaves thickish, 



236 STERCULIACE.E. 

lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, inserted by a narrow base, usually 
folded, black-dotted as in the preceding but more scantily, f to 1| in. 
long; flowers 1 in. or more broad, in rather close clusters at summit 
of the stem; sepals ovate, mucronate-acuminate, longer than the 
capsule; stamens numerous. 

Dry bushy mountain slopes and ridges: North Coast Ranges (Vaca 
Mountains, Knoxville, Howell Mountain, Ukiah); Sierra Nevada. 
June-Sept. 

45. STERCULiACE>£. Sterculia Family. 

Shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect regular or nearly 
regular o-merous flowers. Stamens united at base into a tube. Fruit 
a capsule. 

1. FREMONTIA Torr. 

Leaves small, often lobed. Pubescence stellate. Flowers showy, 
short-pediceled, solitary and axillary on the branchlets. Stipules 
caducous. Bractlets 3 to 5, small. Calyx yellow and corolla-like, 
deeply o-cleft into round-ovate lobes or sepals; these imbricated in the 
bud, the three inner a little larger, all with a rounded and sharply 
defined short-hairy glandular area at base. Corolla none. Stamens 
5; filaments united to the middle. Style one, elongated, the acute 
apex stigmatic. Fruit a 4 or 5-celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. 
(In honor of its discoverer, General John C. Fremont, the Path- 
finder of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and first United 
States Senator from California.) 

1. F. Californica Torr. Mouxtaix Leatherwood. Loosely 
branching and bush-like, (i to 10 ft. high or becoming a small tree as 
much as 18 ft. high; branches tough and flexible, with many short 
leaf- and flower-bearing branchlets or spurs; leaves green above, 
covered beneath with a dense gray or whitish felt, I to 1 in. long, or 
on sterile shoots somewhat larger; petioles short; calyx flannel-like, 
lr] to 2 in. broad, persistent, the sepals commonly mucronate; capsule 
ovate, covered with a dense brown felt and with short bristly hairs, 
| to 1} in. long, persistent. 

Rare in our region: Hunt Valley, Lake Co., Bolander; Loma 
Prieta, Santa Cruz Mountains, Behr; near "Wright's Station, ace. to 
K. Brandegee. Abundant in the southern Sierras. 

46. MALVACE/E. Mallow Family. 

Herbs or soft-woody shrubs with mucilaginous juice, tough fibrous 
inner bark, and usually stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate,- simple, 
palmateh r veined and commonly lobed, stipulate. Flowers commonly 
perfect, sometimes polygamous or dioecious, regular. Calyx with 5 
lobes, valvate in the bud, often with an involucel of bractlets at base. 
Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, mona- 
delphous in a column or tube around the pistils, the petals inserted on 
the base of the tube. Pistil 1, composed of several to many carpels. 



MALVACK.K. 237 

the ovary commonly with as many cells as styles or stigmas. Fruit a 
Loculicidal capsule, or the carpels separating at maturity. 

Anthers scattered along the ontsitle of the tube of filaments; carpels or cells 

of the ovary 5; fruit a loculicidal capsule 1. Hibiscus. 

Anthers borne' in a cluster at the top of the tube of filaments; carpels 
several, crowded and united around a central axis, separating at 
maturity. 
Styles stigmatic lengthwise on the inside. 
Bractlets united at base into a 2 to 3-lobed involucel, free from the calyx; 

shrubs 2. Lavatera. 

Bractlets 3, distinct, inserted on the calyx; herbs . . . . 3. Malva. 

Bractlets none, or one and inserted at base of calyx; herbs 

4. Sidalcea. 
Styles with terminal stigma; bractlets slender or even filiform. 
Flowers roseate, rose-purple or white; mostly shrubs or suffrutescent 

plants 5. Malvastritm. 

Flowers cream-color; low decumbent herb 6. Sida. 

1. HIBISCUS L. Rose-Mallow. 

Stout herbs. Flowers showy, in ours solitary on the subterminal 
peduncles. Involucel consisting of numerous slender bractlets. 
Stamen column with anthers scattered along the upper part but 
naked at the truncate 5-toothed summit. Ovary 5-celled with 2 to 
many ovules in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. (Greek name for the 
Marsh Mallow, used by Dioseorides.) 

1. H. Californicus Kell. Stems pubescent, cane-like, 3 to 7 ft. 
high; leaves cordate, dentate, acuminate, 2| to 3 in. long from the 
summit of petiole to apex of leaf, and about as broad; petioles 1| or 
2 in. long; bractlets and valves of capsule ciiiate; peduncles 2 or 3 in. 
long, jointed near the middle, united with the petiole at base; calyx 
campanulate, cleft to the middle, conspicuously nerved at maturity 
and filled by the capsule; corolla white or roseate, with deep crimson 
center, 3 to 4 in. long; capsule exceeding 1 in. long; seed minutely 
papillate. 

Low marshy places along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. 

2. LAVATERA L. 

Ours shrubs with ample maple-like leaves and small caducous 
stipules. Flowers showy, axillary, subtended by a 2 to 3-lobed 
•involucel. Pedicels jointed above the middle. Calyx with 5 triangu- 
lar acute lobes. Petals reflexed after anthesis, truncate or retuse, 
long-clawed. Stamen-column elongated. Styles 5 to 8. Fruit a 
depressed whorl of smooth carpels. (Two brothers Lavater, Swiss 
physicians and naturalists.) 

1. L. assurgentiflora Kell. Branching shrub 4 to 10 ft. high, 
the herbage canescent or nearly green; leaves palmately 5-lobed and 
dentately toothed; corolla 2 in. broad, the petals rose-color with 
darker veins; claws bearded at base; axis of the fruit below the 
flattened or low conical summit with as many longitudinal wings or 
ridges as carpels, these inserted in the intervals or depressions. 

Region of San Francisco Bay, commonly cultivated and said to be 
naturalized; flowering at nearly all seasons. 



238 • MALVACEAE. 

3. MALVA L. Mallow. 

Ours annual or biennial weeds of waste places. Involucre of 3 dis- 
tinct bractlets, inserted on the base of the calyx. Calyx cleft to the 
middle into 5 broad lobes. Petals whitish or rose-color, obcordate or 
emarginate. Style-branches 10 or more, subulate. Fruit a de- 
pressed whorl of carpels, separating from the central axis when ripe as 
1 -seeded achene-like nutlets, which are round-reniform and completely 
filled by the seed. (From the Greek malache, soft, on account of the 
emollient properties.) 

Petals much surpassing the calyx. 

Carpels not reticulate, puberulent on back 1. M. rotundifolia. 

Carpels glabrate at maturity, rugose-reticulate on back, the margin entire 
or obscurely denticulate; calyx-lobes mostly closed over the mature 

fruit * 2. M. burcalis. 

Petals slightly longer than the calyx; carpels rugose-reticulate on back, the 

margin winged and denticulate; calyx-lobes spreading or erect 

3. M. parviflora. 

1. M. rotundifolia L. Dwarf Malloav. Sparsely hispidulous 
or hirsute; stems slender, procumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long, from a large 
deep root; leaves rounded, crenate, slightly or scarcely at all. 5 to 
7-l<>bed; corolla surpassing the calyx, pale blue; carpels 14 or 15, 
puberulent, not reticulated on the back or at least not obviously so. 

Waysides and old gardens at Berkeley. Summer and autumn. 

2. M. borealis Wallm. Large-flowered Mallow. Habit 
and foliage like the preceding, but herbage often more hairy; pedicels 
tending to be reflexed in fruit; bractlets ovate or lanceolate; calyx- 
lobes mostly closed over the mature fruit; corolla pinkish, 5 to 6 
lines long, surpassing the calyx; carpels dorsally rugose-reticulate or 
even somewhat favose, the margin entire or obscurely denticulate 

Common at Berkeley and other Bay towns, flowering during tlie 
summer into early winter. 

3. M. parviflora L. Small-flowered Mallow. Widely 
branching, 1£ to 3 ft. high; petioles and ascending branches stellate- 
hairy on the upper side, glabrous below; leaves roundish in outline, 
with a red spot at base of blade, shallowly 7-lobed, 5 in. broad or less, 
on petioles twice as long as the blade; flowers in rather close axillary 
clusters; bractlets linear; corolla pinkish with notched petals, 1\ lines 
long, slightly longer than the calyx; calyx commonly spreading 
under or about the mature fruit; carpels about 11, glabrous, sharply 
rugose-reticulate and pubescent on the back, the margin winged and 
denticulate. 

Very common in waste places, especially near dwellings in the 
interior valleys; flowering in spring and early summer. All of our 
species are naturalized and all called "Cheeses" by children on 
account of the peculiar fruit. 

4. SIDALCEA Gray. 
Herbs. Leaves rounded and either crenate, crenately incised, 
parted or divided, or palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes or 
racemes, either perfect, gynodicecious. (i e., with perfect and pistillate 



MALLOW FAMILY. 239 

flowers on separate plants, the pistillate flowers being smaller) or 
dioecious. Corolla purple, rose-pink or white. Bractlets in ours 
none, rarely 1. Petals emarginate or truncate. Stamen-tube double, 
the terminal free portion of the filaments of the outer series often 
distinctly below the filaments of the inner series; free portion of fila- 
ments (I. e., the terminal portion, or portion above the tube) more or 
less united into sets. Fruit consisting of 5 to 9 carpels, commonly 
beaked. (Sida, a genus of this family, and Alkea, ancient name for a 
mallow, alluding to the appearance and relationship of these plants.) 

Leaves round in outline, at least some (usually the upper) pedately parted 
or divided; flowers in ours rose-pink or purple.— Eusidalcea. 
Petals truncate or merely retuse; annuals except no. 4. 
Carpels rugose-reticulate on back and 
Beakless; pubescence both stellate and hispid-pilose, especially on 
calyx; bracts foliaceous, palmately divided into filiform segments 

1. 5. diploscypha. 
Tipped with a soft and hairy, at length deciduous beak; flowers 

minutely bracteate ; herbage mainly stellate-pubescent 

2. S. Hartwegi. 
Carpels longitudinally grooved or striate-nerved on back. 

Slender annual; stipules 1 to 2 lines long 3. S. sulcata. 

Stout perennial; stipules 3 to 6 lines long 4. S. calycosa. 

Petals deeply emarginate; perennials. 
Raceme mostly loose, terminating a simple stem; flowers gynodicecious ; 

carpels slightly rugulose-reticulate b. S. malvxflora. 

Stem commonly branching, the terminal spikes dense; flowers perfect; 

achenes smooth on back 6. S. Or eg ana. 

Leaves vitiform, angulately 5 to 7-lobed, none parted or divided; flowers 
white ; perennial.— Hesperalcea. 

Flowers dioecious or subdicecious; spikes short and dense, panicled; 
carpels smooth 1. S. maluchroides. 

1. S. diploscypha (T. & G.) Gray. Annual, erect and simple, 
or more robust and branching, 7 to 20 in. high, pilose-hispid, and 
also with a minute stellate pubescence; radical leaves more or less 
deeply crenate, the cauline parted and 2 to 3-cleft, the bracteal fili- 
form divided; flowers on short pedicels in umbellate clusters at the 
ends of the branches; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate; petals nearly 1 
to l\ in. long, minutely erose-denticulate; filaments of the outer 
series united nearly to the summit into sets of 5 to 10; carpels nearly 
orbicular, dorsally reticulated; receptacle at separation of the achenes 
marked by as many obtuse longitudinal processes as there are carpels. 

Open fields or low hills: Sacramento Valley; Coast Kange valleys 
from Humboldt and Sonoma Cos. southward to Mt. Diablo and 
Newark, Alameda Co. May. 

Yar. minor Gray (S. secundiflora Greene). Flowers tending to be 
disposed in lax spicate racemes; corolla with a dark purple center, 
about f in. long; carpels rugose. — Montezuma Hills (Solano Co.) and 
northward in the Sacramento Yalley. 

2. S. Hartwegi Gray. Slender annual, sparingly branched, about 
1 ft. high, sparsely stellate-pubescent or almost glabrous below, but 
scarcely or not at all hispid; leaves pedately 5 to 7-divided into linear 
entire divisions or the lower with broader trifid divisions; flowers few 
in a short spike; filaments of the outer series closely approximating 
the inner, more or less united in pairs or sets as in the perennial 



240 MALVACEAE. 

species; corolla rose-purple, 6 to 8 lines long; carpels strongly 
incurved, favosely rugose-reticulated. 

Sierra Foothills: Butte Co. to Calaveras Co. (and Mariposa Co. 
ace. to Syn. Fl.). Coast Ranges: hills west of Rutherford, Napa 
Valley. May. 

3. S. sulcata Curran. Annual, slender, unbranched, or sparingly 
branched, 11 to 14 in. high; leaves small (mostly f in. long or less), 
the lower crenate, the upper divided into about 6 often narrowly 
linear divisions; stipules 1 to 2 lines long; raceme spike-like or loose, 
few-flowered; calyx purplish, sparingly hairy; sepals narrowly ovate, 
acuminate; corolla 8 or 9 lines long. 

Petaluma, J. W. Congdon; northern Sierra Foothills. May-June. 

4. S. calycosa M. E. Jones. Perennial; rootstoeks creeping, 
branched; stems green or purplish, very succulent, decumbent and 
rooting freely below, H to 2£ ft. high; herbage glabrous below or 
sparingly hirsute above; radical leaves 3 to 4 in. broad, crcnately but 
shallowly incised; cauline leaves divided into about 8 or 9 broadly 
cuneate divisions; stipules round or ovate, acuminate, or obtuse and 
toothed, green or purple. 3 to 6 lines long; flowers in terminal short 
spikes; calyx rather densely covered with sandy-brown hairs, its 
lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla 1 in. long, lilac; 
carpels grooved in the back or with the grooves sparingly interrupted 
transversely, minutely reticulate on the sides, the slender beak weak 
but persistent. 

Point Reyes; Sonoma Co. ace. to Syn. PL; rarely collected. 

5. S. malvaeflora (Moc. &Sesse) Gray. Stems erect (half- 
decumbent at the very base). 1.] to 2J ft. high, several from a woody 
perennial root, simple or rarely branched, retrorsely-hispid below with 
scattered hairs, above slightly stellate-pubescent; basal leaves crenate 
or crcnately incised or cleft into cuneate-obovate 2 to-4-toothed lobes; 
upper leaves palmately twice cleft into linear or narrowly oblong 
divisions; raceme rather loose, 3 or 4 in. to 1 ft. long; bracts ovate, 
herbaceous, often notched at apex; flowers of two sorts: — one perfect 
with large corollas, the other pistillate with small corollas; corolla of 
perfect flowers 8 to 12 lines long, the outer series of filaments united 
for about half their length into sets of 4 or 2, the inner filaments 
mostly distinct; corolla of pistillate flowers 5 to 7 lines long, the fila- 
ments destitute of anthers; carpels rugulose-reticulate, at least on the 
sides. — (S. delphinifolia Nutt. and S. humilis Gray.) 

High places of open fields in the valleys and on the plains, or in a 
reduced form on hilltops. Last of Apr.-May. First collected by 
Mocino, doubtless at Monterey as suggested by Gray. Sometimes 
known to school-children as "Wild Hollyhock. 1 ' or in Calaveras Co. 
as "Wild Checker-bloom." 

6. S. Oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Stems few from a stout thick root or 
woody crown, erect, If to 3} ft. high, nearly naked above, and either 
simple or panieulately branched; leaves round in outline, shallowly 
cleft or toothed, the lobes obtuse; cauline leaves incisely parted with 



MALLOW FAMILY. 241 

the lobes toothed or cleft, or the uppermost pedately divided into 5 to 
7 lanceolate or linear mostly entire divisions; spikes dense, oblong, 1 
to 2 in. long, long-peduneled; bracts narrowly linear or subulate; 
calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla rose-pink, 

5 or 6 lines long; carpels semi-orbicular, slightly beaked, 1 line long, 
glabrous and smooth, or slightly wrinkled on the sides near the dorsal 
angle. 

High mountains of Sonoma and Napa Cos. northward to Mt. Shasta. 
July-Sept. 

7. S. malachroides Gray. Herbage stellate-hi6pidulous; stems 
stout, equably leafy to the summit, several from a perennial root, 
simple below, ending above in a panicle of white flowers in short 
dense spikes, or the panicle supplemented by some very slender 
peduncle-like branches from the upper axils, each terminated by a 
spike; leaves palmately but shallowly lobed, unequally dentate, 1 to 

6 (mostly 2 to 3) in. broad; petioles of the basal leaves 6 in. long, - 
decreasing upward, those of the uppermost leaves shorter than the 
blade; bracts linear or subulate; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate; fila- 
ments of the outer series united for about £ their length or less into 
pairs, or two such pairs slightly united by their bases making a set of 
4; carpels sometimes present but probably abortive; pistillate flowers 
3 to 3| lines long, the tube of filaments short, more or less truncate 
and without anthers; carpels 7 to 9, half dehiscent by a dorsal suture. 

Seaboard species from the Santa Lucia Mountains and Santa Cruz 
northward to Crescent City, here described from abundant specimens 
collected on Englewood Prairie, under Pinus ponderosa, Humboldt 
Co., by Mr. J. B. Davy, June, 1899. This is the type of Greene's- 
genus Hesperalcea, which rests mainly on the character of the cotyle- 
dons, which are ovate and not cordate as in S. malvseflora. S. 
malachroides is, however, very like the California type of S. Oregana 
in the form of its spikes and bractlets, and repeats in very many 
features the structure and character of the gyno-dicecious flowers of 
S. malvaeflora. The leaves are peculiar in that none of them are 
divided; but the lower ones (which are often small, round and scarcely 
lobed) approach the lower leaves of the true Sidalceas. 

5. MALVASTRUM Gray. False Mallow. 
Herbs or shrubs, ours mostly hoary-tomentose or canescent, with 
commonly "angular leaves. Flowers solitary or more commonly in 
narrow subpaniculate racemes. Bractlets present (in ours), slender 
and filiform. Carpels 5 or more, 1 to 3-seeded, the fruit often dehis- 
cent and 2-valved. Seed ascending. (Malva, Mallow . and aster, 
disparaging Latin suffix, not genuine or true.) 

Flowers solitary on long slender peduncles; petals rose-color; annual . . . 

1. M. exile. 
Flowers in subpaniculate racemes; petals yellow; perennials. 

Herbage densely stellate-tomentose. 
Leaves pentagonal or roundish ; petals rose-color; suffrutescent .... 

2. M. Fremonti. 
Leaves ovate; petals yellow; shrub 3. AT. arcuatum. 

Herbage finely stellate-canescent; petals rose-color; shrub 

4. M. fasciculatum . 
18 



-242 MALYACEiE. 

1. M. exile Gray, Herbage with a short stellate pubescence, and 
often with some longer spreading hairs; stems branching from the 
base, diffuse or decumbent, 4 or 5 in. to 1£ ft. long; leaves palmately 
3 t<> 5-cleft, the lobes commonly laciniaiely toothed; flowers of dif- 
ferent plants of two intergrading sorts, one chiefly pistillate with 
small white or rose-colored corollas (3 to 5 lines long), the other 
perfect and with much larger rose-colored corollas (0 to 10 lines long); 
calyx with an involucre of 3 slender bract! ets; calyx-lobes ovate, 
very slenderly acuminate or even subulate; carpels strongly rugose. 

From the San Joaquin Valley (Merced plains, Bakersfield and 
Buena Vista Hills), westward to Monterey Co. and southward to 
Southern California; not recorded as within our limits. Apr.-June. 
The description of the partly gyno-dioeeious flowers is taken from Dr. 
Robinson's clear characterization in the Synoptical Flora. M. Parryi 
Greene from Monterey Co. and the San Joaquin Valley is determined 
by the same authorit}' to be the perfect-flowered form with large 
corollas. 

2. M. Fremonti Torr. Woody at base, stout, 2 to 3 ft. high) 
densely white-tomentose; leaves very thick, round-ovate, shallowly 
5 to 7-lobed, crenate, 2 to 4 in. broad, on petiole? \ to 1 in. long; 
flower-clusters sessile in the axils or short-peduneled, interrupted- 
spicate at summit of stem; calyx ovate, densely and closely woolly, 
only the tips of the lobes visible, almost equaled by the 3 linear- 
setaceous bractlets of the involucre; corolla rose-color, 7 or 8 lines 
long; carpels thin, smooth, promptly dehiscent. 

Mt. Diablo; Corral Hollow \ u flowers fragrant like roses," Brewer); 
southward through the Mt. Diablo Range to San Bernardino Co. 
June. Var. CERCOPHORUM Robinson. Calyx 7 to 9 lines long, its 
lobes lance-linear and caudate-attenuate, nearly or quite equaling the 
petals. — Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., Greene. June. 

3. M. arcuatum (Greene) Robinson. Shrub G to 8 ft. high, with 
Virgate terete branches covered with a dense or felt-lil<e white tomen- 
tuiii; leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, little or not at all lobed, truncate 
at base, more or less rugose, canescent-tomentose beneath, becoming 
green above, dentately toothed, f to 2 in. long, on petioles % to § as 
lon«" flower-clusters sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the 
branches, forming long interrupted unilateral spikes; bractlets linear- 
filiform, equaling the tomentose calyx; petals rose-color, 7 to 9 lines 
long. — (Malveopsis arcuata Greene.) 

San Mateo Co., first collected by Greene on stream banks back of 
Belmont; Crystal Springs, Eastwood, May, 1890; Los Gatos and 
foothills near Evergreen ^east side of the Santa Clara Valley), ace. to 
Davy. 

4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 5 to 10 ft. high, with 
long slender wand-like branches; pubescence short and close; leaves 
round-ovate, irregularly or obscurely lobed, crenate, mostly truncate 
or subcordate at base; 'flowers in sessile or short peduncled clusters, 
which are loosely paniculate or disposed on short branches in a very 



LIXACE.E. 243 

narrow panie'e; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or with a very short, point; 
petals rose-purple, 5 to 9 lines long; carpels smooth, promptly 
dehiscent. 

Dry inner South Coast Range hills: Mt. Diablo, ace. to Greene; 
Paoheco Pass, Bolander, and southward to San Bernardino Co. 
June-July. 

6. SIDA L. 

Ours low yellowish scurfy-tomentose perennial herbs. Pedicels 
articulated. Involucel of 1 to 3 slender deciduous bractlets. Flowers 
cream-color. Carpels 1-seeded. indehiscent or 2-valved. Seeds pendu- 
lous. (Greek name used by Theophrastus for a species of Water-lily.) 

1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) Torr. Stems from deep-seated tap- 
roots, decumbent, more or less branching, \ to 1 ft. long; leaves 
round-reniform or ovate, dentate or serrate, f to 2 in. broad, on 
petioles \ to 1 in. long; flowers pediceled, axillary, solitary or in 
small clusters; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals \ in. long; carpels 6 to 
10, triangular, attached by a straight edge to the slender axis. 

Abundant in subsaline soils throughout the Sacramento, San 
Joaquin, and South Coast Range vadeys. May-Sept. 

47. LINACE/E. Flax Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, or sometimes oppo- 
site, small, entire, without stipules or tbese sometimes replaced by 
a gland. Flowers mostly in cymose panicles, perfect, regular, in 
ours 5-merous. Peta'.s distinct, very quickly falling. Stamens 
slightly united at base. Styles 2 to 5, distinct. Cells of the 
superior ovary as many as the styles, or twice as many by the 
formation of a fal^e division wall from the back of each cell. False 
partitions frequently not complete. Fruit a capsule, splitting through 
the false partitions and frequently also septicidal. 

1. LINUM L. Flax. 
Our only genus. (Ancient Latin name of these plants.) 

Perennial; styles 5; flowers blue; petals without ventral appendages . . 

1. L. Lcwisii. 
Annual; styles 3; petals commonly with appendages. 

Leaves closely margined with stipitate glands; pedicels long, solitary . . 

2. L. aclcnophyllum. 
Leaves entire. 

Pedicels elongated and flowers mostly solitary; stem diffusely panicu 
late above. 
Flowers about 3 lines long, on straight pedicels . . 3. L. spergirfinum. 
Flowers about 2 lines long, on nodding pedicels. .4. L. mieranlhum. 
Pedicels short and flowers in rather close clusters. 
Flowers white, pink or rose-purple, 
stem paniculately branched; sepals glabrous . . 5. L. Calif ornicum. 
Stem shortly branched at top; sepals pubescent. .6. L. congcstum. 
Flowers yellow 7. L. Brcwtri. 

1. L. Lewisii Pursh. Blue Flax. Herbage glabrous; stems 
several from a w T oody crown, erect, thickly clothed with leaves, 
simple below the corymbosely branched summit; leaves linear- 



244 LINACR.E. 

lanceolate or linear, acute, 5 to 9 lines long; flowers in terminal 
loose and somewhat corymbose clusters, or racemose on the branches; 
corolla blue, 6 to 9 lines in diameter; pedicels \ in. long or more; 
sepals ovate, 3 to 5-nerved; capsule globose, acute, 4 or 5 lines long, 
eventually dehiscent by 10 valves, the valves often with a brown 
mid nerve. 

Upper Salinas Valley, Brewer, and northward in the Coast Ranges 
but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 

2. L. adenophyllum Gray. Stem 11 to 14 in. high, unbranched 
below, repeatedly forked above and forming a widely branched 
panicle; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate, £ in. long 
or less, tbe margin conspicuously glandular-ciliate; flowers yellow or 
yellowish white, about 2 lines long, on very s ender pedicels 1 to 5 
lines long; appendages of the petals broad and confluent, somewhat 
pubescent; fi.aments abruptly dilated and 2-toothed at base; capsule 
as long as the lanceolate sepals. 

Lake and Mendocino Cos.; to be expected in northeastern Napa Co. 

3. L. spergulinum Gray. Stems more or less dichotomously 
paniculate, 11 to 18 in. high; leaves linear; pedicels filiform, rigid, 
straight, 3 to 10 lines long; flowers pinkish white, 3 to 3£ lines long; 
sepals ovate, nearly 1 line long; petals 2-toothed, with 3 appendages, 
the middle one ligulate and the lateral often reduced; capsule ovoid, 
acute, nearly twice as long as the sepals. 

North Coast Ranges: Lake and Mendocino Cos.; credited to Marin 
and Sonoma Cos. by Greene. 

4. L. micranthum Gray. Five to 10 in. high, freely branched 
above the base but the branches commonly rather closely ascending, 
somewhat soft pubescent toward the base; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, 
3 to 6 lines long; flowers commonly 2 lines long, somewhat nodding 
on filiform pedicels; fruiting pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; sepals ob ong- 
lanceolate, the inner sparingly glandular-ci iate; petals commonly 1, 
rare'y 2\ lines long, 2-toothed, mostly without appendages; capsule 
ovoid, equal to the sepals. 

Sierra Nevada; credited to the Bay Region by Trelease. 

5. L. Californicum Benth. Glabrous and glaucous plants, 10 in. 
to 2 ft. high, paniculately branched, with angled or striate branches; 
leaves linear, 5 to 12 lines long, with prominent stipular glands; 
flowers white 'or pinkish; sepals lanceolate, with sparingly glandular- 
ciliate inner margins; petals 2 to 3 lines long, 3-appendaged, the 
median appendage rounded and hairy; capsule ovoid, acute, a little 
shorter than the sepals. 

North Coast Ranges: Zem Zem, Napa Co. Credited to the Mt. 
Diablo Region by Greene. 

6. L. congestum Gray. Eight to 18 in. high, corymbosely 
branched at top; leaves somewhat pubescent, 4 to 13 lines long, with 
stipular glands; flowers rose-purple, 3 to 4 lines long, terminating the 
branches in clusters; sepals pubescent; petals with 3 appendages, the 



GERAXIACE.E. 245 

middle one elongated and hairy; capsule short-ovoid, nearly as long 
as the calyx. 

Marin Co. 

7. L. Breweri Gray. Glabrous and glaucous; stems 9 to 14 in. 
high, with a few short branches at the top; leaves narrowly linear, 
5 to 8 lines long; flowers yellow, 3 lines long; sepals ovate, some 
slightly glandular on the margin; petals obovate, not emarginate, 
more than 2 times as long, 3-appendaged at base. 

Dry hill or canon sides: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains. June. 

48. GERANIACE/E. Geranium Family. 

Ours herbs with perfect and generally symmetrical flowers. Sepals 
and petals 3 or 5, the stamens as many or twice as many. Glands of 
the receptacle as many as the sepals and usuall} 7 opposite them. 
Lobes or cells of the superior ovary as many as the sepals, the cells 
1 to few-ovuled, the axis of the fruit persisting. 

Leaves 3-foliolate, alternate; fruit a capsule 1. Oxalis. 

Leaves not 3-foliolate; fruit consisting of achene-like carpels which separate 
at maturity from a central axis. 
Stipules scarious; at least the lower leaves opposite; carpels separating 
from an elongated central beak or axis and tailed by the persistent 
coiled or twisted styles. 

Stamens with anthers 10; leaves palmately parted 2. Geranium. 

Stamens with anthers 5; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, or roundish- 
cordate 3. Eroditjm. 

Stipules none; carpels subglobose, rugose, separating from a very short 
axis, not tailed; leaves pinnately cleft 4. Fixerkea. 

1. OXALIS L. Wood Sorrel. 
Herbs with acid juice and radical or alternate compound exstipulate 
leaves. Leaflets usually 3, obcordate, closing and drooping at night. 
Peduncles axLlary, cymosely or umbellately few to many-flowered. 
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepa's imbricated. Stamens 10, the 
fi aments somewhat dLated and united at base. Glands none. Cap- 
sule oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, the cells 
opening on the dorsal sutures through which the seeds are ejected, the 
valves remaining attached to the axis by the partitions. Seeds 2 to 
several in each cell. (Derived from the Greek oxus, sour, the juice 
containing oxalic acid.) 

Caulescent; flowers yellow 1.0. comiculata. 

Acaulescent; flowers pink, white or rose-color 2. 0. Oregana. 

1. O. corniculata L. Yellow Sorrel. Perennial by running 
rootstocks, vi lous-pubescent; stems herbaceous, slender, decumbent 
or ascending, 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets mostly obcordate, 1£ in. long, on 
slender petioles with small villous stipules; peduncles axi lary, elon- 
gated, bearing two or more flowers; petals yellow; capsule erect in 
fruit, linear, \ in. long, many-seeded. 

Behaving in the Bay Region after the manner of an introduced 
plant; flowering through the spring, summer and autumn. Trelease 
in Gray's Syn. Fl. i. I. 365, credits O. Wrightii Gray to "Central 



246 GERANIACEyE. 

California; ;: it is a nearly related species with the leafy branches 
from a stout erect woody caudex. 

2. O. Oregana Nutt. Kedwood Sorrel. Acaulescent, more or 
less rusty-vLlous; leaflets broadly obcordate, broader than long, 1 to 
1£ in. long; scapes from creeping i*ootstoeks equaling or exceeding 
the leaves, 2-bracted near the top, commonly 1-flowered; petals 
oblong-obnvate, 9 to 12 lines long, pink, white, or rose-color, often 
veined with purple; capsule linear, 9 lines long; cells about 6-seeded. 

Shady woods in the Redwood Region from Santa Cruz northward. 
Mar. -Apr. 

2. GERANIUM L. Cranesbill. 

Herbs (ours annual) with forking stems, sw<>l'en nodes and stipu- 
late palmately parted leaves. Peduncles axillary, umbellately 2 to 
3-flowered, or 1-flowered. Flowers regular, 5-memus, the sepals 
imbricate in the bud. Stamens 10, sometimes slightly connate at 
base, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer alternate with the petals 
and with glands at their base. Carpe's 5, 2-ovuled, 1-secded; styles 
united around a central elongated axis (prolongation of the reeeptae'e), 
separating elastical'y from it when mature, and forming a coil which 
is the "tail " of the carpel and is nearly glabrous inside. Cotyledons 
plicate, incumbent on the radicle. (Greek geranos, a crane, from the 
elongated fruit-bearing beak.) 

Flowers light pink 1.0. Carolinianum. 

Flowers purple 2. G. dissectum. 

1. G. Carolinianum L. Carolina Geranium. Hirsute- 
pubescent and often somewhat glandular; smaller plants erect, the 
larger ascending or decumbent, 7 to 14 in. high; leaves palmately 
5 to 7-parted, the cuneate segments more or less incisely dissected or 
toothed, the ultimate segments rather broad; peduncles commonly 
shorter than the petioles; flowers about 3 lines long; peta's light 
pink; beak of fruit looselv villous or glandular; carpels hairy, usually 
black; seed retici^ately ridged or pitted. 

Naturalized plant, at one time more common in the Bay Region 
than now. Mar.-Apr. 

2. G. dissectum L. Common Geranium. Differing little 
from the last, but the primary lobes of the leaves very narrow, with 
the ultimate divisions mostly slender, somewhat falcate, and acute^ 
petals rose-purple. 

An Old World species naturalized in California not many years 
since and recently became more common than the preceding. 

G. pilosum Forst, of Australia and New Zealand, adventive at 
Alameda and San Francisco, is a similar species but is perennial by a 
thick rootstock and retrorselv canescent-pubescent but not glandular. 
G. parviflorum Willd., collected at Mt. Tamalpais and Duncan's 
Mills, has few points of difference with the precedi' g or with G. dis- 
sectum. G. molle L. has glabrous carpels, conspicuously wrinkled 
transversely, and unpitted seeds; reported as occurring at San Fran- 
cisco and at Olema. 



GERANIUM FAMILY. 247 

3. ERODIUM L'Her. Storksbill. 
Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, either simple or 
pinnate, with one interpetiolar stipule on one side and two on the 
other. In vegetative characters very similar to Geranium; the flower 
and fruit nearly the same, but the stamens with anthers 5 only, the 
alternate filaments sterile and scale-like. Styles in fruit twisting 
spirally, bearded inside. Pedicels after anthesis commonly retro- 
curved. (Greek erodios, a heron.) 

Leaves reniform-cordate, lobes"(if any) shallow 1. E. macrophyllum* 

Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, pinnatifid or pinnate. 

Leaves pinnatifid; sepals bristle-tipped .I.E. Botrys. 

Leaves pinnate with serrate or merely incised leaflets; petals with naked 

claw; sepals not terminated by bristles 3. E. moschatum. 

Leaves pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets; claw of petals ciliate; sepals with 
1 or 2 terminal bristle-like hairs 4. E. cicutarium. 

1. E. macrophyllum H. & A. Acaulescent or subacaulescent r 
tomentose, with interspersed spreading glandular hairs; leaves reni- 
form-cordate, crenate and often with shallow crenate lobes, 1 to 1^ in. 
broad; umbels mostly 2 to 3-flowered, on elongated (4 to 9 in.) pedun- 
cles; petals white, 5 to 8 lines long, little exceeding the broad sepals; 
filaments conspicuously orbicular-dilated at base; beak of fruit stout j 
mature carpels densely silky-hairy, truncate at top, 4 lines long. 

"Willows, Jejison; Anderson Valley, Bolander, no. 4805; Kirker 
Pass, Brewer; Stockton, Fitch; Tracy, Bioletti, and southward. 
Whole leaf blade sometimes undulate and with closed sinus. 

Var. Californicum (E. Californicum Greene). Tall and branch- 
ing, puberulent and beset with purple-tipped glandular hairs; leaves 
larger, 2 in. broad; flowers frequently about 5 or 6 in a cluster; petals 
deep rose-red or purple. — Oakland Hills, Blasdale. 

2. E. Botrys Bertol. Caulescent, branching from the base and 
commonly prostrate; coarsely white-pubescent, leaves 1 to 2 in. long 
on petioles as long or twice as long, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid, the 
lobes serrate, acute; sepals short-pointed and tipped with 1 or 2 short 
bristles; petals deep violet; glands greenish; filaments dilated nearly 
to apex and toothed. 

Naturalized plant, scarcely known in California ten years ago, but 
within that time become common in many localities from Marin and 
Solano Cos. to northern California, spreading with especial rapidity 
over low pastured hills and rolling gravelly plains. 

3. E. moschatum L'Her. Filaree. Musk Clover. Hirsute 
with scattered spreading hairs, at first acaulescent, the radical leaves 
often forming a close rosette upon the ground; later with stout fleshy 
ascending stems \ to 1 ft. high; leaves 2 or 3 in. to 1^ ft. long; 
leaflets ovate to elliptical, serrate and sparsely incised, short-petiolate, 
f to 1| in. long, the terminal cuneately 3 to 5-parted; stipules large, 
membranaceous; peduncles in the axil of the smaller of the unequal 
opposite leaves, much elongated in fruit, 4 to 11 in. long; sepals not 
bristle-bearing at tip; petals rose-purple, 3 lines long, with short 
claws; beak of the fruit \\ to If in. long; filaments, membranously 
winged at base, with upwardly pointing teeth. 



248 i'<>ly(;alace/k. 

Abundant in rich lands of valley orchards and vineyards. Mar.- 
Apr. Glands of the flowers reddish or brownish as in the next. The 
term Filaree, a contraction of the Spanish Alfilerilla is, like the 
names Pin Clover or Pin Grass, indifferently applied to either this 
species or the next. 

4. E. cicutarium (L.) L'Her. Red-stemmed Filaree. Habit 
of the preceding; leaflets subsessile, nearly oblong, incisely pinnatifid 
with acute, often toothed lobes; stipules small, acute; flowers and 
fruit as in the last, but the sepals terminated by 1 or 2 bristle-like 
hairs and the filaments little dilated at base, not toothed. 

Hillsides or barren or dry soil everywhere. Very common, begin- 
ning to flower in Feb. or Mar., usually some weeks in advance of the 
last, and in many places continuing through the summer. It is an 
esteemed forage plant. Stems commonly reddish, in the last preceding 
commonly with white stems. 

4. FLOERKEA VVilld. 

Low slightly succulent annuals. Leaves alternate, pinnately cleft, 
exstipulate. Flowers solitary, on axillary peduncles, ours 5-merous, 
or exceptionally 4-merous. Sepals valvate in the bud, as many 
hypogynous glands alternating with them. Stamens 10, distinct. 
Carpels subglobose, nearly distinct, but with a common style which 
is gynobasic, i. c, arising from among them near the base, and 5-cleft 
at apex. The fruit consists of roughish carpels separating from the 
short axis. (Dedicated to Florko, a German botanist.) 

1. F. Douglasii Baill. Meadow Foam. Glabrous, the stems 
and foliage yellowish green and succulent, branching at the base and 
very spreading, the branches G to 14 in. long; leaves pinnately divided; 
divisions 3 to mostly 9 and incisely lobed or parted, the lobes linear, 
acute; peduncles at length 2 to 4 in. long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4 
lines long, \ the length of the petals; petals yellowish, white (or 
occasionally roseate) at tip, obovate-cuneate; nutlets smooth to 
strongly tuberculate, about 2 lines in diameter. 

Low ground, in or near shallow water, forming large patches which 
color, in Apr., the valley levels in the Coast .Ranges. 

49. POLYGALACE/E. Polygala Family. 

Ours perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants with alter- 
nate simple leaves and no stipules. Flowers in terminal racemes, irreg- 
ular and resembling the papillionaceous flowers of Leguminosae, but 
not like them in structure. Stamens (in ours) monadelphous. Ovary 
simple, superior. 

1. POLYGALA L. Milkwort. 

Stems often with milky juice. Sepals 5, thin, the two lower and the 

upper keeled one of about the same size, the two lateral much larger, 

colored, and projecting like the wings of a pea-flower. Petals 3, 

united at base; middle petal hooded above and often beaked or 



Kl'TACE.E. 249 

crested, enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens 8, monadelphous, 
the tube open on one side and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 
2-ef'll<d with one ovule in each cell; style long, curved. Capsule 
with thin walls, flattened contrary to the partition, rounded and 
often notched above, dehiscing loculicidally at the margin. Seeds 
with a conspicuous caruncle. (Polus, much, and gala, milk, an 
ancient Greek name for some shrub used as a stimulant.) 

1. P. Californica Nutt. Stems many from the branching crown 
of a cord-like deeply descending perennial root, mostly simple, 3 to 8 
in. high; leaves oblong- or elliptic-ovate, J to \\ in. long, distinctly 
petioled; flowers of two sorts: — those near the root apetalous and 
developing most of the fruit; those of the terminal racemes with rose- 
purple corolla 5 or 6 lines long, the petals more or less pubescent, at 
least inside or on the margin, the sepals glabrous, with the shorter 
ones 2 to 3 lines long; capsule broadly elliptical, glabrous, 3 lines 
long; caruncle of the seed wrinkled and bladdery. 

Wooded or brush-covered slopes in the mountains from Ukiah, 
Howell Mountain, and Marin Co. southward to Santa Barbara. Not 
reported from the inner Coast Ranges. May. 

P. corxuta Kell. of the Sierra Nevada" may be distinguished by 
its greenish white flowers and densely tomentose sepals. 

50. RUTACE/E. Rue Family. 

Herbaceous or arboreus plants, ours shrubs or small trees, with 
glandular-dotted or aromatic leaves and no stipules. Flow T ers regular 
and symmetrical, or nearly symmetrical. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. 
Stamens as many 1 or twice as many, inserted outside of a hypogynous 
disk encircling the base of the ovary. 

1. PTELEA L. 

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, with sessile 
leaflets. Flow r ers small, greenish white, in axillary paniculate cymes. 
Flowers polygamous. Sepals, petals, and stamens 4 or 5. Ovary 
with a short thick stipe, 2-celled; ceils 2-ovuled, the lower ovule 
abortive; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled 2-seeded samara, 
winged all around, broadly orbicular. Seeds oblong. (Greek name 
of the Elm, the fruit of which is very similar.) 

1. P. Baldwinii T. & G. var. crenulata. Hop Tree. Small tree 
8 to 15 ft. high; glabrous or with a slight pubescence on the inflores- 
cence and under surface of the leaves; leaves elliptic, obovate or 
elongated-rhomboidal, rounded or acute at apex, often with abruptly 
cuneate base, crenulate or almost entire, 1 to 2f in. long; buds 
downy; sepals very small; petals % 2\ lines long; stamens hairy towards 
the base; fruit 5 to 6 lines long, a trifle broader, tipped by the per- 
sistent style. — (P. crenulata Greene.) 

Coast Ranges, not infrequent in certain localities, but probably of 
restricted range: Mt. Diablo, abundant in Mitchell Canon, the wing 
emarginate at apex; Antioch, the wing abruptly acuminate at apex; 



250 ANACARDIACE^E. 

Edwards' Canon near Crockett; Lake Co. The shrub of the Sierra 
Foothills is doubtless the same species. Apr. -May. Fruit maturing 
in June, occasionally triquetrous and 3-seeded. 

51. ANACARDIACE/E. Sumach Family. 

Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid juice. Leaves alter- 
nate, usually compound, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect 
or polygamous. Calyx and corolla 5-merous, the stamens as many or 
twice as many as the petals. Pistil 1, ovary free from the caiyx, 
1-celled, 1-ovuled, styles or stigmas 3. A glandular ring or cup-like 
disk lines the base of the calyx. An order containing the Poison 
Sumachs and also many tropical trees of economic importance. 

1. RHUS L. Sumach. 
Ours deciduous shrubs with 3 (sometimes 5)-foliolate leaves and 
very small flowers. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted 
under the edge of a perigynous disk which is quite free from the 
ovary. Styles 3. Fruit a small compressed drupe with thin flesh 
and bony stone. Seed erect; endosperm none. (Ancient name.) 

Flowers greenish, in small panicles; drupe white 1. R. diversiloba^ 

Flowers yellow, in dense spikes; drupe red 2. JR. trilobata. 

1. R. diversiloba T. & G. Poison Oak. Erect and 4 to 5 ft. 
high, or ascending the trunks of trees by the means of aerial rootlets to 
the height of 15 to 20 ft.; leaflets orbicular to ovate or oblong-ovate, 
undulate, entire or variously lobed, segmented, or toothed; panicles 
axillary, appearing with the leaves, short-peduncled, more or less 
pendulous; flowers 1.} lines long; sepals often unequal and sometimes 
4; anthers yellow; fruit 3 lines broad, the stone striate. 

Everywhere common throughout California. Flowering in Apr. 
and May. Few persons, like the author, enjoy complete immunity 
from the poisonous effects of this plant. Leaflets in size, outline and 
segmentation singularly variable, even on the- same shrub. Fruit- 
clusters persisting on the n>tked branches well into midwinter, the 
thin skin of the drupes deciduous and exposing the dry whitish flesh 
which is marked with several longitudinal depressed blackish nerves. 

2. R. trilobata Nutt. var. quinata Jepson. Squaw Bush. Some- 
what diffusely branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves 3-foliate; terminal 
leaflets 3-cleft, -parted or -divided, the divisions as also the lateral 
leaflets crenate or crenately lobed towards the apex; spikes about £ 
in. long, often clustered; flowers pale yellow, appearing before the 
leaves, 1 line long; sepals scarious; petals elliptic; disk yellow, 
5-lobed, the lobes opposite the leaves and somewhat emarginate; 
fruit scarlet, viscidly pilose, the stone smooth. 

Canon bottoms or narrow mountain valleys, particularly along the 
banks of arroyos, either solitary or forming circular thickets 3 or 4 
ft. high and several yards across. Throughout California, but not 
near the coast within our limits: middle and inner North Coast 



SAPINDACE^S. 251 



Ranges; Mt. Diablo Range. Mar.-. May. Sometimes called Western 
Sumach. 

52. SAPINDACE/E. Buckeye Family. 

Ours trees or shrubs with opposite compound leaves, no stipules, 
and irregular polygamous flowers. Ovary superior, 3-celled with 2 
ovules in each cell. Endosperm none. 

1. /ESCULUS L. Horse Chestnut. 

Leaves palmately compound; leaflets serrate, stipules none. Flow- 
ers showy, on jointed pedicels, in a terminal thyrse, mostly sterile, 
only one or two in each thyrse perfecting fruit. Calyx tubular," 
unequally cleft. Petals 4 or 5, slightly unequal, clawed. Stamens 
5 to 7, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 3-celled; ovules '2 in each 
cell, commonly but one ovule in the ovary maturing; style elongated. 
Fruit a large 3-valved capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seed with- 
out endosperm; coat thick and polished, with a large round scar; 
cotyledons very large and fleshy, somewhat coherent. (The ancient 
name of the tallest Italian Oak, having edible acorns and sacred to" 
Jupiter.) 

1. /E. Californica (SpaclO Nutt. Buckeye. A low tree, com- 
monly 10 to 15 ft. high, with the rounded or depressed crown of 
greater breadth; inflorescence minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous; 
leaflets 5 to 7 on petiolules, oblong-laneeolate to elliptic-oblong, acute 
or acuminate at apex, serrulate, 3 to 5 in. long; thyrse cylindrical, 4 
to 6 in. long; flowers 4 or 5 lines long, ill-scented; calyx 2 to 
3-lobed; corolla white; petals 7 lines long, the limb elliptic or ovate, 
rotately spreading, the claw on the back and margins minutely soft- 
pubescent; stamens commonly 6, becoming much exserted by elonga- 
tion after the opening of the corolla, at first declined, 2 or 3 (usually 
the lower) elongating and becoming erect in advance of the others; 
fruit smooth, 1 -seeded; seed ^ in. in diameter. 

Common throughout middle California, especially on the dry foot- 
hills; a beMUtiful tree when laden in June with its profusion of white 
flowers. Perfect flowers 2 or 3, sometimes 4 or 5, but always in the 
upper portion of the thyrse. The thyrse usually produces but one 
fruit; this is pendulous on the at length naked axis of the inflo- 
rescence, and on account of its size, color and hanging position 
explains the name, "California Pear," given it by the pioneers. 

53. ACERACEvE. Maple Family. 

Very closely allied to the preceding family, differing chiefly in the 
regular flowers and 2-celled ovary. Leaves palmately lobed or 
compound. 

1. ACER L. Maple. 

Trees or shrubs with palmately lobed leaves. Flowers polygamous 
or dioecious, small, in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs or 



252 CELASTRACE.E. 

fascicles. Calyx cleft into mostly 5 segments. Petals as many or 
none. Stamens 3 to 8 or 10, borne on the edge of a disk, or 
hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a double samara, 
the body of the carpels united at the base or inner face and long- 
winged from the back or towards the apex. Samaras separable at 
maturity, each 1-seeded. Cotyledons large and thin. Endosperm 
none. (Latin, acer, sharp or hard, the wood anciently used for 
making pikes or lances.) 

Flowers perfect; leaves simple, palmately lobed 1. A.inacrophyllum 

Flowers dioecious; leaves trifoliolate; var. Calif ornicum of 

2. A. Ntgundo. 

1. A. macrophyllum Pursh. Large-leaved Maple. Tree 15 to 
25 ft. high; juice in young herbage milky; leaves simple, roundish in 
outline, 7 in. broad or less, palmately parted into 5 broad mostly 
3-lobed divisions; petioles about 3 in. long; racemes 2£ to 4 in. long; 
flowers greenish or dull white; sepals elliptic, 2\ lines long, equaled 
by the oblong petals; stamens 7 to 9, the filaments villous below; 
body of samaras densely hispid, the wing 1 to \\ in. long and 6 to 8 
lines wide. 

A not infrequent tree along Coast Range streams but solitary; it 
also ascends ravines and climbs canon sides, appearing on the steepest 
north walls; in such cases it sometimes forms small clumps but the 
individuals are scarcely more than shrubs. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada. Mar. The wood is more valued than tiat of any other 
deciduous tree of western America. 

A. glabrum Torr., Sierra Maple, of the High Sierras, and A. 
circinatum Pursh, Vine Maple, of northern California and north- 
ward, have the flowers in loose umbel-like corymbs and the fruits 
g'abrous; in the former the filaments are glabrous, in the latter the 
filaments are hairy with the wings of the samaras spreading at right 
angles to the peduncle. 

2. A. Negundo L. var. Californicum Sargent. Box Elder. 
Tree 20 to 50 ft. high; leaves pinnately trifoliolate, the leaflets serrate, 
incised, or 2 or 3 lobed or -divided, or the segments becoming distinct 
and obviously petioled, the central leaflets thus replaced by 3, or the 
lateral leaflets by 2 or 3; flowers diceciou=; calyx minute, 4 to 5-cleft; 
petals and disk none; staminate flowers clustered on capillary pedicels, 
the stamens 4 or 5 and hypogynous; pistillate flowers in drooping 
slender racemes; fruit pubescent, 1 to \] in. long; wing oblong, 
crimson in young fruit. — Negundo Californicum T. &. G. ) 

Common along streams from San Bernardino northward: Contra 
Costa Co.; Sonoma Co.; Sacramento River. Mar.-Apr. 

54 CELASTRACE/E. Staff-tree Family. 

Shrubs with simple leaves (in ours opposite). Flowers smaU, perfect, 
regular, with jointed pedicels. Calyx 4 or 5-lobed or -parted. Petals 
4 or 5. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them and 
inserted on a very thick and conspicuous disk. Ovary 2 to 5-celled, 



kiiamnackj:. 253 

immersed in or surrounded by the disk; ovules 2 in each cell; styles 
united into one, or none; stigma 3 to 5-lobed. Fruit a loeulicidal 
capsule, free from the calyx. Seed ariled, with large embryo and 
broad and thin cotyledons; endosperm fleshy. 

1. EUONYMUS L. Burning Bush. 

Leaves opposite, petioled, deciduous. Flowers (in ours) 6-merous, 
purplish, in cymes on axillary peduncles. Petals inserted beneath 
the 5-lobed disk. Stamens inserted on the disk. Style short or none. 
Capsule 3 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-lobed, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds 
covered with a fleshy red aril. 

1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Burning Bush. Erect, slender, 6 to 
14 ft. high, the branches 4-angled; leaves thin, ovate or often broad- 
est above the middle and abruptly acuminate, serrulate, 1£ to 4 in. 
lonu;, on petioles 3 lines long; peduncles 1 to 1£ in. long, 3 to 
6-flowered; flowers 4 or 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes broad and obtuse; 
petals roundish, brownish purple, finely dotted and with scarious 
margins; capsule depressed, smooth, deeply 3-lobed, often f in. broad. 

Near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains, McLean, 1873; Marin Co.; 
Howards, Sonoma Co., J. J. Rivers; northward to Humboldt Co., 
Marshall. June. 

Pachystima Myrsinites Raf. Evergreen undershrub with cori- 
aceous leaves J to 1 in. long; flowers 1 line wide; ovary 2-celled. — 
Yuba Co. to Mt. Shasta. 

55. RHAMNACE/E. Buckthorn Family. 

Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves and mostly caducous 
stipules. Flowers small, regular. Stamens and petals 4 or 5, the 
lobes of the calyx as many. Petals perigynous, inserted with the 
stamens on a disk lining the calyx-tube, sometimes wanting, com- 
monly clawed. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the calyx, that 
is, opposite the petals. Ovary mostly 3 (2 to 4)-celled, free or adnate 
by the disk to the base of the calyx. Style simple or 3 (2 to 4)-cleft. 
Fruit a berry or capsule. 

Calyx free from the ovary; petals small or none, not hooded; fruit fleshy, 
berry-like 1. Rhamntjs. 

Calyx adnate to base of ovarv; petals hooded by inflexion of the tip; fruit 
dry, capsular ' 2. Ceanothus. 

1. RHAMNUS L. Buckthorn. 
Shrubs with alternate leaves and small greenish perfect or polyga- 
mous flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx with 4 or 5 short sepals or 
teeth. Petals very small or none; claws short. Stamens 4 or 5; 
filaments short. Ovary ovoid, free; style short, 3 to 4-cleft. Fruit 
berry-like, black, containing 2 to 4 separate seed-like nutlets of bony 
or cartilaginous texture. (The ancient Greek name of these plants.) 

Flowers complete; fruit black. 

Leaves thickish, mostly 1 to 2 in. long 1. R. Califoraica. 

Leaves thinnish, 3 to 6 in. long 2. R. Purshiana. 

Flowers apetalous, often polygamous; fruit red 3. J?, crocca. 



254 RHAMNACE.E. 

1. R. Californica Esch. Coffee Berry. Shrub, commonly 4 
or 5 ft. high, evergreen in our district; one-year-old branchlets reddish 
or brown; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, mostly 1^ to 2 in. long; 
flowers mostly perfect, 4 to 5-merous, on short pedicels, in umbellate 
clusters, the clusters peduncled; calyx 2 to 1\ lines broad; its lobes 
triangular-lanceolate; petals minute, cucullate, deeply emarginate; 
fruit a black berry, globose or oval, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. 

Common everywhere in the Coast .Ranges and at low altitudes in 
the Sierras. June-July. Fr. Sept. -Oct. 

Var. tomentella Brew. & Wats. Twigs tomentose, reddish; 
leaves yellow- or white-tomentose beneath; peduncles commonly 
exceeding the petioles. — Santa Cruz Mountains; Mt. Hamilton; 
Sierra Foothills and eastward. 

2. R. Purshiana DC. Casoara Sagrada. Small tree; leaves 
thinnish, deciduous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at base, 
obtuse or abruptly blunt-pointed at apex, serrulate, mostly 3 to 6 in. 
long; petioles tomentulous; flowers 5-merous; carpels 3. 

Point Reyes ace to Davy; scarcely known in our region, more 
common in northern California. 

3. R. crocea Nutt. Evergreen and glabrous low shrub ^ to 2 or 
3 ft. high, the branches and branchlets slender, flexible and rather 
long; leaves often fascicled, rather narrowly elliptic, 1 to 4 lines long, 
serrulate, green above, yellowish beneath, distinctly petioled but the 
petioles often less than I line l<>ng; flowers apetalous, mostly polyga- 
mous; sepals and stamens 4; fruit 2 or 3 lines long, red. 

Mayacamas Mountains (east of Napa Valley) and southward near 
the coast: Oakland, etc. Feb. -May. 

Var. ilicifolia Greene (R. ilici folia Kellogg). Somewhat arbo- 
rescent with a distinct trunk, or the stems several and clustered, 5 to 
10 ft. high; branchlets short, rigid and rather stout; leaves oval, 
firm-coriaceous, green above, yellowish brown or golden beneath, 
larger than in the type (7 to 10 lines long), spinulose-dentate; sepals 
and stamens frequently 5; fruit bright ivd, ovoid, 2£ lines long, — 
Inner Coast Ranges (Miller Canon, Vaca Mountains, but rare); 
common in Mitchell Canon, Mt. Diablo; well known southward. 
Fruiting in Sept. 

2. CEANOTHUS L. Mountain Lilac. 
Shrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves, the branchlets often 
divaricate and rigid, sometimes spinescent, and the small but showy 
flowers in thyrses or c3 - mes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes acute, incurved; 
the lower part adnate with the thick disk to the lower part of the 
3-celled ovary. Petals 5, hooded by the inflexion of the acuminate 
apex, and with Ions; claws. Stamens 5, filaments filiform, long- 
exserted. Style 3-cleft. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, becoming dry 
and separating into its 3 carpels, these elastically dehiscent along the 
inner edge and dispersing the seeds. Seeds obovate, convex on the 
back. (Greek Keanothus, name used by Dioscorides to designate 
some spiny plant, applied to this genus of American plants, which 



BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 255 

are chiefly of the Pacific United States. All of our species are ever- 
green except 0. integerrimus and C. Parryi. According to the field 
investigations of Mrs. K. Brandegee, the nearly related species give 
rise to numerous hybrids. Of. Proc. Cal. Acad., 2d Ser., iv. 173.) 

A. Leaves alternate. 

Fruit smooth or at most crested, never with horns; stipules thin or mem- 
branous, fugacious or deciduous. 
Rranches flexible, not spinescent. 
Flowers white; leaves plane. 
Inflorescence compound; leaves very strongly 3-nerved beneath, V/ 2 

to 3 in. long; fruit slightly crested 1. C. vtlutinus. 

Inflorescence simple or compound; leaves entire, % to 1 in. long; fruit 

crestless 2. ft vn.tegcmm.u8. 

Flowers blue (rarely varying to white); inflorescence compound. 
Leaves plane, mostly lto 2^ in. long, strongly 3-nerved, serrulate . . . 

3. C. thyrsiflorus. 
Leaves similar, pinnately veined, but the margins revolute, seemingly 
entire, and sometimes concealing the supplementary lateral 

nerves 4. C. Parryi. 

Flowers blue, the clusters in a simple raceme mostly J^ to 1 in. long; 
leaves mostly rather small, usually not 3-nerved. 
Leaves subcoriaceous, with smooth waxy surface, the margin very 

glandular-serrate 5. ft foliosus. 

Leaves papillate near the revolute margin 6. C. dtntatus 

Leaves similar, but glandular-papillate on the entire upper surface . . 

7. ft papillosus. 
Branches more or less rigid and spinescent. 

Leaves glandular-serrate; flowers deep or very light blue, in a simple 

raceme; branehlets stiff 8. ft sortdiatus. 

Leaves entire; flowers white, in a simple or paniculately compound 
raceme; branchlets thick and stout, spur-like, very glaucous; fruit 
warty-roughened; leaves strongly 3-nerved . ... 9. ft incanus. 

B. Leaves opposite. 

Fruit with conspicuous dorsal horns; stipule-bases warty or cork-like and 
persistent. 
Erect shrubs. 

Flowers white; leaves entire 10. C. cuneatus. 

Flowers blue; leaves finely spinose-dentate on the upper half 

11. C. Hgidus. 
Flowers blue (or white); leaves rather coarsely spinose-dentate. 

Branchlets gray; pedicels 2 lines long 12. ft Jepsonii. 

Branchlets reddish or brownish; pedicels 5 to 7 lines long 

13 C. purpurea. 
Low-spreading shrub; flowers blue; leaves coarsely few-toothed toward 
the apex: var. divergens of . . 14. C. jyrostratus. 

1. C. velutinus Dougl. Snow Brush. Large shrub, 8 to 12 ft. 
high, the -branches mostly ascending; odor very sweet and heavy; 
leaves elliptic or ovatish, rounded or subeordate at base, fine*!}-' 
glandular-serrate, pale and strongly 3-nerved beneath, varnished 
above and frequently of a rich chocolate-brown, 1£ to 3 in. long, on 
petioles ^ in. long or less; panicle 2 to 3 in. high"; flowers white, 2 
lines broad; fruit smooth, lobed at top, nearly crestless, sticky- 
glandular. 

Mt. Shasta; Modoc Co.; and the northern Sierra Nevada 
Var. laevigatus T. & G. Subarhorescent; leaves glabrous, light 
green; inflorescence more ample; fruit somewhat crested. — Mt. St. 
Helena and northward in the Coast Ranges to Mendocino and Hum- 
boldt Cos. 



256 RHAMNACE^E. 

2. C. integerrimus H. & A. Tall shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high; twigs 
green or at length purplish subangular when young; leaves deep 
green above, .paler beneath, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mostly acute at 
base, entire, £ to 1 in. long; inflorescence simple and about 2 in. long, 
or compound and about 4 in. long, or in fruit twice as long, equaled 
by the leafy (or often nearly leafless) peduncles; flowers white; cap- 
sules nearly globose, lobed, smooth, crestless. 

Seemingly very restricted in its range: Santa Cruz Mountains. 
May. Fruiting in July. 

3. C. thyrsiflorus Esch. California Lilac. Low shrub, 3 
to 6 ft. high or becoming a small tree 12 to 18 ft. high, rather straight- 
limbed, the branchlets mostly ascending; leaves green on both sur- 
faces, elliptical or oblong-ovate, strongly 3-nerved beneath, the 
margin mucronate-serrate or serrulate with somewhat impressed 
teeth, 1 to 2£ in. long, 6 to 10 lines broad; inflorescence a panicle 
of somewhat corymbose racemes, 1^ to 2| in. long, mostty long- 
peduncled, with leaves subtending 1 or 2 ot the lower racemes; bract- 
lets ovate, acuminate, 2J lines long; flowers blue or sometimes varying 
to white; capsule globose, smooth, little lobed, 2 lines in diameter. 

Common near the coast from Monterey northward to Sonoma and 
Mendocino Cos. Apr. Near Soquel, Setchell and Jepson discovered, 
in 1896, a fine shapely tree 22 ft. high, with a girth of 2 ft. 5 in. at 
20 in. from the ground. 

4. C. Parryi Trelease. Parry's Lilac. Spreading shrub, 4 to 
6 ft. high; branchlets angular and, when young, tomentose, the 
1-year-old ones reddish; leaves pinnately veined, narrowly to broadly 
oblong, | to 1£ in. long, dark green above, loosely tomentose beneath, 
the margin denticulate, seemingly entire because soon revolute and 
thus concealing the teeth and also the lateral supplementary nerves; 
petioles 2 lines long; panicle oblong or distinctly broader below, 1 to 
3 in. long, on sparsely leafy peduncles twice as long; capsules globose, 
smooth, 2 lines in diameter. 

Local species of the mountain ranges on either side of Napa 
Valley: Mt. George; Caux's Knob; Rebecca Ranch grade, southwest 
of Calistoga. A most handsome shrub when in full flower in Apr. or 
early May; at other seasons of straggly and unattractive habit, the 
individuals often seeming as if of great age. Sometimes found in 
flower in the late fall and early winter. Margin of leaf variable, 
sometimes serrate, more often rather obscurely denticulate or almost 
entire. 

5. C. foliosus Parry. Low shrub commonly dense at base, with 
horizontally spreading or diffuse branches 2 or 3 ft. long; branchlets 
rather long and straight and rather ascending; lightly pubescent, 
especially on the branchlets; leaves undulate or somewhat infolded 
longitudinally, mostly 3 or 4 or the larger 6 lines long, frequently 
with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, broadly oblong, upper sur- 
face dark green, lower lighter, the teeth of the margin bearing con- 
spicuous glands; petiole distinct but very short; inflorescence globose 



BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 257 

to oblong, \ to 1 in. long; flowers blue, 1 to 1£ liiu-s broad; capsules 
1£ lines broad, smooth, conspicuously lobed, crested. 

Rather common in the seaward and middle Coast Ranges north of 
San Francisco Bay: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoma; Howell Mt.; Mt. St. 
Helena, and northward to Westport, Mendocino Co. Apr.-May, or 
flowering late in the season, the inflorescence then short-spicate and 
interrupted below. 

6. C. dentatus T. & G-. Low densely branched shrub with 
reddish brown branchlets, the young twigs tomentose; leaves elliptical 
or narrower, rounded at both ends or appearing retuse or subtruncate 
from the infolding of the apex, dark brown and waxen on the upper 
surface, light colored and pubescent beneath, papillate on and near 
the margin, 2 to 5 or 6 lines long; inflorescence subglobose, very 
tomentose; flowers blue; capsule slightly crested, scarcely lobed, 2 
lines in diameter. 

Santa Cruz Mountains. 

7. C. papillosus T. & G. Habit of the last and differing little 
from it; leaves often slightly cordate at base, the whole upper surface 
closely glandular-papillate, 1 in. long or less, sometimes as much as 2 
in. long; inflorescence more oblong, about 1 in. long; peduncles naked, 
solitary or clustered; capsules rather less than 2 lines in diameter. 

Santa Cruz Mountains. May. 

8. C. sorediatus H. & A. Erect shrub, 4 to 7 ft. high, with 
rigid divaricate branchlets; branchlets sparingly villous, at length 
olive-color or purplish; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, green above, 
paler and slightly pubescent beneath with appressed hairs, glandular- 
denticulate, J to 1 (or less commonly 1^) in. long, on petioles a line 
or two long; racemes 1 or 2 (terminal or subterminal) on each branch- 
let, ovate or broadly oblong in outline, ^ to 1 in. long; flowers blue 
or almost white; capsule lobed, crested, 2 to 2 J lines in diameter. 

Very common in the Coast Ranges, the individuals disposed to 
associate, and, at flowering time, often coloring the north canon sides 
in patches: Vaca Mountains; Caux's Knob, west of St. Helena; 
Howell Mountain; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; and southward. 
Mar. -Apr. 

9. C. incanus T. & G-. Tall shrub with very glaucous branchlets, 
these thick and stout and almost spur-like; leaves elliptic to ovate, 
acute or obtuse, rounded at base, dark brown above, strongly 3-nerved 
and pale (with a fine close indument) beneath, 1 to 1£ in. long; petioles 
2 or 3 lines long; inflorescence finely velvety, 2 or 3 in. long or less; 
flowers white; capsule thickly warty, shallowly lobed at top, 2J lines 
in diameter. 

Felton and Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.) to Mt. St. Helena; 
Lake and Mendocino Cos. 

10. C. cuneatus Nutt. Ntjttall's Ceanothus. Rigid divari- 
cately branched shrub, 5 to 8 ft. high, with gray bark; branchlets stout 
and short, those on a branch often very unequal and frequently inter- 
ruptedly disposed; leaves oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, entire, 

19 



258 riiamnackj:. 

green above, paler beneath, 4 to 6 or less commonly 11 lines long, on 
very short petioles; umbels h to f in. broad; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; 
flowers white; capsules slightly oblong, 2£ lines long, with three short 
erect horns. 

Very abundant in the higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Foot- 
hills, either isolated, or gregarious and forming impenetrable and often 
extensive thickets. Such thickets clothe densely the higher slopes 
and mountain ridges, and whether made up purely of this species 
or mixed with Manzanita, Pickeringia or similar shrubs, are known as 
chaparral. Flowering in Mar. -Apr., the odor sweetish but slightly 
offensive. R. H. Piatt sends specimens from the Vaca Mountains 
some of the leaves of which are 2 to 3-dentate at apex. 

11. C. rigidus Nutt. Shrub about 6 ft. high, rigidly and intri- 
cately branched; leaves opposite and crowded, cuneate-obovate, mostly 
retuse, firm but rather thin, soon nearly glabrous on both surfaces, 
the apical half finely spinose-dentate, 2 to 6 lines long, nearly sessile; 
stipules conspicuously warty; flowers bright blue; capsules a little 
larger than in no. 10. 

Rare: Mt. Tamalpais and Bolinas Heights to Monterey, where first 
collected by Nuttall. 

12. C Jepsonii Greene. Rigid strictly erect shrub about 4 to 5 
ft. high; branchlets short, stubby, gray; leaves elliptic-oblong, spiny- 
toothed, undulate-margined or somewhat infolded longitudinally, J to 
f in. long; stipules small; flower-clusters small, pedicels 2 or 3 lines 
long; flowers white. 

Abundant between Middleton and the Toll House on Mt. St. 
Helena (type locality), flowers white; Howell Mt., flowers blue, 
exhaling a musky odor, the air for some distance around a shrub or 
thicket heavy with the fragrance; Marin Co. Feb. -May. 

13. C. purpurea. Erect shrub, 4 or 5 ft. high with brownish or 
reddish branchlets; leaves very thick, orbicular, 1 in. long or less, 
glabrous, shining and light green above, paler beneath with a closely 
Oppressed tomentum, coarsely and pungently toothed all around; 
stipules very large; flowers large, purple; pedicels 5 to 7 lines long; 
fruit unknown. 

Gorges north of Mt. George near Napa. May. Nearly allied to 
C. crassifo'ius Torr. (San Diego Co. northward to the Santa Inez 
Mountains) which has elliptic-obovatc leaves with more finely toothed 
or subentire revolute margin, the upper surface roughened, the lower 
surface densely white tomentose; capsule subglobose, with 3 stout sub- 
erect horns near the top, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. This species has 
been found at Wright's, Santa Cruz Mountains, ace. to Behr. 

14. C. prostratus Benth. Mahala Mats. Branches prostrate, 
rooting, thickly matting the ground; branchlets often reddish, at first 
pubescent; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrous or finely flocculent- 
pubescent beneath, thick and firm, cuneate-obovate, coarsely and 
pungently 3-toothed at the apex, and commonly with 1 or 2 similar 
teeth at or above the middle; flowers blue: fruit globose, not lobed, 



VITACEiE. 259 

with 3 largo wrinkled horns on each valve and 3 intermediate crests, 
3 to 4 lines long. 

Sierra Nevada, where it is common, often extensively covering the 
ground in the Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) woods; Mt. Shasta; 
southward in the north Coast Ranges through the Yallo Bally Moun- 
tains and Snow Mountain, Lake Co., to Cobb Mountain where it 
passes into the following. 

Var. divergens Brandegee (C. divergens Parry). Low scrambling 
shrub with horizontally spreading, trailing or almost procumbent 
branches; leaves more dentate-spinose than in the type, almost sessile, 
£ to \ in. long; flowers blue; capsules about 3 lines in diameter, with 
the horns more lateral. — Mt. St. Helena; Sonoma; Marin Co.; Santa 
Cruz Co. May. 

56. VITACE^E. Vine Family. 

Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils. Leaves in ours simple, 
alternate. Flowers small, regular, greenish or whitish, in a com- 
pound thyrse. Calyx minute, the limb mostly obsolete and truncate. 
Petals 4 or 5, valvate, caducous or early deciduous, the stamens as 
many and opposite them. Fruit a 2-celled berry. Seeds with a thick 
and bony testa. Embryo minute, in a tough endosperm. 

1. VITIS L. Grape. 

Leaves opposite the tendrils or flower clusters. Tendrils at least 
once branched. Calyx-tube filled with the disk, which bears the 
stamens and petals. Ovules 2 in each cell. (Classical Latin name.) 

1. V. Californica Benth. California Wild Grape. Leaves 
roundish, tomentose, especially beneath, the tomentum in age floccu- 
lent, 2 to 5^ in. broad, coarsely or minutely dentate, cordate at base 
with open or closed sinus, slightly or not at all lobed, or frequently 
with a sinuately 3 to 5-lobed leaf at the next node above or below an 
un lobed one; fruit purple, with a bloom, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. 

Along streams throughout the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San 
Joaquin Valleys, and Sierra Foothills. Climbing trees, especially Oaks 
and Cottonwoods, and frequently killing such by covering them with 
its drapery of leaves. Very fragrant at flowering time (May-June) 
with a pleasant sweet odor. 

57. THYMEL/EACE/E. Mezereum Family. 

Ours shrubs with simple entire alternate leaves and no stipules. 
Flowers perfect, with corolla-like 4-cleft calyx. Stamens inserted 
upon the calyx, twice as many as its lobes. Corolla none. Ovary 
superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. 

1. DIRCA L. Leatherw^ood. 
Deciduous shrubs with perfect flowers in fascicles from mixed buds, 
i. e., buds containing flowers and leaves. Scales of the bud yellow- 



260 EUPHORBIACE.E. 

ish or whitish, silky, forming an involucre to the flowers, caducous. 
Perianth slightly oblique, tubular below, expanded into a short throat 
above. Stamens 8, 4 exserted, the alternate shorter, inserted at the 
base of the throat. Style slender, exceeding the stamens. Fruit 
drupe-like, reddish. (Classical Greek name of a celebrated fountain 
in Boeotia.) 

1. D. occidentalis Gray. Western Leatherwood. An erect 
shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with very tough stems and leathery bark; 
flowers yellow, in clusters of 2 or 3 from lateral and terminal buds, 
nodding; perianth-tube 2 or 3 lines long, greenish, expanding above 
into a distinct throat about 1 line long, the limb 4-cleft; ovary 
slightly oblique. 

Northerly slopes in canons. Nov. -Feb. The color of the mature 
fruit has not been observed by the author. 

58. EUPHORBIACE/E. Spurge Family. 

Ours herbs, or one species somewhat suffrutescent. Leaves simple, 
stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers (in ours) monoecious, always apeta- 
lous, often naked, i. e., destitute of calyx as well, sometimes 
exceedingly reduced and enclosed in a ralyx-like involucre. Stamens 
1 to many. Ovary superior, 3 or 1-celled, with one or two pendulous 
ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as 
the cells of the ovary. Capsule commonly 3-lobed, 3 or 2-valved. 
Embryo straight, the flat cotyledons almost as wide as the fleshy or 
oily endosperm. 

Flowers with a true calyx, not borne in an involucre; herbage densely 

stellate-pubescent. 

Upper leaves opposite; staminate flowers in corymbs; capsule 1-celled. . 

» 1. Eremocarpus. 

Leaves all alternate; staminate flowers in racemes; capsule 3-celled . . . 

2. Croton. 
Flowers borne in a calyx-like involucre, which has 4 or 5 teeth and bears 

more or less petal-like glands; true calyx none; capsule 3-celled 

3. Euphorbia. 

1. EREMOCARPUS Benth. 

A low annual with entire 3-nerved leaves without stipules. Stami- 
nate flowers in corymbs; calyx 5 to 6-parted; stamens 6 or 7 on a 
hairy receptacle; filaments exserted. Pistillate flowers 1 or few in 
the lower axils, without calyx; ovary 1-celled, with 4 or 5 small 
glands at the base; style undivided, stigmatic at apex; capsule 
2-valved, 1-seeded. (Greek eremos, solitary, and karpos, fruit.) 

1. E. setigerus Benth. Turkey Mullein. Herbage gray 
with an appressed stellate pubescence and rough with spreading 
hispid hairs; stems dichotomously branched, procumbent or prostrate 
and forming a close mat 1 to 2 ft. wide or more, rarely with ascending 
branches; leaves alternate or the upper opposite, thick, ovate, the 
smaller varying to almost round, £ to 1£ in. long, the petioles nearly 
as long or longer; staminate flowers pediceled, the oblong segments 
of the calyx 1 line long; pistillate flowers in clusters of 1 to 3, the 



SPURGE FAMILY. 261 

ovary and style densely pubescent; capsule 2 lines long; seed smooth 
and shining, 1£ lines long. 

Very abundant towards the interior: plains of the Sacramento and 
San Joaquin; Sierra Foothills; low hills and valley fields of the Coast 
Ranges. The California Indians used the heavy-scented herbage of 
this plant to stupefy fish in small streams in order that they might be 
caught by hand, whence the Spanish-Oalifornian name, Yerba del 
Pescado. The seeds are sought by turkeys. 

2. CROTON L. 

Ours perennial herbs, suffrutescent at base, with alternate entire 
leaves. Staminate flowers in racemes; calyx 5-parted; glands of the 
disk as many as and alternate with the petals; stamens 5 to many. 
Pistillate flowers mostly solitary; calyx 5-parted; ovary 3-celled, the 
cells 1-ovuled; styles twice forked. Capsule 3-lobed, globose in out- 
line. Seeds smooth and shining, with a caruncle. (Kroton, a tick, 
the Greek name of the Castor Plant, its seeds resembling that insect.) 

1. C. Californicus Mull. Arg. Stems branching, erect or diffuse, 
from a woody base; herbage hoary, except the upper side of the 
leaves which is green and finely stellate-pubescent; leaves oblong, 
f to 1\ in. long, on petioles 4 lines to over 1 in. long; staminate 
racemes at length ^ in. long, developing gradually, the flowers 
soon deciduous after anthesis and leaving an elongated naked rachis; 
staminate calyx about 1 line long; disk obscurely 5-lobed; stamens 
9 to 11, with hairy filaments; pistillate flowers on short pedicels; 
styles twice forked; capsule scurfy, 3 lines in diameter. 

Sandy hills near the ocean from the San Francisco peninsula south- 
ward to Southern California; also near Antioch(l). A bitter tea is 
made from the leaves and used for rheumatism by Spanish-Californians. 

3. EUPHORBIA L. Spurge. 
Ours herbs. Involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal umbels, 
with 4 or 5 teeth alternating with as many glands; glands either 
naked or appendaged (I. e., with a colored margin*. Flowers 
monoecious, both pistillate and staminate naked and included in an 
involucre which itself resembles a flower but really encloses a cluster 
of flowers consisting of several staminate and 1 pistillate flower. 
Staminate flower very much reduced, consisting of a single stamen; 
filament jointed on a short pedicel like it, the pedicel often with a 
minute scale' or bract at base, showing that the stamen is a distinct 
flower. Pistillate flower supported on a pedicel in the center of the 
involucre and soon protruded from it, consisting of a 3-cellfd ovary 
and 3 bifid styles. Capsule with 3 cells, each 1-seeded. (Euphorbus, 
King'Juba's physician.) 

Stems prostrate; leaves small, all opposite and more or less unequal at base, 
stipulate; glands of the involucre with a petal-like white or reddish 
appendage. 
Herbage glabrous; stems and leaves infrequently reddish. 
Leaves obovate or oblong, minutely serrulate at apex.l. E. serpyllifolia. 
Leaves deltoid to ovate-oblong, entire 4. E. ocellata. 



262 euphorbiace^e. 



Herbage often hairy or puberulent; leaves commonly margined with a 
red or with a central red spot. 

Stipules lanceolate, fimbriate 2. E. maculata. 

Stipules triangular, slightly lacerate 3. J?, hypericifolia. 

Stems erect; leaves larger, stipules none; no colored margins to the glands. 
Stem-leaves alternate. 
Glands disk-like, entire; capsule with warty lobes . ..5. E. dictyosperma. 
Glands crescent-shaped, 2-horned; capsule smooth. . .6. E leptocera. 
Stem-leaves in 4 ranks ; glands crescent-shaped . . . .I.E. Lathyris. 

1. E. serpyllifolia Pers. Thyme-leaved Spurge. Stems round, 
or more or less angled, repeatedly branched, forming prostrate mats 
1 to 3 ft. across; herbage glabrous and green; leaves oblong or obovate- 
spatulate, unequal at base, more or less minutely serrate toward the 
apex; stipules setaceous or lacerate; involucre | line long or less; 
glands transversely oblong and more or less cupped in the center; 
appendages narrow, crenately serrate or nearly entire; seeds sharply 
quadrangular, slightly rugose or more manifestly so and thus appear- 
ing shallow-pitted. 

Stream beds and low grounds in the Coast Range region (Santa 
Clara; Santa Rosa), and from Putah Creek and the Sacramento River 
southward. Aug. -Oct. 

Var. consanguinea Boiss. Herbage with more or less red colora- 
tion; stems more erect; apex of leaves sharply serrate; lobes of the 
involucre lacerate; seeds less sharply angled. — Upper Sacramento 
Valley; Napa Valley. 

Var. rugulosa Engelm. (E. rugulosa Greene). Plants more 
thickly matted; leaves more serrate on the larger side of the unequal 
leaf; seeds finely rugulose. — Suisun; Berkeley. 

Var. occidentals (E. occidentals Drew). Herbage dull yellow- 
ish green; appendages of the involucre crenately lobed; seeds sinuate- 
rugose. — Humboldt Co. and Mt. St. Helena. 

2. E. maculata L. Spotted Spurge. Herbage hairy or puber- 
ulent; stems radiately branching, prostrate; leaves oblong-linear, 
usually with a red blotch in center, serrulate, subcordate at base; 
stipules fimbriate; involucre with 4 cup-shaped glands; capsule 
acutely angled; seeds transvei-sely wrinkled and minutely pitted. 

Occurring as an immigrant from the eastern U. S. ace. to Greene. 

3. E. hypericifolia L. Larger Spurge. Glabrous or sparingly 
hairy, ascending or sometimes prostrate, the branches f to 1£ ft. long; 
leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-linear, 3-nerved, unequally serrate, 
commonly with a red spot or red margins; stipules' triangular, 
slightly lacerate; peduncles longer than the petioles; appendages 
of the involucre white or red, entire; capsule glabrous, obtusely 
angled; seeds with broken transverse ridges. 

introduced in Napa Valley along the railroad track. Specimens 
determined by C. F. Millspaugh. 

4. E. oceilata Dur. & Hilg. Annual, prostrate, the branches 
5 to 9 in. long; leaves thickish, deltoid to ovate-oblong, often cordate 
at base, entire, 2 to 4 lines long; involucre campanulate, nearly 1 line 
long, its lobes fringed; glands 2 to 4, yellowish or purplish, short- 



C A L 1 . IT K U II ACEvE. 263 

stipitate, circular and discoid, with or without a narrow margin; 
capsule 1 line long; seeds round-ovate, smooth or ohseurely rugose. 
Stockton, Sanford, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley 
to Southern California. 

5. E. dictyosperma F. & M. Annual, glahrous; stems erect, 
5 to 15 in. high, simple or branching from the base, dichotomously 
branched above; stem-leaves alternate, oblong- or obovate-spatulate, 
serrulate, often retuse, £ to 1\ in. long; upper and floral leaves oppo- 
site, round-ovate to oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; inflorescence umbelli- 
form, the rays 2 or 3 times forked; involucre and glands small; 
capsule with warty lobes, 1 to 1\ lines long. 

Throughout California but much less common than no. 6. Sacra- 
mento Valley. 

E. Peplus L., Petty Spurge, is sometimes spontaneous within 
inclosures at Berkeley; the involucres bear 4 crescent-shaped glands 
with long slender horns, and a pair of wing-like crests on each lobe. 
E. exigua L., reported as occurring in Santa Clara Co., has linear 
cauline leaves and a smooth capsule. 

6. E. leptocera Engelm. Annual or biennial, glabrous, branch- 
ing at base, 10 to 16 in. high; branches decumbent at base or 
commonly erect, 2 or 3 times dichotomous above; leaves alternate, 
obovate to spatulate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 4 lines to 
1^ in. long; the floral opposite or ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic- 
ovate, sometimes cordate at base or connate, acute, 3 to 5 lines long; 
involucre turbinate, its transversely oblong lobes denticulate; glands 
large, crescent-shaped, the slender horns entire or cleft; capsule 
smooth, 1^ lines broad; seeds ash-colored, dark-pitted, 1J lines long, 
with a prominent caruncle. 

Common. Coast Kanges: Vacaville; Ukiah; San Francisco; 
Sierra Nevada. 

7. E. Lathyris L. Caper Spurge. Tall stout annual or biennial, 
1 to 3 ft. high, very smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves linear or nar- 
rowly oblong, thick, in 4 vertical ranks, the floral oblong-ovate and 
cordate; umbels of 3 or 4 rays, once or twice forked; glands of the 
involucre crescent-shaped, the horns short and blunt; capsule large 
and smooth; seeds wrinkled. 

Naturalized about the early settlements of Alta California: San 
Francisco -Co. 

59. CALLITRICHACE/E. Water Starwort Family. 

Herbs growing in shallow water or in the mud of vernal pools from 
which the water has disappeared. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipu- 
late, often crowded and forming a rosette at the ends of the branches. 
Flowers monoecious, axillary and solitary, or 2 or 3 together in one 
axil, without calyx or corolla but often with two membranous bracts. 
Staminate flower consisting of 1 terminal stamen. Pistillate flower 
consisting of a 4-celled ovary with 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit 4-lobed, 
splitting at maturity into as many nutlets. 



264 CRASSULACE^E. 



1. CALLITRICHE. L. 

The only genus. (Greek kallos, beautiful, and trichos, a hair, on 
account of the slender stems.) 

Fruit sessile ; flowers 2-bracted ; submerged leaves retuse or bifid at apex . 

1. C. palustris. 
Fruit on a pedicel 2 to 5 lines long; flowers bractless; leaves not notched at 
apex 2. C. marginata. 

1. C. palustris L. Water Fennel. Aquatic; stems 5 to 10 
in. long; submerged leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, notched at the 
apex, 7 to 10 lines long; emersed or floating leaves obovate, narrowed 
at base into a slender petiole, 2 to 6 lines long; fruit obovate, 
flattened, notched at apex, s ] to 1 line long; each lobe sharply winged 
on the back for its whole length, the proximate lobes with a groove 
between them. 

Cold pools or slow streamlets. Napa Valley; Marin Co.; Gilroy. 
Mar. -May. 

2. C. marginata Torr. Stems 2 to 4 in. long, forming dense 
mats in the moist beds of vernal pools from which the water has 
disappeared; leaves oblanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long; plants sometimes 
submersed and the leaves linear; bracts none; styles long, reflexed, 
soon deciduous; fruit rather less than J line long, broader than long, 
notched both at apex and base, the lobes sharply winged; fruiting 
pedicels 2 to 5 lines long. 

Stanislaus and San Mateo Cos. (ace. to Bot. Cal.), northward to 
Napa Valley and Sonoma Co. 

60. CRASSULACE>E. Stone-crop Family. 

Succulent herbs with entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers in cymes, 
small, perfect and regular. Sepals, petals and pistils of the same 
number (in ours 4 or 5), and the stamens as many or twice as many. 
Petals generally slightly perigynous, distinct or united at base. 
Fruit a dry many-seeded follicle. Keceptacle usually with nectar- 
bearing scales on the receptacle, one behind each pistil. 

Leaves opposite; the stamens as many as the petals; diminutive annuals. 

1. Till^ea. 
Leaves alternate, the basal in conspicuous rosettes; stamens twice as many 
as the petals. 
Perennials or annuals; petals distinct; follicles spreading when fully 

ripe 2. Sedtjm. 

Perennials, coarser than the last; petals more or less united at base; 
follicles erect or suberect 3. Cotyledon. 

1. TILL>EA L. 

Small and slender glabrous annuals with opposite leaves. Flowers 
minute, axillary, white or pinkish. Sepals and petals 3 to 5 (in ours 
4), distinct or united at base, the stamens as many. Pistils distinct 
with almost obsolete styles. Follicles 1 to several-seeded, the seeds 
striate longitudinally. (Michael Angelo Tilli, Italian botanist.) 



STONE-CROP FAMILY. 265 

Flowers clustered; petals broadly subulate; follicles 1 to 2-seeded 

1. T. minima. 
Flowers solitary; petals oblong; follicles several seeded . 2. T. Drxmimondii. 

1. T. minima Miers. Simple or with several ascending or erect 
branches, £ to 3 in. high; herbage of the adult plants reddish; leaves 
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 line long; flowers axillary, subsessile or 
occasionally on pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; sepals, petals and stamens 4, 
the sepals equaling the broadly subulate petals; follicles 1 to 2-seeded. 

Common on finely disintegrated sandstone or other rock from 
Vanden (Solano Co.) and Sonoma southward. Mar.-Apr. 

2. T. Drummondii T. & Gr. Stems very slender, dichotomous, 
decumbent at base and rooting at some of the lower nodes, 1 in. long 
or more; leaves linear-oblong, acute, 1 to 2 lines long; pedicels at 
length equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals oblong, red, 2 to 3 
times the length of the calyx-lobes; carpels obtuse. 

Moist places in the lower Sacramento Valley. May. 

Var. Bolanderi Wats. (T. Bolanderi Greene.) Stems 3 in. long; 
leaves 2 lines long; flowers on short pedicels; pedicels elongated 
in fruit (6 lines long). — Presidio, San Francisco. May. 

2. SEDLJM L. Stone Crop. 
Fleshy glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, with alternate leaves. 
Flowers pale yellow or white, in terminal often 1-sided cymes. 
€alyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 sepals. Petals distinct. 
Stamens perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the 
petals. Pistils distinct, rarely united at the base, becoming few to 
many-seeded follicles, spreading when ripe; styles usually short. 
(From the Latin sedeo, to sit, on account of the lowly habit.) 

Basal leaves in rosettes. 

Leaves tbick, not nerved; perennial 1.8. spathuli folium. 

Leaves comparatively tbin, very obviously nerved wben dry; perennial (?) 

2. S. radiatum. 
Leaves all scattered, 1 to 2 lines long; annual 3. S. pumilum. 

1. S. spathulifolium Hook. G-laucous; leaves flat, obovate or 
spatulate, obtuse, 5 to 9 lines long, either condensed in small some- 
what depressed rosettes which are sessile on the caudex or on its 
prostrate branches, or sessile on the flowering branches, the latter 
rather smaller; flowering stems ascending, 4 to 6 in. high; flowers on 
short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long, yellow; petals lanceolate, acute, 
twice longer than the ovate acute sepals, scarcely exceeding the 
stamens and style. 

Common on rocky walls on the north or shady side of canons: 
Mt. Diablo; Oakland Hills and northward. 

2. S. radiatum Wats. Perennial; stems several, simple or 
branching, from a slender rootstock, 4 to 6 in. high; cauline leaves 
oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, sessile by a rather broad base, 3 to 5 or 
6 lines long, nearly or quite as long as those of the globose or oblong 
rosettes at the base of the stem, all when dry delicately but rather 
conspicuously nerved; sepals short, triangular, acute; petals yellow, 



266 CRASSULACEJK. 

narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 3 lines long; follicles broad, abruptly 
divergent from the united bases. 

Summit of Gabilan Peak, Monterey Co., Brewer; Mt. Hamilton, 
Greene; and northward to Marin Co., Congdon; Mendocino Co., 
Chesnut and Drew. Rarely collected. Annual, ace. to Greene, and 
propagating by deciduous buds formed in the axils of the lowest 
leaves. 

3. S. pumilum Benth. Branching from just above the base, or 
sometimes simple, 2 to 4 in. high, very slender; leaves 1 to 2 lines 
long, ovate-oblong; flowers shortly pediceled or sessile, the brunches 
of the cyme mostly 2 or 3; sepals minute, triangular; petals linear- 
oblong, acute, 1 to lj lines long; follicles short, filled by the single 
seed. 

Upper Sacramento Valley (Sierra Foothills and the Marysville 
Buttes); low hills bordering Napa Valley on the east, Jepson, Apr.. 
1893. 

3. COTYLEDON L. 

Stout perennial herbs; leaves very thick and fleshy, the basal ones 
in a conspicuous rosette; leaves of the flowering stems mostly bract- 
like, narrowly lanceolate, or the upper broader and shorter, all com- 
monly with inversely triangular clasping base. Flowers large for the 
group, yellow or reddish, disposed in long racemes or secund cymes. 
Petals more or less united at base. Follicles erect or suberect. In 
appearance very similar to Sedum. Species difficult to elucidate, 
the types not known to us and the existing diagnoses unsatisfactory. 
The descriptions which follow have been derived from fresh material 
and from herbarium specimens which have been segregated into 
forms and the current names (with one exception) employed, with as 
much judgment as was possible under the circumstances, for their 
designation. (Greek kotule, a shallow cup, the leaves cup-like in 
some species.) 

Cyme more or less flat-topped ; leaves broad. 
Petals oblong-ovate or oblong, acute; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long. 

1. C. farinosa. 
Petals oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, acute; pedicels unequal, 2 to 6 lines 
long or more. 
Petals indistinctly winged on the back; cyme loose, often contorted; 

plant in age straw-colored 2. C. caespitosa. 

Petals distinctly winged on back; cyme compact; plant reddish .... 

3. C. Plattiana. 
Cyme with 2 to 4 racemose divisions, or the branches more elongated, more 

or less rc-branched, and paniculate; pedicels mostly 1 to 2 lines long . . 

4. C. laxa. 

1. C. farinosa Baker. Acaulescent; usually densely mealy, 5 to 
8 in. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones of 
the rosette 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves bract-like, broadly lanceo- 
late, 1 in. long or less, the upper very short; cyme rather flat and 
broad, or with several small supplementary branches below and thus 
disposed to be somewhat paniculate; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; petals 
oblong-ovate or oblong, acute. 3.} to 4 lines long. 



SAXIFRAGACETE. 267 

Summit of Pacheco Peak, Brewer. Very closely allied to the 
next. Our descriptions of the two species, as well as those in the 
Botany of California hy Dr. Watson, are too nearly congruous. 
More abundant material needed. 

2. C. caespitosa Haw. Acaulescent, the short caudex 1£ in. 
thick or less, with reddish flesh; herbage glabrous, the younger leaves 
in the center of rosette glaucous, the stems and inflorescence disposed 
to become straw-yellow in age; rosulate leaves 2 to 5£ in. long, either 
narrowly oblong (6 to 9 lines broad) or strongly dilated above (1£ in. 
broad), all with conspicuously acuminate or lanceolate-acuminate 
apex; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate and bract-like, 1£ in. long 
or less, the upper very short and triangular; cyme compound, rather 
loose and sometimes few-flowered, 1^ to 3 in. high, the whole inflo- 
rescence or one side frequently flexuous- or recurved-contorted; pedi- 
cels 2 to G or even 12 lines long; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, nearly 2 
lines long; petals orange or yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines 
long, indistinctly winged on the back, fleshy in anthesis, afterwards 
becoming thin and scarious. 

Rocky ridges of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains, Piatt; Howell 
Mountain, Jepson. Last of Apr.-June. 

Var. paniculata. Cymes paniculate, the flowering stems bearing 
several ped uncled cymes from the middle. — Morrison Canon near 
Niles, collected by the author in 1897. 

3. C. Plattiana. Acaulescent, 3 to 8 in. high; leaves more or less 
glaucous, the whole plant, including the inflorescence, becoming 
reddish; rosulate leaves 1 to 3 in. long, much like those of the pre- 
ceding; cyme with numerous flowers, very compact and flat-topped, 
about 1£ to 1\ in. broad, about \\ to If in. high; pedicels 2 to 5 lines 
long; sepals triangular, acute or shortly acuminate, \\ lines long; 
petals broadly lanceolate, distinctly winged on the back, 4 lines long. 

Inner Coast Range: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains. R. H. Piatt. 

4. C. laxa Brew. & Wats. Nearly acaulescent, very glaucous; 
flowering branches stout, 1 to 2 ft. high; rosulate leaves lanceolate, 
sharply acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long or more; inflorescence of 2 to 4 
simple secund racemes 3 to 5 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 (or 3) lines 
long; sepals ovate, acute, 2 to 2\ lines long; petals orange-yellow 
in early anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, distinctly 
keeled, 5 to 7 lines long. 

Gabilan Range (San Juan), Brewer, thence southward to Southern 
California. 

Var. Setchellii. Herbage merely glaucous; flowering branches 
slender, 9 to 12 in. high; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and 
long-acuminate; petals narrowly oblong, acute; racemes many, 
elongated and paniculate. — Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., 1896. 
Setchell and Jepson. 

61. SAXIFRAGACE/E. Saxifrage Family. 

Ours perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves (opposite in 
Whipplea) and no stipules (except in Ribes). Flowers perfect, peri- 



268 SAXIFRAGACEiE. 

gynous. Calyx 5-lobed or -cleft. Petals 5. Stamens in ours definite, 
5 or 10 (or sometimes variable in Whipplea). Ovary superior or 
more or less adherent to the calyx, 2 to 5 (or 7)-celled, the stigmas 
as many as the cells or placentae, the latter either parietal or axile. 
Fruit a capsule, follicle, or berry. 

Herbs; fruit a capsule or follicle; leaves alternate. 
Ovary 2 (or 3)-celled with axile placentae, or of 2 or 3 nearly distinct 
carpels; petals 5. 

Stamens 10 1. Saxifraga. 

Stamens 5 2. Boykinia. 

Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placenta) alternate with the styles or 
stigmas. 
Stamens 10, not exserted; petals mostly cleft or toothed; styles 2 or 3, 

very short 3. Tellima. 

Stamens 10, filiform, exserted, as also the 2 styles; petals inconspicuous, 

almost filiform 4. Tiarella. 

Stamens 5; styles 2, little exserted; petals entire, small . . 5. Heuchera. 

Ovary 1-celled with 3 or 4 parietal placentae opposite as many sessile 

stigmas; cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens, 

i. c, at the base of the petals; sepals, petals and fertile stamens 5; 

flower solitary on a scape-like penduncle, showy .... 6. Parnassia. 

Low trailing shrub; leaves opposite; stamens mostly 10; ovary about % 

free, 3 to 5-celled, becoming a capsule 7. Whipplea. 

Shrubs; leaves alternate; stamens 5 or 4; ovary wholly inferior, 1-celled, 
in fruit a berry 8. Ribes. 

1. SAXIFRAGA L. Saxifrage. 
Perennial herbs, with the radical leaves clustered, either acaulescent 
or short-stemmed. Calyx either free from or cohering with the base 
of the ovary t 5-cleft or -parted. Petals 5, entire, deciduous. Sta- 
mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or 
between the beaks, or sometimes the fruit consists of 2 nearly separate 
follicles. Seeds numerous. (Latin saxum, a rock, and frango, to» 
break.) 

Leaves not cordate, longer than petiole; filaments usually not dilated: var. 

Californica of 1. S. Virginiensis. 

Leaves cordate, the petiole commonly 1 to 3 times as long; filaments dilated 

toward apex 2. S. Mertcnsiana. 

1. S. Virginiensis Michx. var. Californica. Acaulescent; pubes- 
cent with scattered hairs, those toward summit of scape distinctly 
gland-tipped; leaves elliptic, rather coarsely serrate, somewhat undu- 
late, £ to 2 in. long, longer than the broad petiole or nearly sessile; 
flowers white; lobes of the calyx ovate, reflexed; petals orbicular or 
often emarginate, \\ lines long; anthers red, filaments not dilated; 
ovary half coherent with the calyx, the 2 carpels almost distinct. — (S. 
Californica Greene.) 

Hill country, mostly in the neighborhood of rocky places: Coast 
Kanges and Sierras. Mar.-Apr. 

2. S. Mertensiana Bong. Acaulescent, villous-hirsute, the hairs 
tipped with red glands; leaves orbicular-cordate, £ to 3£ in. broad, 
crenately toothed or shallowly incised; petioles long (1 to 7 in.); 
scape bearing a panicle of white flowers with lanceolate bracts; calyx 
segments nearly distinct; petals ovate-oblong, 2 lines long; anthers 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 269 

carmine-colored; filaments dilated toward the summit; ovary very 
slightly united to the calyx, the carpels almost wholly united. 

Woods of the Coast lianges: Austin Creek, Sonoma Co.; Ukiah 
and northward. Apr. Panicle often bearing bulblets along the sides 
of its branches. 

S. peltata Torr. is a remarkable species of the Sierras and Yallo 
Bally Mountains, growing along swiftly flowing mountain streams; it 
has peltate leaves 1 to 3£ ft. high and blades 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. 
S. bryophora Gray, of the High Sierras, is 4 to 5 in. high, 
with the scape branching into a very slender panicle; leaves linear- 
oblong, acute, 3 to 7 lines long; petals 2-spotted toward the base. 
The two preceding are acaulescent. S. Tolmiei T. & G., of the High 
Sierras, has short leafy stems thickly covered with small evergreen 
sessile leaves, and a few-flowered scape-like peduncle. 

2. BOYKINIA Nutt. 

Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks. Stems simple, bearing- 
alternate leaves and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers. 
Calyx-tube turbinate or subglobose or ovate, adherent to the 2-celled 
2-beaked capsule. Petals entire, with a short claw, deciduous. 
Stamens 5, short. (In memory of Dr. Boy kin of Georgia.) 

1. B. elata (Nutt.) Greene. Erect, 2 ft. high or less, commonly 
glandular-pubescent, the bases of the slender stems often clothed 
with rusty hairs; leaves thin-membranaceous, shallowly lobed or 
incised and serrate, 2 to 4 in. broad; petioles long, exstipulate, bearing 
at base some rusty bristles; inflorescence a panicle of secund racemes; 
flowers slightly irregular; calyx-lobes lanceolate-triangular; petals 
narrow. 

"Woods of the Coast Banges; Sierras of Placer Co., Carpenter. 

B. major Gray, of the Sierras, may be distinguished by its con- 
spicuous foliaceous stipules, corymbose-cymose flowers, regular corolla 
and broad petals. 

3. TELLIMA B. Br. Star Flower. 
Perennial herb with tuberous rootstocks. Stems simple, bearing a 
simple terminal raceme of white, pink or red flowers. Leaves chiefly 
radical, their petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base. Calyx 
campanulate or turbinate; the lower part of the tube adherent to the 
base or lower half of the ovary. Petals inserted in the sinuses of 
the calyx, cleft or toothed, sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included. 
Ovar}^ 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentae and 2 or 3 very short 
styles. Capsule conical. Seeds numerous. (Name an anagram of 
Mitella.) 

Styles and placentae commonly 3; petals clawed, cleft or entire, usually 
white, sometimes rose-tinted. 
Calyx-tube turbinate, the lower half of the ovary adherent 

1. T. affinis. 
Calyx truncate or rounded at base, the ovary almost wholly free 

2. T. fieterophylla. 
Styles and placentae commonly 2; petals greenish, changing to pink or red, 

sessile by a broad base, laciniate-pinnatifid 3. T. grandiflora. 



270 sAXIFEAGACEvE. 



1. T. affinis Gray Boland. "Star or Bethlehem." Stems 9 
to 16 in. high, hispidulous, the hairs spreading and glandular; radical 
leaves roundish in outline and crenately lobed, varying into the 
cauline; cauline mostly parted into 3 broad divisions which are deeply 
incised or merely toothed; pedicels about equaling the turbinate 
calyx; raceme 7 to 10-flowered; petals mostly 3-toothed at apex, the 
central lobe rather larger; ovary half inferior, the styles and placenta? 
commonly 3, as also in the next. 

Common in mostly open ground from San Bernardino northward 
throughout the state. Mar.-Apr. 

2. T. heterophylla H. & A. Herbage hirsute- or somewhat 
scabrous-pubescent; stems 1 to 2 ft. high; radical leaves roundish, 
crenately lobed, \ to 1^ in. broad, the cauline very variable but 
mostly 3-parted with the divisions incised or toothed; calyx campanu- 
late, truncate or rounded at base; petals with a stout tooth on each 
side. 

Shady ground, rather common; Coast Ranges. Apr. Var. 
Bolaxderi (T. Bolanderi (Gray) Boland.); petals entire or rarely with 
a small lateral tooth on each side. 

3. T. grandiflora (Dougl.) Pursb. False Alum Root. Hirsute 
with spreading hairs, especially the stems and petioles, 1£ to 2\ ft. 
high; leaves roundish in outline, cordate at base, shallowly 3 to 
5-iobed, serrate or crenate, 2 to 4 in. broad, the radical on petioles 2 
to 9 in. long; raceme elongated, many-flowered; pedicels shorter than 
the (8£ lines long) flow r ers; calyx 10-nerved, inflated-campanulate, 4 to 
5 lines long, enclosing and adherent to the lower \ of the capsule; 
petals at first greenish white, changing to pink or red, the upper por- 
tion laciniately cleft into subulate segments, the lower portion toothed; 
filaments scarcely as long as the anthers; ovary with 2 parietal 
placenta- alternate with as many styles. 

Woods from Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Oakland Hills, and Ala- 
meda northward. One of the plants which follows very closely the 
distribution of the Redw r ood. Apr.-May. Sometimes called Fringe- 
cups. 

4. TIARELLA L. False Mitre-wort. 

Perennial herbs with white flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. 
Calyx almost free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, more or less colored. 
Petals small, with short claws. Stamens 10, long and slender. 
Ovary 1-celled, compressed, 2-horned, the horns tapering into the 
long filiform styles. Capsule membranaceous, early dehiscent; valves 
unequal, one becoming elongated, the other remaining short. Seeds 
few at the base of each parietal placenta. (Diminutive of the Greek 
tiara, a high cap, in allusion to the pistil.) 

1. T. unifoliata Hook. Stems sparingly leafy, usually several 
from the base, f to 2 ft. high; leaves roundish or somewhat ovate in 
outline, 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, 1£ to 4 in. broad, the lobes 
crenate; cauline leaves 2 or 3; radical leaves long -petioled (3 to 9 in.); 
panicle 3 to 9 in. long; petals almost filiform, inconspicuous. 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 271 

Shaded ravines and canons near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains; 
Mendocino Co. and northward. 

5. HEUCHERA L. Alum Root. 
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks. Leaves radical, rounded, 
cordate and lobed. Flowering stems scape-like, or with 1 to 8 leaves, 
bearing an open or condensed panicle of small flowers in cymosc 
clusters. Calyx campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its tube adnate 
to the lower £ of the ovary. Petals 5, very small or wanting, when 
present inserted on the throat of the calyx, clawed and entire. 
Stamens 5, ours with slender filaments. Capsule 1-celled with 2 
parietal placenta?, dehiscent between the 2 beaks. (J. H. Heucher, 
1677-1747, German Professor of Medicine.) 

Cymes loose, the pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx turbinate at base. 

1. H. micrantha. 
Cymes close, the pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx rounded at base . 

2. H. pilosissima. 

1. H. micrantha Dougl. Flowering stems 1 to 3 ft. high; peti- 
oles and stems pilose-hirsute, the leaves hirsutulous and the inflores- 
cence glandular-puberulent; leaves round- or ovate-cordate, 2 to 4 in. 
long, obtusely lobed and crenate-toothed, on petioles as much as -10 
in. long; flowers in an ample loose panicle; calyx 1 line long, shorter 
than the slender pedicels; petals, stamens and styles exserted; petals 
narrowly oblong, rather shorter than the calyx. 

Monterey and northward, common in the Bay Region, especialh* 
toward the coast; not collected in the inner Coast Ranges. Found in 
the Sierra Nevada. May-June. 

2. H. pilosissima F. & M. Very glandular villous, 1 to 2 ft. 
high; pedicels shorter than the flowers, these in close clusters and 
panicle less ample than in the preceding; calyx globular, 1^ to 2-£ 
lines long; petals, filaments and style little exserted. 

Near the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co. 

H. rubescens Ton*., of the Sierra Nevada, has leaves 1£ or mostly 
1 in. in diameter or less and an oblong-campanulate calyx commonly 
tinged with rose-purple. 

6. PARNASSIA L. Grass or Parnassus. 

Glabrous perennial herbs with entire leaves in a radical tuft. 
Flowers solitary, white, on scape-like stems, which commonly bear a 
single small sessile leaf. Sepals slightly united at base. Petals 
greenish- or yellowish-veined, each bearing at base a cluster of gland- 
tipped sterile filaments. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary 
1-celled; stigmas 4 (or 3), sessile, opposite the same number of pla- 
centa?. Capsule 3 or 4-valved, the valves placenta-bearing along their 
middle. Seed-coat loose, somewhat winged. 

1. P. palustris L. var. Californica Gray. Scape 9 to 14- in. 
high; leaves elliptic, 1 to 1^ in. long, contracted at base into a petiole 
which is short or twice as long as the blade; petals oval or obovate, 6 
to 9 lines long; sterile filaments capillary, 20 to 24 in a set, united to 
the middle, each tipped with an antheroid protuberance. 



272 SAXIFRAGACE2E. 

Rare in the Bay Region: Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains) and 
Marin Co.; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 

7. WHIPPLEA Torr. 

Small and low under-shruh with opposite leaves and clusters of 
small white flowers on a terminal naked peduncle. Calyx-tuhe wholly 
adnate to the lower portion of the ovary which is about § free. 
Stamens 10, rarely 8, 9, 11 or 12, those opposite the petals some- 
what shorter, all dilated at the base or below the middle. Ovary 3 to 
5-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell; styles distinct, 
subulate; stigmas introrse. Capsule septicidally dehiscent into 3 to 5 
cartilaginous 1-seeded portions which open down the ventral suture. 
(Dedicated to Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, commander of the Pacific 
Railroad Expedition from the Mississippi River to Los Angeles in 
1853 and 1854.) 

1. W. modesta Torr. Stems slender, diffuse or trailing; branch- 
lets, peduncles and calyx-tube pubescent; calyx-lobes glabrous; foliage 
with scattered hairs, on the older leaves often pustulate-dilated at 
base; leaves f to ljorrarely If in. long, ovate or oval-ovate, 3-nerved 
from the base, crenate above the middle, short-petioled; clusters 
mostly 4 to 9-flowered, the flowers soon becoming somewhat greenish; 
petals oblong or ovate, contracted at base, exceeding 1 line, larger 
than the linear calyx-lobes; capsule globular; styles deciduous. 

Thickets or woods of the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino 
Cos. and eastward to Mt. St. Helena, F. P. McLean, 1872, and Miller 
Canon of the Vaca Mountains, Jepson, 1885. Mar.-Apr. First col- 
lected in Marin Co. by Dr. J. M. Bigelow, the botanist of Whipple's 
Expedition. 

8. RIBES L. Gooseberry. Currant. 

Shrubs, either unarmed or prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately 
lobed, the stipules adnate or none. Flowers in racemes or solitary, 
the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx-lobes, petals and stamens 5 in all the 
California!] species except R. speciosum. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
1-celled ovary and more or less produced beyond it. Petals inserted 
on the throat of the calyx, the stamens alternating with them. 
Placenta? 2, parietal. Styles 2, distinct or more or less united; stigma 
terminal. Fruit a berry. (Ancient Arabic name.) 

Thornless and without prickle?; raceme many-flowered (except no. 1) ; berry 
unarmed, rarely glendular-bristly.— Currants. 
Leaves convolute in the bud; flowers bright yellow; calyx-tube salver- 
form : var. tcnuiflorum of ". 1.1?. aureum. 

Leaves plaited in the hud; flowers rose-red varying to white. 
Leaves thin, glabrous or nearly so; var. glutinosum of 

2. 1?. sanguineum. 
Leaves thick, very rugulose, more or less white-tomentose beneath . . . 

3. R. malvaceum. 
Thorny and often prickly; leaves plaited in the bud ; raceme 1 to 4-flowered. 

-Gooseberries. 
Petals plane, fan-shaped; anthers obtuse and pointless; styles long- 

villous; berry glabrous 4. R. divaricatum. 

Petals involute; anthers sagittate, mucronate-tipped; styles glabrous; 
berry prickly. 
Calyx greenish white 5. R. Victoria. 



SAXIFRAGE FAMILY. 273 

Calyx greenish, glabrous exteriorly; soft bristles of the ovary non- 
glandular 6. jR. Calif ornicum. 

Calvx purplish, glandular-pubescent exteriorly; hairs of the ovary 
capitate-glandular 7. R. Menziesii. 

1. R. aureum Pursh var. tenuiflorum. Shrub 4 to 8 ft. high, 
nearly glabrous, not glandular; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, obtuse or truncate 
at base, the lobes few-toothed or incised; racemes about 1 in. long, 
loose, with few to several flowers, the bracts foliaceous and conspicu- 
ous; flowers golden yellow; calyx-tube salverform, 3 to 4 times the 
length of the oval lobes; berry yellowish, 2 lines long. — (K. tenui- 
florum Lindl. ) 

Wild-cat Creek, ace. to Behr, and southward in the Oakland Hills; 
also in the Sierra Nevada. 

2. R. sanguineum Pursh var. glutinosum Brew. & Wats, 
Flowering Currant. Erect or spreading shrub, 5 to 8 or 9 ft. 
high; bark brownish, shreddy; herbage glandular; leaves thin, 
orbicular-cordate in outline, 1 to 1| in. broad, the lobes shallow and 
rather finely serrate; petioles 1 to 1J in. long; racemes 1 to 2 in. long, 
the bracts colored; flowers rose-color, 5 lines long; pedicels 3 lines 
long, with 2 bractlets at apex; calyx reddish, the lobes elliptic, 
spreading; petals obovate, 1^ lines long, white, changing to deep 
red; stamens and style not surpassing the petals; berries blue-black, 
with bloom, 4 lines in diameter. — (R. glutinosum Benth.) 

Common near the coast in canons or on northward slopes. 
Jan. -Mar. 

3. R. malvaceum Smith. Similar to the preceding but with 
stouter branches and commonly more strictly erect and compact, 
4 to 6 ft. high; leaves thick, conspicuously rugulose, slightly scabrous 
above, more or less white-tomentose beneath; flowers rose-color or 
very pale pink; berry glaucous, somewhat hispidulous or hairy, the 
pulp soft and sweet. 

Open hills about Berkeley or in deep canons of the Vaca Mountains. 
Dec. -Jan., fruiting as early as Mar. Mr. H. A. Dutton, of Stanford 
University, notes that the racemes of this are usually erect, while 
those of B. sanguineum are drooping. 

4. R. divaricatum Dougl. Straggly Gooseberry. Four to 6 
ft. high, with long straggling branches; bark dull gray; herbage 
glandular when young; subaxillary spines 3 or more often 1; leaves 
roundish, palmately 3 to 5-cleft, the divisions incised or crenately 
toothed; petioles shorter or longer than the blades; racemes drooping; 
pedicels slender, J in. long, with a small roundish bract at base; 
flowers 5 lines long; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long, 
green without, dull purple within; petals white, fan-shaped, plane, 
less than 1 line long; stamens and style long-exserted, the latter 
deeply cleft, long-villous at the middle. 

Common in shaded canons and flats from Southern California 
northward, mostly near the coast: San Francisco; Oakland Hills; 
Marin Co. Feb. 

5. R. Victoris Greene. Victor's Gooseberry. Low bush, 

20 



274 PLATANACE.E. 

lj to 2 ft. high, the hranches of the season or preceding season 
with soft prickles and weak spines, the older branches unarmed and 
with gray-brown bark; young herbage hirsutulous and very viscid- 
glandular; leaves J to 1£ in. -long, crenately incised, distinctly 
5-lobed, the lower pair much smaller; flowers 8 lines long, on long 
(1 to 1J in.) slender pedicels which bear an ovate bract 1 line long 
close below the flower, or the bracts 2 and the flowers as many; 
sepals dull white; petals clear white, similar to no. 7; filaments 
stoutish, much surpassing the petals; fruit golden yellow, 7 or 8 
lines in diameter, densely covered w r ith slender prickles. 

Marin Co., Chesnut; near Sonoma; inner North Coast Ranges 
(Vaca Mountains), where it is the only Gooseberry, so far as known. 
Mar. 

6. R. Californicum H. & A. Hillside Gooseberry. Compact 
shrub, with more or less ilexuous branches, 2£ to 4 ft. high; leaves 
at flowering time mostly £ to f in. broad, the entire upper surface 
glandular-shining; flowers solitary (sometimes 2), 5 lines long; pedicels 
with a couple of shallowly lobed bracts at middle; calyx greenish, 
purplish-tinged, glabrous; petals white, and convolute as in no. 7; 
ovary covered with soft bristles interspersed with short gland-tipped 
hairs. 

Dry exposed slopes of the Berkeley Hills. Feb. -Mar. To be 
distinguished from the preceding by its greenish calyx which is 
glabrous externally and by the soft non-glandular bristles of the 
ovary. Doubtless not worthy of full specific rank. 

7. R. Menziesii Pursh. Caxox Gooseberry. Tall openly 
branched shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high; stems with mostly 3 strong spines 
at the nodes and also more or less prickly, especially on the sterile 
shoots; pedicels 1 or 2-flowered, the bractlet rather near the flower; 
flowers £ in. long; exterior of calyx more or less glandular-pubescent, 
its lobes lurid-purple, 3 lines long, closely reflexed; petals white, 
waxy, involute from each edge, truncate and often minutely erenulate- 
toothed at apex, 2 lines long, the stamens nearly twice as long; style 
exceeding the stamens, 2-cleft at apex; ovary covered with short 
hairs, the hairs capitate-glandular. — (R. subvestitum H. & A.) 

Outer Coast Ranges of Middle California. The flowers appear in 
Jan. or Feb. from winter buds, the scales of which are homologous 
to petioles. 

62. PLATANACE>E. Plane-tree Family. 

Large trees with alternate ample palmately lobed leaves and 
sheathing stipules; dilated base of petiole enclosing the bud of the 
next season; bark falling away in thin plates. Inflorescence con- 
sisting of spherical or head-like clusters distributed at intervals along 
a terminal very slender axis and thus appearing moniliform. Flowers 
monoecious, the staminate and the pistillate on separate axes. Calyx 
and corolla none. Stamens with long anthers and very short fila- 
ments densely crowded on a globose fleshy receptacle. Receptacle 



ROSACK.K. 275 

of pistillate heads similar, the pistils with interspersed elavate trun- 
cate bracts; ovary 1-ovuled; style one, filiform, laterally stigmatic. 
Fruit a coriaceous nutlet with tawny hairs about the base. Seed 
orthotropous, pendulous. 

1. PLATANUS L. Plane Tree. 

The only genus. (Greek platus, broad, referring to the ample 
leaves.) 

1. P. racemosa Nutt. Sycamore. Widely branching, 50 to 80 
ft. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, broader than long, 
5 to 6 in. broad, mostly 5-lobed, at base truncate or subcordate; 
lobes acute, the lower pair smaller; margin entire, save for the remote 
small and blunt cusps terminating the main veins; pistillate heads 
3 to 5; staminate heads several. 

Common tree along all large interior streams, ranging from the 
Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers westward through the Mt. 
Diablo Range to the eastern slope of Bald Peak near Berkele} r , 
Alameda Creek near Niles, Los Gatos Creek, Carnadero Creek near 
Gilroy and southward through the Coast Ranges to Southern Cali- 
fornia. Not in the North Coast Ranges so far as known to us. Mar. 

63. ROSACE/E. Kose Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, toothed or divided, ours 
with stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or cymes. 
Calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamens 10 to numer- 
ous, usually indefinite, inserted with the petals on the calyx below 
its lobes. Pistils 1 to many, distinct and free from the calyx, or 
united into a 2 to 5-celled ovary which is nearly or completely 
inferior. Fruit a follicle, an achene, a drupe, a cluster of drupelets 
(as in a blackberry), or a pome. Seeds with straight embryo; endo- 
sperm usually none. Calyx in certain genera appearing double by 
a row of bractlets borne at or near the sinuses. 

A. Ovary superior. 

Fruit dehiscent, consisting of 2 to 5 follicles; shrubs with simple leaves.— 
Spire.e (Meadow Sweet Tribe). 
Follicles dehiscent by both sutures, several-seeded; flowers in corymbs. . 

1. Opulaster. 
Follicles dehiscent by the dorsal suture or indehiscent, 1-seeded ; flowers 

in panicles . . 2. Holodiscus. 

Fruit indehiscent, consisting of 1 to many achenes or composed of drupelets 
and styled a " berry."— Rose^e (Rose Tribe). 
Shrubs 
Leaves simple; pistil 1, becoming an achene. 
Petals white; leaves linear and rigid; achene not tailed 

3. Adenostoma. 
Petals none; leaves broadly obovate; achene with long plumose tail . . 

4. Cercocarpus. 
Leaves pinnately compound; pistils many, disposed on the inside of a 

globose or urn-shaped calyx-tube which is lined by the receptacle 
and in fruit termed a " hip; " stems prickly. ... 5. Rosa. 
Leaves simple or compound ; pistils many on a convex receptacle, 
becoming drupelets which are coherent and form the fruit called 
a " berry" 6. Rubus. 



276 ROSACEA. 



Herbs. 
Perennials. 
Pistils many on a convex receptacle, becoming achenes; calyx with a 
row of bractlets alternating with the sepals. 

Receptacle fleshy; leaves 3-foliolate 7. Fragaria. 

Receptacle dry; leaves digitate or pinnate . . . 8. Potentilla. 

Pistil 1; leaves pinnate. 
Petals yellow; prickles of calyx hooked at tip . . 9. Agrimonia. 
Petals none; prickles of calyx straight, but retrorsely barbed .... 

10. ACvENA. 

Annuals; diminutive plants, with palmately divided leaves; petals 
none; pistil (in ours) 1, becoming an achene . . . . 11. Alchemilla. 
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and early-falling stipules; fruit a drupe. 
—Drupes (Cherry Tribe). 

Flowers dioecious; pistils 5; drupes 1 to 4 12. Osmaronia. 

Flowers perfect; drupe solitary. 
Leaves conduplicate in the bud ; drupe without bloom ; stone spherical. 

13. Cerasus. 
Leaves convolute in the bud; drupe with bloom; stone compressed . . 

14. Prunus. 
B. Ovary inferior. 

Trees and shrubs with simple leaves and free- stipules; fruit a pome, con- 
sisting of a 2 to 5-celled ovary which is enclosed in and mostly adherent 
to the fleshy calyx-tube.— Pomea: (Apple Tribe). 
Leaves evergreen, coriaceous; flowers small, numerous in a corymbose 
panicle; fruit bright red, the 2 carpels enclosed in the berry-like 

calyx 15. Heteromeles. 

Leaves deciduous. 
Flowers in corymbs ; ovary 2 to 5-celled. 
Pome drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 bony stones, either separable or 

united into one; branches bearing thorns .... 16. Crat^gus. 
Pome containing 2 to 5 papery or cartilaginous carpels, each 2-seeded . 

17. Malus. 
Flowers in racemes, showy; ovary 5-celled, each cell in fruit becoming 
2-ceried by a partition from the back 18. Amelanchier. 

1. OPULASTER Medic. Nine Bark. 

Diffuse shrubs with reddish brown shreddy bark. Leaves simple; 
stipules deciduous. Flowers white, in corymbs terminating lateral 
leafy branchlets. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, 
rounded, equal. Stamens 20 to 24. Pistils 1 to 5, mostly 3, some- 
what united toward the base, becoming as many inflated 2 to 4-seeded 
follicles dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds crustaceous, shining, 
with copious endosperm.— (Opulus, ancient Latin name of a kind of 
maple tree, and aster, a suffix meaning wild.) 

1. O. opulifolius (L.) Kuntze var. capitatus. Three to 5 ft. 
high or often with sucker-like stems nearly twice as long, commonly 
forming with other shrubs and with climbers a dense tangle; leaves 
roundish or ovate, 3-lobed and irregularly serrate, glabrous or 
scabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath, 1 to 2 in. long, on peti- 
oles £ in. long or more; leaves of sterile shoots similar but larger; 
pedicels and calyx pubescent; corymbs hemispherical, f to 1 in. 
high; petals 1J lines long; stamens alternately long and short; pods 
divergent, commonly 3 to 4 lines long, splitting into 2 valves. — 
(Neillia capitata Greene.) 

Common along streams in the hills, often gregarious on steep north 
hillsides: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley and northward; 
apparently not occurring in the inner. North Coast or Mt. Diablo 



ROSE FAMILY. 277 

Ranges, but found in the Sierra Nevada. Apr. Winter buds 
narrowly oblong, acute, h in. long, the scales homologous with 
petioles. The sucker-like growths of a single year sometimes attain 
a length of 8 ft. 

2. HOLODISCUS Maxim. 

Deciduous shrubs with toothed or lobed leaves and no stipules. 
Flowers creamy-white, small, numerous in terminal panicles. 
Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Stamens 20, on a ring-like perigynous 
disk. Petals 5, rounded. Pistils 5, distinct, alternate with the 
calyx-lobes. Follicles hairy, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent or indehis- 
cent. (Greek holo, whole or complete, and diskos, a disk.) 

1. H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim, var. ariaefolius (Wats). Cali- 
fornia Meadow Sweet. Shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves ovate to 
ovate-elliptic in outline, green above, whitish beneath with soft hairs, 
coarsely serrate or incised above the entire truncate or broadly cuneate 
base, | to 3 in. long, on petioles 2 to 6 lines long; panicle ample, 3 to 
8 in. long, often half drooping in anthesis; flowers 1^ lines long; 
follicles about 1 line long. — (Spiraea aritefolia Smith.) 

Common in wooded canons of the Coast Range hills. 

3. ADENOSTOMA H. & A. 

Evergreen shrubs with somewhat resinous herbage. Leaves linear, 
rigid, entire, small, numerous and mostly fascicled. Flowers small, 
white, disposed in a terminal and rather close pyramidal panicle, the 
branches of which are racemose. Calyx obconical, 5-lobed,- 10-ribbed, 
with small bracts at base, the orifice bearing 5 glands. Petals 5. 
Stamens 10 to 15, inserted 2 or 3 together, alternate with the petals. 
Pistil 1, simple; ovary obovoid, 1-celled; ovules 1 or 2, suspended; 
style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma. Fruit an 
achene, covered by the indurated calyx-tube. (Creek aden, gland, 
and stoma, mouth, in allusion to the calyx.) 

1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Chamisal. Bush, 2 to 10 ft. high, 
with virgate branches clothed with leaf- fascicles; leaves linear or 
rather broader towards the apex, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules small, 
acute; flowers crowded, sessile; calyx 1 line long; petals orbicular, 
spreading. 

The most abundant and characteristic bush of the higher Coast 
Eanges, commonly gregarious and occupying (to the exclusion of 
other shrubs) extensive slopes and mountain ridges, such vegetation 
known to mountaineers as "Chamisal," " Chamiso " or "Grease- 
wood." It often forms a distinct zone, as in the Sierras, between 
the foothills and the Yellow Pine belt. June. The leaves of seed- 
lings are pinnately dissected into 3 to 5 lobes. 

4. CERCOCARPUS HBK. 

. Shrubs or low trees with simple leaves. Flowers from winter buds, 
solitary or fascicled, terminal on the short branchlets. Calyx consisting 
of a slender pedicel-like tube surmounted by the low hemispherical 



278 ROSACEA. 

(or broadly campanulate) limb; limb with broad short triangular 
teeth, the whole limb deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous, 
borne in 2 or 3 rows on the calyx. Pistil one, with a single long 
style and terminal stigma; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a terete 
villous achene enclosed in the elongated calyx-tube and surmounted 
by the very much elongated twisted soft-hairy st} T le. (Greek kerkis, 
a shuttle, and karpos, a fruit, in reference to the achene and its 
twisted tail.) 

1. C. betulaefolius Nutt. Mountain Mahogany. Shrub or 
small tree, 6 to 14 ft. high, the stem with a gray thin flaky bark; 
branches spreading or recurving; leaves subcoriaceous, broadly obo- 
vate, serrate above the middle, cuneate and entire towards the base, 
conspicuously feather- veined, dark green and shining above, pubes- 
cent beneath; calyx-limb open campanulate, 3 lines broad, the tube 
in fruit becoming J in. long, of a reddish brown color, somewhat 
contracted above; stamens 25 to 60; achene coriaceous, the hairy style 
3 in. long or less. 

Common in the Coast Kanges, mostly at middle or high elevations, 
from the Yallo Bally Mountains southward. Flowering in Mar., but 
more conspicuous in late summer on account of the long feathery 
tails of the fruit. 

5. ROSA L. Rose. 

Shrubby prickly plants with odd-pinnate leaves and adnate stipules. 
Flowers large, ours mostly pink, solitary or corymbose. Calyx-tube 
globose or urn-shaped, becoming fleshy in fruit; calyx-limb 5-parted. 
Bractlets none. Petals 5 (rarely .6, 7 or 8), rounded, spreading,, 
inserted with the numerous stamens on the edge of the thin disk 
which lines the calyx-tube and bears within and toward the base the 
numerous distinct pistils. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony acbenes. 
Acbenes enclosed in the globose or urn-shaped calyx-tube, which is- 
popularly termed a "hip." (The Latin name.) 

Flowers solitary, or 2 or 3 in a cluster; calyx-lobes [deciduous from the fruit- 

1. R. gymnocarpa. 
Flowers few to many in a corymb; calyx-lobes persistent in fruit. 

Calyx-lobes soft-pubescent outside; plants 3 to 5 ft. high or more 

2. R. Californica. 
Calyx-lobes glandular-hispid outside: var. Sonomensis of 3. R. spithamxa. 

1. R. gymnocarpa Nutt. Wood Rose. Slender, 1 to 3 ft. high, 
glabrous, the branchlets and rachis of the leaves armed with long 
slender straight prickles, or sometimes nearly unarmed; leaves 2 or 3 
in. long; leaflets 3 or commonly 5, elliptic or roundish, 3 to 9 lines 
long, doubly serrate, the minute teeth gland-tipped; flowers generally 
solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; corolla 7 to 10 lines broad; pedicels 
glabrous or more frequently clothed with gland-tipped hairs; calyx- 
lobes at length deciduous; hips ovate or pear-shaped, red, 4 to 7 
lines long. 

Shady woods or among bushes on north slopes in the hills, or often, 
near streams. 

2. R. Californica C. & S. California Wild Rose. Erect, 



ROSE FAMILY. 279 

branching shrub 3 to 5 ft. high or more; prickles few, stout, recurved, 
mostly in pairs below the leaves; leaves pubescent, especially on the 
lower surface; leaflets 5 or commonly 7, ovate to elliptic, f to 1^ in. 
long; flowers in terminal corymbs, 1 to 1^ in. broad; pedicels glandu- 
lar-pubescent; hips globose, 4 to 6 lines broad, somewhat constricted 
below the calyx-lobes. 

Common everywhere along river and creek banks throughout 
California, often forming small thickets. Flowering most freely in 
June, the hips ripe Aug. -Oct. 

3. R. spithamaea Wats. var. Sonomensis. Sonoma Rose. 
Branches several from the base, erect, mostly simple, 9 to 12 in. high, 
densely armed with stout straight or slightly recurved prickles; 
leaflets 5, broadly ovate, 4 to 8 lines long, serrate, with the teeth 
minutely glandular-denticulate; flowers small, several in a corymb; 
hips globose, 3 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, glandu- 
lar-hispid, rather closely erect in fruit. — (R. Sonomensis Greene, j 

Rare montane species, on high dry slopes: Sonoma Co., Greene; 
Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Saratoga, Santa Clara Co., Davy. R. 
spithavlea Wats., Mountain Rose, is found in Trinity Co. 

6. RUBUS L. 

Ours shrubs, either erect or with long trailing or climbing prickly 
or unarmed stems and branches. Leaves simple, or pinnately com- 
pound with 3 to 5 leaflets. Calyx 5-parted, without bractlets. 
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, crowded on an elevated 
receptacle, becoming drupelets which are united to each other and 
form the aggregate fruit called a blackberry or raspberry. (Latin 
name, allied to ruber, red.) 

Fruit conical or hemispherical, concave beneath, the drupelets parting 
from the receptacle as a whole when ripe. 
Stems unarmed; leaves simple, palmately lobed: var. velutinus of .... 

1. R. parviflorus. 
Stems prickly; leaflets 3-foliolate. 

Flowers red; leaves pubescent or silky beneath: var. Menziesii of . . . . 

2. R. spectabilis. 
Flowers white; leaves white-tomentose beneath . . . . 3. R. leucodermis. 

Fruit oblong, the drupelets persistent upon the receptacle; leaves mostly 3 

to 5-foliolate, a few simple; stems and leaves very prickly 

4. R. vitifolius. 

1. R. parviflorus Nutt. var. velutinus (Brewer) Greene. 
Thimble- Berry. Commonly 3 or 4 ft. high; herbage hispid, the 
pubescence of the petioles and stems more or less glandular; leaves 
palmately 5-lobed, circular in outline, 3 to 7 in. broad, mucronate- 
serrate; petioles shorter than the blade; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; 
flowers about 4 to 7 in terminal corymbs, white (rarely pinkish), 1 to 
3 in. broad, very variable in the number of sepals and petals; lobes of 
sepals ovate, terminated by a tail-like or sometimes foliaceous 
appendage often of nearly the same length; petals elliptic. 

Common along canon streams in the hill country near the coast: 
Monterey; Oakland Hills; Napa Mountains; Sonoma Co. and north- 
ward. May. 



280 ROSACEA. 

2. R. spectabilis Pursh var. Menziesii Wats. Salmon Berry. 
Three to 9 ft. high, the stems with reddish brown bark and sparingly 
armed, or the canes (sterile shoots) very prickly; prickles short, 
straight; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, doubly serrate, often more 
or less lobed, 1 to 2 in. long, lightly pubescent or silky beneath; 
flowers 1 to 3 in a cluster; petals red, 6 to 7 lines long; fruit large, 
ovoid, red or yellow, glabrous. 

Margins of woods and along streams in the vicinity of the ocean: 
Marin Co. (common on Point Keyes) and northward. Apr. 

3. R. leucodermis Dougl. Raspberry. Plants with very 
long and straggling branches, these and the petioles freely armed 
with short recurved prickles; herbage glaucous; leaves 3-foliolate; 
stipules setaceous; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often unequal- 
sided at base, doubly serrate, f to 2 in. long, pubescent but green 
above,, white with a dense close tome n turn below; flowers few, 
corymbose, white, 6 lines broad; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, 
exceeding the petals; fruit glaucous, of an agreeable flavor, either 
black or red. 

Rarely collected within our limits: Santa Cruz Mountains; Sonoma 
Co. Frequent in northern California. Sierra Nevada. 

4. R.vitifolius C. & S. Common Blackberry. Stems a few 
ft. high, and more or less erect, or 8 to 18 ft. long and trailing over 
the ground or climbing over other shrubs; leaves pubescent or almost 
glabrous, all pinnately 3 to 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, doubly 
serrate, f to 2J in. long, or sometimes a few upper leaves simple and 
ovate or palmately lobed; petals 8 or 9 lines long; fruit black, 
oblong, sweet. 

Common along creeks and rivers in the valleys and among the hills 
of the Coast Range country and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. 

7. FR AGAR I A L. Strawberry. 
Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners. Leaves 
tufted, 3-foliolate, with membranous stipules and cuneate-obovate 
serrate leaflets. Flowers white, borne in cymes on a naked scape. 
Calyx persistent, bearing 5 bractlets alternate with the calyx-lobes. 
Petals obovate, short-clawed. Pistils numerous, distinct, borne on 
an elevated convex receptacle; styles lateral. Fruit berry-like, 
formed of the enlarged succulent receptacle which bears the minute 
seed-like achenes. (Name in reference to the fragrance of the berry.) 

Leaves thin, light green; achenes borne on the surface of the receptacle . . 

1. F. Californica. 
Leaves thicker, dark green; achenes partly imbedded in the surface of the 
receptacle 2. F. Chilensis. 

1. F. Californica C. & S. Wood Strawberry. Herbage pilose; 
leaflets thin, light green, I to 1|- in. long; scapes 4 or 5 in. high, 
cymosely 2-flowered; sepals and bractlets laciniately 2 or 3-toothed 
or entire; petals orbicular with a small abruptly acute point at apex, 
or the margin near the apex slightly crimped, 3 to 4 lines long; fruit 
globose, about 4 lines in diameter, the achenes borne superficially. 



ROSE FAMILY. 281 

Woods of the Coast Ranges, from upper Napa Valley southward. 
Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Feh.-May. 

2. F. Chilensis Duchesne. Saxd Strawberry. Runners 
rather stout; upper surface of leaves glabrous, the herbage otherwise 
densely pubescent with long weak hairs (especially the under surface 
of the leaves) and often, also, with a tine indument; leaves of firm 
texture, dark green, the leaflets I to 1 in. long; scapes several-flowered, 
1 to 4 in. high; flowers 1 in. in diameter, said by Greene to be 
dioecious; sepals entire; petals roundish, 4 to 6 lines long; receptacle 
with the achenes embedded in its surface. 

Sandbanks and hills near the sea from San Francisco northward. 
Mar. -May. 

8. POTENTILLA L. Five Fixger. 
Perennial herbs (or some species of the High Sierras suffrutescent), 
with compound leaves and serrate or cleft leaflets. Flowers in ours 
white or yellow, in terminal cymes. Calyx saucer-shaped, campanu- 
late, or cup-shaped, cleft into 5 lobes, with as many alternate bractlets 
at the sinuses. Petals orbicular to linear. Stamens 10 to many, the 
filaments filiform or variously dilated. Pistils many or numerous, 
borne upon an elevated receptacle, becoming in fruit small turgid 
•crustaceous achenes; styles lateral or nearly terminal, deciduous. 
(Diminutive of the Latin potens, powerful, some species used medici- 
nally.) 

Stamens 10 to many; filaments filiform; petals yellow, obovate, not clawed. 
Stamens 10 (?) ; leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stems erect or ascending . . . 

2. P. millegrana. 
Stamens 20 to 25; leaves pinnate, 

White-silky beneath; creeping herb 1. P. Anserina. 

Green on both faces; stems erect 3. P. glandulosa. 

Stamens 10 in 2 rows, alternately long and short; filaments dilated through- 
out or at base only ;' petals white, obovate or linear, often clawed. 
Cymes disposed to be lax; bractlets mostly as large as the calyx-lobes. 
Herbage glandular-pubescent and green ; bractlets entire or toothed. 
Calyx short-campanulate; leaflets sharply toothed or sparingly incised; 

stems slender 4. P. multijuga. 

Calyx cup-shaped. 
Leaflets toothed or incised at apex; stems stout. . . 5. P. Californica. 
Leaflets incisely once or twice cleft; stems slender. . 6. P. elata. 

Herbage white-silky, glandless ; bractlets entire 7. P. Kelloggii. 

Cymes more condensed; bractlets smaller than the calyx-lobes; stems 
sparingly leafy, the leaves mostly in a radical tuft. 
Lobes of the leaflets obtuse; petals' notched at apex. . . 8. P. tenuiloba. 
Teeth or short lobes of the leaflets acute; petals entire . 9. P. Bolanderi. 

1. P. Anserina L. Goose-grass. Root perennial, thick, bearing 
a tuft of leaves, stems and peduncles; stems slender, prostrate, rooting 
at each joint; flowers one to several, long-peduncled; leaves white- 
silky beneath, green above; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones inter- 
posed, oblong, sharply serrate; bractlets about equaling the calyx- 
lobes; petals rounded, much exceeding the calyx; stamens 20 to 25; 
receptacle hairy. 

Marshy or springy places along the seacoast (San Francisco, Marin 
Co. and elsewhere). Sierra Nevada. Apr.-Aug. 



282 ROSACEA. 

2. P. millegrana Engelm. Stems erect or ascending, leafy up to 
the inflorescence; leaves ternately 3-foliolate, the lower on long 
slender petioles; leaflets cuneate-obovate or roundish, serrate towards 
the apex, about £ in. long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers- 
very numerous in lax cymes; stamens about 10; achenes white. — 
(P. rivalis var. millegrana Wats.) 

Lower San Joaquin Kiver. 

3. P. glandulosa Lindl. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, glandular- 
pubescent above; radical leaves 4 to 8 or even 15 in. long; leaflets 5 
or 7 (or those of the uppermost leaves 3), broadly ovate or obovate 
with cuneate base, 1 to 3 in. long; cyme lax, leafy-bracted; flowers 
small,* the pale yellow obovoid petals scarcely equaling the calyx; 
stamens 25, in one row on the margin of the thickened disk; style 
attached below the middle of the ovary. 

Wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Napa Valley- 
hills; Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula. Not reported from 
the inner Coast Ranges. Apr. -May. The var. Nevadensis Wats, 
occurs in the Sierras. 

4. P. multijuga Lehm. Herbage glandular; stems erect, 1 ft. 
high, the leaves mostly at base; leaflets 17 to 23, or the terminal ones 
more or less confluent, roundish to cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed 
except at the very base, 5 to 6 lines long; calyx short-campanulate r 
the bractlets entire, smaller than the lobes; petals narrowly oblong,, 
white, spreading; fllaments subulate-dilated, the alternate little shorter. 

Monterey to Santa Barbara; to be expected at Santa Cruz. Very 
doubtfully distinct from the next. 

5. P. Californica (C. & S.) Greene. Stems stoutish, 1 to 2 ft. high; 
herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves mostly radical; leaflets thickish, 
9 to 21 (or the upper leaves with fewer leaflets), cuneate-obovate to 
-oblong, toothed or incised at the apex, J to 1 in: or less long; flowers 
solitary, or commonly in dense clusters in a cymose-dichotomous 
inflorescence; calyx cup-shaped, 4 to 6 lines high, about equaling the 
spatulate petals; bractlets exceeding the sepals, sometimes 3-toothed 
at the broad apex. — (Horkelia Californica C. & S.) 

Wooded slopes of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Oakland 
Hills. 

Var. Carmeliana. Stems slender, If to 2\ ft. high, leafy; leaflets 
9 to 17, thin, ovate, incised-serrate, mostly about \ in. long; calyx- 
tube becoming purplish in age. — Carmel River, Jepson, Aug. 1896; 
a form as to habit intermediate between P. Californica on the one 
hand, and P. elata and P. tenuiloba on the other. 

The following is a closely allied species not seen by us: — P. fron- 
DOSA Greene. Erect or decumbent, 1£ to 3 ft. high, leafy through- 
out, viscidly hirsute and heavy scented; leaflets 5 to 9, doubly incised; 
stipules ovate-lanceolate, coarsely incised; cyme widely spreading, 
loose and leafy; calyx short-campanulate, the spreading bractlets 
exceeding the cal3 T x-lobes, 3-toothed at apex; petals ligulate; stamens 
very unequal. —Near Martinez and Santa Cruz. 



ROSE FAMILY. 283 

6. P. elata Greene. One and one-half to 2 ft. high; herbage 
glandular, pilose-pubescent; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, the leaflets 
16 to 19, thin, cuneate-obovate, J in. long or less, once or twice 
ineisely cleft; flowers solitary or in 3's; bractlets of the calyx equal- 
ing the segments, lanceolate; petals spatulate, white; stamens 10, 
5 short and with filiform filaments, the other 5 with filaments deltoid- 
dilated at base. 

Middle North Coast Eanges from Howell Mountain and Calistoga 
northward to Elk Mountain, Lake Co. July. 

7. P. Kelloggii Greene. Stems stout, ascending or reclining, 1 to 
2 ft. long; herbage glandless, white-silky with short dense hairs; 
radical leaves 4 to 10 in. long, the leaflets obovate, coarsely toothed, 
h to 1 in. long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, its lobes lanceolate, equaled 
by the oblong entire bractlets; petals white, spatulate-oblong, 3 lines 
long. — (Horkelia Californica C. & S. var. sericea Gray.) 

Alameda to Pacific Grove. June. Fragrant ace. to Kellogg, 
scentless ace. to Greene. 

8. P. tenuiloba (Gray) Greene. Stems about 1 ft. high; radical 
leaves 4 to 6 in. long, mostly villous with grayish hairs; leaflets 8 to 
15 pairs, 2 or 3 lines long, cuneate-obovate, deeply 4 to 8-cleft into 
linear lobes, the segments rather less than J line wide; upper leaves 
with fewer leaflets, these narrow and few-lobed or linear and entire; 
flowers in close cymes; calyx 2 lines long, with linear lobes; petals 
narrowly cuneate, notched at apex, exceeding the calyx. — (Horkelia 
fusca var. tenuiloba Torr.) 

Laguna of Santa Kosa Creek, Bigelow, 1854. Very rarely collected. 

Yar. Micheneri (P. Micheneri Greene). Leaves 3 in. long, 
glabrous when young, glabrate in age; leaflets crowded, the lobes 
narrowly oblong, obtuse; cymes very much condensed; petals cuneate- 
obcordate; filaments broadly dilated, of nearly uniform breadth from 
base to apex. — Mt. Tamalpais, Michener, June 1, 1892. 

9. P. Bolanderi (Gray) Greene. Leaves tufted from the branch- 
ing crown of a perennial root, hoary-pubescent, 1 to 2 in. long;. leaf- 
lets cuneate-obovate, 2 or 3 lines long, toothed or cleft at apex,' the 
teeth acute; flowering branches very sparingly leafy, 2 to 10 in. high, 
the flowers in a rather open cyme; calyx 2 lines long, about equaling 
the white oblong-spatulate petals; calyx-lobes and bractlets lanceolate; 
achenes minutely granular. — (Horkelia Bolanderi Gray.) 

Dry hills about the southern shores of Clear Lake; to be expected 
in northeastern Napa Co. July. 

9. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony. 
Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. Flowers 
yellow, in racemes. Bi-acts 3-cleft. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted 
at the throat and the upper part beset with a ring of hooked prickles, 
indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; calyx-limb 5-cleft, the 
lobes closing over the throat after flowering. Stamens 5 to 15. 
Styles terminal. (Name a corruption of the Greek word argema, a 
disease of the eye, the plants reputed to be medicinal.) 



284 ROSACEA. 

1. A. gyrosepala "Wallr. Common Agrimony. Stems erect, 2 to 
3 ft. high; herbage glandular, and both hirsute and puberulent; leaflets 
5 or 7, with interposed smaller ones, ovate or obovate, 3£ in. long or 
less, coarsely toothed, entire at the base; terminal leaflet usually 
largest and cuneate at base; flowers 2£ lines long. — (A. Eupatoria of 
Bot. Cal., etc.) 

Borders of woods in the mountains: Elk Mountain, Lake Co.; 
northern Sierra Nevada. 

10. AC/ENA L. 

Perennial herbs with a woody base, pinnate leaves and pinnatifid 
leaflets. Flowers in more or less crowded spikes. Calyx persistent, 
its tube oblong, contracted at the throat, at length armed with 
retrorsely barbed prickles; limb 3 to 7-parted, valvate, deciduous. 
Petals none. Stamens commonly 3 to 5, but varying from 1 to 10. 
Pistils 1 or 2, free and distinet; style terminal; ovule solitary, 
suspended. Achene enclosed in the indurated calyx. (Greek akaina, 
a thorn, in reference to the spines on the calyx.) 

1. A. trifida R. & P. Flowering steins erect with decumbent 
base, 5 to 13 in. high, sometimes almost naked, the leaves borne 
mostly at base or tufted on the short woody branches crowning the 
perennial root; herbage villous, especially when young, and more or 
less silky on the under surface of the leaves; leaflets 11 to 17, nearly 
uniform, 3 to 4 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments; 
flowers green, in a crowded spike, or the lower flowers remote; calyx- 
tube white-hirsute with short hairs and armed with slender prickles, 
in fruit 4-angled; stamens dark purple; achene round-oblong.. 

Dry or rocky soil of hilltops in the Coast Ranges near the ocean 
from Marin Co. and the Oakland Hills to the Gabilan Range and 
Monterey. June. 

11. ALCHEMILLA L. Lady's Mantle. 

Ours a diminutive annual herb with palmately lobed leaves and 
sheathing stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, pediceled and fas- 
cicled in the axils. Calyx persistent, its tube pitcher-shaped, i. e., 
enlarged above the base and somewhat contracted at the throat; 
limb 4 or 5-parted and bearing an equal number of alternate bractlets, 
or these minute or obsolete. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. Pistils 
1 to 4 (in ours 1), distinct, the slender style lateral or arising from 
near the base. Achene ovate, slightly compressed, smooth, concealed 
in the tube of the persistent calyx. (So named because valued in 
alchemy.) 

1. A. arvensis (L.) Scop. Simple or commonly branching from 
the base, 1 to 3 in. high or more, the branches slender and flower- 
bearing throughout; herbage scantily pubescent with soft hairs; 
leaves fan-shaped, 3-parted, the segments 2 or 3-cleft; calyx about \ 
line long, the tube usually densely hirsute and much contracted 
under the lobes. 

Hills and plains; common. Apr. A sheet of specimens (identical 



ROSE FAMILY. 285 

in habit and aspect) collected by Bioletti at Byron, Apr. 8, 1892, 
exhibit on different individuals calyces densely hirsute and calyces 
perfectly glabrous. 

12. OSMARONIA Greene. 

Shrub with simple entire deciduous leaves and caducous stipules. 
Flowers dicecious, white, fragrant, in nodding racemes terminating 
leafy branchlets. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous. 
Petals erect in the pistillate flower, spreading in the staminate. 
Stamens of staminate flower 15, in 3 rows, 10 inserted with the 
petals, 5 inserted lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube; 
stamens of pistillate flower present but abortive. Pistils 5, simple, 
free and distinct, glabrous; styles short, lateral, jointed at base; 
ovules 2 to each ovary, pendulous. Fruit consisting of 1 to 4 ovoid 
drupes with a thin pulp and bony stone. Seed solitary; cotyledons 
convolute. (Osme, Greek adjective meaning fragrant, and Aroma, a 
genus founded by Persoon and now referred to Amelanchier.) 

1. O. cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene. Oso Berry. Three to 
9 ft. high, the branchlets reddish; leaves glabrous, broadly oblong, 
narrowed to each end, mucronate, 1^ to 2\ in. long when mature, 
short-petioled; racemes with conspicuous bracts, several from leafy 
winter buds, rarely solitary; petals of staminate flower ovate, 3 lines 
long; petals of pistillate flower spatulate or obovate, 2 lines long; 
drupes blue-black, 5 to 7 lines long, the pulp bitter. — (Nuttallia 
cerasiformis T. & G.) 

Frequent in the outer (or seaward) Coast Kanges (Marin Co., San 
Francisco, Oakland Hills); rare in the inner Coast Ranges (Mt. 
Diablo; Tolenas Springs, Solano Co., Piatt). Mar. -Apr., fruiting in 
July. Scales of the winter buds homologous with blades. 

13. CERASUS L. Cherry. 
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, serrate, conduplicate in the bud. 
Flowers white, in corymbs or in racemes from lateral buds. Calyx 
5-cleft, deciduous after flowering. Stamens 15 to 30. Pistil 1; style 
terminal. Drupe globose, without bloom; flesh in our species sweet 
or bitter; stone globose, not prominently margined. (Greek kerasos, 
the cherry tree, the name from Cerasus in Pontus. ) 

Leaves deciduous, serrate or serrulate. 
Flowers in corymbs; leaves commonly with 1 or 2 glands near base of 

blade 1. C. emarginata. 

Flowers in racemes, the peduncle leafy; petiole with 1 or 2 glands below 

the blade 2. C. demissa. 

Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, spinose-toothed; flowers in racemes, the 
peduncle leafless 3. C. ilicifolia. 

1. C. emarginata Dougl. Red Cherry. Shrub 3 to 8 ft. high, 
with smooth dull red bark; leaves ovate or more commonly oblong- 
obovate, mostly obtuse,, finely serrulate, f to 1J in. long, on petioles 
1 to 3 lines long; blade with 1 or 2 glands just above junction with 
petiole; flowers in short corymbs; fruit 4 or 5 lines long, bright red, 
the pulp intensely bitter. 



286 ROSACEA. 

Frequent in the Sierra Nevada; rare in the region of San 
Francisco Bay (Oakland Hills; Mt. Tamalpais). 

2. C. demissa Nutt. Western Choke-cherry. Erect slender 
deciduous shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high; leaves oblong-ovate or more 
commonly oblong-obovate, acute at apex or abruptly short-pointed, 
finely serrate, 1 to 3 in. long; petioles \ in. long, with 1 or 2 glands 
just below its summit; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, terminating more or 
less- leafy peduncles; drupe red or dark purple, 3£ lines long, 
astringent. 

Common: Sierra Nevada Mountains; middle North Coast Ranges 
(Napa Mountains); Oakland Hills; Mt. Hamilton, Greene. Rare on 
the seaboard or altogether absent. Last of Apr. -June. 

3. C. ilicifolia Nutt. Islay. Evergreen, 8 to 18 ft. high; leaves 
coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse, spinose-toothed, 1 to 2 
in. long, short-petioled; racemes 1 to 2\ in. long, on axillary leafless 
peduncles; flowers 2 lines long; drupe red or dark purple, 6 to 8 
lines thick, slightly obcompressed, apiculate; flesh thin, sweetish 
when ripe. 

Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula; Loma Prieta and south- 
ward to Santa Barbara. May-June. 

14. PR UN US L. Plum. 

Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, serrate, convolute in the 
bud; stipules free, small or minute. Flowers in umbels borne on the 
wood of the previous season, appearing before or with the leaves. 
Calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil as in Cerasus. Fruit an ovoid 
drupe with fleshy sarcocarp of an acid taste and bony stone. Stone 
smooth, compressed, acutely edged on one margin and grooved on the 
■other. (Classical name of the Plum.) 

1. P. subcordata Benth. Sierra Plum. Shrub 5 to 7 ft. high 
or sometimes arborescent and 10 ft. high, with crooked and rough 
gray-brown branches, and more or less spinescent branchlets; leaves 
ovate, elliptic to almost round, obtuse or truncate at base, rarely 
subcordate, 2 in. long or less, on petioles 2 or 3 lines long; flowers 
appearing with the leaves, 2 to 4 in a cluster, on pedicels \ in. long; 
sepals linear or slightly acute, \\ lines long; petals obovate, somewhat 
concave, 4 lines long; stamens 25 or 30; drupe red, f to nearly 1 in. 
long, the pulp rather hard but more or less edible. 

Sierra Foothills, more abundant northward. Coast Ranges: Vaca 
Mountains; Napa Mountains; Oakland Hills. Apr. 

15. HETEROMELES Roam. 
Evergreen shrub with simple coriaceous serrate leaves. Flowers 
white, small, numerous, in terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx 
turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 10, in pairs oppo- 
site the calyx-teeth; filaments dilated at base and somewhat connate. 
Pistils 2, lightly united, tomentose above, and only half-adherent to 
the fleshy calyx-tube, the thickened persistent calyx-teeth closed 



ROSE FAMILY. 287 

over them. Fruit bright red, berry-like, ovoid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each 
cell. (Greek heteros, "different, and melon, an apple.) 

1. H. arbutifolia Roem. Christmas Berry. Totok. Shrub, 
rarely a small tree, 5 to 15 or 20 ft. high; leaves oblong, acute at 
base and apex, dark green, lighter beneath, sharply serrate, 2 to 4 in. 
long, on petioles £ to f in. long; panicle in anthesis rather dense, 2 
or 3 in. high; corolla 2£ lines in diameter; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the 
seeds obovate, flat on one side, convex on the other, £ as long. 

Common on mountain sides and along streams everywhere in the 
Coast Ranges, flowering in July. It is one of the showiest of Cali- 
fornian shrubs when covered from Nov. to Jan. with its fine clusters 
of crimson berries. 

16. CRATAEGUS L. Thorn. 

Thorny shrubs with simple toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers 
mostly white, heavy-scented, corymbose. Calyx-tube urn-shaped. 
Petals rounded. Stamens 5 to 20. Ovary inferior, or its summit 
free, 2 to 5-celled, or the carpels merely contiguous and not united; 
styles distinct. Pome more or less drupe-like, red or purple, con- 
taining 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets, these united or separable; calyx- 
teeth persistent. (Greek kratos, strength, in reference to the wood.) 

1. C. rivularis Nutt. Shrub 9 to 14 ft. high; thorns stout, 2\ in. 
long; leaves elliptic to obovate, doubly serrate, entire towards the 
base and often cuneate, shortly petioled, \\ to 2f in. long; fruit 
reddish-brown (or nearly black?), 3 or 4 lines long. 

Common in Oregon and northwestern California but rare within 
•our limits: forming thickets in Sonoma Co., Davy, Baker. 

17. MALUS Juss. Apple. 

Trees or shrubs with simple deciduous leaves and stipules which 
disappear early. Flowers white or pink, in corymbs. Calyx-tube 
urn-shaped. Petals rounded, with claws. Styles usually 5, united 
at base; ovules 2 in each cell of the inferior ovary, the carpels more 
or less coriaceous. Fruit a pome, commonly depressed-globose and 
sunken at each end. (Latin name of the apple.) 

1. M. rivularis (Dougl.) Roem. Oregon Crab Apple. Shrub 
or small tree, 12 to 20 ft. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, less than 1 
to 4 in. long, on petioles ^ or \ as long; pedicels mostly less than 1 in. 
long; petals white, broadly elliptic, 3 or 4 lines long; fruit variable in 
■color, yellow or partly or wholly red, obovate-oblong, not sunken at 
base, ^ to § in. long; calyx-lobes at length deciduous (ace. to 
Watson). — (Pyrus rivularis Dougl.) 

North Coast Ranges: Sonoma Co.; "Soda Springs, Napa Valley, 
tree 25 to 30 ft. high, 8 in. [in diameter] at base, 6 in. at 6 ft. where 
it branches with the beauty of an elm." Kellogg; Mendocino Co. 
and northward to Oregon. May. 

18. AMELANCHIER Medic. June Berry. 
Shrubs or small trees with simple serrate leaves. Flowers white in 



288 leguminos^e. 

racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary, 
the limb 5-parted, the lobes narrow, retlexed, and persistent. Petals 
5, ascending. Stamens indefinite, about 20, the outer row with 
longer filaments. Pistil 1; styles 5, united below; ovary partly or 
wholly inferior, 5-celled, each cell in fruit divided into 2 by a par- 
tition from the back. Fruit berry-like, globose, the cells 1-seeded. 
(Savoy name of the Medlar.) 

1. A. alnifolia Nutt. Shrub 8 to 15 ft. high; leaves mostly 
elliptic, sharply serrate near the apex or less commonly entire, f to 1^ 
in. long; petioles 4 to 6 lines long; racemes short and rather dense; 
petals broadly oblong, or somewhat cuneate at base, 5 lines long; 
fruit purplish, 2£ or 3 lines in diameter. 

Hillsides of the Coast Eanges: Napa Valley; Oakland Hills, etc. 
Sierra Nevada. Very showy and beautiful in Apr. 

64. LEGUMINOS/E. Pea Family. 

Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate stipulate leaves, in ours com- 
pound (except in Cercis). Leaflets 1 to many, usually entire. Calyx 
synsepalous, 5-toothed or -cleft, or in Lupinus bilabiate, mostly per- 
sistent. Corolla with 5 petals, in nearly all of ours papilionaceous, 
i. e., highly irregular and butterfly-like: the upper petal is called the 
banner; the lateral petals are called the wings; the two lower petals 
are joined by their edges to form the keel; the banner in the bud 
enfolds the wings which in turn cover the keel-petals; the claws of all 
the petals are free from one another. Stamens 10; united into a sheath 
around the ovary (monadelphous),.or the upper stamen distinct from 
the others (diadelphous) or sometimes all distinct. Pistil 1, 1-celled. 
Fruit a legume (2-valved pod), with 1 row of seeds on the ventral 
side, commonly opening by both the dorsal and ventral sutures, the 
valves twisting in opposite directions, or sometimes indehiscent. 
Seeds mostly kidney-shaped, without endosperm. The corolla of 
Cercis is nearly regular. Amorpha has but one petal. The excep- 
tions to the ordinal diagnosis are many but only those which con- 
cern our flora are here noted. This is one of the largest of the 
natural orders, many species yielding important products. 

Leaves simple; corolla obscurely papilionaceous, only slightly irregular; 

shrubs 1. Cercis. 

Leaves compound; corolla papilionaceous, except no. 6. 
Stamens distinct; leaves palmately 3-foliolate. 
Flowers yellow, in racemes; stipules conspicuous; herbs 

2. Thermopsis. 
Flowers purple, solitary; stipules none; very spiny shrub 

3. Xylothermia. 
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. 

Calyx 5-toothed. 
Leaves unequally pinnate, leaflets many; flowers in racemes or spikes. 
Herbage not glandular; stamens diadelphous; pod commonly inflated 

or turgid 4. Astragalus. 

Herbage glutinous or glandular-dotted. 

Pod prickly; herb 5. Glycyrrhiza. 

Pod small, smooth, 1 or 2-seeded; shrub 6. Amorpha. 

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, glandular and aromatic; flowers in 
axillary spikes; pod indehiscent, 1-seeded; herbs. 7. Psoralea. 



PEA FAMILY. 289 

Leaves equally pinnate, the rachis produced into a branched tendril, 
rarely terminating in a bristle or imperfect leaflet. 

Style hairy all around at summit 8. ViciA. 

Style hairy on the upper side 9. Lathyrus. 

Leaves equally or unequally pinnate, the leaflets commonly 3 to many, 
sometimes 1 or 2; flowers in umbels, sometimes solitary 

10. Lotus. 
Leaves 3-foliolate. 

Flowers in a head or head-like inflorescence, rarely in a capitate 
umbel or short spike; corolla withering-persistent after flower- 
ing; leaves palmatelv 3, sometimes 4 or 5-foliolate 

11. Trifolitjm. 
Flowers in a raceme or spike; corolla deciduous after flowering; 

leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 

Pod small, globose; style filiform 12. Melilotus. 

Pod curved or spirally coiled; style subulate. . . 13. Medicago. 
Calyx deeply bilabiate; stamens 5 long and 5 short, their filaments 
monadelphous but free at apex; flowers racemose, mostly in whorls; 
leaves palmate, of 4 to many leaflets 14. Lupints. 

1. CERCIS L. Judas Tree. 

Shrubs. Flowers red-purple, in umbel-like fascicles, appearing 
from winter buds in advance of the simple leaves. Stipules caducous. 
Calyx in anthesis broader than long, with 5 broad obtuse teeth. 
Corolla obscurely papilionaceous; banner smaller than the wings and 
enclosed by them in the bud; keel-petals larger than the wing-petals 
and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, the filaments clavate- 
dilated towards the base. Pod oblong, very flat, the upper suture 
with a winged margin. Embryo straight. 

1. C. occidentalis Torr. Western Red-bud. Eight to 10 ft. 
high, the branches rather widely spreading; leaves round, cordate at 
base with nearly closed sinus, 1\ to 3J in. broad; pods about 2 in. 
long and 8 lines wide. 

Eoothills of the Sierra Nevada and inner Coast Ranges. Mar.-Apr. 

2. THERM OPS IS R. Br. False Lupine. 

Perennial herbs with commonly erect clustered stems. Leaves 
palmately 3-foliolate, petioled, and with free leaf-like stipules. 
Flowers yellow, in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by 
persistent bracts. Calyx campanulate, deeply toothed, the two upper 
teeth in ours almost completely united. Banner roundish, shorter 
than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, obtuse, 
its petals very lightly joined, equaling the wings. Stamens distinct. 
Pod long," linear, flat, several-seeded. (Greek thermos, lupine, and 
opsis, resemblance.) 

1. T. macrophylla H. & A. Stems somewhat branched above, 1 
to 2 ft. high; leaves silky or whitish-pubescent when young, soon 
glabrate, at least above; leaflets broadly or narrowly obovate and 
often more or less rhomboidal, acute at each end, or some obtuse 
above (even on the same plant), \\ to 3 or 4 in. long; stipules strongly 
oblique or not at all oblique, even on the same plant, longer than the 
petioles; upper lip of calyx slightly notched; lower calyx-teeth 
shorter than or as long as tube; raceme rather dense, 3 to 6 in. long; 
pod straight, silky, 2 to 5-seeded. — (T. Californica Wats.) 

21 



290 LEGUMINOSiE. 

Monterey, Brewer, no. 704; Glenwood, Santa Cruz Mountains; 
San Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; Sonoma Co.; Napa Valley, and north- 
ward to Mendocino Co. Not known from the inner North Coast 
Ranges nor from Contra Costa or Alameda Cos. Leaves and leaflets 
so variable in size, outline, and pubescence that Watson's T. Cali- 
fornia (founded primarily on specimens from Corte Madera) is here 
readily included. The var. velutina Greene from Mt. Hamilton has 
small leaflets with a dense velvety pubescence. 

3. XYLOTHERMIA Greene. 

Very rigid and spiny evergreen shrub. Leaves palmately 1 to 
3-foliolate, nearly sessile and without stipules. Flowers large, 
purple, axillary, solitary and short-pediceled. Calyx campanulate 
(turbinate or clavate at base), the border with 4 very low broad teeth. 
Petals equal, the banner orbicular with reflexed sides, the wing- and 
keel-petals oblong, the latter distinct and straight. Stamens distinct. 
Pod linear, flat, stipitate, straight, several-seeded. (Greek xulon, 
wood, and thermos, lupine.) 

1. X. montana (Nutt.) Greene. PiCKERlNGIA. Densely branched 
shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, the branchlets very spinose; leaflets 
oblong-oblanceoJate, acute at each end. entire, 2 to 6 lines long; 
flowers near the ends of the branchlets, rose-purple, § in. long, on 
very short pedicels, bearing 2 minute subulate bractlets near the 
middle; stamens persistent; pod exserted on the stipe, about 2 in. 
long, 6 to 10-seeded, somewhat constricted between the seeds. 

Higher altitudes of the Coast Ranges: frequent on dry slopes from 
Mr. St. Helena, the Vaca Mountains and Mt. Tarn al pais southward 
to Southern California. May-June. 

4. ASTRAGALUS L. Rattle-weed. Loco-weed. 
Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers purple, pale yellow or 
white, in spikes, racemes or heads. Racemes mostly spike-like, either 
the pedicels very short or the flowers crowded. Calyx 5-toothed. 
Corolla usually long and narrow; keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous; 
anthers all alike. Pod 2 to many-seeded, commonly turgid or 
inflated and bladder-like, 1 -celled or partly 2-celled by the intrusion 
of one or both sutures, tardily dehiscent. Seeds small, usually 
reniform on slender funiculi. (Ancient Greek name for some legu- 
minous plant.) 

Annuals. 
Pods didymous, wrinkled, 2-seeded. 
Spikes capitate or oblong; pods erect, little exserted from the calyx . . . 

1. A. didymoearpm. 
Spikes cylindrical; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx 

2. A. nigrescens. 
Pods not didymous, nor wrinkled, several-seeded; inflorescence capitate. 

Pods narrowly oblong, not beaked 3. A. tener. 

Pods with a stout body and long incurved beak. . . A. A. Breiveri. 
Perennials; pods 1-celled'except no. 11. 
Pods inflated or bladder-like and 
Stipitate. 
Stipe long and filiform: leaflets 21 to 31 5. A. leucophyllus. 



PEA FAMILY. 291 

Stipe recurved, little exceeding the calyx; leaflets 9 to 21 

6. A. oxyphysus. 
Sessile in the calyx. 
Peduncles mostly longer than the leaves; flowers spreading or deflexed. 

Flowers white; stipules distinct 1. A. Crotalariae. 

Flowers yellowish white or greenish; stipules mostly united opposite 

the petiole; raceme often long 8. A. Menziesii. 

Peduncles shorter than the leaves; flowers mostly erect, yellow or 

creamish; stipules distinct ; raceme short * 

9. A. Douglasii. 
Pods not inflated. 
Herbage hoary; raceme dense, 1}4 to 2 in. long; pods crowded, retrorsely 

imbricated, 4 lines long 10. A. pycnostachys. 

Herbage nearly glabrous; racemes loose, 3 to 6 in. long; pods deflexed, 
2}4 lines long 11. A. Cleveland!. 

1. A. didymocarpus H. & A. Slender, 3 to 10 in. high, pubes- 
cent; leaflets 9 to 15, narrowly oblong to linear and more or less 
cuneate, sharply notched at apex, 3 to 5 lines long; spikes dense, 
capitate or oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, on long peduncles; flowers 1J to 
2£ lines long, dull purplish; calyx rather densely hirsute with black 
hairs; pods with a minute short scattered pubescence, erect, 2 lines 
long and about as broad, scarcely exserted from the calyx, strongly 
nerved transversely, so deeply 2-lobed lengthwise as to be divided 
into 2 cells, the fruit therefore twin-like with 1 large seed in each 
cell. 

Low hills: Antioch and Kirker Pass southeastward to the head of 
the San Joaquin Valley and westward to San Luis Obispo Co. Apr. 

2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Smaller and more slender than the last 
and less pubescent; flowers dull and commonty minute but sometimes 
large; fruiting spikes cylindrical, much less dense, 3 to 10 lines long; 
pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx, hirsute-pubescent, 
wrinkled and strongly obcompressed. 

Vaca Mountains; Mt. St. Helena; Mt. Diablo; Berkeley; Marin 
Co. and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra Foot- 
hills. Apr. 

3. A. tener Gray. Slender, 4 to 9 in. high, minutely pubescent; 
leaflets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate, either acute or emarginate at apex; 
inflorescence capitate, the head 5 to 9-flowered; flowers purple and 
white,' 5 lines long; calyx with minute and short appressed brown 
hairs; pod silvery when young, glabrous when mature, coriaceous, 
narrowly oblong, 8 lines long, somewhat incurved^ 2-celled, 5 to 10- 
seeded; fruiting peduncle 2 in. long, at length spreading, declined or 
even reflexed. 

Alkaline fields, mostly in moist places: Solano Co. to Alameda Co. 
May. 

4. A. Breweri Gray. Much like the preceding but smaller, 
relatively stouter and the leaflets broader; heads 5 to 7-flowered; pods 
1-celled or nearly so, the body short with a long incurved beak. 

First collected in Sonoma Yallev bv Brewer, California Geological 
Survey, no. 979, Apr. 18, 1862. 

5. A. leucophyllus T. & G. Stem erect, stoutish, 2 or 3 ft. high, 
the growing parts silvery-canescent, glabrate and greenish in age; 



292 LEGUMINOSiE. 

leaflets 21 to 31, narrowly oblong or linear, 6 to 10 lines long; raceme 
densely flowered and long-peduncled; flowers 6 to 8 lines long; 
calyx-teeth subulate, about £ the length of the oblong tube; corolla 
yellowish white; pod obliquely oval, thin, 1£ to 1£ in. long, on a 
filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length. 

Low dry hills: western side of the Lower Sacramento Valley; Mt. 
Diablo Kange from Livermore Pass westward to Niles Canon. 

6. A. oxyphysus Gray. Habit of the preceding; growing parts 
canescent, becoming green but not glabrous; leaflets 9 to 21, oblong, 
1£ in. long or less, the lower as much as 5 lines wide; penduncle 
much exceeding the leaves, bearing an elongated densely flowered 
raceme; corolla greenish white, 8 lines long; pod 1J in. long, clavate- 
obovate, oblique, acuminate at apex, strongly contracted at base into 
the recurved stipe which exceeds the calyx. 

Dry hills of the Mt. Diablo Range; first collected near Arroyo del 
Puerto, western Stanislaus Co., by Brewer, no. 1259. 

7. A. Crotalariae (Benth.) Gray. Glabrous, except the pubes- 
cent growing parts; stems stout, decumbent; leaflets 21 to 35, linear- 
oblong to broadly obovate, retuse or obtuse, thickish, 5 to 12 lines 
long; stipules triangular-subulate, distinct; racemes 4 to 10 in. long; 
calyx-teeth broadly subulate, one-half as long as the short-campanulate 
tube; corolla white, 6 lines long; pod almost papery, much inflated, 
ovoid, 1 to 1J in. in length. f 

San Francisco to Southern California. May. 

8. A. Menziesii Gray. Plant stout, erect, 2 to 4 ft. high; young 
herbage whitish pubescent, soon green, but hirsute-pubescent; leaflets 
21 to 43, commonly crowded on the rachis, broadly oblong, less 
frequently cuneate-obovate or narrowly ovate, usually retuse at apex, 
5 to 8 lines long; stipules broad, not pointed, all but the uppermost 
continued around the stem and nearly meeting or even united on the 
side opposite the leaf; corolla 4 to G lines long, yellowish white or 
greenish, the keel purple-tipped; raceme short and dense (1^ in. long), 
or longer and loose; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; pod thin- walled, 1 to 
2 in. long, otherwise similar to the preceding. 

Sandy soils near the coast: San Francisco and Alameda to Monterey 
and southward. June-Aug. 

9. A. Douglasii (T. & G.) Gray. Herbage cinereous when 
young, almost glabrous in age; stems ascending, 1 ft. high; leaflets 
numerous, linear to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; stipules mostly subu- 
late; peduncle shorter than the leaves, bearing a dense 10 to 20- 
flowered raceme; calyx-teeth subulate, snorter than the campanulate 
tube; corolla scarcely twice the length of the calyx, 4 lines long, 
yellow or creamish; pod thin-walled, obliquely ovoid, 1£ to 2 in. long. 

Gravelly stream-beds: San Benito River and southward in the 
Coast Ranges. 

10. A. pycnostachys Gray. Herbage more or less villous-hoary; 
stems stoutish, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaflets numerous (about 18 or 19 pairs), 
linear to oblong; flowers numerous- in a dense oblong or cylindrical 



PEA FAMILY. 293 

spike-like raceme, 1\ to 2 in. long; peduncle longer than raceme; 
corolla 5 to 6 lines long; pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated, ovate, 
narrowed at apex into the persistent and prominent style, somewhat 
flattened laterally and margined by the prominent sutures, 1 -celled, 
the wall thin and reticulated; body of pod 3 to 4 lines long; seeds 
1 to 3. 

Salt marshes or about springy places in open canons in Marin Co. 
near the sea: Bolinas Bay, Bolander, 1868; Miss M. E. Parsons, 1896; 
Drake's Bay, Jepson, 1900; Point Reyes. June. 

11. A. Clevelandi Greene. Herbage yellowish green and nearly 
glabrous; stems slender, erect, 2 to 3 ft. high; leaflets 1-5 to 21, 3 to 7 
lines long, narrowly oblong, broadest below the middle; peduncles 
very long, much exceeding the leaves, bearing a loose spike-like 
raceme 4 to 6 in. long; corolla white; pod coriaceous, oblong, acute, 
finely nerved on the sides, 2^ lines long, deflexed, 2-celled. 

Local in the hilly region between the Mayaeamas and inner Coast 
Ranges: Indian Valley, Lake Co., Daniel. Cleveland, 1882; Butt's 
Canon, northern Napa Co., Jejjson, 1897. June-July. 

5. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Liquorice. 

Perennial herbs with gjandular-viscid herbage, odd-pinnate leaves 
and minute stipules. Flowers 'yellowish white, in axillary peduncled 
spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with the 2 upper lobes shorter or partly united. 
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous, the alternate anthers smaller. 
Ovary 2 to many-ovuled; style short and rigid, curved at the tip. 
Pod short, flattened, prickly, few-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek 
glukus, sweet, and rhiza, root.) 

1. G. lepidota Nutt. var. glutinosa Wats. More or less viscid- 
puberulent, or the peduncles with spreading glandular hairs; stems 
erect. 2 ft. high, sometimes scurfy or with minute scales; leaflets 11 
to 15, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 1J in. long; stipules persistent; 
spikes broadly oblong, exceeding 1 in., the peduncles shorter, or more 
commonly longer and as much as 1\ in. long; flowers yellowish white; 
calyx very glandular; pod oblong, \ in. long, reddish-brown, bur- 
like, beset with hooked prickles, 2 to 6-seeded. 

Rich soil of low or moist lands in the valleys or on the plains: 
Solano and Sonoma Cos. to Alameda Co. and southward to Southern 
California. June. 

6. AMORPHA L. 

Deciduous shrubs with pellucid-glandular heavy-scented herbage. 
Leaves odd-pinnate, with caducous stipules and stipels. Flowers 
small, violet or purple, in long and narrow terminal spikes, which 
are either solitary or clustered. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed, persistent. 
Petals wanting except the banner, this erect, concave, unguiculate. 
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod 
short, but exceeding the calyx, 1 or 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent. 
(Greek amorphos, deformed, alluding to the corolla.) 

1. A. hispidula Greene. Four to 7 ft. high; leaflets 11 to 27, 



294 LEGUMINOS^E. 

oblong-elliptical, mucronulate at the retuse apex, shortly petioled, 
7 to 12 lines long; rachis pubescent and with prickle-like glands 
scattered among the sessile ones, often becoming glabrous late in 
the season; stipules and bracts lanceolate, deciduous; racemes 2 to 
4 in. long; calyx 1\ lines long, its teeth silky, lanceolate, twice the 
length of the tube; corolla twice as long as the calyx; pod 1\ lines 
long, with many low circular glands which are depressed or somewhat 
excavated in the center. 

Wooded canons: Pope Valley, Bolander, and Calistoga to Mt. 
Tamalpais and southward near the coast. May. 

7. PSORALEA L. 

Ours perennial herbs. Herbage heavy-scented, punctate with dark 
dots. Leaves 3-foliolate; stipules free from the petiole. Flowers 
purple or whitish in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes 
nearly equal. Keel broad, obtuse, joined to the wings. Stamens 
monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod seldom exceed- 
ing the calyx, 1-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek psoraleos, scurfy or 
rough, the glands wart-like in some species.) 

Two shrubby cultivated species of Psoralea are said to have been 
found w r ild in the Bay Kegion: P. glandtjlosa L. has pinnately 
3-foliolate leaves with ovate-lanceolate leaflets 2 in. long, the petioles 
1 to 1.} in. long; flowers bluish, more or less verticillate, in racemes. 
P. bracteata L. (P. fruticosa Kellogg) has palmately trifoliolate 
leaves; leaflets \ to | in. long, oblong-obovate, mucronate; petioles 
1 to 2 lines long; spikes short, dense, terminal, not peduncled. — 
"Streams of Mt Tamalpais, P. P. McLean, 1873." 

Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. 
Stem prostrate; leaves and peduncles erect; flowers racemose; stamens 

diadelphous LP. orbicularis. 

Erect plants. 
Flowers in spikes, purple. 
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; stamens monadelphous 

2. P. strobilina. 
Peduncles much surpassing the leaves; tenth stamen nearly free. 

More or less pubescent; calyx-teeth exceeding the petals* 

3. P. macrostachya. 
Nearly glabrous but for the elevated roundish glands on the stem; 

calyx-teeth shorter than the petals 4. P. Douglasii. 

Flowers in racemes, greenish white ; stamens monadelphous 

5. P. physodes. 
Leaves palmately 5-foliolate 6. P. Californica. 

1. P. orbicularis Lindl. Herbage finely pubescent, the inflo- 
rescence villous; stems prostrate, creeping and rooting, the long- 
stalked leaves and racemes erect; leaflets 2\ to 3 in. long, the lateral 
pair obovate, the middle one more nearly orbicular; petioles 6 to 15 
in. long; spike varying from 3 or 4 in. to 10 in. long, borne on 
peduncles which equal or exceed the leaves; flowers 6 lines long; 
calyx with stipitate glands scattered among the hairs, cleft almost to 
the base, the lowest tooth as long as the purplish corolla; pod ovate, 
acute, 3 lines long. 

Grassy vales or meadows: near the .coast from Southern California 



PEA FAMILY. 295 

and Monterey to Marin Co. and Point Arena; northward ranging 
towards the interior (Howell Mountain, Mt. Shasta), but only at 
considerable altitudes. June. Peduncles sometimes as much as 
22 in. high. 

2. P. strobilina H. & A. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high, villous through- 
out and glandular-pubescent on the branches, peduncles and peti- 
oles; leaflets orbicular to rhombic-ovate, more glabrous above, 2 in. 
long; stipules large, membranous, acuminate; peduncles shorter than 
the leaves; spikes short-oblong, the bracts very large, deciduous; 
calyx 6 lines long or more, the lower tooth much the longest and 
equaling the purple corolla; stamens monadelphous; ovary pubescent. 

Hill country from Contra Costa Co. and Alameda Co. (Oakland 
Hills, Torrey, 1865) to Santa Cruz {Bolander, 18G5). Seldom 
collected. 

3. P. macrostachya DC. Nearby glabrous, villous-pubescent or 
tomentose; stems erect, 4 or 5 or even 8 or 10 ft. high; leaflets ovate- 
lanceolate, truncate to acute at base, 1J to 3 in. long; peduncles very 
much exceeding the leaves; spikes broadly cylindrical, silky-villous 
with white hairs; bracts broad, acuminate, as long as the flowers; 
calyx 3 to 5 lines long, the lower tooth a little the longest, exceeding 
the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free: pod hairy, ovate-oblong, 
acute, flattened, 3 or 4 lines long. 

Along rivers and larger streams in the valleys, following the canon 
bottoms in the mountains, and abounding in the salt marshes. The 
most common and widely distributed species of the genus, occurring 
both in the Coast Kanges and Sierra Foothills. The next is a very 
closely allied form. 

4. P. Douglasii Greene. Habit of the preceding, but more 
slender, nearly glabrous, the stem, and often the petioles, sprinkled 
with elevated dot-like glands; leaflets rhombic-ovate, 1^ to 2 J in. 
long; racemes narrower than in the last, 2 to 3 in. long, on slender 
peduncles 3 or 4 in. long; bracts deltoid and long-acuminate, cadu- 
cous; rachis and calyx densely short-villous, the hairs often blackish, 
the segments of the latter just shorter than the violet corolla. 

Apparently not common. Santa Clara Co. to Marin Co. Aug.- 
Sept. 

5. P. physodes Dougl. Low, mostly but 1 ft. high, nearly gla- 
brous; leaflets ovate, varying to orbicular, mostly acute, 1 to 2 in. long; 
peduncles shorter than the leaves or exceeding them; racemes short, 
dense, the bracts small; calyx cup-shaped, its teeth very short and 
subequal, slightly villous with usually dark hairs, rather more than 
J as long as the corolla, at length much enlarged and inflated; corolla 
5 to 6 lines long; petals greenish white, the keel purple-tipped; pod 
roundish, compressed, 3 lines long. 

Common in open spots on bushy or wooded slopes of the higher 
hills or mountains: Monterey; Gabilan Mountains; Mt. Diablo Range; 
Wild-cat Canon; Marin Co. and northward. Apr.-June. 

6. P. Californica Wats. Low and tufted, the stems many from 



296 leguminos^:. 

a woody often branched caudex; pubescence silky and appressed; 
leaves palmately compound; leaflets 5, orbicular-obovate and cuneate 
at base, 7 or 8 lines long; stipules scarious, lanceolate; racemes shorter 
than the leaves, dense, rather less than 1 in. long, on short peduncles; 
calyx silky-villous, 6 lines long, the linear-acuminate lobes a little 
exceeding the petals; pod oblong, narrowed to a lanceolate beak, 
thin-walled, villous; seed dark brown, 2 lines long or more. 

A rare plant: summit of Mt. Diablo (the only known locality 
within our limits); headwaters of the Salinas, Palmer. May-July. 

8. VI CI A L. Vetch. Tare. 
Annual or perennial herbs with weak angular stems, often slightly 
climbing. Leaves pinnate, with several to many leaflets and semi- 
sagittate stipules, the rachis ending in a simple or branched tendril. 
Peduncles axillary. Flowers solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-toothed, 
the 3 lower teeth often longer. Banner oblong, or appearing so by 
the turning back of the edges; wings united to the middle of the 
keel. Stamens more or less'diadelphous. Style filiform with a tuft 
of hairs below the stigma all around or sometimes only on the back. 
Pod flat, 2-valved, 2 to several-seeded. Seeds globose, the funiculus 
expanded above to cover the hilum, thus arillate. Cotyledons 
remaining under ground in germination. (Classical Latin name.) 

Annuals; flowers few. 

Flowers subsessile, 1 or 2 in the axils 1. V. sativa. 

Peduncles elongated, l A to 1% in. long, 1 or 2-flowered . . 2. V. exigua. 
Perennials; peduncles elongated, several-flowered. 

Leaflets 8 to 12; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered 3. V. Americana. 

Leaflets 20 to 30; peduncles 7 to 18-flowered 4. V. gigantea. 

1. V. sativa L. Common Vetch. Tare. Stems slender, 2 ft. 
high; leaflets 6 to 12, glabrous, or the margins slightly ciliate, oblong 
or narrower, truncate or retuse, mucronate, § to over 1 in. long; 
stipules small, toothed; flowers solitary or geminate, nearly sessile, 
the pedicels 1 line long at most; corolla 8 lines long, little longer 
than the calyx; banner purple, wings red; calyx-teeth subulate- 
setaceous, exceeding the tube. 

Naturalized from the Old World: Santa Cruz, Anderson, 1878; 
Berkeley; Napa Valley, 1893; Sonoma, Brewer, 1862. 

2. V. exigua Nutt. California Vetch. Very slender, 1 to 2 
ft. high; leaflets 4 to 12, oblong to narrowly linear, acute or obtusish; 
peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, £ to 2 in. long, 1 or 
2-flowered; flowers 2 or 3 lines long, white or purplish; pods glabrous, 
4 or 5-seeded. 

Stony or sandy soil: Tracy; San Mateo Co.; more common in 
Southern California. Apr. 

Var. Hassei (V. Hassei Wats.). Stouter; leaflets deeply notched 
at apex, the notch mucronate; pod 5 to 8 or sometimes only 3-seeded. 
— Benicia, Bigelow, the upper leaves not notched; Livermore; to 
Southern California. Not common within our limits. 

3. V. Americana Muhl. Nearly glabrous; stems 2 to 3 ft. long, 



PEA FAMIfiY. 297 

trailini;- or climbing; by branched tendrils, sharply 4-sided or -winged 
at the angles; leaflets mostly broadly oblong, often widest above the 
middle, usually obtuse, mucronulate, less than 1 in. long; peduncles 
shorter than the leaves, 4 to 7 or 8-flowered; flowers at first purplish, 
changing to bluish, 9 lines long; calyx-tube 2 lines long, the lower 
teeth longer (1 line long), the upper approximate, incurved. 

Common in the hill country. Feb. -May. Very variable in 
foliage. The following leaf varieties may be distinguished: Var. 
linearis Wats., leaflets 1 to 1J in. long, 1J lines wide or less. Yar. 
truncata Brewer, leaflets truncate at apex and 3-denticulate. 

4. V. gigantea Hook. Stout, somewhat pubescent, climbing 
several ft. high and often forming extensive tangles and draperies 
over shrubs; leaflets 20 to 30, narrowly oblong or tapering somewhat 
from the base to the obtuse mucronulate apex; peduncles 7 to 18- 
flowered; calyx short, lower teeth about equaling the tube; corolla 6 
or 7 lines long, pale purple; pods oblong, 1J in. long, glabrous, 3 or 
4-seeded. 

San Francisco and Oakland northward near the coast. Mar. -June. 
Herbage blackening in drying. 

9. LATHYRUS L. Pea. 
Herbs, ours perennial. In technical character and in habit very 
similar to Yicia. Banner roundish or very broad. Upper teeth of 
calyx commonly shorter than the lower. Leaflets usually larger, in 
ours 3 to 5 pairs, mostly mucronate; rachis in some species not pro- 
longed into a tendril. Style flattish, hairy along the upper side only, 
i. e., next the free stamen. Seeds as in the preceding. (Old Greek 
name of the Pea.) 

Leaves without tendrils; pod shortly stipitate. 

Peduncle short, 1 or 2-flowered ; stipules small 1. L. Torreyi. 

Peduncle longer than the leaves, 2 to 6-flowered ; stipules larger than the 

leaflets 2. L. littoralis. 

Leaves tendril-bearing; racemes many-flowered ; pod sessile. 
Stems angled. 
Herbage dark green, more or less pubescent; diffuse or climbing plants; 
leaflets 1 in. long; stipules narrowly semi-sagittate, the lobes mostly 
lanceolate and entire; corolla purplish or purplish-tinged: var. 

puberulus of 3. L. vestitus. 

Herbage light green, glabrous; leaflets mostly exceeding 1 in., obtuse at 
base and apex; stipules large, broadly semi-sagittate, ovate, acumi- 
nate, the basal lobe broad, rounded and toothed; corolla rose-purple. 

4. L. Bolanderi. 
Stems winged, the wing commonly herbaceous ; stipules small, commonly 
entire. 
Herbage puberulent but seemingly glaucous ; leaflets elliptic- to narrowly- 
oblong, V/^ to 2 in. long, acute at both ends, with long straight nerves 
from or near the base; corolla white or yellowish white, purple- 
veined 5. L. Watsoni. 

Herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaflets linear-lanceolate, about 1% in. 
long; corolla rose-purple 6. L. Jepsonii. 

1. L. Torreyi Gray. Herbage light green, sparingly villous; erect, 
very slender, 4 to 9 in. high; leaflets thin, elliptic to ovate or oblong, 
5 to 7 lines long; leaves with a terminal leaflet or the rachis merely 
ending in a point; stipules small, semi-sagittate, lanceolate, the lower 



298 LEGUMINOSJE. 

lobe very short; flowers purplish, 6 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, 
exceeding the tube, or the upper shorter and broader; pod linear- 
oblong, pubescent, 1 in. long, 3 to 5-seeded. 

Shady woods: Santa Clara Co., ace. to Greene, and upper Napa 
Valley , Jepson, northward to Humboldt Co. 

2. L. littoral is (Nutt. ) Endl. Stems many from creeping root- 
stocks, stout, decumbent; herbage densely silky-villous; leaflets 1 to 3 
pairs with a usually smaller or imperfect terminal one, cuneate-oblong, 
4 to 6 lines long; stipules ovate or somewhat hastate, 2 or 3 times as 
large as the leaflets; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 6 to 8 
lines long; calyx-teeth nearly equal, as long as the tube; banner 
purple, the keel and wings white or nearly so; pod oblong, 1 in. long, 
villous, 3 to 5-seeded. 

Maritime: seashore of Marin Co. and northward. 

3. L. vestitus Nutt. var. puberulus. Low and herbaceous, or 
climbing several feet high on shrubs and woody below; stems angled; 
leaflets puberulent under a lens, dark green, lighter on the under sur- 
face, 1 in. long, 2 to 4 lines wide, tapering to both ends from the 
middle, usually more acute at apex than at base, mucronulate; raceme 
many-flowered on a rather short peduncle; flowers 8 or 9 lines long, 
purplish or purplish-tinged; lowest calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly 
equaling or exceeding tube; seed with a small aril. — (L. puberulus 
White.) 

The most common species: Napa Valley; Oakland Hills, etc. 
Mar. -Apr., but often flowering at all seasons. 

4. L. Bolanderi Wats. Herbage rather light colored, perfectly 
glabrous; stem angled; leaflets mostly exceeding 1 in., elliptic-ovate, 
obtuse at base and apex, mucronulate; stipules large, ovate, acumi- 
nate or ovate-lanceolate, dilated below into a rounded toothed lobe, 
often 5 lines broad; lower calyx-teeth distinctly longer than tube; 
corolla rose-purple, fading yellowish. 

Type specimens in Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, collected 
by Bolander in the Oakland Hills; Berkeley, Tidestrom; San Mateo 
Co.; Angel Island, Vasey. Apr. This may prove to be but a sea- 
board form of L. Watsoni. 

5. L. Watsoni White. Stems stoutish, erect, \\ to 2\ ft. high, 
with zigzag branches; herbage light green, commonly glaucous, finely 
pubescent; leaves \\ to 2 in. long, 6 to 8 lines wide, tapering from 
the middle to each end, acute, mucronate, strongly several-nerved 
from the base, the nerves branching little and almost parallel; stipules 
semi-sagittate, narrow, the upper lobe lanceolate, the lower lobe little 
dilated, commonly entire; raceme few (5 to ll)-flowered, on a pedun- 
cle 3 to 7 in. long; flowers 10 lines long, white, veined with purple; 
lower calyx-teeth lanceolate, subequal, longer than tube; pod 2 in. 
long, 4 lines broad; seed with a small aril. — (L. Californicus Wats.) 

Foothills of the inner Coast Kanges and sandy ridges of the Sacra- 
mento Valley bordering them; Sierra Foothills; also Mendocino Co., 
Sonoma, and Carmel Mission ace. to Watson in Gray Herbarium. 



PEA FAMILY. 299 

Mar. Distinguished from L. Bolanderi by its much smaller and 
narrower stipules, by its leaflets which are acute at both apex and 
base, and by the strong straight nerves from or near the base, which 
proceed much above the middle of the leaflet. 

6. L. Jepsonii Greene. Herbage glabrous; stems 4 to 6 ft. high, 
strongly winged along the angles, the wings herbaceous but often 
callous-margined; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-lanceolate, mostly l^in. long, 
markedly venulose; stipules semi-sagittate, both the apical and basal 
lobes lanceolate; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; corolla 
rose-purple, 9 lines long; lower calyx-teeth unequal, the middle one 
equaling the tube. 

Suisun Marshes. Aug. -Sept. 

10. LOTUS L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, some slightly suffrutescent. Leaves 
pinnate, of 1 to many leaflets, with foliaceous, scarious, or gland-like 
stipules. Flowers in terminal or axillary umbels, or solitary and 
axillary. Corolla yellow, reddish or whitish, sometimes pink-tinged 
or marked with purple. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Stamens diadel- 
phous, free from the petals; anthers all alike. Style incurved. Pod 
flattened or terete, sessile, 2 to commonly several-seeded, often septate 
between the seeds, dehiscent or indehiscent. (A Greek name.) 

A. Pods dehiscent. 

Flowers and pods erect or somewhat diverging, at least not reflexed. 
Stipules large, foliaceous or scarious; leaflets mostly equally distributed on 
the opposite sides of the rachis; pods linear-elongated and straight, 
tardily dehiscent; perennials. 
Stoutish; bract borne somewhat below the umbel; claws of the petals 
sometimes obviously exserted from the calyx. 
Glandular-hispidulous and viscid; leaflets 11 to 21, thinnish 

1. L. stipularis. 
Nearly glabrous, glaucous, not viscid; leaflets 9 to 11, thick 

2. L. crassifoiius. 
Slender; bracts borne at the umbel; claws of the petal conspicuously 

exserted from the calyx; banner yellow. 

Puberulent; wings white 3. L. Torreyi. 

Glabrous; wings pink or rose-color 4. L. formosissimus. 

Stipules gland-like; leaflets commonly unequally distributed on the oppo- 
site sides of the rachis; pods readily dehiscent. 
Flowers many in a capitate umbel; leaflets 3 to 9; perennial. 
Tall, 1 to 5 ft. high; flowers yellow, turning orange. 5. L. grandiflorus. 
Low, the branches half-prostrate or ascending, as much as 18 in. long, 
but seldom over 5 or 6 in. high; flowers yellowish white, turning 

red-purple 6. L. leucophseus. 

Flowers 1 to several, on an elongated bracted peduncle ; rachis (except 
in nos. 9 and 10) conspicuously dilated; annuals. 
Peduncle 2 to 5-flowered; keel obtuse; leaflets commonly?. ...... 

7. L. salsughtosus. 
Peduncle 1 or 2-flowered; keel obtuse; leaflets 5 to 9 

8. L. strigosus. 
Peduncle 1-flowered ; keel acute; leaflets 1 to 5. 

Corolla twice as long as the calyx; pods constricted between the 
seeds; leaflets mostly 3 or 4; herbage glabrous 

9. L. micranthus. 
Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; pods not constricted; leaflets 

1 to 4, mostly 3; herbage villous-pubescent . 10. L. Americanus. 
Flowers solitary, short-pediceled, not bracted; keel acutely beaked; 
corolla much exceeding the calyx ; annuals. 



300 LEGUMINOS^E. 

Calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube; pods oblong, 2 or 
3-seeded 11. L. humistratus. 

Calyx-teeth equaling the tube; pods linear, 5 to 7-seeded: var. Wran- 
gclianus of 12. L. subpinnatus. 

B. Pods indehiscent. 

Flowers and pods reflexed; umbels short-peduncled or sessile; leaflets 3 to 
5, rarely 6; stipules gland-like; pods long-pointed and often arcuate, 1 or 
2-seeded; claws of the petals sometimes obviously exserted from the 
calyx-tube. 
Annuals, mostly prostrate; leaflets 5 to 7; 

Calyx densely tawny-villous; stems simple 14. Z,. eriophorus. 

Calyx hirsute with whitish hairs; stems much branched 

13. L. Heermanni. 
Perennials. 
Umbels sessile; calyx-teeth subulate, erect; leaflets mostly 3; tufted and 

reedy-looking plant, the foliage scant 15. Z. glaber. 

Umbels peduncled. 
Calyx-teeth subulate, recurved; habit and leaves similar to the last. . 

16. L. Benthami. 
Calyx-teeth triangular, blunt; leaflets usually 4 . 17. L. Biolcttii. 

1. L. stipularis (Benth.) Greene. Erect, lj to 2 ft. high; the 
herbage glandular-hispidulous and glutinous; leaflets 11 to 21, obovate- 
or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronate, J to 1 in. long; stipules 
large, ovate-acuminate; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 5 to 
10-flowered, with 3-foliolate petioled leaf-bract near the umbel; 
corolla wiiitish or yellowish, with purple marks, 5 lines long, the calyx 
rather more than \ as long, its teeth broadly subulate, ^ as long as the 
tube; pod not known to us. — (Hosackia stipularis Benth. Hosackia 
balsamifera Kell.) 

Sonoma to Alameda Cos. and Monterey; first collected by Douglas. 
The type of Kellogg's Hosackia balsamifera was collected on "sum- 
mits back of Oakland,'' July 31, 1866, by Kellogg, who described it 
as glandular-fragrant. 

2. L. crassifolius (Benth.) Greene. Erect, stout, glaucous (or 
seemingly so) and somewhat pubescent; stems often clustered, 2 to 3 
or 5 ft. high; branches comparatively few, often flexuous; leaves 4 
in. long or more; leaflets 9 to 11, occasionally 8 or 12, sometimes 
inequilaterally distributed, elliptic or slightly rhomboidal, almost 
coriaceous, 10 to 12 lines long, on petiolules often 1 line long; stipules 
ovate or roundish, scarious; peduncles shorter than the leaves, bracted 
above the middle with a 3-foliolate petioled leaf and bearing an umbel 
of 7 to 12 flowers on slender pedicels; cal} T x 2^ lines long, with very 
short acute teeth; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, marked with 
purplish spots, twice as long as the calyx, which is scarious in fruit; 
pods terete, 2 to 2^ in. long, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, 7 to 12-seeded; 
seeds nearly 2 lines long. — (Hosackia crassifolia Benth.) 

Mountainous country, in dry places. Coast Kanges, towards the 
interior: Mt. Diablo, Vaca Mountains, etc. Mt. Shasta. Sierras. 
June-July. First collected by Douglas in California. 

3. L. Torreyi (Gray) Greene. Stems erect, slender, 1 or 2 ft. 
high; leaves with a fine indument; leaflets 7 to 9, obovate or oblong, 
9 to 12 lines long; stipules triangular-lanceolate; peduncles longer 



PEA FAMILY. 301 

than the leaves, 2 to 6 in. long-; umbels 7 to 9-flowered, the 1-folio- 
late bract 3 to 6 lines long; flowers nearly £ in. long; claws of the 
petals ex sorted from the calyx (as also in the next); keel and wings 
white; keel obliquely incurved at apex; calyx-tube a line long, the 
subulate teeth nearly as long; pod slender, 1 to It} in. long. — 
(Hosackia Torreyi Gray.) 

Along streamlets and in low moist meadows of the Coast Kanges: 
Howell Mountain. Also in the Sierras. June. 

4. L. formosissimus Greene. Herbage glabrous and light 
green; stems several from a soft and much thickened taproot, 
decumbent, 5 to 12 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7 (or 8), the lower deltoid- 
obovate and truncate or retuse, the upper obovate-oblong, 4 to 6 lines 
long; peduncles 1 to 1} in. long; umbels 4 to 6-flowered, the bract 
3-foliolate and petioled; flowers exceeding J in. long; calyx 3 lines 
long, its teeth triangular-acuminate, J as long as the tube; banner 
yellow, with an obvious upturned thickened process at base of blade 
on each side; wings pink-tinged or rose-red; keel yellow, purple- 
tipped; pod straight, 1^ in. long, scarcely more than 1 line broad. — 
(Hosackia gracilis Benth.) 

Common in moist ground along the seaboard: Monterey, Brewer; 
Lake San Andreas, Davy; Crystal Springs, Eastwood; Bolinas, Ches- 
nut and Drew; Mendocino, Bolander. A beautiful species, flowering 
in Apr. First collected by Menzies in California. 

5. L. grandiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Tall and stout, 1 to 3 
ft. high, appressed silky-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaflets 5 to 
7 or 8, on an elongated rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, acute, 6 to 9 
lines long; peduncles elongated, bearing a 3 to 8-flowered umbel 
commonly subtended by a 1-foliolate bract; flowers nearly sessile, 
bright yellow, turning orange, 7 to 9 lines long; banner 4 lines broad; 
calyx-teeth broadly subulate; pod slender, 1J in. long, reddish 
brown, the margin of the valves with a whitish or callous line. — 
(Hosackia grandiflora Benth.) 

Coast Range ridges from Mendocino Co. to Santa Monica. First 
collected by Douglas. 

6. L. leucophaeus Greene. Perennial, with pubescent or even 
velvety herbage, the stems from a woody subterranean base, diffusely 
spreading or ascending, 10 to 15 or 18 in. long; internodes short; 
leaves ample; leaflets mostly 6, elliptic and obtuse or for the most 
part obovate and shortly acute, 6 to 8 lines long; peduncles equaling 
or exceeding the leaves; umbel with a 1-foliolate bract, 5 to 8-flowered; 
flowers exceeding } in., yellowish white, changing to red-purple; 
banner 3 lines broad; calyx 4 lines long, its lobes subulate-lanceolate, 
nearly as long as the tube; pod 1 in. long and 1 line wide. 

High dry ridges: Mt. Diablo Range ace. to Greene; inner North 
Coast Range (Vaca Mountains), Jepson. June. Seemingly of no 
more than varietal value. 

7. L. salsuginosus Greene. Minutely strigose-pubescent; stems 
ascending or prostrate, somewhat succulent, commonly much branched, 



302 LEGUMINOSiE. 

9 to 16 or often 24 in. long; leaflets 5 to mostly 7, elliptic- or more 
commonly oblong-obovate, 3 to 7 lines long; peduncles 1 in. long or 
less, 2 to 5-flowered, bractless or with a conspicuous 1 to 3-foliolate 
bract; corolla yellow, 3 lines long, the banner sometimes shorter than 
the wings and obliquely obtuse keel; calyx-tube £ to § as long as the 
linear-lanceolate teeth; pod 1 in. long, 10 to 12-seeded; seeds obliquely 
oval, smooth. — (Hosackia maritima Benth.) 

Alkaline flats: San Jose, ace. to Greene; Santa Cruz, M. E. Jones, 
and southward to Monterey, Santa Barbara, Ton-cii, and Santa 
Monica. Mar.-May. 

8. L. strigosus (Nutt.) Greene. Appressed-hirsutulous; stems 
branched at the base and decumbent or prostrate; leaflets 7 to 10, 
oblong or narrowly obovate, 2 to 5 lines long; early peduncles shorter 
than the leaves, 1-flowered, bractless; later peduncles often longer 
than the leaves, frequently 2-flowered and bracted; flowers 3 or 4 
lines long, yellow; calyx \ as long, its teeth triangular-acuminate; 
pod 1 in. long or somewhat less, 9 to 14-seeded; seeds quadrate, 
deeply notched at the hilum, minutely granulate, % line long. — 
(Hosackia rubella Nutt.) 

Alameda, San Francisco and southward. Apr.-Nov. The var. 
NX7DIFLORUS (Hosackia nudiflora Nutt.), with pods I£ times as broad 
and slightly curved upward at apex and flowers 5 lines long, occurs 
in the Mt. Diablo Range. Lotus hirtellus Greene, "canescently- 
hirsutulous," " peduncles 2-flowered," Mt. Diablo Range near Liver- 
more, is, doubtless, of no value specifically. 

9. L. micranthus Benth. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, the 
stems very slender, 1 or 2 from the base and erect, or rarely with 
many diffuse or ascending branches; leaflets 3 to 5, mostly 4 with one 
leaflet terminal and two on one side of the rachis and one on the 
other, obovate to oblong, 2 to 5 lines long; peduncles filiform, shorter 
than the leaves, 1-flowered, bracted, 1 to 6 lines long, or in fruit as 
much as 1 in. long; flowers minute, pale salmon, turning red; corolla 
twice as long as the calyx, the teeth of the latter commonly shorter 
than the tube; pod 7 to 10 lines long, linear, compressed, constricted 
between the oval or roundish smooth seeds. —(Hosackia parviflora 
Benth.) 

Common in the Coast Ranges on grassy hills, the plants, where 
found, numerous and growing closely together: Napa Co.; Sonoma 
Co.; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. Diablo and southward to Monterey. 
Apr.-May. 

10. L. Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Spanish Clover. Annual, 
more or less silky-villous or pilose-pubescent, strictly erect and nearly 
simple, or more commonly very diffusely branched with straggling or 
ascending stems 2 or 3 ft. long; leaflets 1 to mostly 3, ovate to 
oblong, acute or obtusish, 3 to 10 lines or the lower 1 in. or more 
long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, the solitary whitish or pinkish 
flower subtended by a bract 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate- 
linear, longer than the short tube, almost equaling the (2 to 3 lines 



PEA FAMILY. 303 

long) corolla; pod narrowly linear, glabrous, about 1 in. long, 5 to 
7-seeded; seeds oblong, smooth, dark colored. — (Hosackia Purshiana 
Bentb.) 

Banks of streams, dry hillsides, or on the level lands of the valleys 
and plains; very common and widely distributed, conspicuous in the 
late summer and fall months. 

11. L. humistratus Greene. Herbage soft-villous, branches from 
the base decumbent, or ascending, or more often prostrate and 
forming mats 5 to 9 in. broad; leaflets 4, narrowly oblong or cuneate- 
obovate, 3 to 5 lines long, the rachis over ^ line broad; flowers 
sessile, or nearly so, yellow, 3 or 4 lines long; calyx-teeth linear, 
much longer than the tube; wings at base of blade joined above ovary 
as in the next; pod oblong, pilose, 4 lines long, 2 or 3-seeded. — 
(Hosackia brachycarpa Benth.) 

Abrupt sunny hillsides in clayey soil; Coast Kanges and Sierras. 
Less common than the next. 

12. L. subpinnatus Lag. var. Wrangelianus. Annual, low. 
diffusely branched, 4 to 7 in. high; herbage sparsely pubescent with 
short hairs, canescently villous, or nearly glabrous, especially on the 
upper surface of the leaflets; foliage similar to the preceding; flowers 
distinctly pediceled, bright yellow, 4 to 4£ lines long; caryx-teeth 
broadly subulate, as long as the tube; wings joined on the upper side 
of the ovary by the lobes or processes at the base of the blade, their 
tips meeting above the keel, but not enfolding it; pod pubescent. 
linear, 7 to 9 lines long, 5 to 7-seeded. — (L. Wrangelianus F. & M.) 

Common in the hill country from the outer (or seaward) to the 
inner Coast Eanges. Apr.-May. Probably ours is not even 
varietally distinct from the t}-pe, which is Chilian and exhibits 
variations similar to the plant of California. 

13. L. Heermanni (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene. Very near the next, 
less pubescent, the pubescence whitish, the herbage of a light green; 
stems prostrate, several from the root, 2 to 3 ft. long, with long- 
branches throughout their length; leaflets somewhat broader and more 
acute; flowers one-half as large; calyx hirsute with whitish hairs; 
corolla vellow turnino- to deep red. — (Hosackia Heermanni Dur. & 
Hilg.) * 

Soquel Canon, Santa Cruz Mountains, Jepson, June, 1896; first 
collected in Tejon Pass at the head of the San Joaquin Valley by 
Williamson's Expedition, Pacific Railroad Survey. 

14. L. eriophorus Greene. Annual, villous-pubescent or some- 
what tomentose; stems numerous from the base, simple, often pros- 
trate and almost matting the ground, about 1 ft. long, leaflets 5 to 7, 
obovate and often cuneate to cuneate-oblong, mostly acutish and 
mucronulate, 3 to 5 lines long; umbels 5 to 7-flowered, nearly sessile; 
flowers yellow, turning brownish, 3^ lines long; calyx J as long, very 
densely villous and tawny, the filiform teeth about equaling the tube; 
body of pod 2 or 3 lines long, the long-pointed portion as long. — 
(Hosackia tomentosa H. & A., and H. Heermanni Brew. & Wats. 
Bot. Cal. as to San Francisco Co.) 



304 LEGUMINOS^E. 

San Francisco and southward along the coast. Apr.-Sept. Stem 
covered with spreading hairs, whereas in the next, the stems are 
comparatively glabrous. 

15. L. glaber (Vogel) Greene. Deer-weed. Very nearly gla- 
brous, the calyx and young leaves often somewhat appressed-silky; 
stems woody at base, tufted and reed-like on account of the sparse 
foliage, 2 to 5 ft. high, erect with straggling branches, or sometimes 
decumbent; leaflets mostly 3, on young shoots 4 to 6, oblong to 
linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, obtuse or acute; umbels numerous, 
sessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, yellow, turning red; calyx about 2 
lines long, its teeth subulate, erect, about £ as long as the tube. — 
(Hosackia glabra Torr.) 

Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges in the hill country: 
Solano and Napa Cos. southward to San Diego. June-Sept. 

16. L. Benthami Greene. Similar to the preceding; umbels on 
peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, usually 1 to 3-foliolate 
bracted; calyx-teeth subulate, sometimes recurved. — (Hosackia cyti- 
soides Benth.) 

San Francisco, Barclay, and southward to Monterey and the 
Salinas Valley. First collected by Douglas. 

17. L". Biolettii Greene. Herbage ashy or whitish with short 
appressed hairs; branches slender, wiry and prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; 
leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, 2 to 5 lines long; pedun- 
cles scarcely surpassing the leaves, the umbel 6 to 10-flowered and 
1-foliolate bracted; calyx a line long or less, the triangular blunt 
teeth erect; corolla 2 lines long, yellow, changing to dark red; pod 
strongly arcuate, slender beaked. 

Dry ridges, Marin Co. 

11. TRIFOLIUM L. Clover. 
Herbs with palmately (sometimes pinnately) 3-foliolate leaves. 
Stipules united with the petioles and leaflets toothed or entire. 
Flowers white yellow, red or purplish, in heads or very short spikes. 
Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft. Petals more or less united below by 
their claws with the stamen-tube, mostly withering and persistent. 
Stamens diadelphous, the teeth more or less separate. Pod often 
included in the calyx, 1 to 6-seeded, indehiscent or opening by one 
suture only. (Latin tres, three, and folium, leaf.) 

A. Heads not subtended by an involucre. 

Flowers nearly or quite sessile; calyx-teeth plumose or at least hairy. 
Annuals. 

Heads sessile 1. T. Macrxi. 

Heads peduncled and 
Few and large, commonly 1 to 3; plants stout and simple or with 1 or 

2 forks at summit; interior plains 2. T. amcenum. 

Several to many. 
Calyx-segments shorter than the corolla or often somewhat surpass- 
ing it; flowers purplish. 
Heads cylindrical, 8 to 10 lines long, mostly with turbinate base . 

3. T. dichotomum. 
Heads ovate, 3 to 8 lines high 4. T. albopnrpurcum. 



PEA FAMILY. 305 



Calyx-segments very much longer than the corolla and often so 
plumose as to quite conceal it; heads dove-colored or olive-green, 
ovate, with broad truncate base or more hemispherical in the 

vara 5. T. columbinum. 

Perennial; calyx-teeth sparingly hairy; flowers red 

6. T. pratense. 
Flowers pedicellate, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulate or setaceous, 
not plumose. 

Calyx-teeth rigid-ciliolate; podl-seeded 7. T. ciliolatum. 

Calyx-teeth not ciliolate. 
Leaflets narrow as compared with the next ; the notch at apex mucron- 
ulate; rachis not prolonged, or appearing only as a minute point; 

Sod 1-seeded 8. T. bifidum. 
ets obcordate, the notch at apex usually not mucronulate; rachis 
prolonged through the head as a sterile point about 3 lines long; 
pod 2-seeded 9. T. gracilentum. 

B. Heads subtended by an involucre, or by a mere ring in no. 21. 

Corolla not becoming inflated. 
Involucre cup-shaped, not deeply lobed, membranous at least at base; 
flowers developing equally all around. 
Lobes of the involucre toothed; teeth of the calyx much shorter than 

the tube 10. T. microdon. 

Lobes of the involucre entire; teeth of calyx longer than the tube. . . 

11. T. microcephalia!/. 
Involucre flat, rather deeply lobed, the lobes laciniately toothed; flowers 
commonly blooming first on one side and the heads therefore one- 
sided. 
Annuals. 
Herbage mostly glabrous. 
Calyx-teeth entire. 
Stems decumbent or ascending; leaves obovate or oblong-oblan- 

ceolate; heads mostly 3 to 6 lines broad . 12. T. variegatum. 
Stems erect, these and* the peduncles almost filiform; leaves 

linear; heads 2 to 3 lines broad 13. T. oliganthum. 

Calyx-teeth not entire 14. T. tridentatum. 

Herbage soft-pubescent and clammy; flowers whitish. 

15. T. obtusiflorum. 
Perennial; herbage glabrous; flowers rose-color; banner elliptical, 

deeply emarginate 16. T. Wormskjoldii. 

Corolla conspicuously inflated in age, the petals withering-connivent by 
their apices and forming a bladder-like sac to the growing pod. 
Involucre broad, setaceously many- toothed; calyx-teeth awn-like, plu- 
mose ; corolla red-purple. 
Peduncles 1% to 2% in. long; involucre shallowly lobed, glabrous . . . . 

17. T. barbigerum. 
Peduncles 3 to 7 in. long; involucre pubescent, deeply lobed 

18. T. Grayi. 
Involucre deeply parted into entire lobes ; calyx-teeth not plumose. 

Involucral lobes 3 to 9 (commonly about 6) lines long; heads large; 
flowers cream-color or yellowish; pod stipitate; seeds nearly 

smooth 19. T. fucatum. 

Involucral lobes 2 lines long or less; heads small, y* in. in diameter or 
less; flowers purple, reddish or white; pod sessile; seeds tubercu- 

late or rugose 20. T. amplectenn. 

Involucre obsolete or reduced to an entire or slightly lobed herbaceous 
ring; leaflets serrate (or laciniate-toothed in one of the vars.) .... 

21. T. depauperatitm. 

1. T. Macrsei H. & A. Plant much branched, the branches 
decumbent or almost prostrate, 4 to 6 in. long; herbage villous- 
pubescent; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the 
middle, 3 to 5 lines long; heads nearly or quite sessile, solitary or 
often occurring as a terminal pair, ovate, 4 or 5 lines high; calyx- 

22 



306 LEGUMINOS^E. 

teeth longer than the tube, densely plumose-hairy, nearly equaling 
the small purplish corolla; pod 1-seeded. 

San Francisco; Pacific Grove, H. P. Chandler; also in Chile, 
whence perhaps introduced. Nearly related to T. albopurpureum. 

2. T. amcenum Greene. Stout, simple and 1-headed, or once or 
twice forked above and hearing 2 to several terminal or subterminal 
heads; herbage soft-pubesceiU; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse or 
retuse at apex and often cuneate at base, less than 1 in. long; stipules 
ovate, acuminate, the uppermost broader, some unequally notched at 
apex and with a long setaceous acumination borne in the notch; 
heads globose, exceeding 1 in. in breadth; calyx-teeth shorter than 
the purple and white corolla, densely clothed with dull brownish 
hairs. 

Solano Co. plains between Suisun and Elmira. May-June. 

3. T. dichotomum H. & A. Stems dichotomously branching or 
the branches mostly from the base, 10 to 16 in. high, the internodes 
very long; herbage almost glabrous or appressed-pubescent, the leaves 
more pubescent than the stems; leaflets elliptic- or cuneate-obovate, 
denticulate towards the apex, 3 to 8 lines long, on petioles 2 
in. long; stipules ovate, with a short subulate point; peduncles 
elongated, 7 in. long or less; inflorescence a short cylindrical spike, 
turbinate at base, 8 to 10 lines long or more; flowers sliowy, purple 
and white, 5 lines long; calyx-teeth silky, long and slender, nearly 
or quite as long as the corolla; pod 1-seeded. 

Coast Ranges, rare in typical form but more frequent on the higher 
than on the lower hills: Ukiah; Calistoga; Conn Valley near St. 
Helena; upper Vaca Valley. Apr. Passes into the next species. 

Var. turbinatum. Erect, commonly simple, -4 to G in. high; heads 
narrowly or broadly turbinate, about - 1 , in. high. — Hillsides at Ross 
Valley." 

4. T. albopurpureum T. & G. Ascending or erect, 4 to 14 in. 
high; leaflets oblong-obovate, less frequently broadly obovate, dentic- 
ulate towards the apex, obtuse or emarginate, G to 10 lines long; 
heads ovate-conical, 3 to 8 lines high, solitary at the ends of very 
long slender peduncles; calyx-teeth slender, delicately plumose, 
equaling or exceeding the white-tipped purple corolla, which is far 
less showy than in the last. — (T. Macraei H. & A. var. albopur- 
pureum Greene.) 

Everywhere common in the Coast Range region, especially on the 
lower hills. Variable. 

5. T. columbinum Greene. One ft. high, sparingly branched; 
leaflets cuneate-oblong, 1 in. long or less; heads ovate with a broad 
and often truncate base, 1 in. high, dove-color; calyx-tube 1 line long, 
the filiform segments 5 lines long, silky-plumose throughout, some- 
times partly concealing the small purple corolla; pod striate, villous 
at apex. 

Rare in the typical form: low hills of northwestern Solano Co. 
Apr.-May. Appearance suggestive of the Rabbit's Foot Clover, T. 
aerarium L.. of the eastern United States. 



TEA FAMILY. 307 

Var. argillorum. Depauperate; heads about \ in. high, the teeth 
less silky and relatively shorter. — Hills and mountain slopes of the 
North Coast Ranges, seemingly joining with no. 4. 

Yar. olivaceum (T. olivaceum Greene). Mostl} r erect, 1 to 1| ft. 
high, slightly pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, often exceeding 1 
in.; heads globose, f in. high, of an olive-green color, long- 
peduncled; calyx-tube 1 in. long, its teeth long-setaceous and short- 
silky, the rigid point almost naked; corolla violet-purple, small and 
in the robust forms almost concealed; pods glabrous. — Formerly 
abundant on the plains and valleys of northwestern Solano Co., 
forming an important part of the hay crop in some localities; now 
seldom seen or only in depauperate form. Possibly of hybrid origin. 
May. 

6. T. pratense L. Red Clover. G-labrous below, pubescent 
above, 2 ft. high or less, branching; leaflets elliptic or obovate, 1 in. 
long; stipules entire, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, 1 in. high or 
nearly so, sessile; calyx-teeth setaceous, exceeding the red flowers, 
sparingly hairy. 

Well-known cultivated species from Europe: naturalized in the 
moister parts of northern California and seemingly spontaneous on 
the islands of the Lower Sacramento. July-Oct. 

7. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 8 to 18 in. (rarely 2J ft.) high, 
glabrous; leaflets narrowly or cuneate-oblong to obovate, obtuse or 
retuse, serrulate, 5 to 12 lines long; stipules broadly linear, acumi- 
nate; flowers whitish or purplish, 3 lines long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 
very acute, rigidly ciliolate, often purplish; pod 1-seeded. oblong- 
elliptic. 

Plains and valleys throughout California: Coast Ranges; Sacra- 
mento and San Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Nevada to about 5,000 ft. 
altitude (Amador Co., Knight's Perry, F. W. Bancroft, Sequoia 
National Park). Rachis sometimes prolonged through the head as a 
sterile filament. Apr. -May. 

8. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, 7 to 12 in. high, pale 
green and glaucous, wholly glabrous or the petioles and peduncles 
hair} r ; leaflets linear, oblong, or obovate, more or less cuneate, serru- 
late, the teeth often remote as compared with the preceding, apex 
bifid and mucronulate, 6 to 8 lines long; stipules lanceolate, the upper 
ovate-laaceolate, setaceously acuminate; heads 6 to 15-flowered; calyx 
deeply 5-parted, the subulate-setaceous teeth rather shorter than the 
pale pink corolla; pod included, 1-seeded; seeds obovate-oblong. 

New Almaden, northward to Berkeley, Mt. Diablo, Vacaville and 
Ukiah. Apr. Infrequent in the typical form. 

Var. decipiens Greene. Stouter, with the leaflets less deeply 
notched and the calyces and peduncles often hairy. — Common: Santa 
Clara Co.; Berkeley; Sacramento Valley and elsewhere. 

9. T. gracilentum T. &. G. Erect, 10 to 16 in. high, wholly 
glabrous; leaflets obcordate, spinulose-serrulate, 5 to 7 lines long; 
stipules linear, or those of leaves subtending peduncles, ovate, acumi- 



308 leguminos^:. 

nate; rachis prolonged through the head as steraile point about 3 lines 
long; flowers 3 or 3£ lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, three times as 
long as the tube; corolla reddish or deep purple, the ends of the petals 
more or less definitely white-tipped; pod exserted, 2-seeded; seed 
obliquely oval, straw-colored. 

Common on low hills and in valleys: Los Angeles and San Luis 
Obispo Cos. northward through the Coast Range region (Alameda, 
San Francisco, Napa Valley, Solano Co., etc.), ranging beyond the 
northern boundary of California. Apr.-May. 

10. T. microdon H. & A. Stems erect or decumbent, stoutish. 
8 to 16 in. long, faintly pubescent; leaflets broadly obcordate, serru- 
late, 6 lines long; heads 4 lines broad; involucre 12 to 15-lobed, the 
lobes 3 to several-toothed and spreading abruptly from the head after 
anthesis; calyx-teeth short, J or } the length of the tube; corolla 
white, fading pinkish. 

Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento; valleys of the Coast 
Ranges (Alameda Co., Mt. Tamalpais, Napa Valley and north- 
ward). Apr. 

11. T. microcephalum Pursh. Stems slender, erect or decum- 
bent, 3 in. to even 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent; leaflets obovate, 
serrulate, notched at apex, stipules ovate, acuminate; heads 3 lines 
broad; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes erect, acuminate, cuspidate, 
entire, 3-nerved; calyx-teeth longer than the tube, spinulose at apex, 
margined at base with a broad often denticulate or scarious border 
which is more or less protruded; corolla white or light rose-color, 
scarcely exceeding the catyx-teeth; pod globose, 1-seeded. 

Hillsides and valleys: North Coast Ranges (Vacaville and St. 
Helena) southward to San Francisco, Pacific Grove and Southern 
California. Apr. 

12. T. variegatum Nutt. Glabrous annual; stems slender, decum- 
bent or ascending; leaflets obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or 
retuse, spinulose-serrulate, 4 to 10 lines long; stipules oblong- or 
ovate-lanceolate, sharply toothed or laciniate; peduncles slender, 
longer than the leaves; involucre laciniate, shorter than the heads; 
heads small (3 to 15-flowered and £ in. broad or less); calyx-tube 
15-nerved, its teeth subulate-setaceous, entire, shorter than the deep 
purple or whitish corolla but longer than the tube; pod 2-seeded. 

Common in low moist ground, throughout California. Apr.-May. 
Greene has a var. melananthum, the calyx-teeth more triangular and 
only pungently acute or acuminate and of a dark purple almost to 
the base; and also a var. major, very large, stout and fistulous, with 
cuneate-oblong leaflets, heads 1 in. broad, and petals purple with 
white tips. 

13. T. oliganthum Steud. Pale green, glabrous annual; stems 
erect, very slender, simple or with a few ascending branches, 7 to 15 
in. high; upper leaflets linear, acute, f to 1 in. long, spinulose- 
serrate or nearly entire; lower leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, 2 
or 3 lines long; petioles very slender; stipules lanceolate, laciniate; 



PEA FAMILY 309 

peduncles filiform, 2 to 3 in. long, exceeding the leaves; heads very 
small, 2 or 3 lines broad, 5 to 11-flowered; involucre reduced, lacini- 
ately divided; flowers pale purple and white, 2 to 3 lines long; calyx 
often purplish; calyx-teeth oblong-lanceolate, pungent, entire, shorter 
than the 10-nerved tube. 

Brush-covered or wooded canon sides or edges of thickets in the 
Coast Range hills: Berkeley; San Pablo Creek; near St. Helena. 
Apr. Greene has a var. Sonomense, found in' Knight's Valley, 
Sonoma Co., with broader cuneate-oblong truncate cuspidate leaflets 
and subulate-aristate calyx-teeth equaling or exceeding the tube. 
Also a var. triflorum, found in the Mt. Diablo region, with broader 
retuse leaflets, fewer flowers and triangular-acuminate calyx-teeth J 
as long as the tube. 

14. T. tridentatum Lindl. Glabrous annual; stems usually erect 
or with decumbent base, 9 to 16 in. or even 2 ft. high; leaflets linear 
or lanceolate, sharply serrate; heads 1 in. broad or more; involucre 
laciniate, much shorter than the flowers; corolla bright purple, often 
tipped with white; calyx-tube strongly 10-nerved, longer than the 
teeth; these broad at base and abruptly narrowed into a subulate 
spine, usually with a stout tooth on each side. 

Very common on hills and plains from the Sierra Foothills and the 
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys westward to the seaboard and 
southward to Southern California. The following is a little-known 
plant whose exact status has not been determined: 

T. appexdiculattjm Loja. Branches almost prostrate, 1^ to 2\ ft. 
long, sometimes forming a very broad mat; leaflets broadly obovate 
and truncate, or obcordate, cuneate at base, 7 to 12 lines long; 
peduncles about 3 in. long, twice exceeding the leaves (but the lower 
leaves as long); heads large and involucre comparatively small; 
calyx-teeth subulate-aristate, entire, twice as long as the tube; banner 
deeply emarginate, keel abruptly contracted at apex into a slender 
tip. (Not T. appendiculatum Greene). — Moist fields, Napa Valley. 
May 12, 1895, Greene. 

15. T. obtusiflorum Hook. Diffusely branching, the stems 
stout, purplish, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent throughout 
and very clammy; leaflets linear or oblong-lanceolate, pectinately 
serrate, f to \\ in. long; heads 1 in. or more broad, on long (often 
4f in.) peduncles; calyx minutely roughish puberulent, its tube 
oblong-campanulate, with 10 primary and as many intervening lesser 
nerves, the latter vanishing above or forming reticulations; teeth 
subulate-spinose, entire or sometimes slightly toothed, nearly equaling 
the tube or scarcely \ as long; corolla white, with a dark purple spot 
at the center. — (T. roscidum Greene.) 

Sandy stream beds in canons: Horse Mountain, Lake Co.; Vaca 
Mountains, Solano Co., where it is a very rare plant; Mt. Tamalpais; 
Mt. Diablo Range; and southward to Southern California. Easily 
recognized by its clamminess, the whole plant on the driest summer 
day seeming to the touch as if wet with dew. 

16. T. Wormskjoldii Lehm. Perennial by spreading root-stocks; 



310 LEGUMINOS^E. 

herbage glabrous and flaccid; stems decumbent, stout, sometimes 
fistulous, 5 to 17 in. long; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pectinate- 
denticulate, f to 1 in. long; heads hemispherical, 1 in. broad; involu- 
cre 6 to 9 lines broad, laciniately cleft, the tooth-like segments 
aristate; flowers rose-color; calyx-tube scarious, 10-nerved, the alter- 
nate nerves less prominent; teeth gradually attenuate, longer than 
the tube, all entire, or some of them setaceously divided; banner 
elliptical, deeply emarginate. 

Rather frequent along streams or about springy places or bordering 
the edges of salt-marshes: Howell Mountain; Denverton; San Fran- 
cisco. May-June. 

17. T. barbigerum Torr. Prostrate or ascending, the branches 
2 to 4 in. long; petioles and peduncles pubescent; leaflets elliplic- 
obovate to obovate-oblong, retuse or obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules 
scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate; involucre as broad as heads, shortly 
lobed and setaceously many-toothed; heads 4 to 5 lines wide; pedun- 
cles long (H to 2f in.); calyx-tube short, thin and at length scarious; 
teeth setaceous-awned from a short triangular base, plumose, some- 
times 2 to 3-parted, the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla; 
pod 2-seeded. 

San Francisco southward to Santa Cruz. Not common. May. 

18. T. Grayi Loja. Erect or ascending, 8 to 16 in. high, villous 
with spreading hairs; leaflets obovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or 
acute, sharply serrate, 9 to 12 lines long; heads long-peduncled, nearly 
or fully 1 in. broad; involucre as broad as heads, deeply lobed and seta- 
ceously toothed; calyx-tube villous, 10-nerved; teeth linear-subulate 
from a triangular base, plumose, frequently reddish, equaling the 
dark red-purple corolla. 

Near the coast but infrequent: San Bruno Hills and northward. 

19. T. fucatum Lindl. Sour Clover. Diffuse or decumbent, 
glabrous, somewhat scabrous above, very stout and succulent, much 
branched, the branches \ to 2 ft. long; leaflets obovate to inversely 
deltoid, mostly cuneate at base, pectinate or spinulose-serrate or 
nearly entire, ^ to 1 in. long; heads very large, 1 to If in. in 
diameter, about 12 to 20-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 1 to 1£ 
lines long, not longer than the teeth, the two upper teeth very short; 
corolla cream-color, fading pinkish, 7 to 10 lines long; keel-petals 
frequently with a dark purple spot; legume with a rather long stipe; 
seeds nearly smooth. 

Common in low and often alkaline fields: Sacramento and San 
Joaquin Valleys; Coast Ranges (Napa Valley, Oakland, Santa Cruz 
and Hollister, Setckell, and elsewhere). May-June. The calyx is 
very variable in the relative length of the teeth and tube, and an 
attempt has been made to separate as species, various dwarf and 
robust soil forms, the species being obliged for their diagnoses to the 
calyx character and to the habit. These forms are here named as 
ecological varieties. 

Var. FLAVULUM (T. flavulum Greene). As large as the species 
but somewhat more slender; heads smaller; calyx-teeth slender- 



PEA FAMILY. 311 

subulate, exceeding the tube, the lower much longer; legume sub- 
sessile. — Higher ground than the species. Var. virescens (T. 
virescens Greene). Smaller plant in every way; two upper calyx- 
teeth shorter than the tube, the lower twice longer. — Hill country 
in dry or substerile soil. Var. Gambellii (T. Gambellii Nutt.). 
Lower calyx-teeth cleft into setaceous segments. — Inner South Coast 
Ranges. 

20. T. amplectens T. & G. Branches several to many from the 
base, mostly diffuse with decumbent or ascending slender branches, 
3 to 12 or 15 in. long, glabrous throughout; leaflets oblong-obovate, 
obtuse, truncate or retuse, cuneate at base, serrulate (mostly towards 
the apex) and mucronulate, 5 to 8 (or the lowest 2 to 4) lines long; 
heads 2 to 4 (in fruit 4 to 6) lines in diameter; peduncles longer than 
the leaves, mostly twice longer; bracts of the involucre 5 to 7. ovate 
or oblong, ^ to 1J lines long, commonly entire, but sometimes toothed, 
strongly nerved; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla red-purple or whitish, 
in age inflated and ovate or obpyramidal; pod usually 2-seeded; seeds 
•>- to f line long, emarginate at the hilum, sinuose-rugose. — (T. 
Franciscanum Greene.) 

A frequent species from the plains of the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin (especially common in low or alkaline areas), westward 
through the Coast Range hills to the coast. Apr. Doubtless several 
worthy varieties could well be named and described, but this species is 
far less variable than might be supposed from the number of invalid 
species which have been separated from it. When inhabiting dry, 
especially adobe soil, the plants are often semi-dwarf, and correspond 
to the type; on high ground the stems are more commonly wiry and 
prostrate, in low grounds flaccid and not so slender. Even the rank 
forms of low ground sometimes show scarious-margined involucres 
and toothed lobes as in the type. Var. hydrophilum (T. hy.dro- 
philum Greene). Lower leaves narrower than the upper; involucral 
lobes only J line long; calyx-teeth aristiform; inflated corolla oblong. 
— A rank form found near marshes and ponds, Alameda, etc. The 
number of involucral lobes and seeds is not peculiar. Connects 
with the next. 

21. T. depauperatum Desv. Slender, ascending, 3 to G in. high, 
glabrous; stipules ovate, acuminate, entire; leaflets cuneate-oblong, 
acute or obtuse or emarginate, J in. long or less, denticulate; heads 
3 to 10-flowered, long-stalked; involucre greatly reduced to very 
small truncate lobes or a minute ring; calyx short with narrowly 
subulate teeth; corolla white or purple, inflated, oblong, 2 to 3 lines 
long; ovules 2 to 6; pod 1 or 2-seeded, rugose. 

Not very common: hills and plateaus of the Mayacamas Range 
bounding Napa Valley on the east; Alameda. May. 

Var. angustatum (Greene under T. laciniatum). Leaves all 
linear, often truncate, entire or nearly so, J in. long; involucre 
reduced to a mere ring. — Sonoma; Upper Napa Valley. 

Var. laciniatum (T. laciniatum Greene). Lower leaflets narrowly 
cuneate, denticulate, the upper broad, truncate, 3-dentate at apex, 



312 



LEGUMINOS^E. 



laciniately toothed or pinnatifid; involucre obsolete; flowers 3 to 5. — 
Alkaline plains: Byron and Bethany in the Lower San Joaquin; 
Colusa Junction in the Sacramento Valley, Brandegee (the foliage 
curiously diverse, the leaves linear and entire or extravagantly 
toothed or laciniate). 

12. MELI LOTUS Juss. Sweet Clover. 

Annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves and 
toothed leaflets. Flowers small, yellow or white, in spike-like 
racemes on axillary peduncles, in bud erect, soon deflexed and not 
again becoming erect. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth subulate. Petals 
falling after flowering, free from the stamen tube. Stamens dia- 
delphou>. the upper one entirely free. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, 
straight, in ours wrinkled, scarcely dehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. (Greek 
meli, honey, and lotos, the ancient name of some plant belonging to 
this family.) 

Flowers white; plants 3 to 6 ft. high 1. if. alba. 

Flowers yellow; plants \]/ 2 to 3 ft. high 2. M. Indica. 

1. M. alba Lam. White Melilot. Erect, simple below, 
branching above, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaflets broadky or narrowly 
oblong, tapering to both ends, or widest above the middle, serrate 
except at the very base, over £ to 1] in. long; flowers white, 2 lines 
long, in racemes 1 to 2 in. long; standard slightly longer than the 
wings. 

Rare in the Bay Region, occurring only in river beds: San Leandro 
Creek, Davy; Napa River, near St. Helena; common in moist valleys 
northward. Naturalized from the Old World as also the next. 

2. M. Indica All. Yellow Mklilot. .Main stem erect, 1£ to 
3 ft. high, with many rather spreading branches from above the base; 
leaflets broadly or narrowly euneate-obovate, or dentate or serrate but 
entire below the middle, refuse at apex, 1 in. long or more, those of 
the lateral branchlets or at the summit smaller; racemes \\ to 2 in. 
long, longer than the peduncles; flowers yellow, 1£ lines long; wing 
and keel petals oblong, the latter slightly broader. 

Very common. Apr. -May. 

13. MEDICAGO L. Medick. 

Herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves and usually toothed leaflets. 
Flowers small, in short spikes or loose heads on axillary peduncles. 
Corolla falling after flowering. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. 
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one entirely free. Pod small, 1 to 
several-seeded, incurved or coiled or spirally twisted, and indehiscent. 
(From the Greek Medike, name given by Diocorides to a plant from 
Media, perhaps Lucern. All the species have been naturalized from 
Europe. The Bur Clover damages the fleeces of sheep.) 

Perennial; flowers hlue 1. if. sativa. 

Annuals; flowers yellow. 

Pod 1-seeded, reniform, smooth 2. M. lupulina. 

Pod several-seeded, spirally coiled, margined with prickles. 



PEA FAMILY. 313 

Edge of the pod keeled, not grooved between the prickles; leaflets not 

splotched 3. M. denticulate. 

Edge of the pod furrowed between the prickles; leaflets with a large 

inky splotch on the upper face 4. M. maculata. 

Pod several-seeded, spirally coiled, unarmed 5. M. apiculata. 

1. M. sativa L. Alfalfa. Lucern. Perennial from an elon- 
gated taproot, erect and smooth; leaflets oblong-obovate or linear- 
oblong, 8 to 10 lines long; flowers blue (5 lines long), in racemes; 
pod spirally twisted so as to form 2 or 3 complete rings or coils. 

Borders of fields, not common beyond cultivation. 

2. M. lupulina L. Nonesuch. Black Medick. Branching from 
the base into spreading procumbent stems 9 to 18 in. long; leaflets 
orbicular and more or less deltoid to cuneate-obovate, 4 to G lines 
long; peduncles longer than the leaves (1 to 1J in. long), bearing a 
short dense spike of bright yellow flowers; pods reniform, 1-seeded, 
black when ripe. 

Uncommon: Santa Clara Co.; Berkeley. Apr.-May. 

3. M. denticulata Willd. Bur Clover. Branches spreading or 
procumbent, from a few in. to 2 ft. long; herbage nearly glabrous; 
leaflets obovate or obcordate; stipules finely toothed; peduncles 3 to 
5-flowered, rather longer than the leaves; pods twisted into a spiral of 
2 or 3 turns, compressed, reticulated, the thin keeled edge bordered 
by a double row of more or less hooked or curved prickles. 

Very common throughout California, especially on the plains, low 
hills and in the valleys. Mar.-June, but flowering in moist places at 
nearly all seasons. 

4. M. maculata Willd. Spotted Medick. Very similar to the 
last species, but the petioles with spreading hairs, the leaflets usually 
much larger (1 in. long) and with a conspicuous dark splotch in the 
center; pod compactly spiral with thicker margin more or less 
furrowed between the prickles. 

Known only from a few localities in the Bay Eegion: Oakland; 
Berkeley; Koss Valley, Marin Co.; but in San Francisco Co. almost 
as common as no. 3 ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee. 

5. M. apiculata Willd. Stems spreading, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaflets 
deltoid, denticulate, except at the base, usually retuse and mucronate 
at apex, 5 or 6 lines long; pod unarmed, the sides strongly reticulated, 
the reticulations running to the edge and appearing as a row of tuber- 
cles on either side of the margin. 

Seldom collected: Santa Clara Co.; San Francisco; Point Isabel; 
and in the Sacramento Valley at Bedding. Mar. -Apr. 

14. LUPIN US L. Lupine. 
Herbs or low shrubs with palmately 4 to 15-foliolate leaves. 
Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, seldom conspicuous. 
Flowers showy, blue, pinkish, yellow or white, in terminal racemes 
or spikes. Calyx deeply bilabiate. Banner roundish, the sides 
mostly reflexed; wings commonly connivent by their edges in front 
of and thus enclosing the mostly falcate pointed keel. Stamens 



314 LEGUMINOS.E. 

monadelphous, dimorphous, 5 with longer and basifixed anthers, the 
alternate 5 with shorter and versatile ones. Pod somewhat flattened, 
often constricted between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. 
(Latin lupus a wolf, these plants thought to rob the soil of its 
fertility. ) 

A. Pods linear or oblong. 

Bracts deciduous; ovules several; cotyledons of the seedling petioled. 
Low shrubs or at least suffrutescent, silky pubescent; petioles mostly 
short. 
Flowers sulphur-yellow; raceme often 1 ft. long. . . . 1. L. arboreus. 
Flowers not yellow, mostly blue. 
Herbage greenish; flowers blue or white; keel ciliate for its whole 

length; low, the stems merely suffrutescent. . . 2. L. variicolor. 
Herbage silky. 
Flowers bluish or lavender, the banner with a yellow spot; keel 

glabrous; no distinct trunk *3. L. Chamissonis. 

Flowers blue; keel ciliate; shrub with a distinct trunk 

4. L. albifrons. 
Perennial herbs. 
Leaflets 5 to 7, more or less ciliate or ciliolate. 
Herbage canescently silky. 
Leaflets oblanceolateorcuneate-oblong; roots large, yellow; seashore 

species 5. L. littoralis. 

Leaflets spatulate-oblong; root not yellow; montane species 

6. L. sericatus. 
Herbage greenish, comparatively glabrous ; montane or of the hills . . 

7. L. latifolius. 
Leaflets 7 to 9, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 1% in. long; keel glabrous; plants 

mostly decumbent, with silky herbage 8. L. formosus. 

Leaflets 9 to 16, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3 to 6 in. long; petioles % ft. 

long or more; plants erect, 3 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous 

9. L. polyphylltts. 
Annual herbs. 
Flowers mostly 4 to 7 lines long; upper calyx-lip cleft or bifid. 
Lower calyx-lip 3-toothed or entire; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtuse or 

emarginate; plants very stout and succulent. .10. L. affinis. 
Lower calyx-lip 3-dentate; leaflets oblanceolate, acute, plant slender, 

not succulent 11. L. nanus. 

Flowers mostly 1% to 3 lines long. 
Slender plants; upper calyx-lip with divergent lobes. 

Lower calyx-lip long, entire 12. L. micranthus. 

Lower calyx-lip deeply 3-cleft 13. L. trifidus. 

Stoutish plants; upper calyx-lip bifid, the ovate segments short and 

parallel; lower calyx-lip entire or slightly dentate 

14. L. polycarptis. 

B. Pods short and roundish or ovate. 

Bracts persistent; ovules 2; cotyledons of the seedling broad and united by 
their bases; annuals. 
Upper lip of calyx herbaceous and entire; flowers pale yellow; stems 

simple below, widely branching above .15. L. luteolus. 

Upper lip of calyx more* or less scarious, emarginate or cleft. 
Flowers commonly white or yellow; stem simple below, branching at 

the middle 16. L. densiflorus. 

Flowers light purple or flesh-color; stem commonly simple 

17. L. microcarpus. 

1. L. arboreus Sims. Distinctly arborescent and 4 to 8 ft. high 
or lower and merely suffrutescent; lightly pubescent on the young 
stems and lower surface of the leaves; leaflets oblanceolate, 1 to 1\ in. 
long, 9 to 11 on the first leaves, 6 to 8 on the (later) leaves from the 



PEA FAMILY. 315 

axils, these smaller; raceme with very indistinct verticils, often 1 ft. 
Long; pedicels 5 lines long; bracts linear, 7 lines long; upper lip of 
calyx slightly notched, the lower entire; corolla sulphur-yellow, 8 
lines long; banner orbicular, mucronulate at apex, the sides reflexed; 
wings lightly coherent by their apices, inflated; keel falcate, purple- 
tipped, lightly ciliate; pod 2 to 3 in. long, 8 to 12-seeded; seeds 
oblong, dark. 

Common in sandy soils near the ocean: Alameda; Angel Island; 
San Francisco and north and south along the coast. Apr. 

2. L. variicolor Steud. Low, 1 to 1£ ft. high, the stems woody 
only at the very base; herbage scantily hairy-pubescent; leaflets 8 or 
the lowermost 6, oblanceolate, 7 to 9 lines long; raceme mostly 1£ to 
3 in. long, the whorls 1 to 4; flowers 6 or 7 lines long; banner white 
or pale blue; wings blue; keel ciliate for its whole length. 

Hillslopes near the seashore: San Francisco; Marin Co. 

3. L. Chamissonis Esch. Stems densely tomentose, woody 
below, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaflets 6 to 9, more or less silky-pubescent, 
oblong-oblanceolate; petioles short, mostly not as long as the leaflets; 
flowers indistinctly or not at all whorled, bluish or lavender, the 
banner with a permanent yellow spot; keel glabrous. 

Near the seashore: San Francisco and Marin Co. May. Very 
doubtfully distinct from no. 2, which is only provisionally main- 
tained. 

4. L. albifrons Benth. Branching bush 2 to 3 ft. high, with a 
distinct woody trunk; growth of the season silky-pubescent; leaflets 
7 to 10, oblanceolate to obovate, 10 lines long or less, silvery-silky 
on both sides; petioles mostly longer than the leaflets; flowers deep 
blue, in mostly distinct whorls in a loose raceme often 1 ft. long; 
pedicels 3 lines long; upper calyx-lip broad, cleft, the lower entire; 
petals subequal; banner broad, with a whitish or sometimes yellow 
spot early changing to red-purple; keel ciliate; pod 2 in. long, 5 to 9- 
seeded; seeds oval, 2 lines long, brownish, with a marginal dark line. 

Abundant, especially on the higher hills, in both the Coast Kanges 
and Sierra Nevada. Feb. -May. Sometimes low and caespitose, 
without a trunk. 

L. eminens Greene grows on "burns" on Mt. Tamalpais; the seed- 
lings, germinating in the rich ashy soil, grow rapidly and crowd each 
other up to a-height of 6 ft. or less; the slender trunk, 1 in. in diam- 
eter, being scarcely branched save at the top. We do not consider it 
distinct from no. 4. 

L. jucuxdus Greene. Shrub 1J to 3 ft. high, all the younger 
stems silky-pubescent; leaflets 7 to 10, oblanceolate, obtuse, mostly 
1 in. long; flowers blue, 6 or 7 lines long; raceme 5 in. long, the 
bracts slender, a little shorter than the flower-buds; upper calyx-lip 
deeply 2-cleft; lower lip entire or obscurely dentate; banner with a 
vellow spot in center; keel obscurely or plainly ciliate just below the 
apex.— Vacaville, Cal., R. H. Piatt, Mar. 23, 1898. This species 
has, to us, no convincing characters. 



316 LEGUMINOS.E. 



5. L. littoralis Dougl. Chinook Liquorice. Stems slender, 
decumbent or ascending, 1 or 2 ft. long, from yellow and somewhat 
fleshy roots; leaflets 5 to 7, ohlanceolate or cuneate-oblong, acute, 
^ to 1 in. long, at least half as long as the petioles, silky on both 
sides, the hairs short and appressed; flowers remotely whorled or 
more or less scattered in a short raceme; calyx-lips of nearly equal 
length, entire; banner red, shorter than the blue wings; keel ciliate; 
pod linear, hirsute; seeds linear, brown, with black spots. 

Seashore from Point Keyes northward. 

6. L. sericatus Kell. Stoutish, decumbent, 5 to 10 in. high, 
minutely but densely silky-canescent; leaflets 6 to 7, spatulate- 
obovate, obtuse or retuse, 1 to 1^ in. long, on petioles 1£ to 4 times 
as long; raceme 4 or 5 in. long, rather long-peduncled; flowers deep 
purple; calyx-lips large, the upper cleft, the lower obscurely 
3-toothed; keel slender-pointed, lightly ciliolate; seeds light brown 
and somewhat mottled. 

Howell Mountain; Mt. St. Helena; Cobb Mountain. Apparently 
confined to the Mayacamas Range. May. 

7. L. latifolius Agardh. Almost or quite glabrous, except a 
minute appressed pubescence on the stems and under surface of the 
leaves; stems dark green and shining, erect, with slender branches, 
2 to 4 ft. high, equably leafy, the basal leaves not long-stalked; leaf- 
lets 5 to 7, broadly ohlanceolate, thin, mucronulate, 1 to 3 in. long; 
racemes 6 to 17 in. long, slender-peduncled, loose, the verticils often 
distinct; pedicels slender; calyx-teeth elongated, the upper notched 
slightly at the narrow apex; corolla blue, changing to dull brown; 
keel ciliolate below the middle. 

Common plant in openly wooded canons of the Coast Ranges: 
Ukiah; Vaca Mountains; Napa Mountains; Oakland Hills and south- 
ward. Apr.-June. 

8. L. formosus Greene. Stems decumbent or ascending, 2 to 3 
ft. long, the whole plant silky-pubescent; leaflets mostly 7 to 9, 
narrowly or broadly ohlanceolate, abruptly acuminate, 1 to 1£ in. 
long, equaling the petiole; raceme with more or less distinct whorls 
but often dense, the peduncle short or scarcely any; flowers to 7 
lines long, rich violet; keel glabrous. 

Rich high places in the fields and sandy lands of the Coast Range 
Valleys and the plains of the Sacramento. Late summer and autumn. 

9. L. polyphyllus Lindl. Stem stout, erect., nearly simple, 3 to 5 
ft. high, sparingly villous, equably leafy up to the inflorescence; 
petioles 6 to 12 in. long except the uppermost; leaflets 9 to 16, ohlan- 
ceolate or lanceolate, sparingly hirsute beneath, glabrous above, 3 to 
6 in. long; stipules adnate for half their length; raceme short- 
peduncled, dense, 1 to 2 ft. long; flowers not in whorls or only 
subwhorled, on long pedicels; calyx-lips of nearly equal length, 
entire; bractlets often wanting; corolla 6 or 7 lines long, with blue 
wings and red-purple banner; keel falcate, acuminate, glabrous; pod 
1 to 1J in. long, \ in. broad, 7 to 9-seeded. 



PEA FAMILY. 317 

Near the coast from Marin Co. (Sausalito, Point Bonita, and 
Tennessee Bay) northward; also in the interior at higher altitudes 
(Howell Mountain. Mt. Shasta). 

10. L. affinis Agardh. Stout and very succulent; stems fistulous, 
14 to 20 in. high, branching mostly from the middle; glabrous except 
a short and sparse pubescence on the lower surface of the leaves; 
leaflets 6 or mostly 7 or 8, oblong-oblanceolate or broadly cuneate- 
obovate, obtuse or retuse, 1 to 2 in. long; petioles 1^ to 4 in. long; 
racemes 4 to 8, on short peduncles; flowers 6 to 7 lines long; bractlets 
short; upper calyx-lip with 2 divergent teeth, the lower lip entire; 
petals 5 to 6 lines long, deep bluish-purple, the keel glabrous; ovary 
densely villous-pubescent. 

Vacaville; Napa Valley; Martinez; Oakland Hills; San Francisco 
Peninsula and southward to Southern California. Very common in 
late Feb. and in Mar. Especially characteristic of depressions in 
hills caused by recent or old landslides. Also common along the 
banks of winter water-courses in the hills and in low heavy soil 
generally. The var. carnos ultjs (L. carnosulus Greene) is usually 
simple with the keel villous in the middle. 

11. L. nanus Dougl. Slender, not succulent, G to 15 in. high, 
often branching from the base, villous or finely pubescent; leaflets 
linear to oblanceolate, J to 1 in. long, usually acute, the petioles 1 to 
3 times longer; racemes loose, short-peduncled, 3 to 7 in. long, of 
several distinct or somewhat indistinct whorls of large fragrant 
flowers; bracts exceeding the calyx; pedicels slender, about 3 lines 
long; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft; lower calyx-lip 3-dentate, the 
middle tooth sometimes obscure or wanting; corolla 6 lines long; 
banner orbicular, retuse, with the sides reflexed, the white middle 
part purple-spotted and turning rose-red; wings lightly joined, form- 
ing an obliquely ovate inflated sac; keel falcate, ciliate above the 
middle. 

Common eve^where in the Coast Kange region and rather variable. 
Flowering mostly in Apr. 

12. L. micranthus Dougl. Slender, simple or more frequently 
branched from the base, erect or ascending, 5 to 18 in. high, pilose- 
pubescent, not at all succulent; leaflets 5 to 7, linear to linear- 
spatulate, £ to l-£ in. long, the petioles twice as long; racemes 
peduncled, whorls 3 to 6, distinct or indistinct; pedicels 1J lines 
long, elongating more or less in fruit; upper calyx-lip with divergent 
triangular acute lobes, the lower long, entire; corolla 2 to 1\ lines 
long, blue; banner with a white spot changing to light blue or 
purple; w T ings narrow, appressed; keel falcate, densely pilose-ciliate 
above the middle to near the apex; pod 5 to 7-seeded. 

Exceedingly variable species, common everywhere in May in the 
hill country and on the plains; Coast Ranges; Sacramento and San 
Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Foothills. There are apparent transitions to 
the next species. 

Var. bicolor (L. bicolor Lindl.). Lower calyx-lip twice as long 



318 LEGUMINOSuE. 

as the upper; corolla 3 to 4£ lines long; folds on the center of the 
banner (covering the edges of the oblique portion of the wings) much 
more prominent. — Bay Kegion and northward. 

Var. pachylobus (L. pachylobus Greene). Peduncles stout; 
flowers small, subsessile in few whorls; upper calyx-lip notched, the 
lower entire, twice as long; pods very large. — Briones Hills, Contra 
Costa Co. Apr. 

13. L. trifidus Torr. Branched from the base, 7 to 12 in. high, 
densely pilose, the younger parts canescent; leaflets mostly 6 to 8, 
linear to linear-spatulate; racemes very short, mostly 2 to 3, some- 
times 4; upper calyx-lip deeply cleft with divergent segments, the 
lower deeply 3-cleft into long slender segments; corolla 2 to 2h lines 
long, blue, the white spot on the banner not changing in age; keel 
scarcely falcate, short and obtusely pointed, sparsely ciliate from 
above the middle to just below the apex; pod (J to 8-seeded; seeds 
quadrate-ovate, dotted or diagonally marked. 

Sandy soil about the Bay and along the seaboard: Alameda and 
San Francisco, southward to Glen Echo (Santa Cruz Co.), Set ch ell 
and Jepson; Pacific Grove, THdestrom. Doubtless no more than a 
good variety of the next; best known by its strikingly pilose 
pubescence and 3-cleft lower calyx-lip. 

14. L. polycarpus Greene. Erect, somewhat succulent, with 
rather stout branches from the base or above the middle, moderately 
pubescent; leaflets G to 8, linear-oblanceolate, | to 1 in. long, raceme 
narrow, rather short, with 4 to 7 distinct or indistinct whorls; 
pedicels 1 line long, ascending; upper calyx-lip 2-cleft, the lobes 
ovate, parallel; lower entire or obscurely dentate, somewhat longer; 
corolla 1£ to 3 lines long, deep blue; banner obovate, retuse or 
truncate, the center white, with dark dots, changing to red-purple, 
the sides incurved, not reflexed; wings coherent at tip, inflated, 
exposing the base of the short and nearly straight keel; keel obscurely 
ciliate below the apex; pod rigid, slightly falcate, 1 in. long or more, 
6 to 9-seeded. 

Occurring in its typical form in rich soil of low fields about the Bay, 
and in a modified form on the plains of Solano Co. Characterized 
chiefly by its rather robust habit, short narrow close racemes of small 
flowers and many large pods. Apr. 

15. L. luteolus Kell. Slender, simple below, loosely and widely 
branching above, 2 to 3£ ft. high, rigid, not succulent; pubescence of 
short appressed silky hairs; leaves scattered; leaflets mostly 7. 
cuneate-oblong, 1 in. long, obtuse or acute; bracts linear-setaceous, 
often exceeding the calyx; flowers 6 lines long, pale yellow, nearly 
sessile, in a dense raceme 1^- to 7 in. long; upper lip of calyx entire, 
not scarious; lower 3-toothed. 

Stream and river beds: Contra Costa Co., Mrs. J. T. Maynard; near 
St. Helena, Greene, 1874; Lake Co., Jepson, 1892, and northward. 

16. L. densiflorus Benth. Besembling the last but more spar- 
ingly villous; stem stout, somewhat succulent, simple below, parted 



CUCURBITACEiE. 319 



at the middle into many spreading branches; leaflets oblong- 
oblanceolate. very acute, mucronate; racemes 6 to 10 in. long, on long 
peduncles; bracts setaceous, much shorter than the calyx; flowers 
white, yellow, or sometimes rose-color; calyx sparingly pubescent, 
the upper lip scarious, deeply cleft, the lower long, toothed. 

Hillsides and banks of gulfies: Marin Co.; Yaca and Napa Valleys; 
eastern San Joaquin Co. and southward to Southern California. 
Apr.-May. Flowers in this and the next 6 to 8 lines long. 

17. L. microcarpus Sims. Simple or branched above, 1 to 1| ft. 
high, somewhat succulent, villous throughout; leaves rather crowded; 
leaflets usually 9, cuneate-oblong, smooth above, varying at apex 
from acutish to emarginate, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts subulate-setaceous, 
equaling the calyx or shorter; flowers short-pediceled, purplish or 
flesh-pink; calyx densely hirsute, upper lip very short, subscarious, 
emarginate or cleft; lower obscurely 2 to 3-toothed; keel slightly 
ciliate; pod villous, 8 lines long. 

Abundant on the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin; 
apparently also at Alameda. Apr.-May. 

65. CUCURBITACE>E. Gourd Family. 

Herbs, mostly tendril-bearing and succulent, with simple leaves. 
Flowers unisexual, the petals united and blended with the calyx. 
Calyx-tube in the pistillate flower adherent to the 1 to 6-celled ovary; 
stigmas 2 or 3; placenta? parietal or projecting from the axis. Stam- 
inate flower with 3 stamens, 2 of these with 2-celled anthers, the 
third one with a 1-celled anther. Fruit gourd-like, or dry and 
dehiscent. Seeds large, anatropous, without endosperm.' 

An order of characteristic aspect, well known on account of the 
melon, pumpkin, cucumber and other esculent fruits of cultivation. 
The genus Cucurbita may be recognized by its prostrate scabrous 
vine-like stems, large yellow solitary flowers, distinct filaments and 
contorted confluent anthers. Two perennial species occur on the 
plains of the lower San Joaquin (Oakdale and southward). C. 
foetidissima HBK., Calabazilla, has triangular-cordate or sub- 
cordate leaves, more or less denticulate, 4 to 6 in. long; calyx-tube | 
in. long. C. palmata Wats., Mock Orange, has palmately 5-cleft 
leaves and calyx-tube about 1 in. long. 

1. ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Big Koot. 
Trailing or climbing herbs with branched tendrils and thin leaves. 
Flowers small, greenish or white, monoecious, the staminate in axil- 
lary racemes or panicles, the pistillate pedicellate and solitary in the 
same axils. Calyx-teeth very small or obsolete. Corolla rotate or 
campanulate with 5 to 7 lobes or lanceolate segments. Staminate 
flowers with the short filaments united and the anthers distinct or 
coherent. Pistillate flowers with capillary staminodia or none; 
ovary globose or oblong, 2 to 4-celled, with 1 to 4 ovules in each cell; 
style very short; stigmas 2 to 3-parted or lobed. Fruit prickly, some- 



320 CUCURBIT ACE^E. 

what fleshy or pulpy, at length dry and bursting irregularly on the 
sides or near the apex. Seeds ovoid or broadly oblong, more or less 
compressed, surrounded by a marginal line. (Greek echinos, a hedge- 
hog, and kustis, a bladder, in reference to the spiny fruit. Our species 
are all perennial from exceedingly large, often deep-seated, fusiform 
or globose roots, sometimes as large as and not unlike the shape of a 
man's body, whence the common name, "Old Man in the Ground." 
The germination of the seed is peculiar; see Gray, Structural Botany, 
p. 21.) 

Corolla rotate, dull or greenish-white; pistillate floAver without abortive 

stamens 1. E.fabacea. 

Corolla campanulate, clear white. 
Pistillate flowers with abortive stamens, the pedicels 3 to 6 lines long . . . 

2. E. Marah. 
Pistillate flowers without abortive stamens, the pedicels 1 to 2 in. long . . 

3. E. Watsonii. 

1. E. fabacea Naud. Common Man Koot. Usually nearly 
glabrous or with short scattered curved hairs; stems 12 to 30 ft. long; 
leaves rough-scabrous or smoother, more or less round-cordate in 
outline, 2 to 4 in. in diameter, with a deep and open sinus at base, 
mostly rather deeply 5 to 7-lobed, often with acutish segments; 
staminate flowers many in slender simple or compound racemes 3£ to 

5 in. long, the pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; corolla 3 to 4 lines in diam- 
eter, of a dull or greenish white; pistillate flowers 5 to 6 lines broad, 
destitute of abortive stamens, the pedicels 6 to 9 lines long; ovary 
globose, 2-celled, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell; fruit globose, 2 in. in 
diameter, very densely covered with stout spines 4 to 12 lines long; 
seeds commonly 4, sometimes less, oblong-ovoid, 9 to 13 lines long, 6 
lines in diameter, surrounded by a shallow groove or darker lines. — 
(Megarrhiza Californica Torr.) 

The most common species, growing upon open hills or climbing in 
thickets; in some localities still very abundant on rich sandy ridges 
(high places) of interior grain fields: Coast Ranges; Sacramento and 
San Joaquin Valleys. The var. agrestis Greene, of eastern Contra 
Costa Co., is described as having smaller fruits with few short spines. 
E. macrocarpa Greene, Chilicothe, has a very spiny oblong pod 4 in. 
long. — Kaweah River basin to Southern California, 

2. E. Marah Cogn. Hill Man Root. Sterns 4 to 25 ft. long, 
mostly smooth; leaves muriculate-scabrous, especially on the upper 
surface, or almost .glabrous, reniform or round-cordate, 3 to 7 in. 
broad, 2 to 4 in. long, 5 to 7-lobed with round sinuses; staminate 
inflorescence 6 to 10 in. long, the corolla 6 to 7 lines broad, clear white; 
pistillate flower with abortive stamens (staminodia), on pedicels 3 to 

6 lines long; ovary ovate, 2 to 3-celled; ovules 1 to 4 or more in each 
cell, attached to the outer side of the cell; fruit ovate-oblong, 2f to 
3.} in. long, somewhat attenuate at each end, particularly at apex, 
nearly smooth or murioate with short weak spines; seeds horizontally 
placed, nearly round, flattened, about 1 in. long, rather less than £ 
in. thick. — (Megarrhiza Marah Wats.) 

Hills of Marin, Alameda and Contra Costa Cos., often climbing 
over shrubs and trees. 



DATISCACEiE. 321 

3. E. Watsonii Cogn. Nearly glabrous, glaucous; stems slender, 
not succulent, 4 to 8 ft. long; leaves orbicular-cordate with nearly- 
closed sinus or broadly reniform, 2 to 4 in. broad, rather broader than 
long, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes broader above and sinuately toothed 
or lobed; staminate panicle slender, often few-flowered; the flowers 
small (about 1£ to 2£ lines in diameter), white; pistillate flowers 3 to 
5 lines broad, without abortive stamens, on slender pedicels 1 to 2 in. 
long; ovary smooth or somewhat muricate; fruit nearly globose, 1 to 
1^ in. in diameter, somewhat naked toward the summit or covered all 
over with weak and very slender spines about 1| lines long, 2-celled, 
2-seeded; seed not flattened, 7 to 9 lines long, 6 lines thick. 

Yaca Mountains; otherwise unknown in the Bay Region. Sierra 
Nevada. 

66. DATISCACE/C. Datisca Family. 

Perennial herbs with alternate and in ours divided leaves. Flowers 
dioecious or in ours the pistillate commonly with a few stamens. 
Calyx synsepalous. Corolla none. Stamens indefinite. Ovary infe- 
rior, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentae; styles 3, bifid. Fruit a cap- 
sule, opening at the top between the styles. 

1. DATISCA L. 

Stout glabrous herb. Leaves divided and more or less incised and 
sharply serrate. Flowers fascicled in the axils on short pedicels. 
Calyx of staminate flower very short (less than 1 line long), with 4 
to 9 unequal lobes; stamens in ours 8 to 12, mostly 10; filaments 
short. Calyx of pistillate flowers with ovoid tube, somewhat 
3-angled, 3-toothed, 3 to 4 lines long; stamens (when present) 2 to 4, 
alternate with the teeth. Seeds numerous, small, in 2 to several rows 
upon the placentas. 

1. D. glomerata (Presl.) Brew. & Wats. Durango Root. Stems 
commonly clustered, stoutish and somewhat fistulous, erect, branch- 
ing above, 2\ to 4 ft. high; lower leaves 5 or 6 in. long, nearly as 
broad, ternately divided and more or less incised and serrate, the 
middle division largest and 3-lobed, the lateral unequally 2-lobed or 
incised; upper leaves 2 to 3 in. long or more, with 3 lanceolate lobes, 
the lateral very much smaller and shorter; flowers in clusters in the 
axils of the leafy branches; staminate flowers in clusters of 3, on 
pedicels about 2 lines long; pistillate flowers sessile or subsessile, 4 to 
7 in a cluster, or somewhat scattered along short axillary branchlets; 
anthers nearly 3 lines long, nearly sessile; styles longer than the 
ovary. 

Dry stream beds: Coast Ranges (Vaca Mountains, Napa and 
Sonoma Cos. to Southern California); Sierra Nevada. June- July. 

67. LOASACE/E. Loasa Family. 

Herbs with either rough or stinging hairs, and often with white 
deciduous bark. Leaves in ours alternate. Flowers regular, perfect. 

23 



322 loasace^:. 

Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-eelled ovary, its limb 5-lobed. Petals 
commonly 5. Stamens usually very numerous, inserted with the 
petals on the throat of the calyx. Placenta? 2 or 3, parietal. Fruit 
a capsule, crowned with the calyx-lobes. 

1. MENTZELIA L. 

Erect annuals. Leaves in age brittle, adhering very tightty to 
clothing by means of barbed hairs. Flowers terminal, solitary or 
cymose, small or showy. Styles 3, more or less united into one. 
Capsule dehiscent at the summit, few to many-seeded. Seeds flat; 
endosperm scanty. (Named for C. Mentzel, a German botanist of 
the 12th century.) 

Annuals; capsule linear or clavate; petals 5, 
Mostly 2 lines long or less. 
Floral leaves broad, almost concealing the flowers; seeds much longer 

than broad 1. M.micrantha. 

Floral leaves very much shorter than the flowers; seeds cubical 

2. M. disperaa. 
Mostly 4 lines long or more. 

Capsule linear, hispid; petals pale yellow, 3 or 4 lines long 

3. M. a {finis. 
Capsule linear-clavate to obconic. 

Petals about Y^ in. long 4. Jf. gracilenta. 

Petals 1 to 1J4 in. long, golden-yellow 5. M. Lindleyi. 

Biennial; capsule oblong; petals 10 6. M. Ixvicaulis. 

1. M. micrantha T. & G. Rough-hispid, at least above; stems 
simple below, corymbosely and rather compactly dichotomous above; 
leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate or sinuate-toothed, 1 to 2 in. 
long or the uppermost roundish, entire, and 4 to 6 lines long; flowers 
shorter or scarcely exceeding the broad floral leaves; petals oval or 
obovate, 1\ to 2 lines long, twice longer than the calyx-lobes; 5 of the 
filaments petal-like with emarginate apex; capsule linear, sharply 
triangular, 3 lines long; seeds 1 line long, twice as long as broad. 

Coast Range hills from Saratoga, Santa Clara Co., Davy, Sept., 
1893, to Mt. Diablo. Clear Lake, ace. to Bot. Cal. 

2. M. dispersa AVats. Usually branching, 9 to 13 in. high; 
stems ostensibly smooth, pubescent under a lens; leaves oblong or 
ovatish, 1£ in. long or less, entire or sometimes toothed; flowers 
small, approximate near the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes 1 line 
long, little shorter than the obovate petals; filaments not dilated; 
capsule linear, G or 7 lines long; seeds cubical, minutely mottled, 
rather acutely angled, as broad as long. 

Montane species: Lower Lake Grade to Kelseyville; Mt. Diablo. 
Also credited to the Sierra. Nevada. 

3. M. affinis Greene. Stoutish, simple and leafy below, widely 
branching above, 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves lanceolate in outline, deeply 
and often sharply pinnatifid; flowers 5 or 6 lines broad, numerous but 
not congested; calyx-lobes subulate, 2 lines long; capsule linear, sub- 
terete, f to nearly 1 in. long, hispid with short stiff" white hairs; seeds 
prismatic with grooved angles. 

San Joaquin Valley plains; (?)Antioch. Insufficiently distin- 
guished from the next. 



LYTHRACE^. 323 



4. M. gracilenta T. & G. Sparingly branched, or often simple, 
1 to 1$ ft. high; leaves narrowly oblong in outline, pinnatifid into 
broadly linear lobes or only coarsely sinuate-toothed; upper leaves 
sometimes disposed to be ovate or lanceolate, somewhat sharply cleft 
or entire; flowers clustered at the summit; calyx-lobes 2 to 5 lines 
long; petals obovate or oblanceolate, rounded or refuse at apex, 4 to G 
lines long, undoubtedly yellow but the exact shade unknown to us; 
filaments dilated and somewhat united at base; capsule clavate to 
obconic, J to f in. long; seeds in 3 rows, angled, minutely tubercu- 
late, § line long. 

Los Angeles northward to the Sacramento, ace. to Bot. Cal.; San 
Antonio River, Brewer. 

5. ' M. Lindleyi T. & G. Bartonia. Slender, simple or 
branching, 1J to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 
peetinately pinnatifid or coarsely toothed, 2 to 3 in. long; flowers 
axillary and terminal; calyx-lobes 5 to 9 lines long, broadly lanceo- 
late, acuminate; petals obovate, abruptly acuminate, golden yellow 
with vermilion base, 1 to 1J in. long; stamens numerous, about 
three-fourths as long as the petals; filaments very slender; capsule 
linear-elavate, 1 to 1^ in. long; seeds angular, minutely tuberculate. 

Benicia, ace. to Davy; South Coast Ranges from Niles to Corral 
Hollow and southward to the region of Mt. Hamilton. May-June. 
Flowers opening in the evening and remaining open during the 
morning of the next day. 

6. M. lasvicaulis(Dougl.) T. & G. Blazing Star. Stout branch- 
ing biennial, 2 to 3J ft. high, with shining white nearly smooth stems; 
leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, sinuately toothed, 3 to 7 in. 
long; flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 at the ends of the branches, 3 or 4 
in. broad, light yellow; calyx segments lanceolate, 1 to 1^ in. long; 
petals about 10, oblanceolate, the numerous stamens almost as long; 
capsule oblong, 1| in. long, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. 

Stream beds throughout the Coast Ranges and Sierra Foothills. 
July-Sept. Flowers open all day. 

68. LYTHRACE>E. Loose-strife Family. 

Herbs with opposite or alternate entire leaves. Flowers perfect, 
axillary or whorled. Calyx tubular, free from but enclosing the 
ovary, 4 to 7-toothed, sometimes with accessory teeth in the sinuses. 
Petals 4 to 6, inserted with the 4 to 12 stamens on the calyx. Cap- 
sule in ours 2 to 4-celled. 

Flowers subsessile or pediceled, solitary in the axils; calyx cylindrical; 

leaves alternate 1. Lythrum. 

Flowers sessile in the axils, 2 to 4 in a whorl; calyx in fruit globose; leaves 

opposite 2. Ammannia. 

1. LYTHRUM L. Loose-strife. 
Slender herbs. Leaves sessile, in ours alternate. Flowers solitary 
in the axils, purple or whitish. Calyx cylindrical, 8 to 12-ribbed, 



324 LYTHRACEiE. 

with 4 to 6 teeth and an equal number of accessory ones in the sinuses. 
Petals 5 or 6, the stamens as many or twice as many. Style filiform; 
stigma capitate. Capsule oblong or cylindrical, 2-celled. (Greek 
lutbron, blood, applied either on account of the color of the flowers 
or the styptic properties of certain species.) 

Flowers distinctly pediceled; corolla 2 or 3 lines long, bright purple; 

perennial 1. L. Californicum. 

Flowers subsessile; corolla 1 line long or less, pale purple or almost white. 

Perennial, stoloniferous . . 2. L. adsurgens. 

Annual, not stoloniferous 3. L. Hyssopifolia. 

1. L. Californicum T. & G. Common Loose-strife. Peren- 
nial; stems erect, paniculately branching above, 2 or 3 or even 
6 ft. high; leaves broadly or narrowly linear, less commonly lan- 
ceolate, mostly f to 2 in. long; flowers distinctly pediceled; calyx 
2\ to 3-} lines long, its teeth sharply acute; petals 2 to 3 lines long, 
bright purple. 

Common in low valley and marshy lands and about springs in the 
mountains: Newark; Suisun, etc. June-Sept. 

2. L. adsurgens Greene. Stoloniferous perennial; branches 
5-angled, decumbent or assurgent, 1 to 3 ft. long; herbage pallid, 
slightly succulent; calyx 2\ lines long, 12-ribbed, the ribs in maturity 
widening and thickened below; teeth minute, subulate; petals pale 
purple or almost white, minute. 

Low wet places at West Berkeley; (?) central Solano Co. Scarcely 
more than a robust perennial variety of the next. 

3. L. Hyssopifolia L. Annual; stems slender and simple or 
with several branches from below the middle, 4 to 9 in. high; herbage 
pale, glabrous; leaves linear or oblong, 3 to 7 lines long; flowers sub- 
sessile in the axils; calyx 2 lines long; petals 1 line long or less, pale 
purple or whitish. 

Dry hillsides or hollows of the Coast Kange Mountains, preferring 
slightly alkaline localities: Knight's Valley Grade and Howell Moun- 
tain southward to New Almaden. Aug. -Sept. 

2. AMMANNIA L. 

Glabrous annuals with mostly 4-angled stems. Leaves opposite, 
sessile or narrowed to a short-petioled base. Flowers purplish, 2 or 
more in each axil. Calyx campanulate (in fruit globose or nearly 
so), the tube 8-ribbed, 4-toothed and usually with small accessory 
teeth in the sinuses. Petals 4, purplish, small and deciduous, or 
wanting. Stamens 4 to 8. Capsule globular. (Named for Johann 
Ammann, a German botanist of the 18th century.) 

Leaves sessile by a broad auricled base 1. A. coccinea. 

Leaves tapering at base, sometimes short-petioled 2. A. humilis. 

1. A. coccinea Rottb. Erect, simple or branching below, 4 to 14 
in. high; leaves horizontally spreading, broadly linear or somewhat 
narrowed towards the apex, 1 to 2 in. long, sessile by a broad auricled 
base; flowers in whorls of 2 to 5; calyx in flower narrowly campanu- 



ONAGRACEiE. 325 

late, strongly 8-ribbed, in fruit distended and the ribs less obvious; 
capsule 2 lines long. 

Low lands along interior rivers: Cache Creek, Bolander; Lower 
Sacramento Islands; San Joaquin River. 

2. A. humilis Michx. Smaller; leaves linear-oblanceolate, taper- 
ing at base (not auricled) and sometimes short-petioled; flowers 1 to 
3 in each axil; accessory teeth of the calyx sometimes as long as the 
proper teeth; capsule dehiscent septicidally. 

Stockton. 

69. ONAGRACE/E. Evening-Primrose Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs with simple leaves sometimes lobed or 
divided. Flowers complete, symmetrical, 4-merous (rarely 5 or 2- 
merous), in spikes or racemes, or solitary. Calyx-tube adnate to the 
ovary, the petals inserted at its summit, and the stamens twice as 
many or as many. Pollen commonly cobwebby. Style always 
single; lobes of the stigma as many as the cells of the ovary, or stigma 
capitate. Capsule commonly 4, sometimes 5 or 2-celled. Seeds 
mostly small, naked or with a tuft of hairs at apex (coma); endosperm 
none. 

An order of showy plants with a large representation in western 
America. Gayophytum with six species in California, approaches 
(Enothera; it has very small white or pink flowers and a 2-celled 
ovary. The species are all very slender annuals and all beyond our 
limits, mostly in the High Sierras. Heterogaura Californica Roth- 
rock, which is allied to Clarkia, occurs in the Sierra Nevada from 
Yuba Co. to Fort Tejon; it has 4 of the 8 stamens sterile and an 
indehiscent fruit with one seed in each cell. 

Parts of the flower in 4's or 5's; fruit a capsule (indehiscent' in no. 1). 
Tube of the calyx not produced beyond the ovary, the limb divided down 
to the ovary and persistent on 'it after flowering. 
Petals 5,6 lines long or more; fruit at length reflexed . . 1. Jussi.ea. 

Petals none or minute; fruit erect 2. Ltidwigia. 

Tube of the calyx produced beyond the ovary, the limb with the free por- 
tion of the calyx-tube deciduous after flowering; parts of the flower 
always in 4's; ovary 4-celled. 
Seeds with a tuft of hairs at one end. 

Flowers large; corolla and calyx scarlet 3. Zatjschneria. 

Flowers small; corolla white or purplish 4. Epilobium. 

Seeds "naked. 
Flowers purple, rose-color or white, never yellow. 

Calyx-lobes erect or ascending; petals small or minute 

5. Boisduvalia. 
Calyx-lobes reflexed or the tips remaining united and turned to one 
side in anthesis. 
Petals distinctly clawed, often much lobed, the stamens opposite 

them frequently wanting 6. Clarkia. 

Petals sessile, not lobed except in G. biloba; stamens always 8 . . . 

7. Godetia. 

Flowers yellow or (in two species) white 8. Oenothera. 

Parts of the flower in 2's; fruit bur-like .9. Circea. 

1. JUSSI/EA L. 

Glabrous perennial herbs, ours riparian or of muddy shores. Leaves 



326 ONAGRACE^E. 

alternate. Flowers yellow, solitary in the axils, pediceled. Calyx- 
tube elongated, not produced beyond the ovary, its lobes 5. Petals 
5. Stamens twice as many. Fruit (in ours) 5-celled. Seeds very 
numerous. (Bernard de Jussieu, who founded the natural system of 
classification.) 

1. J. Californica. California Water-weed. Stems 1£ to 6 
ft. long; leaves of floating plants orbicular to elliptic, nearly 1 to 1J 
in. long, on petioles almost as long; leaves of erect plants of muddy 
shores broadly oblong, acute at base and apex, or obovate, 1 to 2 in. 
long, the petioles £ in. long; calyx-lobes lanceolate, ^ in. long; petals 
broadly obovate, 6 to 7 lines long; fruit woody, cylindric, 10 lines 
long, indehiscent, at length reflexed and the calyx-segments decidu- 
ous from the mature fruit; fruiting pedicel J to f in. long; seeds large 
for the order, with a very thick tough outer coat; cotyledons elliptic, 
caulicle very short. 

Region of the Lower Sacramento and the Lower San Joaquin, par- 
ticularly in tide sloughs; Cache Creek, Bolander; Clear Lake, Jepsonf 
Warn) Springs, Alameda Co.; lakelet near Aptos, Santa Cruz 
Co., Setehell; Pajaro, Monterey Co., Chandler; Visalia; Bakersfield. 
July-Sept. 

2. LUDWIGIA L. False Loose-strife. 

Aquatic or marsh perennial herbs, with the aspect of the preceding, 
but the leaves opposite, parts of the flower in 4's, and the petals often 
absent. Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. 
Ovary broad at apex and usually flattened, or crowned with a conical 
style-base. Capsule 4-celled, dehiscent by lateral slits or terminal 
pores. Seeds minute. (C. G. Ludwig, 1700-1 77?>, Professor of Botany 
at Leipsic.) 

1. L. palustris Ell. 'Water Purslane. » Glabrous, stem 6 to 
12 in. long; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base into 
a rather long petiole, the whole leaf 8 to 12 lines long; petals none, 
or minute and reddish; capsule erect, broadly oblong, 1£ lines long, 
more or less 4-sided or -angled, with a narrow longitudinal band of 
tubercles on each side. 

Muddy shores: Healdsburg, Miss King; Clear Lake, Jepson. Aug. 
Ft. Sept. Capsule yellowish, the persistent sepals green. 

3. ZAUSCHNERIA Presl. 
Low perennials, with alternate leaves (the lowest opposite) and 
large scarlet Fuchsia-like flowers. Calyx above the ovary colored 
like the corolla, its tube funnelform with a globose base (nectar- 
bearing within), and appendaged within at the most constricted por- 
tion with several erect and deflexed scales. Petals scarlet, inserted 
on the throat of the calyx and rather shorter than its erect lobes, 
obcordate or 2-cleft. Stamens 8, exserted, colored like the corolla; 
anthers linear-oblong, attached by the middle. Style long and 
exserted, stigma 4-lobed. Capsule linear, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved 
and imperfectly 4-celled. Seeds oblong, with a tuft of hairs at the 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 327 

apex. (In memory of M. Zauschner, a Bohemian botanist, one time 
Professor of Natural History in the University of Prag.) 

1. Z. Californica Presl. Balsamea. Stems decumbent or erect, 
about 1 ft. high, woody at base, the herbage more or less villous or 
woolly; leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, ^ to 1^ in. long, the lowest 
opposite; flowers 1£ to 2 in. long; calyx-lobes 4 lines long. 

Dry stream-beds of the Coast Ranges, particularly on benches, but 
also along cliffs in the crevices of rocks. Aug. -Oct. Used as a 
vulnerary in rural medicine by Spanish-Californians. First collected 
at Monterey in 1792 by Thaddeus Hienke of the Malaspina Expedi- 
tion, the first botanist to visit California. An exceedingly variable 
species. The var. latifolia Hook (Z. latifolia G-reene) is often nearly 
glabrous and has broadly ovate to ovate-lanceolate leaves, conspicu- 
ously feather-veined. — Mt. Diablo range and middle altitudes of the 
Sierra Nevada. 

4. EPILOBIUM L. Willow Herb. 
Erect herbs; annual, perennial by creeping root-stocks, or propa- 
gating in the autumn by offsets. Leaves opposite or alternate. 
Flowers purple, rose-color or white. Petals 4, often emarginate or 
bifid. Stamens 8, the 4 alternate shorter. Stigma oblong or 4-lobed. 
Ovary long and narrow, 4-celled. Capsule 4-valved. Seeds numer- 
ous, the summit bearing a tuft of long hairs (coma). (Greek epi, 
upon, lobus, a pod, and ion, a violet.) 

Flowers small; petals notched or obcordate, not opening beyond funnel- 
form (except no. 7?); capsule rather prominently ribbed or angled. 
Perennials; coma mostly persistent. 
Leaves mostly alternate; petals V/ 2 to 1% lines long. 
Glabrous below; inflorescence white-pubescent . .I.E. Californicam. 
Pubescence chiefly glandular: var. occidentale of. .2. E. adenocaulon. 

Silky pubescent throughout 3. E. holosericeum. 

Leaves mainly opposite; petals 3 to 5 lines long. 

Tomentose; flowers exceeding the reduced upper leaves 

4. E. Watsoni. 
Glabrate below, glandular-pubescent above; flowers scarcely surpass- 
ing the terminal leaves 5. E. Frahciscanum. 

Annuals; stems with shreddy bark at base ; coma very deciduous. 
More or less pubescent, y% to 1 ft. high; petals emarginate 

6. E. minutuni. 
Glabrous or glandular, 1% to 5 ft. high; petals deeply 2-cleft 

7. E. paniculatum. 
Flowers large; petals entire, opening nearly flat, 5 to 7 lines long; capsule 

terete"; perennials 8. E. spicatum. 

1. E. Californicum Hausskn. Glabrous below, the inflorescence 
and buds rather coarsely white-pubescent, slender, 3 to 4 ft. high; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, remotely serrulate, 3 to 4 in. 
long or less, short-petioled; flowers few; peduncles of mature fruit 
slender, occasionally equaling the floral leaves; capsules nearly 
glabrous. 

First collected near Fort Koss by Wrangell; common in low ground 
on the Lower Sacramento. 

2. E. adenocaulon Hausskn. var. occidentale Trelease. Finely 
glandular-pubescent, especially on the strict branches, 3 to 4 ft. high, 



328 ONAGRACE^E. 

remotely leafy; leaves triangular-lanceolate, 2 in. long or less, dentic- 
ulate, short-petioled, passing into the small floral ones, these acute at 
both ends; flowers small; petals 1 to 1^ lines long; capsule slender, 
short-pediceled. 

About springs in the mountains and moist places in the valleys: 
North Coast Kanges; Napa Valley; Lake Co.; Suisun Marshes. 

3. E. holosericeum Trelease. Silky-pubescent or canescent, 
simple below, loosely branched above, 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong- 
lanceolate, low-serrulate, narrowed into short petioles, 2 to 4 in. long, 
those of the flowering branches small and scattered; flowers scattered 
along the elongated branches, petals 2 lines long, nearly white; 
peduncles of mature capsules 5 lines long. 

Stream beds: Vaca Valley and Weldon Canon; first described from 
specimens collected in San Bernardino Co. Aug. -Sept. 

4. E. Watsoni Barbey. Tomentose-pubescent throughout, 1£ ft. 
high; leaves elliptical, denticulate, rounded to short-winged petioles; 
flowers rose-red, not so crowded as in the preceding, protruding 
beyond the more reduced and lanceolate upper leaves; seeds coarsely 
papillate, coma dingy. 

First collected at Fort Ross; not known otherwise, at least within 
our limits. 

5. E. Franciscanum Barbey. Glabrate below, glandular-pilose 
above, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves elliptic- to ovate-lanceolate, serrate, on 
short petioles, the lower opposite, the uppermost often pilose along 
the midrib; racemes dense, the red-purple or pale flowers scarcely 
surpassing the somewhat reduced bracts; capsule 2 in. long; seeds 
hyaline, papillate, coma sometimes tawny. 

Muddy margins of lakes and streamlets: San Francisco. No. 2 
approaches this, but differs in its smaller and less corymbosely- 
clustered flowers. 

6. E. minutum Lindl. Pubescent below, 5 to 12 in. high, com- 
monly with diffuse ascending branches; leaves broadly or narrowly 
lanceolate, entire or denticulate, 6 to 9 lines long, veinless; flowers 
distributed along the stem, rose-color or white; petals emarginate, 1 
line long; 4 longer stamens equaling the style; capsule 1 in. long, 
pediceled; seeds | line long or less. 

Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; St. Helena and 
northward. May. Dwarf forms, 2 to 3 in. high, occur, on the 
Mayacamas Range. The var. foliosum T. & G. has linear-spatulate 
leaves, with smaller ones fascicled in the axils. — Napa Valley, 
Bigelow; Geysers, Greene. The var. Biolettii Greene is minutely 
canescent on the inflorescence and has much smaller flowers than the 
species. — Mill Valley. 

7. E. paniculatum Nutt. Glabrous below, more or less glandular 
above; stem very shreddy, simple below, paniculately branched 
above, 1£ to 5 ft. high or more; leaves lanceolate, mostly alternate, 
with smaller ones fascicled in the axils, sharply but minutely denticu- 
late, mostly veined, \\ to 2 in. long; flowers few, terminating the 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 329 

almost filiform spreading and nearly leafless branches, the bracts 
almost subulate; petals deeply 2-cleft into linear-oblong lobes, rotate- 
spreading, rose-purple, 3 to 4 lines long; capsule pediceled, about 1 
in. long, sharply 4-angled and acuminately beaked; seeds \ to 1 line 
long. 

Dry ground, everywhere common. July-Oct. Main stem often 
very stout and thick below, and rapidly diminishing upwards. 

8. E. spicatum L. Fire-weed. Stems erect, mostly simple 
from a stout root, 2 to 5 ft. high, glabrate below, the inflorescence 
canescent; leaves alternate, lanceolate, nearly entire, 4 to 6 in. long, 
the lateral veins confluent in submarginal loops; flowers large, in 
long racemes with small slender bracts; calyx cleft almost to the 
ovary; corolla slightly irregular, lilac-purple; petals 5 to 7 lines long, 
entire; stamens purple, in a single row, with filaments dilated at base; 
style exceeding the stamens, hairy at base, at first recurved; capsule 
2 to 3 in. long. 

Common in the Sierra Nevada and North Coast Kanges, appearing 
in great abundance on forest-burned areas; collected within our limits 
only in Sonoma Co. near Gruerneville, Davy. July. Entire inflo- 
rescence often purple, especially in the bud. 

E. obcordatum Gray, alpine in the High Sierras, is a span high 
with bright rose-colored obcordately 2-lobed petals and yellow stamens. 

5. BOISDUVALIA Spach. 
Erect annuals with alternate leaves. Flowers small or minute, in 
leafy spikes or axillary along the branches. Calyx-tube (above the 
ovary) short, obconic, the lobes erect. Petals 4, obovate, sessile, 
2-lobed, purple to white. Stamens 8, those opposite the petals 
shorter; anthers basitixed. Capsule ' 4-celled, 4-valved, sessile. 
(Jean-Alphonse Bois-duval, French naturalist and physician, author 
of Flora Francaise, published at Paris in 1828.) 

Petals white, cleft into 2 unequal lobes 1. B. bipartita. 

Petals rose-color, purple or violet, cleft into 2 equal lobes; capsule 
membranous. 
Capsule terete, septifragal, the septa wholly persistent on the placenta, 

which is thus 4-winged 2. B. densiflora. 

Capsule terete, loculicidal, the septa adherent to the valves in dehiscence. 

Floral leaves ovate or oblong 3. B. campestris. 

Floral leaves linear 4. B. stricta. 

Capsule 4-.sided, coriaceous; dehiscence unknown . . . .5.B. cleistogama. 

1. B. bipartita Greene. Nearly 1 ft. high, simple or with decum- 
bent branches from the base, the herbage pale and villous; leaves 
linear-lanceolate to lanceolate or those of the inflorescence ovate- 
lanceolate, entire or obscurely denticulate; petals white, very deeply 
parted into 2 unequal lobes, the smaller about f the length of the 
other, the open corolla thus seemingly composed of 8 petals, 4 long 
and 4 short; capsule villous; seeds few and large. 

Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., Greene, June 14, 1895. 

2. B. densiflora (Lindl.) Wats. Erect, commonly 1J ft. high, 
branched above, leaves lanceolate, 2 in. long, the floral ovate, 



330 ONAGRACEJE. 

acute, about 3 to 6 lines long; inflorescence spicate, commonly elon- 
gated; petals about 2 lines long, about twice as long as the lobes of 
the calyx, and exceeding the subtending leaves; capsule 2 lines long, 
dehiscent; seeds ovate or triangular-ovate. 

Of wide distribution in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Coast 
Range valleys and among the hills, preferring, low ground where 
water has stood in spring pools: Stockton; Santa Clara Co.; Monterey; 
Berkeley; Napa Valley, etc. Also in the Sierra Nevada. June- 
Sept. Passes into the following: Var. imbricata Greene. Bracts 
densely imbricated, concealing the capsules; spikes commonly very 
long and virgate. — Santa Cruz; Marin Co.; Yaca Valley, etc. Yar. 
montaxus. Short lateral spikelets numerous below the short termi- 
nal spike, each spikelet subtended by a narrowly lanceolate bract 
ljr to 2 in. long. — Howell Mountain, Napa Co. 

3. B. campestris. Commonly branched from the base and 5 to 
9 in. high, with a short scattered pubescence or nearly glabrous, the 
foliage bright green; upper (flowering) portion of branches densely 
imbricated with ovate or oblong denticulate leaves 5 or 6 lines long, 
in fruiting stage concealing the capsules; lower leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
scattered and rather longer, often with flowers in their axils; petals 2 
lines long, purple; stamens opposite the sepals 1^ lines long, the 
alternate ones shorter (sometimes with nearly sessile anthers); capsule 
almost straight, pointed at apex, 3 lines long; seeds fusiform, about 60. 

Little Oak, Lower Sacramento Valley, to the plains of the San 
Joaquin between Oakdale and La Grange; associated with B. cleisto- 
gama. Last of May-June. The lower (foliage) leaves turn brown 
early, and by the time the plant is in fruit have disappeared; the 
bracts remain green for a much longer period. The technical char- 
acters of separation from B." glabella Walpers, of Oregon, are not as 
strong as could be desired; that plant is taller and with decidedly 
looser spikes. Our plant doubtless bears much the same relation to 
B. glabella that B. densiflora var. imbricata holds to B. densiflora. 

4. B. stricta Trelease. Simple or often diffusely branched from 
the base, 5 to 13 in. high, pilose-pubescent or somewhat canescent; 
leaves linear, 1£ in. long or less; petals 1 line long, violet; capsule 
slender, attenuate, arcuate-recurved, 6 to 7 lines long, not promptly 
dehiscent. 

Lower Sacramento Valley; Angwin's meadows, Howell Mountain, 
and Cloverdale, southward to New Almaden and the Santa Lucia 
Mountains. June. Frequently flowering from the very base, the 
branches often with sparse foliage, or the foliage strict. 

5. B. cleistogama Curran. Commonly with stout rigid whitish 
branches or rarely simple, 4 to 8 in. high, pilose-pubescent, somewhat 
glandular, glaucescent; leaves linear or lanceolate, 1 to 1£ in. long, 
remotely denticulate; flowers axillary along the branches, the earliest 
fertilized in the bud and never expanding, the later light pink; petals 
2 lines long, bifid; capsule 4-sided, the septal lines on each side 
distinct, sharply pointed, 5 lines long, hard coriaceous, very tardily 
dehiscent, if ever. 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 331 

Klmira (where first collected by Mrs. K. Brandegee); Antioeb; 
between Oakdale and La Grange, Jepson. The shallow vernal pools 
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys are quickly dried up in 
the first month of summer. After the water has disappeared these 
dry beds support a peculiar flora, one species being the plant here 
described which deserves much further study. The square capsules 
with the sharp angles and distinct septal lines recall the fruits of 
certain species of Godetia; they also resemble those of Gaura in 
certain particulars. 

6. CLARKIA Pursh. 
Erect annuals with brittle stems and alternate leaves. Flowers 
showy, in terminal racemes (nodding in the bud). Calyx-tube above 
the ovary obconical or much prolonged and almost filiform, its lobes 
reflexed in flower or remaining united and turned to one side. Petals 
4, purple or rose-color, with claws, the limb entire or lobed. Stamens 
typically 8, those opposite the petals often sterile and rudimentary, or 
wanting. Ovary 4-celled; style elongated, the stigma with 4 broad 
lobes. Capsule linear, or attenuate above, straight or somewhat 
curved, coriaceous, somewhat 4-angled, 4-valved. Seeds numerous, 
angled or margined. The lower leaves in this and in the two suc- 
ceeding genera often disappear very early. (In honor of Captain 
Clarke of the Lewis & Clarke party, first expedition across the Rocky 
Mountains to the Pacific, 1806.) 

Petals entire; calyx-tube short, obconical, 1% lines long; stamens 8.— 
Subgenus Euclarkia. 
Claw broad and short, much shorter than limb of petal, often toothed . . 

1. C. rhomboidea. 

Claw about as long as limb of petal, not toothed 2. C. elegans. 

Petals lobed; calyx- tube almost filiform above the ovary, % to 1% in. long; 
stamens 4, those opposite the petals wanting.— Subgenus Eucharidium. 

Petals 3-lobed, the lobes nearly equal 3. C. concinna. 

Petals fan-shaped and obcordate, a linear or spatulate lobe proceeding 
from the deep sinus and exceeding in length the lateral lobes, which 
are several times larger 4. G. Breiveri. 

1. C. rhomboidea Dougl. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, more or less 
branching, finety puberulent; leaves oblong to ovate, the blades entire, 
^ to 1^ in. long, on petioles J in. long, more or less; calyx-tube above 
ovary obconic, I2 lines long; calyx-lobes narrowly linear, carinate; 
petals rose-purple, often purple-dotted toward the base, rhomboidal, 
3 to 5 lines long, the limb with a short broad often toothed claw; fila- 
ments with whitish hairy scales at base, those alternating with the 
petals with longer scales; capsule sessile or very shortly pediceled, 
commonly somewhat curved, 1 in. long. 

Sierra Nevada and Coast Ranges, from the foothills to middle 
altitudes: Mt. Hamilton; Mt. Diablo; Lake Co., etc. Last of Mav- 
July. 

2. C. elegans Dougl. Habit similar to the preceding; herbage 
often reddish; leaves narrowly ovate, sometimes repand-denticulate, 
short-petioled; calyx-lobes broadly linear, plane; petals entire, about 
8 lines long, the limb about equaling the narrow entire claw; each 



332 ONAGRACE^E. 

filament with a reddish densely hairy scale at base, most developed 
opposite the short stamens; anthers of long stamens bright crimson, 
3 lines long; anthers of short stamens commonly white; capsule 
usually curved, sessile, 7 to 12 lines long, often hairy. 

Same range as no. 1 and as common: Santa Clara Co. ; Oakland 
Hills; Napa; Vacaville; Upper Sacramento, etc. Flowering con- 
temporaneously. Petals often spreading laterally in pairs, the 4 
longer stamens with deflexed or retrocurved filaments. 

C. Xantiana Gray, of the Upper San Joaquin at Fort Tejon, is 
like this species in calyx character but may be known by its 2-lobed 
petals with a subulate lobe in the sinus. 

3. C. concinna (F. & M.) Greene. Simple below or diffusely 
much branched from the base, \ to 2 ft. high, nearly glabrous; leaves 
broadly to narrowly oblong; calyx-tube above ovary 8 lines long; 
calyx-lobes crimson, linear-lanceolate, 9 lines long, abruptly recurved 
from the middle; petals rose-purple, 7 to 12 lines long, cuneate- 
obovate, 3-lobed, the middle broadest but little larger than the 
lateral; filaments not at all or scarcely dilated at base or apex, the 
anthers recurved after dehiscence and sparsely short-ciliate; capsule 
sessile, nearly straight, f to 1 in. long; seeds short subcylindric, 
pointed at one end, the other end oblique and margined with a dense 
row of short teeth. — (Eucharidium concinnum F. & M. C. grandiflora 
Greene.) 

Common in the Coast Ranges at middle altitudes, rarely in the 
lower foothills: Humboldt Co. ace. to Blankinship; Round Valley, 
Westermann; Ukiah; Napa Mountains; Vaca Mountains; Petaluma; 
Ross Valley; Oakland Hills; Mt. Hamilton and Loma Prieta. 
Yosemite Valley, ace. to Mrs. Brandegee. Last of May-June. 
The three upper petals are commonly approximate and ascending, 
the lower one opposite these and declined, thus making a corolla 
which is physiologically irregular and bilabiate. 

4. C. Breweri (Gray) Greene. Five to 9 in. high; calyx-tube 
above ovary 1 to \\ in. long; petals rose-color, fan-shaped and 
obcordate, about 1 in. long, the rather deep sinus with a linear or 
spatulate lobe proceeding from it which surpasses the large lateral 
lobes; filaments spatulate, dilated at apex; anthers linear, 3 lines long, 
pilose-ciliate; style much longer than the stamens; capsule stout, 
sessile, straight, \\ in. long; seeds as in the preceding. — (Eucharidium 
Breweri Gray.) 

Rare and somewhat local species of the Mt. Diablo Range: first 
discovered on the summit of Mt. Oso by Brewer, no. 1247, June 9, 
1862; Loma Prieta, Price; Mt. Hamilton; Hernandez; Priest Valley. 
The filaments and style are colored like the petals. The flowers 
diffuse a most delicate fragrance, recalling the honeysuckle of 
old-time gardens. 

7. GODETIA Spach. 
Simple or branching erect annuals with alternate leaves. Flowers 
mostly in leafy racemes or spikes.. Calyx-tube above the ovary 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 333 

obconie or short-funnelform. Petals 4, broad and sessile, entire, 
emarginate or in one species 2-lobed, varying from phlox- or lilac- 
purple or rose-color to nearly white. Stamens 8, those opposite the 
petals shorter; anthers basifixed. Ovary 4-celled. Capsule ovate .to 
linear, mostly 4-sided, somewhat coriaceous, often longitudinally 
ribbed, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows, more or less cubical 
or quadi-angular, usually obliquely pointed at one end, the opposite 
end obliquely truncate and with a densely fimbriate-toothed or 
tubereulate margin; angles often prismatic, rendering the seed strik- 
ingly similar to that of Mentzelia. (C. H. Godet, 1797-1879, 
author of " Flore de Jura.") 

Flowers in a lax spike or raceme; buds often nodding; capsules linear. 

Petals deeply 2-lobed I. G. biloba. 

Petals not lobed. 
Capsules all or at least some pedicellate, not costate, but tbe callous lines 
of dehiscence or septal lines often prominent. 

Petals y% in. long or less 2. G. epilobioides. 

Petals % in. long or more 3. G. amcena. 

Capsules sessile, bicostate on 4 or 2 sides (smoothish in var. tenella) . . . 

4. G. quadrivulnera. 
Flowers in a mostly dense spike; buds never nodding; capsule ovate to 
oblong, bicostate on the sides. 

Spike with short branchlets 5. G .albescens. 

Spike simple 6. G. lepida. 

1. G. biloba Wats. One and one-fourth to 2 ft. high, usually 
branching above; sparsely puberulent; leaves linear, 1 to If in. long, 
petioled; calyx-tips remaining united and turned to one side in the 
bud; petals purple, deeply 2-lobed, the lobes somewhat divergent, J 
in. long; style shorter or twice as long as the stamens; stigma lobes 
^ line long, elliptic; capsule sessile or nearly so, smoothish. 

Briones Hills; Martinez; Antioch; Mt. Diablo; common in the 
Sierra Foothills. May. 

2. G. epilobioides Wats. Tomentosely puberulent, | to 2\ ft. 
high; leaves linear (or inclined to lanceolate), denticulate; calyx red; 
"petals light purple" (drying white), 3 to 6 lines long; capsule 
acuminate at apex, attenuate to a short pedicel, rarely subsessile. 

Antioch, ace. to Brandegee in Herb. Cal. Acad.; Sierra Foothills, 
ace. to Watson; Arroyo Grande, Monterey Co.; Southern California. 

3. G. amcena Lilja. Herald of Summer. One and one-fourth 
to 2\ ft. high, of branching habit, sparsely puberulent or nearly gla- 
brous; leaves oblong or widest below the middle, entire or remotely 
denticulate, rather slender-petioled, 2^ in. long or less; sepals remain- 
ing united and turned to one side, partly separating or separating in 
pairs; petals nearly white to rose-color or phlox-purple, with splotch 
in center or crimson base, cuneate-obovate, obtuse or truncate at apex, 
abruptly short-clawed, f to 1 in. long; anthers purple, 3 to 5 lines long, 
the upper end empty and bright yellow; stigmas linear, whitish or 
purplish, 1 to 2 lines long; capsule mostly long-pediceled or at first 
nearly sessile, 1 to \\ in. long, terete, attenuate to each end, not 
ribbed but the lines of dehiscence and the septal lines unusually 
prominent. 



334 onagrace^:. 

Hillsides and ridges of the outer Coast Ranges: Santa Cruz; San 
Francisco Peninsula; Oakland Hills; Belvedere; Mt. Tamalpais; 
Olema; Petaluma; Healdsburg, etc. June and July. Mostly 
branched above, occasionally at base, often simple, especially when 
low. Buds oblong, acute, puberulent. Anthers in anthesis coiling 
into a ring. Less vigorous specimens, 2 to 3 in. high, are frequent. 

Var. concolor. Simple, 1 ft. high, nearly glabrous, leaves linear, 
1 in. long; sepals pinkish, turned to one side in the flower; petals 5 
to 6 lines long, crimson; anthers somewhat spirally twisting after 
dehiscence; stigmas oblong or elliptical, £ line long; capsule unknown. 
— Pope Valley grade from Calistoga, May 2, 1893; Walker Canon, 
Vaca Mountains, May 17, 1892, Jepson. A puzzling form, referred 
here provisionally as a variety. 

4. G. quadrivulnera Spach. Simple or with erect branches from 
the base, finely pubescent or the younger parts (especially the ovary) 
canescent; leaves linear or narrowly oblong, entire or slightly 
denticulate, mostty less than 1 in. long, sessile or very short-petioled; 
petals 4 to 6 lines long, truncate or obtuse or even subacute, towards 
apex erose-denticulate; style longer or shorter than stamens; capsule 
pilose-pubescent, 2-ribbed on the four sides, sessile. 

Very common in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Foothills. May- 
June. A variable species, especially in pubescence, size, foliage, 
color of flowers and character of capsules. The leaves subtending 
capsules are often elongated, thickish and conduplicate, especially on 
plants of the inner Coast Ranges; such plants commonly have very 
lax spikes. Plants observed in 1896 at Forest Grove, Santa Cruz 
Mountains, growing within a space of twenty square ft. and indubit- 
ably of common parentage showed the following variations in color of 
petals: (1) Pale lilac or almost white. (2) Similar in color but with 
purplish or deeper colored base. (3) Similar to no. 1 but with small 
wedge-shaped purple or crimson spot at apex. (4) Like preceding, 
but with the spot larger. (5) Uniformly deep purple or crimson. 
In these same plants the style was either shorter, as long as, or 3 or 4 
times longer than the stamens. Capsule in this species also variable 
as to ribbing; plants with only the anterior and posterior faces plainly 
2-costate are referred to this aggregate. The var. tenella (G. tenella 
as to Wats.) has nearly smooth capsules. The seeds of the species are 
somewhat cubical, rather obtusely pointed at one end, with the 
opposite end square and fimbriate-edged or margined. More exten- 
sive comparisons may reveal several species here taken as one, but the 
present results of field studies do not encourage this supposition. 

5. G. albescens Lindl. Stem simple or branching from the base, 
1 to 2 ft. high; more or less canescent; leaves oblong to lanceolate, 
sparingly denticulate, 1 in. long; flowers mostly crowded on many 
short lateral spikelets; petals purplish blue, 3 to 5 lines long; capsule 
oblong, conspicuously 8-ribbed, 3 to 6 lines long, pubescent. 

An indefinite and little known species: Oakdale (San Joaquin 
Valley). Seemingly passes into the 

Var. micropetala (G. micropetala Greene). Leafy inflorescence 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 335 

much more elongated and lax; lateral spikelets short, or but a single 
flower in the axils. — Martinez; grade to Napa Soda Springs; Middle- 
town grade, Mt. St. Helena. 

6. G. lepida Lindl. Stems simple, 1 ft. high or less; herbage 
puberulent; leaves oblong, f in. long; buds pilose, elliptic-oblong; 
petals crimson, broadly truncate-obovate, 9 lines long; stigma-lobes 
purple, oval, £ to f line long. 

Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. May. The var. Arnotti 
Wats, has thicker and broader glabrous leaves, with one side of the 
isodiametrical seeds narrowly margined or slightly ciliate. 

8. OENOTHERA L. 

Herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers yellow or white, often turn- 
ing greenish or reddish. Calyx-tube prolonged beyond the ovary, 
mostly deciduous, the lobes 4, reflexed. Petals 4. Stamens 8, equal, 
or those opposite the petals shorter, mostly versatile, sometimes basi- 
fixed. Capsule membranous to woody, often contorted or spirally 
coiled, 4-celled, 4-valved, dehiscent, in ours sessile. Seeds many, in 
1 or 2 rows in each cell, naked. (Greek oinos, wine, and therea, 
pursuit, name given by Dioscorides to some now unknown plant, the 
roots of which were eaten to incite desire for wine.) 

Caulescent; calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, and linear. 
Flowers yellow; tall biennial; var. grandiflora of . . 1. CE. biennis. 
Flowers white; low plants. 

Perennial; calyx-tips free in the bud 3. (E. Calif ornica. 

Biennial, calyx-tips not free in the bud 2. CE. trichocalyx. 

Acaulescent; calyx-tube much prolonged beyond the ovary, and filiform; 
flowers yellow. 
Perennial; leaves ovate or oblong, acute; petals 6 lines long or more . . 

4. CE. ovata. 
Annual; leaves linear; petals 3 to 4 lines long. . . 5. CE. graciliflora. 
Caulescent; calyx-tube obconic, little prolonged beyond the ovary; flowers 
yellow. 
Capsule sharply quadrangular, much contorted or spirally coiled; flowers 
turning greenish; radical leaves in a rosette or tuft. 
Maritime species; procumbent or prostrate. 

Petals 3 to 5 lines long 6. (E. cheiranthifolia. 

Petals 1 to 2 lines long 7. CE. micrantha. 

Interior species; erect or suberect; petals 1 line long 

8. (E. hirtella. 
Capsule not contorted or only slightly, linear, terete, % line wide or less; 
radical leaves none. 

Petals 1 to 2 lines long ; anthers innate 9. (E. strigulosa. 

Petals 2 to 3 lines long; anthers versatile 10. (E. deniata. 

1. CE. biennis L. var. grandiflora Lindl. Biennial, erect, 
usually simple, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage canescently puberulent and 
often hirsute; leaves ovate to lanceolate, 4 in. long or more; calyx- 
tube 1 to 2\ in. long, the tips free in the bud; petals yellow, 1 to \\ 
in. long and quite as broad; anthers versatile, \ in. long; style disk- 
shaped below the cylindric stigmas; capsule obtusely quadrangular, 
woody, \ to 2 in. long, the valves with a strong midrib; seed sharply 
angled, in 2 rows in each cell. 

Sparingly naturalized: Alvarado; Lake Merced; St. Helena; Cal- 
istoga. May. 



336 ONAGRACE^E. 



2. CE. trichocalyx Nutt. Biennial; stems from a straight tap- 
root, low, very stout, upright, simple or more commonly branched 
from the base, 1 ft. high, puberulent or sparsely pilose and almost 
glabrous; leaves oblong, tapering to both ends, petioled, coarsely and 
rather remotely salient-toothed or lobed, 3 to 4 in. long, or the lowest 
longer; calyx-tips not free in the bud; bud (above calyx-tube) oblong, 
densely woolly, nearly 1 in. long or more; petals 1 in. long or more, 
usually with a deep sinus; capsule terete, strongly -thickened towards 
the broad sessile base, 2|in. long or less, in maturity strongly deflexed, 
slightly curved, woody; seeds narrowly ovate, mottled, somewhat 
compressed, in 1 row in each cell. 

Corral Hollow, " summits of very dry sandy hills; petals obcordate, 
white, turning rose when old, light yellow in center," Brewer, June 
3, 1862; southward to Bakersfield and the desert region. Depauper- 
ate plants are almost or quite acaulescent, but may be distinguished 
from the truly acaulescent species by the large flowers as well as by 
the fruit. This is properly a desert plant of the Mohave region, 
eastward and northeastward. 

3. CE. Californica Wats. Similar to the preceding; hoary pubes- 
cent; stems from a perennial running rootstock, slender, ascending; 
calyx-tips free in the bud; bud (above calyx-tube) narrowly ovate, 
villous; capsule not thickened at base; seeds oblong, turgid. 

Sacramento, Shockley, 1883; Antioch sandhills and the San Joa- 
quin Valley. Stem not so stout at base as in the preceding; flowers 
vespertine, remaining open two or three hours in the morning or on .a 
cloudy day until noon, fading purplish. 

4. CE. ovata Nutt. Golden Eggs. Sun Cups. Acaulescent; 
root fleshy, J to 1 in. thick and 3 or more in. long; glabrous or the 
leaf margins and veins beneath ciliate; leaves oblong to ovate, acute, 
3 to 6 in. long, mostly entire, spreading upon the ground rosette-like 
or somewhat ascending, the under ones narrowed at base to rather 
longer petioles; calyx-tube very slender, 3 in. long, the segments 
glabrous; petals orbicular, ^ in. long; capsules more or less below the 
surface of the ground, chartaceous, 1 in. long, tardily dehiscent; 
seeds in this and the next in 2 rows in each cell. 

Common in the Coast Range valleys from Ukiah and Calistoga 
to Marin Co., San Francisco, Millbrae and southward to San Luis 
Obispo. Feb. -Apr. Called " Blood-root " about Berkeley seventeen 
years ago (T. S. Palmer). 

5. CE. graciliflora H. & A. Acaulescent; pilose-pubescent; leaves 
erect or ascending, linear, obscurely denticulate or commonly entire, 
3^ in. long or less; calyx-tube beyond ovary filiform, about 1 in. long, 

' the segments hirsute-pubescent; petals broadly obovate, the broad 
shallow notch at apex with a middle tooth or acumination, 3 to 4 lines 
long; capsule coriaceous. 

Hillsides: Contra Costa to Santa Clara Cos.; foothills of the Yallo 
Bally Mountains; Marysville Buttes; Sierra Nevada, Apr. Petals 
often turning greenish or reddish. 

6. CE. cheiranthifolia Hornem. Stems decumbent or mostly 



EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY. 337 

prostrate and radiating from a central rosette crowning the taproot, 
1£ to 2£ ft. long, rigid and tough; leaves thick, canescently pubescent, 
obovate to oblong or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, short-petioled or 
the uppermost sessile, £ to 1 in. long; calyx-tube 1 to 2 lines long; 
the petals 3 to 5 lines long, broader than long and more, or less trun- 
cate at apex; capsule acutely quadrangular or almost fluted, stout, 
chartaceous, linear-oblong, | in. long, spirally once coiled, the atten- 
uate apex mostly spreading; seeds in 1 row in each cell as in all the 
following. 

Drifting sandhills: Oakland, San Francisco and southward along 
the coast. Flowering in summer, and more or less at all seasons. 

7. CZ. micrantha Hornem. Branches procumbent from a short 
primary axis, not rigid or tough; pubescence hirsutulous; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, 1% in. long, slightly undulate, more or less dentic- 
ulate; petals entire or emarginate, 1 to 2 lines long; capsule sharply 
4-angled, 1 in. long, contorted, often coiled into a single spiral, 
slightly attenuate upwards, sparsely hirsutulous, less chartaceous 
than in the last. 

Along the coast from San Francisco southward. May-June. 

8. QE. hirtella Greene. Simple or with simple branches from the 
base, the branches suberect, flowering from the base or near it, 9 to 
13 in. high, hispidly hirsute; leaves round or oblong-ovate, sub- 
cordate, crenately toothed, crisped, 6 to 9 lines long, the radical 
oblong or oblong-spatulate. narrowed to a petiole, 1^ in. long; petals 
1 line long; capsule quadrangular, 8 lines long, contorted, not spirally 
coiled or rarely, submembranaceous as in the next two species. 

Dry mountain ridges: Lower Lake; Vaca Mountains; Mt. Diablo; 
Pajaro Hills. May. This and the two species preceding have radi- 
cal 'leaves in a tuft or rosette, in this species disappearing rather 
early. The next two species are without a radical rosette or tuft. 

9. CZ. strigulosa T. & G. Wholly glabrous or minutely pubes- 
cent with short scattered hairs, the ovaries gray-pubescent; stems and 
branches slender, 6 to 10 in. high, at first erect, at length diffusely 
branched; leaves linear, remotely low-denticulate, most of them J in. 
long; petals 1 to 2 lines long, yellow, aging to bright red; anthers 
innate; capsule linear, straight, f to If in. long, \ line wide. 

Common throughout California, especially in sandy soil: Mendocino 
Co.; Yub.a Co.; Calistoga; Alameda; San Francisco; Southern Cali- 
fornia. May-June. Often only 2 to 4 in. high and strict, or with 
decumbent branches 1 ft. long. 

10. CE. dentata Cav. Branched from the base, bushy, 9 in. high; 
sparsely pubescent with short stiffish spreading hairs; leaves linear, 
mostly tapering to both ends, £ to f in. long, denticulate, often with 
smaller leaves fascicled in the axils; petals yellow changing to dull 
red, round-obovate, 2 to 3 lines long; anthers versatile; capsule simi- 
lar to no. 9, 1 in. long, arcuate-recurved. 

Antioch and common southward on the sandy San Joaquin plains. 
Middle of Apr. -June. This is the (E. campestris of Greene, who 
regards the California plant as distinct from the Chilian plant, the 

24 



338 HALORAGEiE. 

latter being- the type of Oil. dentata. The var. cruciata Wats, has 
narrowly obovate or oblong- petals one-half as large. 

9. CIRC^EA L. Enchanter's Nightshade. 

Low slender perennials with thin opposite petioled leaves. Flowers 
small, white, in terminal and lateral racemes. Calyx-tube slightly 
produced beyond the ovary, the base nearly filled by a cup-shaped 
disk, deciduous; .lobes 2, reflexed. Petals 2, obcordate. Stamens 2, 
alternate with the petals. Ovary 1 or 2-celled, each cell l-ovuled. 
Fruit indehiscent, pear-shaped and bristly with hooked hairs. (Circe, 
sea-nymph, daughter of the Sun and of Perse.) 

1. C. Pacifica Asch. & Mag. Stem from a short rootstock, 
usually simple, 6 to 14 in. high; glabrous; leaves orbicular to mostly 
ovate, obtuse to cordate at base, acuminate, obscurely repand- 
denticulate or almost entire, 1 to 2 in. long on petioles f to 1 in. long; 
racemes bractless; flowers \ line long; calyx white, with a very short 
tube; fruit rather less than 1 line long, the bristle-like hairs curved 
at tip, 1 -eel led, 1-seeded. 

Deep shades of woods. Collected in the Bay Region only at 
Lagunitaa Creek, Marin Co., J. P. Moore, July 4, 1878; ranging 
northward through Mendocino and Humboldt to Mt. Shasta, Jepson, 
thence southward in the Sierra Nevada to Placer Co., Cosumnes, 
Hansen, Yosemite Valley, and Marble Fork of the Kaweah. Kather 
rarely collected in California. 

70. HALORAGE/E. Watkr-Milfoil Family. 

Perennial aquatic herbs, the leaves (in ours) in whorls. Flowers 
sessile in the axils of leaves or bracts, perfect or unisexual. Calyx- 
tube coherent with the ovary, the limb very short or obsolete. Petals 
small, 2 to 4, or none. Stamens 1, 4, or 8. Ovary 1 to 4-celled; 
stigmas 1 to 4. Fruit a 1-seeded indehiscent nutlet, or 4-lobed and 
splitting into 4 nutlets. 

Leaves all entire; flowers perfect; stamen 1; ovary 1-celled 

1. Hippuris. 
Immersed leaves capillary dissected; flowers polygamous; stamens 4 or 8; 
ovary 4-celled ....*. 2. Myriophyllum. 

1. HIPPURIS L. Mare's Tail. 

Stems erect, unbranehed. Leaves simple, entire. Flowers minute, 
usually perfect, sessile in the axils. Petals none. Calyx limb a nar- 
row entire rim. Stamen 1, inserted on the anterior edge of the calyx. 
Style 1, filiform, stigmatic down one side. Ovary 1-celled, becoming 
a 1-seeded nutlet. (Greek hippos, a horse, and oura, a tail.) 

1. H. vulgaris L. Herbage glabrous; stem simple 1 to 2 ft. long 
(commonly emersed 4 to 7 in.); leaves about 7 to 10 in a whorl, 
linear, acute, £ in. long; fruit nearly 1 line long. 

Shallow margins of ponds and about springs: Marin Co.; Sierra 
Nevada. 



ARALIACEiE. 339 

2. MYRIOPHYLLUM L. 

Leaves alternate, or (in ours) whorled, the emersed ones entire or 
pectinate, those under water pinnately divided into capillary divi- 
sions. Flowers sessile in the axils of the upper leaves or forming a 
terminal interrupted spike. Upper flowers generally staminate, the 
lowest pistillate, and the intermediate often perfect. Calyx of the 
pistillate flowers 4-toothed or the teeth none, of the staminate 4-lobed. 
Petals 2 to 4. or none. Stamens 4 or 8. Stigmas 4, recurved and 
plumose. Fruit splitting at maturity into 4 bony 1-seeded nutlets. 
(Greek murios, a thousand, and phullon, a leaf.) 

Flowers in a terminal interrupted spike 1. M. spicalum. 

Flowers in the axils of the emersed linear leaves 2. M. hippurioides. 

1. M. spicatum L. Water-Milfoil. Stems branching, 1 to 2 
ft. long; leaves in whorls of 8 or 4, dissected into capillary divisions; 
floral leaves or bracts ovate, entire or serrate and usually shorter than 
the flowers, which thus form an interrupted spike 1 to 4 in. long; 
petals 4; stamens 8; fruit 1 line long, and fully as thick; carpels 
rounded on the back with a deep groove between them. 

Lakes and ponds: San Francisco Peninsula; Camp Taylor, Behr. 
July-Aug. 

2. M. hippurioides Nutt. Leaves in whorls of 4; emersed ones 
linear, serrate or the uppermost nearly entire, 3 to 5 lines long; sub- 
mersed ones dissected into capillary divisions, 1 to \\ in. long; flowers 
chiefly in the axils of the emersed leaves; petals white, obovate; 
stamens 4; carpels less rounded. 

Clear Lake, A. B. Simonds; Stockton, Sanford. 

71. ARAL1ACE>£. Aralia Family. 

Commonly shrubs or trees, but ours herbs. Very closely allied to 
Umbeliiferae, but the stems solid, the petals not inflexed and the 
styles and carpels (in ours) more than two. Flowers 5-merous except 
the pistil. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary; its limb obsolete. 
Ovary 2 to 5-celled. Fruit berry-like, containing as many 1-seeded 
nuts as there are carpels. The cultivated Ivy, Hedera helix, belongs 
to this family and climbs by its adventitious roots. 

1. ARALIA L. 

Perennial herbs with alternate compound leaves. Ovary 2 to 
5-celled. Embryo minute. (Derivation uncertain.) 

1. A. Californica Wats. Ginseng. Rootstock with milky juice, 
3 in. in diameter or less, giving off below numerous tap-like roots I to 
1£ ft. long, bearing above the deep circular scars of successive genera- 
tions of stems, and terminating at one end in the stem of the season; 
plant 6 to 10 ft. high; herbage glabrous or subulate-scabrous on the 
main stem; leaves ternate, then pinnately 3 to 5-foliate, 1 to 5 ft. 
long; leaflets elliptic or round-ovate, serrate, acuminate, subcordate 
at base, \ to 1 ft. long; flowers on pedicels \ in. long, 50 to 60 in an 



340 UMBELLIFER.E. 

umbel; umbels borne in a panicle 1 to 1J ft. long; flowers whitish, 1£ 
lines long; calyx a mere rim, with 5 salient teeth; ovary red, becom- 
ing in fruit a globular black berry 1\ lines in diameter; styles united 
to the middle. 

Shaded canons and beds of mountain streams: Coast Eanges (except 
the inner Coast Range) and Sierras. July. Fr. Oct. Leaflets often 
oblique, petiolulate, the pair below the terminal leaflet short-petiolulate 
or sessile; umbels with involucre of several linear bractlets. 

72. UMBELLIFER>E. Parsley Family. 

Herbs with commonly hollow stems and often dilated petioles. 
Leaves alternate or radical (opposite in Bowlesia and in some Eryn- 
gium species), compound or often simple, usually much incised or 
divided. Flowers in simple or commonly compound umbels. Umbels, 
when compound, with the peduncle divided at summit into a number 
of rays, each ray bearing a secondary umbel termed an umbellet. 
Umbellets commonly subtended by bractlets (forming an involucel); 
rays commonly subtended by bracts (forming an involucre). Calyx- 
tube wholly adnate to the ovary; calyx-teeth small, sometimes 
obsolete. Petals 5, usualty with an inflexed tip. Stamens 5, inserted 
on an epigynous disk. Ovary inferior, 2-celled. Styles 2, united 
below and forming a swollen or cushion-like base (stylopodium). 
Fruit consisting of two carpels united by their flat faces (commissure), 
flattened laterally (i. e., flattened sidewise or contrary to the commis- 
sure), or flattened dorsally (i. e., each carpel flattened on the back or 
parallel with the commissure), or not flattened at all. Each carpel with 
5 ribs or ridges, one down the back (dorsal rib), 2 on the edge near the 
commissure (lateral ribs), and 2 between the dorsal and lateral ribs (in- 
termediate ribs). Between the ribs are the spaces called intervals: — the 
dorsal intervals are those next to the dorsal rib; the lateral intervaU 
are those next to the lateral ribs. Beneath the intervals (in the tissue 
of the pericarp), as well as on the commissural side, are oil-tubes. 
Carpels 1-seeded, splitting apart at maturity, each borne on a filiform 
division of the receptacle (or carpophore) which is prolonged between 
them. Embryo small; endosperm cartilaginous. The inflorescence is 
frequently irregularly compound; in a few genera the fruit has no 
ribs, and in others no oil-tubes. The number of oil-tubes in a given 
species is, generally speaking, a reliable character but it should be 
noted that there is here, also, more or less variation. The character 
of the ribs and oil-tubes should be ascertained by examination of per- 
fectly mature fruit. 

A. Fruit covered with prickles, tubercles, or scales, or the ribs bristly. 

Fruit bearing an elongated beak several times longer than the body; oil- 
tubes none; annuals 5. Scandix. 

Fruit not produced into a beak. 
Oil-tubes obscure; perennials. 
Fruit covered with hyaline scales; flowers greenish white or bluish, in 

dense peduncled heads; prickly herbs 3. Eryngium. 

Fruit bur-like, covered with hooked prickles; flowers yellow, or purple 
in one species, mostly in head-like clusters 4. Sanicula. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. -*Ul 



Fruit elongated, its ribs upwardly bristly; flowers white in compound 

umbels 6. Osmorrhiza. 

Oil-tubes conspicuous; flowers white; annuals or biennials. 
Ribs armed with barbed or hooked bristles. 
Fruit somewhat flattened dorsally; calyx-teeth obsolete; umbels 

compound 7. Datjctjs. 

Fruit flattened laterally; calyx-teeth obvious; umbels simple or nearly 

simple 8. Caucalis. 

Ribs inconspicuous; fruit papillate-roughened; umbels irregularly com- 
pound; di- or tri-chotomous branching annual . . 9. Apiastrtjm. 
B. Fruit not prickly, nor tuberculate, nor scaly (sometimes hairy). 
Leaves opposite; fruit ovate, turgid ; ribs none; slender annuals 

]. BOWLESIA. 

Leaves alternate or in a radical tuft; perennials or biennials. 
Leaves simple; stems creeping; umbels simple or proliferous. 

Leaves orbicular or peltate; oil-tubes none. 2. Hydrocotyle. 

Leaves consisting of hollow cylindrical petioles; oil-tubes solitary. . . . 

18. Crantzia. 
Leaves pinnately or ternately compound, or decompound; umbels 
compound. 
Fruit not flattened dorsally, sometimes somewhat laterally flattened; 
ribs not winged. 
Flowers white. 
Oil-tubes none. 
Fruit linear or elongated, % to 1 in. long . . . . 6. Osmorrhiza. 

Fruit ovate, l l 4 lines long 10. Conium. 

Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Umbels subsessile in the forks and terminal on the branches; fruit 

less than 1 line long 12. Apitjm. 

Umbels terminal on the branches. 
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate. 
Leaflets serrate; plants of marshes or stream banks. 
Ribs corky, but distinct. 

Styles short 13. Cicuta. 

Styles elongated 19. CEnanthe. 

Ribs confluent, forming a continuous corky covering 

20. Bertjla. 
Leaflets entire; ribs filiform; plants of dry ground 

15. Cartjm. 
Leaves triternately dissected; fruit less than 1 line long 

14. Ammi. 
Oil-tubes 2 or more, at least. in some of the intervals. 
Leaves simply pinnate; bracts and bractlets present 

17. Sitjm. 
Leaves 2 or 3 times ternate; bracts and bractlets mostly none. . . . 

16. Pimpinella. 
Flowers yellow. 

Rather low plants; leaves mostly radical; leaflets broad 

11. VEL/EA. 

Tall leafy plants; leaves dissected into filiform segments 

21. FCENICULUM. 

Fruit flattened dorsally; the lateral ribs winged. 
Oil-tubes as long as the fruit. 
Dorsal and intermediate ribs winged or very prominent; flowers 
white; tall and leafy plants. 
Leaves ternate, then pinnate; oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals. . . . 

23. Angelica. 
Leaves pinnate; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals 

22. Selinum. 
Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. 

Acaulescent or short caulescent. 
Wings corky-thickened; flowers commonly yellow; tall plants 

with large leaves .... 24. Leptot^enia. 

Wings thin; flowers yellow, white or purple; low plants 

25. Peucedanum. 



342 UMBELLIFER^E. 



Stems tall, angular and channeled, branching and leafy; flowers 

yellow 26. Pastinaca. 

Oil-tubes reaching only half way to the base of the fruit; marginal 
flowers of umbel with radiately enlarged corollas; tall coarse 
plants 27. Heracleum. 

1. BOWLESIA R. & p. 

Delicate annuals with stellate pubescence, opposite leaves and scari- 
ous lacerate stipules. Umbels simple, few-flowered, on short axillary 
peduncles. Flowers white, minute. Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit 
ovate, somewhat flattened laterally, with narrow commissure, turgid, 
becoming depressed on the back. Ribs and oil-tubes none. (William 
Bowles, 170-5-1780, Irish naturalist and traveler. ) 

1. B. lobata R. & P. Branching, the stems diffuse or procumbent, 
% to 2 ft. long; leaves thin, reni form-cordate, mostly 5-lobed and some 
of the lobes 1 or 2-toothed; petioles 1 to 3 in. long or less; umbels 1 
to 4-flowered; fruit 1 line long. 

Shade of rocks or shady banks in the Coast Ranges from Petaluma, 
San Francisco, Oakland Hills, San Leandro Creek, Santa Lucia 
Mountains and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada (San Andreas, Mokelumne Hill). Apr. 

2. HYDROCOTYLE L. 

Perennial herbs without erect stems, the peduncles and leaves from 
creeping stems or rootstocks. Leaves simple, round in outline, long- 
petioled. Flowers in a small umbel, or disposed in 2 or more umbels 
which are proliferous one above the other. Fruit flattened laterally, 
suborbicular, acutely margined and with 1 or 2 ribs on each side. 
Oil-tubes none. (Greek hudor, water, and cotule, a low vessel, the 
peltate leaves of some species being saucer-shaped.) 

Leaves not peltate, 5 or 6-cleft; umbels simple 1. H. ranunculoides. 

Leaves peltate, slightly crenate ; umbels proliferous . .2. H. prolifera. 

1. H. ranunculoides L. f. Water Pennywort. Glabrous; 
stems floating or creeping in mud, rooting at the nodes; leaves orbicu- 
lar, 5 or 6-cleft, the lobes crenate, 1£ in. broad or less; petioles 3 to 5 
in. long; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long, reflexed in fruit; pedicels £ line 
long; fruit ovoid, 1 line broad or broader; ribs obscure. 

Pools or muddy shores often floating in rather deep water: San 
Francisco to San Jose. May. 

2. H. prolifera Kell. Marsh Pennywort. Descending 
branches of the rootstock tuberous-enlarged; umbels proliferous, one 
above the other in 3 or 4 whorls (each whorl 5 to 15-flowered); leaves 
orbicular-peltate, emarginate at base, slightly crenate, 1£ to If in. 
broad, petioles 10 to 13 in. long; peduncles nearly as long; pedicels 1 
to 3 lines long; mature fruit 1 line long and slightly broader, slightly 
notched at apex. 

Suisun Marshes and southward to Southern California. 

3. ERYNGIUM L. Button Snakeroot. 
Perennials with clustered fibrous roots, often dichotomously branch- 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 343 

ing stems, prickly involucres and often prickly leaves. Leaves oppo- 
site, or the upper sometimes alternate, simple, commonly oblanceolate 
and spinulose-serrate or incised, or the radical, when growing in 
water, with fistulous petioles and the blade more or less obsolete. 
Flowers greenish white or bluish, condensed in heads, terminal on 
the branches or on short peduncles in the forks; bracts spinose, con- 
spicuous; bractlets usually spino.-e-tippod. Calyx-lobes persistent on 
the fruit. Fruit covered with whitish thin scales; ribs obsolete. Oil- 
tubes none. (Greek name used by Dioscorides.) 

Heads greenish. 
Calyx-lobes in fruit longer than the styles. 
Bracts and bractlets entire, callous-margined . . . .I.E. armatum. 

Bracts and bractlets spinulose, at least toward the base 

2. E. Vaseyi. 

Calyx-lobes in fruit shorter than the styles 3. E. Calif ornicum. 

Heads very blue 4. E. articulalam. 

1. E. armatum C. &. R. Point Reyes Eryngo. Diffusely 
branching, the stems 3 to 5 or 10 in. long; leaves broadly oblanceo- 
late, incised or merely serrate, the teeth spinose; bracts and bractlets 
very prominent, broadly lanceolate, strongly spi nose-tipped, with an 
entire callous margin, sometimes scarious- winged at the very base, 7 
lines long or less; calyx-lobes longer than the styles, narrowed at apex 
into a sharp point or cusp. 

Lowlands near the coast from Monterey to Berkeley; Marin Co.; 
and Petaluma. Very abundant on Point Reyes, the tough spiny 
plants covering hundreds of acres and therefore in disfavor with the 
dairymen. 

2. E. Vaseyi C. & R. Vasey's Eryngo. Stout, erect, more or 
less branching, commonly 8 to 13 in. (or sometimes 2 ft.) high; lower 
and radical leaves narrowly oblanceolate, spinulose, somewhat incised 
or bearing small lanceolate lobes below, 4 to 8 in. long, or the upper 
cauline much shorter; bracts spinose, spinulose toward the base, 6 to 
10 lines long, much surpassing the bractlets; bractlets surpassing the 
flowers, similar; fruit with abruptly cuspidate calyx-lobes longer than 
the short styles. 

Very common in low places on the plains of the Sacramento Valley. 
Doubtless also in the San Joaquin. May- June. 

3. E. Californicum. Plants growing in shallow vernal pools, the 
earliest leaves fistulous, jointed at intervals (k to 2 in.), sometimes 
with a short dilated tip, 19 in. long or less; fistulous leaves mainly 
disappearing with the gradual drying up of tbe pools and flowering 
branches arising; stems slender, freely branching, 1^ to If ft. high; 
lowest and upper cauline leaves oblanceolate, spinulose, sometimes 
incised, narrowed at base to a slender spinulose petiole; heads 1J to 3 
or 4 lines broad, surpassed by the bracts; bracts about 5 to 10 lines 
long, with few short bristles at base; bractlets with a broad scarious 
margin at base, not spinulose; calyx-lobes oblong or lanceolate, cus- 
pidate, much shorter than the long styles. — (E. petiolatum of Ameri- 
can authors, doubtless not of Hook.) 

Rather common in the Coast Ranges: Alameda Co.; Napa Valley, 
etc. Fistulous leaves appearing in Apr. Fruit ripe July-Sept. 



344 UMBELLIFER^. 

4. E. articulatum Hook. Erect, sparingly branched above, 2 to 
3 ft. high; lower leaves fistulous, elongated, jointed; upper leaves 
sometimes opposite; heads ovoid, 4 to 7 lines high; bracts narrowly 
linear, elongated, more or less spinulose-serrate; bractlets blue, lanceo- 
late, entire, more or less scarious-margined; calyx-lobes bluish, 
lanceolate, equaled by the styles. 

First collected in the Couer d'Alene region, Idaho, by Geyer; com- 
mon in the Suisun Marshes (whence the type specimens of E. Hark- 
nessii Curran, which, ace. to Britten, Journ. Bot. July, 1900, 
is a synonym); should be looked for in the Alvarado Marshes. 
Aug. -Sept." 

4. SANICULA L. Snake Root. 
Glabrous perennials with almost naked or few-leaved stems and 
irregularly compound few-rayed umbels. Involucres usually of leafy 
and toothed bracts. Involucels of small and entire bractlets. Flow- 
ers greenish yellow, or purple in no. 5, unisexual, or perfect and 
staminate, both sorts in the same head-like cluster or umbellet, the 
staminate flowers often pediceled. Calyx-teeth slightly foliaceous, 
persistent. Fruit subglobose or obovoid, without ribs, densely 
uncinate-prickly, the prickles tuberculate or pustulate at base. Oil- 
tubes large, commonly 3 dorsal and 2 commissural, or many and 
irregularly distributed. (Diminutive form, derived from Latin 
sanere, to heal, certain species used in medicine.) 

Mature fruit pediceled; leaves palmately lobed or divided. 
Bractlets about 5 lines long, much exceeding the umbellets; stems 

decumbent 1. S. arctopoides. 

Bractlets 1 line long or less, shorter than the umbellets; 9tems erect . . . 

2. S. Menziesii. 
Mature fruit sessile. 

Salt marsh species; leaves not divided 3. S. maritima. 

Hill country species. 

Leaves palmately parted or divided 4. S. laciniata. 

Leaves pinnately divided and subdivided. 
Stems from a rootstock; leaf, divisions decurrent on the toothed rachis. 

5. S. bipinnatifida. 
Stems from an elongated tuber; leaf-divisions mostly of distinct 

leaflets 6. S. bipinnata. 

Stems from a globose tuber; leaf-divisions finely dissected 

7. S. tuberosa. 

1. S. arctopoides H. & A. Herbage of a yellowish green hue; 
proper stem short (1 to 2 in. long) and simple, from a thickened root- 
stock, bearing at base a tuft of leaves and above several divergent 
scape-like mostly decumbent branches, each bearing an umbel of 1 to 
3 rays; leaves palmately parted, the division laciniately cleft into 
spreading segments; rays 3£ in. long or less; involucre foliaceous; 
umbellets 3 lines in diameter, surrounded by conspicuous involucels 
of 9 to 13 oblong entire bractlets 5 lines long, or 4 or 5 much shorter 
than the others; flowers yellow; fruit short-pediceled, 1£ lines long, 
naked at base, with strong prickles above; seed face nearly plane. 

On open or brushy hills, common in the seaward Coast Ranges: 
Mendocino; Bodega Pt.; Inverness; Mt. Tamalpais; Tiburon; San 
Francisco; Santa Cruz; Monterey. Mar.-Apr. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 345 

2. S. Menziesii H. cV: A. Root fusiform-thickened; stem con- 
spicuously ridged, mostly simple and unbranched, 2 to 5 ft. high or 
less, with a terminal compound umbel and few to several lateral ones, 
or with 3 or 4 long-peduncled compound umbels; peduncles long (5 
to 10 in.) or short; radical leaves roundish in outline, 2^ to 5 in. 
broad, palmately 3 to 5-cleft, the divisions again shallowly 2 or 3-cleft 
with incised-serrate margin, the teeth cuspidate; petioles 6 in. long or 
less; cauline leaves similar or the divisions narrow and petioles of the 
uppermost shorter than blade; bracts of involucre toothed; rays in 
flower about % in. long; bractlets lanceolate, entire, 1 line long or 
less; staminate (sterile) flowers distinctly pediceled, 2 or 3 in each 
head; perfect (fertile) flowers 6 to 9 in each head, the ovary in 
fruit becoming pediceled; fruits obovate, 1 to 1£ lines long, covered 
with hooked prickles, at length divergent. 

Most common near or under Oaks in openly wooded country of the 
foothills: Southern California; Oakland Hills; San Francisco Penin- 
sula; Napa Valley; Solano Co., Marysville Buttes, etc. Mar. -Apr. 
Fr. May-June. 

3. S. maritima Kell. Stems 12 or 14 in. high from a thickened 
rootstock; radical leaves rather numerous, mostly entire or with 
slightly serrate margin, orbicular or elliptical with cordate base, on 
long (4 to 6 in.) petioles, blade If in. long or less; cauline leaves 
mostly 3-parted and more or less toothed, occasionally some of the 
radical similar; umbels 1 to 3-rayed; rays 1 to 3 in. long; involucre 
of large foliaceous bracts; involucels of many small lanceolate bract- 
lets; flowers yellow, the staminate ones short-pediceled; fruit nearly 
naked at base, prickly above. 

Lowlands near salt marshes: Alameda; San Francisco. 

4. S. laciniata H. & A. Stems erect, little branched and few- 
leaved, \ to \\ ft. high; leaves mostly radical, roundish in outline, 
palmately cleft or parted, the divisions laciniately toothed; cauline 
leaves and foliaceous involucres similar but more deeply parted into 
narrower divisions; flowers yellow, in dense globose heads 2 to 3 lines 
across; umbel with 2 to 5 unequal rays (^ to \\ in. long) or partly 
compound; involucels oblong-ovate or lanceolate, exceeding \ line; 
sterile flowers on long pedicels; fruit somewhat naked below, prickly 
above, \\ lines long; seed-face deeply grooved and somewhat involute. 

Hill slopes near the coast from Marin Co. southward to Southern 
California. Mar.-Apr. 

5. S. bipinnatifida Dougl. Slightly succulent; stems branching, 
leafy below, always erect, 8 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves ovate or orbic- 
ular in outline, pinnately 5 to 7-parted or -divided, the divisions 
laciniately lobed and toothed and decurrent on the toothed rachis; 
radical leaves including the petiole 4 to 14 in. long; peduncles 4 to 
10 in. long; flowers purple, in dense heads, borne on rays 1 or 2 (or 
even 4) in. long or almost wanting, the umbel simple or partly com- 
pound; involucre foliaceous; involucels of about 13 or 14 lanceolate 
bractlets 2 lines long or less; fruit prickly all over, 1| to 2 lines long; 
seed-face concave, with median longitudinal ridge. 



346 UMBELLIFER^E. 

Very common everywhere on grassy hills in the Sierra Nevada and 
Coast Ranges: Mendocino Co.; Solano Co., Napa Valley; Mt. 
Tamalpais; Oakland Hills; Los Gatos. Apr. 

6. S. bipinnata H. & A. Stem from an elongated tuber, mostly 
simple below the inflorescence, commonly 10 to 14 in. high; umbels 
terminal and lateral, rather long-peduncled; rays 2J to less than 1 in. 
long; leaves twice or thrice pinnate; leaflets ovate or oblong, lobed or 
cleft, mostly 3 to 4 or 6 lines long; flowers yellow, the sterile long- 
pediceled; fruit naked below, echinate above. 

Common in the shade of Oaks and other trees in the low hills of 
the Coast Ranges from Futah Creek and Vacaville to Contra Costa 
Co. and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada, Herbage very aromatic, as also in the next. 

7. S. tuberosa Torr. Stem from a globose tuber, 5 to 9 in. high, 
simple, or divided at or near the surface of the ground into 2 to 5 long 
peduncle-like often divergent branches each bearing a more or less 
compound 1 to 4-rayed umbel; leaves ternately decompound and 
very finely dissected, the ultimate segments subulate; involucre 
foliaceous; involucels of lanceolate or ovate bractlets; flowers yellow, 
the sterile long-pediceled. 

Rocky or gravelly hillsides in the foothills: Coast Ranges (Ukiah, 
Lake Co., St. Helena); Sierra Nevada (Amador Co. to Nevada Co.). 
May. 

5. SCANDIX L. 

Annuals with dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white, in 
compound umbels. Rays commonly 2, rarely 1 or 3. Involucre 
none or of one bract. Involucels of several bractlets. Fetals unequal, 
the outer larger. Fruit linear, flattened laterally, muricate, prolonged 
into a beak several times longer than the body. Ribs prominent, 
Oil-tubes none. Seed-face sulcate. (The Greek name.) 

1. S. Pecten-Veneris L. Shepherd's Needle. Stem simple 
or branching, erect, 5 to 16 in. high; herbage somewhat hispidulous; 
leaves 2 or 3 times pinnately dissected into linear acute segments less 
than £ line wide; bractlets 2 or 3-toothed at apex or entire; rays £ to 
1 in. long; pedicels very short; body of fruit 4 lines long, bearing a 
straight flatfish beak If in. long, its edges hispidulous. 

Naturalized from Europe: Berkeley; Sonoma Valley (1891); Santa 
Rosa; Napa Valley. May. Fr. June. 

6. OSMORRHIZA Raf. Sweet Cicely. 
Ferennials with thick aromatic roots. Leaves mostly radical and 
ternately compound. Flowers white, in compound umbels. Calyx- 
teeth obsolete. Involucre reduced or obsolete. Involucels present or 
none. Fruit linear or linear-oblong, acute at summit, rather promi- 
nently attenuate at base; glabrous and smooth or bristly along the 
ribs; carpels pentagonal in cross section, with equal ribs. Oil-tubes 
none in mature fruit. Seed-face concave to very deeply sulcate. 
(Greek osme, odor, and rhiza, root.) 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 347 



Ribs with upwardly pointed bristles. 

Fruit short-attenuate at base; involucels present . . . .1.0. brachypoda. 

Fruit long-attenuate at base; no involucels 1.0. nuda. 

Ribs acute, not bristly 3. 0. occidentalis. 

1. O. brachypoda Torr. Nearly or quite glabrous, 1£ to If ft. 
high; leaves ternately compound; leaflets laciniately cleft and serrate, 
mucronulate, f to 1^ in. long; umbel 1 to 4-rayed, rays 2 in. long- 
pedicels I line long; involucre mostly absent; involucels of linear 
acuminate bractlets; fruit 7 to 9 lines long, the ribs armed with 
bristles pointed upward; seed-face deeply concave or even involute. 

Santa Clara Valley, Goodale, ace. to Bot. Cal.; Monterey Co.; 
Sierra Nevada. 

2. O. nuda Torr. Common Sweet Cicely. Stems glabrous, 
2£ ft. high or less; leaves hispidulcus, especially on the petioles, 
biternate, 5 in. long, the cauline much reduced; leaflets ovate or 
elliptical, 3-lobed or -cleft and serrate, often narrowly or broadly 
cuneate at the entire base, £ to 1\ in. long; rays 2 to 4 in. long or 
less; pedicels 4 to 7 lines long; fruit slenderly attenuate at base, 
upwardly bristly on the ribs, 7 or 8 lines long; seed-face sulcate. 

Common in shaded woods near the coast: Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland 
Hi. Is; Mt. Diablo; San Mateo; Loma Prieta; Santa Cruz. Apr.- 
May. 

3. O. occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. Sierra Sweet Cicely. 
Puberulent or nearly glabrous; leaves 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets 
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, \\ to 2>\ in. long, some of them sparingly 
incised or obliquely lobed on one side by a deep incision toward the 
base; umbel with 5 to 12 rays 1 to 5 in. long; pedicels 1 to 3 lines 
long; bracts 1 or 2 or none; fruit 7 to 12 lines long, glabrous, with 
prominent acute not bristly ribs; seed-face very concave. 

Sierra Nevada: Mono Pass, Bolander; Mariposa Big Tree Road, 
Brewer. Attributed to the Bay Region by G-reene. 

7. DAUCUS L. 

Bristly or hispid annuals or biennials with dissected decompound 
leaves and white flowers. Umbels compound, concave, surrounded 
by cleft foliaceous bracts and borne on long peduncles. Involucels 
of entire or toothed bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit some- 
what flattened dorsally. Primary ribs slender, bristly; secondary 
ribs with a single row of prominent barbed prickles. Oil-tubes as 
in Caucalis. (Daukos, the Greek name.) 

Involucre divided into short linear or lanceolate segments; rays mostly 2 to 

5 lines long 1. D. pusillus. 

Involucre divided into elongated filiform segments; rays 1 to 2% in. long. . 

2. D. Carota. 

1. D. pusillus Michx. Rattlesnake Weed. Plants commonly 
4 to 7 in. high; stems and peduncles retrorsely hispid; leaves finely 
dissected into linear segments; rays mostly 2 to 5 lines long, some- 
times as much as 1 or 1J in. long, somewhat unequal; pedicels very 
unequal, commonly 1 or 2 lines long or almost wanting; fruit 1J to 
2 lines long. 



348 UMBELLIFER.E. 

Throughout California in the hill country. Apr. " Yerba del 
Vibora" of the Spanish-Californians. 

2. D. Carota L. Carrot. Biennial; root fleshy, conical; stems 
erect, branching, 2 or 3 ft. high, commonly smooth; leaves many 
times dissected into small linear or lanceolate segments; segments of 
the involucre linear-lanceolate or subulate; rays very numerous, 1 to 

2 in. long; umbels in fruit 2 to 4 in. broad, concave and like a bird's 
nest; fruit 2 lines long. 

Escaped from gardens and naturalized in valley lands: Alameda; 
Santa Clara Co.; Skyland, Santa Cruz Co., ace. to Davy. Julv- 
Sept. 

8. CAUCAL1S L. 

Rough hispidulous annuals with decompound leaves dissected into 
small segments. Flowers white, in simple or nearly simple umbels. 
Calyx-teeth prominent. Fruit flattened laterally. Primary ribs 5, 
filiform, bristly; secondary ribs 4, prominent, winged, bearing barbed 
or hooked prickles. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, i. e., under 
the secondary ribs, 2 on the commissural side. (Kaukalis, the Greek 
name.) 

Umbels small and condensed, scattered along the stems opposite the leaves, 

on peduncles 1 or 2 lines long 1. C. nodosa. 

Umbels terminal or at the upper nodes, on peduncles 1 or 2 in. long 

2. C. microcarpa. 

1. C. nodosa Hudson. Knotted Hedge Parsley. Erect, the 
stems with few branches, retrorsely scabrous; leaves pinnate (lower 
5 in. long including petiole, the upper successively shorter); leaflets 
bipinnately dissected; umbels scattered along the stems opposite the 
leaves, on very short peduncles (1 or 2 lines long), simple or with a 
supplementary short proliferous umbel; flowers white; fruits 1£ to 2 
lines long, those on the outside of the umbel with the exterior carpel 
densely covered with hooked bristles, the inner carpels as well as the 
inner fruits smooth or at least only with tubercles. 

Introduced from Europe; common in shady places: Vacaville; 
Calistoga; Lake Lagunitas, Marin Co.; South San Francisco; 
southern Monterey Co.; Mokelumne Hill; Folsom. 

2. C. microcarpa H. & A. Erect, slender, 6 to 9 in. high; 
leaves 2 or 3 times ternate and much dissected, slightly hispid; 
peduncles solitary at the ends of the branches or in clusters of 2 or 

3 at the upper nodes, 1 to 2 in. long, bearing unequally rayed umbels; 
rays 3 to 6, 8 lines long or less; involucre of foliaceous dissected 
bracts; involucels of entire or somewhat divided bractlets; fruit 
oblong, 2 lines long, armed with rows of hooked prickles. 

Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, widely distributed but not 
common: Monterey Co.; New Idria; Alcalde, Fresno Co.; Kaweah; 
Mokelumne Hill; Vaca Mountains; Bodega Pt.; Sites; Butte Co. 
Apr. -May. 

9. APIASTRUM Nutt. 
Small branching glabrous annual with dissected leaves. Flowers 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 349 

small, white, in irregularly compound umbels. Kays and pedicels 
unequal. Involucre and involucels none. Calyx-teeth wanting. 
Fruit somewhat laterally compressed, elliptic-cordate, more or less 
tuberculate, with concave seed-face. Oil-tubes solitary in the inter- 
vals, 2 on the face. Seed-face narrowly concave. (Apium, Celery, 
and aster, Latin suffix meaning wild.) 

1. A. angustifolium Nutt. Erect, di- or tri-chotomously branched 
from the base, 4 to 8 or 15 in. high; leaves opposite below, twice or 
thrice tern ately dissected into linear segments, ^ to 1 in. long; umbels 
sessile in the forks or opposite the upper leaves, consisting of 2 or 8 
umbellets borne on unequal rays (1 in. long or less), and of 1 or 2 
usually sessile or sometimes pediceled flowers in the center; umbellets 
3 or 4-flowered, the pedicels unequal (4J lines long or less) or 1 flower 
sessile; fruit cordate, broader than high, less than 1 line long, papil- 
late-roughened all over; ribs inconspicuous; carpels concave on the 
face. 

Dry mountain slopes of the Coast Ranges: Lake Co.; Vaca 
Mountains; Napa Mountains; Mt. Tamalpais; Potrero, San Fran- 
cisco; San Gregorio; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; foothills of the 
Santa Clara Valley and Loma Prieta, Davy; Pajaro Hills, Chandler; 
Alcalde, and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada (Folsom, Mokelumne Hill). Apr.-May. A plant of pecul- 
iarly irregular inflorescence. 

10. CONIUM L. 

Tall branching biennial with dissected decompound leaves. Flowers 
white, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels small. 
Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit broadly ovate, somewhat laterally flat- 
tened. Eibs prominent. Oil-tubes none. (Ancient Greek name.) 

1. C. macu latum L. Poison Hemlock. Stem dotted with 
purple marks, 4 to 7 ft. high; leaves 1 ft. long or more, the segments 
incised or pinnatifid; bractlets ovate-lanceolate, commonly 3; rays 10 
to 13 or more, less than 1 to \\ in. long; fruit \\ lines long; shorter 
than the pedicels. 

Naturalized from Europe: Monterey; Lake Merced; Marin Co.; 
Berkeley; Lafayette; Mormon Island; -Santa Lucia Mountains; 
San Luis Obispo; Mokelumne Hill. May-June. Herbage unpleas- 
antly odorous when bruised. 

11. VEL/EA DC. 

Subglabrous perennials with thick yellow elongated odorous roots. 
Leaves mostly radical, pinnately or in ours ternately compound. 
Ours usually without involucre, the involucels in our species of few 
small lanceolate bracts. Flowers yellow, in compound umbels. 
Calyx-teeth mostly small. Fruit oblong or orbicular, glabrous or 
pubescent, somewhat laterally compressed, with prominent equal ribs. 
Oil-tubes conspicuous, 3 to 6 in the intervals, 4 to 10 on the commis- 
sural side. Carpophore undivided. Seed-face strongly involute, 
enclosing a central cavity. (Sebastin Eugene Vela, student of the 
Umbelliferre. ) 



350 UMBELLIFEEiE. 



Leaflets y 2 to % in. long; bractlets inconspicuous, shorter than the umbellet; 

fruit 2 lines long or less, with filiform ribs 1. V. Kelloggii. 

Leaflets 1 in. long or more; bractlets conspicuous, some exceeding the 

umbellet; fruit 3 to 4 lines long, with prominent sharp ribs 

2. V. Hartwegi. 

1. V. Kelloggii (Gray) C. & R. Minutely scabrous, f to If ft. 
high; flowering stems leafless or with a single leaf J- to 1 ft. above the 
base; leaves 1 to 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate or roundish, 
sharpby serrate, incised, the terminal divisions ternate, or quinate, or 
divided, mostly J to 1 in. long; rays about If in. long, in fruit 3| in. 
long or less; pedicels 1 to 2 lines long; bractlets inconspicuous, 
shorter than the umbellets; fruit 1 to 2 lines long, nearly as broad; 
ribs filiform; oil-tubes 3 in the dorsal intervals, 5 to 6 in the laterals, 
8 to 10 on the commissural side. — (Devveya Kelloggii Gray.) 

Rather rare: Mission Hills, San Francisco, Boiander ace. to Gray; 
Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Bolinas Bay, Kellogg, who first collected it; 
Petaluma, fide Coulter & Rose; Monterey Co., Eastwood; Fort 
Tejon ace. to Coville. A more slender plant than the next. 

2. V. Hartwegi (Gray) C. & R. Acaulescent, mostly csespitose, 
1 to 3 ft. high; caudex much branched, crowning a taproot which 
penetrates vertically to a depth of 2 ft. or more and is f to 1 in. in 
diameter; scapes and petioles somewhat scabrous; leaves biternately 
divided, or a portion triternately divided, the ultimate lateral divi- 
sions mostly 3-foliolate, the ultimate middle divisions mostly 
5-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong, sparingly incised, serrate, mucro- 
nate, nearly 1 to 2 in. long, or the leaflets often more or less confluent; 
petioles 2 to 6 in. long; rays about 15, 2 in. long or less; bracts none; 
bractlets 3 to 6, unequal, linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, exteriorly 
disposed, mostly surpassing the umbellets; flowering pedicels less 
than 1 line long; fruit nearly orbicular, smooth, 3 to 4 lines long; 
ribs filiform; oil-tubes as in the last. — (Deweya Hartwegi Gray.) 

Higher slopes in the hills, somewhat rare in our district. Mt. 
Diablo; Niles; Oakland Hills; San Luis Obispo Co.; Sierra Foothills, 
Upper Sacramento Valley, where first collected by Hartweg in 1847; 
Folsom; Amador Co.; Mariposa Co.; Sequoia Mills; Kern Co. 
Last of Mar.-Apr. Fr. July. 

12. APIUM L. 

Ours erect glabrous biennial with fibrous roots and pinnately 
divided leaves. Stems tri- or di-chotomously branched, forming a 
paniculate inflorescence, the compound umbels terminal on the 
branches and subsessile in the forks. Involucre and involucels small 
or none, or the former sometimes foliaceous. Flowers white, in 
compound umbels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit elliptic-ovate or 
broader than long. Ribs prominent, obtuse, equal. Oil-tubes solitary 
in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. Seed-face plane. (Old 
Latin name of Celery.) 

1. A. graveolens L. Common Celery. Erect, 3 or 4 ft. high; 
lower leaves long-petioled, leaflets 5 (or 7 or 9), 1£ to 3 in. long and 
as broad or broader, coarsely toothed and 3-cleft or even -divided; 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 351 



upper leaves on short petioles or sessile, the leaflets 3; rays 4 to 12 
lines long; fruit £ to f lines long. 

An escape from gardens, common in marshes: Monterey; Soquel 
Creek near Skyland, ace. to Davy; Berkeley; Suisun Marshes. 
July- Aug. 

13. CICUTA L. Water Hemlock. 

Tall branching glabrous perennials growing in marshes or by 
stream hanks. Rootstocks short and erect, or horizontal and branch- 
ing. Leaves pinnately or ternately compound. Flowers white, in 
compound umbels. Calyx-teeth somewhat prominent. Involucre 
present or none. Involucels of small bractlets. Fruit oblong to 
orbicular, glabrous. Kibs corky, broad but low, the lateral in cross- 
section evidently larger than the intermediate and dorsal. Oil-tubes 
2 on the face, solitary in the intervals. (Classical name of the Hem- 
lock, which was given to criminals, and sometimes to philosophers, 
as poison.) 

Involucre none or of a single bract; fruit 1 to nearly V-/ 2 lines long; species 
of hill streams: var. Calij arnica of 1. C. virosa. 

Involucre of several to many lanceolate bracts; fruit nearly 2 lines long; 
salt marsh species. 2. C. Bolanderi. 

1. C. virosa L. var. Californica C. &. R. California Water 
Hemlock. Stems about 3 ft. high; rootstock horizontal, much 
branched, giving off below coarse fibrous roots; radical leaves pinnate 
or partly bipinnate below, 1^ to 1\ ft. long, on long (J to \\ ft.) 
petioles; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 4 in. long, 
often deeply 1-lobed on one side towards the base; rays somewhat 
unequal, 1^ to 2^ in. long; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; involucre none, 
or merely 1 narrow bract; bractlets several, ovate, acuminate; fruit 1 
to \\ lines long with narrow not depressed oil-tubes, those on the face 
approximate near the median line. — (C. Californica Cray.) 

Margins of streams in the region of the Coast Redwood: Oakland 
Hills; San Francisco; Santa Cruz; Monterej^. July-Aug. 

2. C. Bolanderi Wats. Rootstock vertical or nearly so; stem 
branched above, seldom less than 6 ft. high, often 3 or 4 ft. higher, 
with large radical and cauline bipinnate leaves 2 ft. long or less; leaf- 
lets lanceolate, serrate, 2 in. long; bracts and bractlets lanceolate, the 
former often scarious-margined; rays 1 \ in. long, subequal, pedicels 2 
lines long; fruit orbicular, 2 lines long, prominently ribbed, the quite 
mature carpels rather strongly concave on the face, thus appearing 
somewhat lunate; oil-tubes broad, depressed in the channeled seed. 

A tall and conspicuous plant in the Suisun Marshes; also found in 
the Alvarado Marshes ace. to Dr. Behr. Sept. -Oct. 

14. AMMI L. 

Erect branching glabrous biennial, with slightly fusiform roots and 
dissected decompound leaves. Flowers white in compound umbels. 
Bracts parted into filiform segments. Bractlets lanceolate, acuminate. 
Flowers white, in a terminal compound umbel with long rays and 



352 umbellifera:. 

short pedicels. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovoid, very slightly 
flattened laterally. Kibs filiform. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals 
and 2 on the face. (Greek name of an umbelliferous plant.) 

1. A. majus L. Stem slender, branching above, 1J to 2£ ft. high; 
leaves triternately dissected into small spatulate segments (2 to 6 
lines long), which are laciniate or serrulate at apex; rays about 25 to 
30, little unequal, f to 2 in. long; pedicels 1 to U lines long; bracts 
linear below, parted above into 3 filiform divisions; bractlets lanceo- 
late, acuminate, entire, scarious-margined at base; fruit less than 1 
line long; carpels with concave face; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 

2 on the commissural side. 

Low places in grain fields near Yountville, 1893; Alvarado 
Marshes, 1897. Naturalized from Europe. First record of its 
occurrence in the New World as an established weed. 

15. CARUM L. 

Ours erect and slender glabrous biennials or perennials. Leaves 
simply pinnate with few linear entire leaflets. Flowers white, in 
compound umbels. Involucre of entire bracts or none. Involucels of 
entire bractlets. Calyx-teeth small. Stylopodium conical. Fruit 
ovate or oblong, laterally compressed, with obtuse ribs. Oil-tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 on the face. (Karon, Greek name of the 
Caraway.) 

Stems clustered, from a fascicle of coarse roots; fruit 3 lines long 

1. 0. Kelloggii. 
Stem solitary, from a tuber or cluster of tubers; fruit about 1 line long . . . 

2. C. Gairdneri. 

1. C. Kelloggii Gray. Stems several from a fascicle of coarse and 
hard fibrous roots, 3 to 5 ft. high; radical leaves 5 to 10 in. long, 
ternate, each division pinnate with narrowly linear divisions 3 or 4 in. 
long; cauline leaves similar but smaller; involucral bracts and involu- 
cel bractlets several, lanceolate or subulate; rays £ to 1£ in. long; 
fruit 3 lines long; carpels frequently unequal or only one maturing. 

Very common in the open hill country about San Francisco Bay: 
Oakland Hills; Vaca Hills; Napa Mountains; San Francisco Penin- 
sula. Fl. July. Fr. Aug.-Oct. 

2. C. Gairdneri Gray. Stem solitary, 14 to 21 in. high, from a 
tuberous root or a fascicle of such; leaves few, simply pinnate, with 3 
to 7 linear leaflets 2 to in. long; upper leaves mostly simple; rays 

3 to 6 lines long; involucre of several bracts or none; involucels of 
linear acuminate bractlets; fruit ovate, 1 line long or a trifle more or 
less; styles long. 

Not rare in open woods of the Coast Range Hills: Napa Mountains 
to the Oakland Hills, southward to Southern California and north- 
ward to British Columbia. July. Fr. Oct. 

16. PIMPINELLA L. 

Glabrous perennials with decompound leaves. Flowers white or 
pinkish in ours, in compound umbels. Involucre and involucels 



PABSLEY FAMILY. 353 

none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit ovate, with a broad com niis.su re. 
Ribs slender, equal, distant. Oil-tubes numerous, 2 to 6 in the inter- 
vals, several on the face. (Connected with Latin pampinus, a tendril, 
the application not obvious.) 

1. P. apiodora Gray. Pimpinel. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high; 
leaves mostly radical, 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate in outline, 
laciniately pinnatifid and serrate. 1 to 1£ in. long; umbels long- 
peduncled; rays 14 to 20, 1 to 2 in. long; fruit broadly ovate, 1£ lines 
long; oil-tubes 4 or 5 in the dorsal intervals, about 6 in each lateral, 
8 or more on the commissural side. 

Rocky places about the summits of the Mission Hills, San Fran- 
cisco; Point Reyes, on bushy hills, and northward to Mendocino Co. 
June. 

17. SIUM L. Water Parsnip. 

Glabrous perennial marsh or aquatic herbs. Cauline leaves simply 
pinnate. Flowers white in compound umbels. Bracts and bractlets 
several to many. Calyx-teeth minute. Styles short. Stylopodium 
depressed. Fruit ovate or oblong, somewhat laterally compressed, 
with narrow commissure. Ribs prominent, corky. Oil-tubes 2 or 
3 in the intervals, at least in some of the intervals. (Sion, Greek 
name of some water plant.) 

1. S. cicutaefolium Gmel. var. heterophyllum. Stem stout, 2J 
to 3£ ft. high, from a cluster of fleshy fibrous roots, angular and more 
or less flexuous; lowest leaves sometimes simple, on long fistulous 
petioles, serrate or laciniate, or pinnate like the cauline, 3£ ft. long or 
less; leaflets 5 to 13, broadly lanceolate, serrate, 3 to 4 in. long; bracts 
lanceolate, over \ in. long, scarious-margined below; bractlets ovate- 
lanceolate, \\ lines long; fruit ovoid, 2 lines long, with acute ribs; 
oil-tubes 2 on the face, 2 or 3 in the intervals, occasionally solitary. — 
(S. heterophyllum Greene.) 

Salt marshes: Suisun Marshes; Stockton. 

, 18. CRANTZIA Nutt. 

Small glabrous perennials. Stems fistulous, creeping and rooting 
in the mud, only the leaves and short peduncles erect. Leaves 
reduced to hollow cylindrical petioles jointed by transverse partitions. 
Flowers dull white or slightly tinged with pinkish brown, in a few- 
flowered umbel. Bracts of the involucre minute. Fruit subglobose. 
Dorsal ribs" filiform, the lateral corky and thickened next to the 
commissure. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural 
side. 

1. C. lineata Nutt. Leaves 1 to 8 in. long, i to 2 lines wide; 
peduncles 1 in. long or less; fruiting pedicels \\ to 3 lines long; petals 
plane; fruit 1 line long. 

Salt marshes or brackish mud flats: Point Reyes, Davy; Port Costa 
to Martinez; river banks at Antioch; Robert's Island, ace. to 
Mrs. K. Brandegee. 

19. CENANTHE L. 

Aquatic glabrous herbs with succulent stem from thick rootstocks. 
25 



354 UMBELLIFERiE. 

Leaves pinnately compound. Flowers white in compound umbels, 
terminating the branches. Involucre present or none. Involucels 
present. Calyx-teeth rather prominent. St}des slender, at length 
elongated. Fruit glohose-ovate, cylindric or slightly flattened later- 
ally. Kibs broad, obtuse, corky; commissural face also corky. Oil- 
tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the face, the seed furrowed beneath 
them. (Ancient Greek name of some thorny plant.) 

Fruit subcylindric, 2 lines long 1. (E. Calif or nica. 

Fruit ovate-globose, 1 line long 2. (E. sarmentosa. 

1. CZ. Californica Wats. Erect, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves bipinnate; 
leaflets elliptic-ovate in outline, 3-cleft or -parted and also coarsely 
toothed or incised, those of the upper leaves crowded on the rachis 
and sometimes tending to be conduplicate; rays less than 1 to 2 in. 
long; bracts few or none; bractlets several to many, lanceolate and 
shorter than the pedicels; fruit cylindric, 2 lines long, crowded. 

Usually in dense masses on the margins of slow streams and shallow 
pools or ponds; common in the Coast Ranges. In autumn the sum- 
mits of the stems ma} T give rise to very slender runner-like branches 
3 to 5 ft. long, which produce at intervals bulblets ^ in. in diameter 
or less. June. Fruiting Aug. -Sept. A specimen from the Coyote 
Hills, Alameda Co., has many linear-spatulate bractlets much sur- 
passing the umbellets and commonly serrulate at apex. 

2. CE. sarmentosa Presl. Three or 4 ft. high; leaves simply 
pinnate; leaflets 5 to 13, 6 in. long or less, ovate-lanceolate, the lower 
obliquely lobed on the lower side or with an almost distinct supple- 
mentary leaflet; rays 1 to 2 in. long; bracts few or none; bractlets 
lanceolate, acuminate; fruit subglobose or somewhat ovatish, 1 line 
long, the corky ribs somewhat turgid. 

Carmel River, Monterey Co., and northward along the coast; rare 
with us. 

20. BERULA Hoffm. 

Glabrous marsh perennial with pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. 
Flowers white, in terminal compound umbels. Bracts narrow. 
Bractlets unequal, 1 or 2 surpassing the flowers. Fruit subglobose, 
glabrous, surrounded by a continuous corky covering of confluent 
ribs. Oil-tubes numerous and contiguous, in the mature fruit more 
or less confluent, closely surrounding the seed cavity. (Latin name 
of the Water-cress.) 

1. B. erecta (Huds.) Coville. Water Parsnip. Erect, corym- 
bosely branching above, 3 ft. high; leaves simply pinnate; leaflets 9 
to 19, 1 or 2 in. long, ovate to linear, serrate or laciniately lobed; 
umbels many-rayed; rays £ to 2 in. long in fruit; pedicels 2 to 3 lines 
long; fruit less than 1 line long. — (Sium angustifolium L.) 

Los Angeles, Nevin; San Mateo, ace. to Greene. 

21. FCENICULUM Adans. 
Stout glabrous perennial with dark green aromatic herbage. 
Leaves decompound, dissected into numerous filiform segments. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 355 

Flowers yellow, in large compound umbels. Involucre and involu- 
cels none. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong. Kibs prominent. 
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 on the commissural side. (Dimin- 
utive of Latin foenum, hay, from its odor.) 

1. F. vulgare Grertn. Sweet Fennel. Glaucous; stems striate, 
branching, 3 to 6 ft. high; rays J to 2£ in. long; fruit 2 lines long. 

Waste places on old farms and by country lanes, flowering in 
summer: Solano Co.; Napa Valley; Berkeley, etc. 

22. SELINUM L. 

Tall branching perennials with pinnately decompound leaves. 
Flowers white in compound umbels. Involucre of few bracts. 
Involucels of many bractlets. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Fruit oblong to 
obovate, flattened dorsally, glabrous or pubescent, with rather promi- 
nent disk. Ribs winged, the lateral usually broadest. Oil-tubes 
solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the commissural side. (Selinon, 
Greek name of the Parsley.) 

1. S. Pacificum Wats. Leaves ternate and bipinnate, the ovate 
acutish segments 1 in. long and laciniately toothed and lobed; umbels 
on stout peduncles, about 15-rayed; involucre conspicuous, its bracts 
2 or 3, lobed and toothed, 1 in. long and equaling the rays; involucels 
of several narrowly linear entire or 3-toothed bractlets, equaling the 
flowers; pedicels slender; fruit smooth, oblong, 3 or 4 lines long; 
wings thin, rather narrow; stylopodium slightly prominent above 
the disk; oil-tubes conspicuous, very rarely in pairs, the dorsal ones 
sunk in the body of the seed. 

Little known: Sausalito Hills, Kellogg and Harford, first collected 
over thirty years ago. S. capitellatum (Gray) B. & H., common 
in the Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes, may be known by its 
tomentose inflorescence and inconspicuous deciduous bractlets. 

23. ANGELICA L. 

Stout perennials with ternately or pinnately compound leaves. 
Flowers white in large terminal compound umbels. Involucre 
scanty or none. Involucels of small bractlets or none. Calyx-teeth 
mostly obsolete. Fruit strongly compressed, elliptic-oblong in out- 
line. Ribs prominent, the lateral broadly winged, the others often 
narrowly winged. Oil-tubes 1 to 3 in the intervals, 2 to 4 on the 
commissural face. (Latin angelica, on account of its medicinal 
properties. ) 

Herbage hoary; umbels rather condensed; rays equal, in flower 1 to 1% in. 

long; bractlets many, linear, acuminate 1. A. Hendersoni. 

Herbage finely tomentose or roughish pubescent; rays unequal, in flower 1 

to 4 or 6 in. long; bractlets none, or few and setaceous . 2. A. tomentosa. 

1. A. Hendersoni C. & R. Very stout and densely tomentose, 
especially on the inflorescence, and whitened under surface of the 
leaves; leaves quinate, then pinnate; leaflets thick, broadly ovate, 3 
to 4 in. long, obtuse, serrate; rays in flower equal, about 1\ in. long; 
pedicels 1 line long or less; bractlets many, linear-acuminate; fruit 



356 UMBELLIFER^E. 

broadly oblong, slightly pubescent, 3 to 4 lines long; lateral wings 
thick and corky, as broad as the body; seed deeply silicate beneath 
the oil-tubes. 

Point Lobos, San Francisco, and northward along the coast beyond 
the state boundary. July-Aug. 

2. A. tomentosa Wats. Stout, 2 to 5 ft. high, the stems and 
especially the leaves finely tomentose, roughish-pubescent, or nearly 
glabrous; leaves ternate, then pinnate; leaflets 2 to 3 in. long, ovate 
or almost round, 3-lobed or obliquely 2-lobed, or not lobed and 
merely oblique, irregularly serrate; petioles very much dilated at base; 
rays 1^ to 4 in. long; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long; fruit oblong or 
elliptical, glabrous, 3 to 4£ lines long; dorsal and intermediate ribs 
small and acutish; lateral wings nearly equaling the body in breadth; 
oil-tubes 2 on the commissural side; seed somewhat sulcate beneath 
the oil-tubes. 

Near the coast: San Francisco and Marin Co. 

Var. el at a. Five to 8 ft. high; radical leaves as much as 4 ft. 
long; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, grayish puberulent, 4 to 
6 in. long. — Common in the canons and mountains about Napa 
Valley. 

Var. Californica (A. Californica Jepson). Roughish puberulent 
on the leaves and ends of the rays, the stem glabrous; leaves biternate 
or quinate, then once pinnate or partially bipinnate; leaflets ovate, 2 
in. long, the terminal mostly 3-lobed at summit, the lower often 
lobed or divided at base, all irregularly serrate with the serratures 
mucronulate; rays unequal, 1 to 6 in. long; pedicels subequal, 3 lines 
long; dorsal and intermediate ribs often winged; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in 
the intervals, 2 on the face. — Vaca Mountains. May-June. Fr. 
July-Aug. 

24. LEPTOT/ENIA Nutt. 

Tall stoutish glabrous perennials with thick fusiform roots and 
pinnately compound leaves. Flowers yellow or purple, in compound 
umbels. Involucre of few bracts or none. Involucels of small and 
numerous bractlets or none. Fruit oblong to suborbicular, strongly 
compressed. Lateral ribs with broad corky-thickened wings coherent 
until maturity. Dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform and approxi- 
mate. Oil-tubes 1 to 8 in the intervals, 2 to 10 on the commissural 
side. (Greek leptos, narrow, and tainia, vittse or oil-tubes.) 

Leaflets 3-lobed or -parted, 1 in. long or more; involucels none; oil-tubes 

S resent 1. L. Californica. 
ets dissected into small linear lobes ; involucels present; oil-tubes none. 

2. L. dissecta. 

1. L. Californica Nutt. Erect, 2 or 3 ft. high; glaucous; leaves 
once or twice ternate, then pinnate; leaflets 1 in. long or more, cuneate- 
orbicular or -obovate, 3-lobed or the terminal 3-parted, serrate above; 
peduncles at summit abruptly widened into a disk-like dilatation; 
rays subequal, 2 to 3 in. long; pedicels 1J to 3 lines long; fruit ellip- 
tical, narrowly winged, 4 lines long; oil-tubes 6 to 10 on the face (the 
lateral frequently anastomosing), 3 or 4 in the intervals. 



PARSLEY FAMILY. 357 

Coast Range Mountains: Napa Valley to Mendocino Co. , ace. to 
Bot. Cal. Mar. -Apr. Fr. June. Var. platycarpa Jepson. Four 
ft. high; fruit more broadly winged, 7 lines long. — Vaca Mountains. 

2. L. dissecta Nutt. Stems many from a thick root, leafy at 
base; leaves broad, 2 or 3 times ternate and then once or twice pinnate, 
the segments incised-pinnatifid; peduncles 1 to 2 ft. long; rays 2 to 5 
in. long; involucre of few bracts or none; involucels of several lanceo- 
late bractlets; flowers yellow or purplish; fruit oblong, 5 to 9 lines 
long; oil-tubes none or very obscure. 

Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada: Mendocino Co. and Lake Co., 
ace. to Bot. Cal.; to be expected within our limits. Apr.-June. 

25. PEUCEDANUM L. 

Ours mostly low perennials of dry ground, either acaulescent or 
short caulescent. Roots thick or fusiform. Flowers white or yellow, 
in compound umbels. Involucre in ours none, except 2 species. 
Involucels usually present. Fruit suborbicular to oblong, much 
compressed. Lateral ribs with broad thin wings coherent until 
maturity with those of the companion carpel. Oil-tubes 1 to several 
in the intervals, 2 to several on the commissural side. (The ancient 
Greek name.) 

Peduncles and pedicels conspicuously swollen at summit; bractlets none; 

flowers yellow; fruit glabrous 1. P. leiocarpvm. 

Peduncles not enlarged at summit. 
Leaves ternate and pinnate, with broad leaflets. 
Leaflets ovate in outline, serrate and more or less incised; fruit 3 to 3% 

lines long 2. P. parvifolium. 

Leaflets roundish, serrate, often 3-lobed but the lobes broad; fruit 6 to 8 

lines long, nearly or quite as broad 3. P. Hassei. 

Leaves decompound and much dissected into small linear or filiform 
segments. 
Flowers white; bractlets more or less united into a 1-sided involucel. 
Fruit glabrous; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. .4. P. macrocarpum. 
Fruit tomentose or pubescent; oil-tubes 2 or 3 in the intervals, rarely 

solitary 5. P. dasycarpum. 

Flowers yellow; bractlets distinct. 
Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals. 
Bract 1 or none; body of fruit on a distinct stipe, the stipe and body 

with a wing twice as broad as body 6. P. Vaseyi. 

Bracts 1 to 3; bractlets scarious-margined; wing of fruit scarcely as 

wide as body 7. P. utriculatum. 

Oil-tubes none in the intervals or indistinct; wing% to almost as wide 
as body; bracts none 8. P. caruifolium. 

1. P. leiocarpum Nutt. Acaulescent, 1J to 2 ft. high, glabrous; 
root fleshy, the epidermis horizontally corrugated; leaves 4 to 6 in. 
long, once or twice ternate, then pinnate with about 5 or 7 leaflets; 
leaflets lanceolate or oblanceolate to broadly ovate, 1 to 2 in. long, 
toothed at apex; peduncles often very stout, conspicuously enlarged 
at summit and bearing an umbel of 6 to 18 very unequal rays; rays 
more or less dilated at apex, 2 to 6 in. long in fruit; pedicels 1J to 2 
lines long; bracts or bractlets none; flowers yellow; fruit 4 to 5 lines 
long, 2J to 3 lines wide; wings about as broad as body of fruit; oil- 
tubes broad, solitary in the intervals, 4 or 6 on the commissural face; 
when 6, 4 are disposed in lateral pairs. — (P. robustum Jepson.) 



358 UMBELLIFER^. 

North Coast Ranges: Santa Rosa; Sonoma; Napa Valley; plains ot 
Solano Co., and northward. 

2. P. parvifolium T. & G. Acaulescent or very short caulescent, 
6 to 10 in. high, glabrous; leaves 3 or 4 in. long, ternate, then pin- 
nately divided into 3 or 5 leaflets, or the upper leaflets confluent; 
leaflets ovate, mostly cuneate at base, 2 or 3-cleft, incised or serrate, 
the teeth strongly cuspidate, £ to 1£ in. long; peduncles 1 to 3; rays 
about 10, unequal, £ to 2 in. long; pedicels 3 to 4 J lines long; bract- 
lets subulate; fruit broadly elliptical to orbicular, 3 to 3£ lines long, 
the wings broader than the body; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 
2 to 4 on the commissural side. 

Mountain summits west of Gilroy, Setchell and Jepson; Monterey 
to San Luis Obispo, ace. to Coulter and Rose. May. 

3. P. Hassei C. & R. Nearly acaulescent, 16 in. high, glabrous 
and glaucous; leaves ternate and pinnate; leaflets roundish, cuspi- 
dately serrate, frequently 3-lobed, £ to 1^ in. broad; peduncles several; 
rays 11 to 18; bractlets ovate or lanceolate, or mostly one and that 
laciniately cleft; fruit 6 to 8 lines long, nearly or quite as broad, very 
broadly winged, emarginate at base and apex; oil-tubes 4 on the face, 
solitary in the intervals with occasionally an additional one in one of 
the lateral intervals. 

Summits of the inner and middle North Coast Ranges: Vaca 
Mountains; Mt. St. Helena; Caux's Knob; first collected by Dr. 
H. E. Hasse in Southern California. 

4. P. macrocarpum Nutt. Short caulescent, 10 to 17 in. high, 
the stems several from a caudex which crowns an elongated tuberous 
root; herbage with a short scattered pubescence; leaves about two 
times ternate and twice pinnately divided, the segments linear, 
acuminate, ^ line wide and 1 to 3 lines long, the ultimate divisions 
of the rachis winged; earliest radical leaves often as much as 1 ft. 
long, the latter scarcely \ as long; fruiting rays equal, If to 2 in. 
long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long; bractlets united at base, toothed or 
laciniate above; ovary and fruit glabrous, varying from oblong or 
somewhat quadrangular to narrowly ovate, 6 to 8 lines long, 2 to 4 
lines broad; ribs inconspicuous or almost obsolete; oil-tubes 1 to each 
interval, 5 or 6 on the commissural face; commissure distinctly convex 
at maturity; seed sharply channeled beneath the oil-tubes of the dorsal 
intervals; wings commonly broader, sometimes narrower than the 
body. 

Dry hillsides from Monterey and Santa Clara Cos. to Antioch, and 
northward to Red Bluff, mostly or only in the inner Coast Ranges 
except at the south. 

5. P. dasycarpum T. & Gr. Nearly acaulescent, the peduncles 
several from a stout taproot, erect or ascending, 6 to 15 in. high; 
herbage with a short stiffish pubescence; leaves ternately decompound 
and dissected into small narrowly linear segments; segments 1 or 2 
lines long and less than \ line wide; fertile rays 6 to 11, 1 to 2\ in. 
long; pedicels in fruit 3 to 6 lines long; involucels unilateral, com- 



TARSLEY FAMILY. 359 

posed of several ovate or lanceolate more or less united bractlets; 
ovary tomentose or conspicuously woolly; fruit suborbicular, 4 or 5 
lines long and nearly or quite as broad; wings quite as broad or broader 
than body; oil-tubes variable, 2 or 3 in the intervals or sometimes 1, 
4 or 2 on the commissural face. 

Bushy hills, open woods, or in the valleys of the Coast Kanges: 
mountains west of Gilroy; San Francisco; Mt. Diablo; Marin Co.; 
Napa Mountains; Vaca Mountains. Apr.-May. 

6. P. Vaseyi C. & R. Nearly acaulescent, the peduncles erect or 
ascending, 3^ to 6 in. high; petioles inflated; leaves 2 to 5£ in. long; 
leaf-segments oblong, mucronulate, 1 line long or less, hirsutulous on 
the margins and rachis; rays 8 to 16, 1 to 2 in. long in fruit; pedi- 
cels 4 or 5 lines long; bract 1 or none; bractlets few, obovate, crisped 
or toothed; flowers yellow; fruit broadly oblong, 6 lines long, 4 lines 
broad, emarginate; body of fruit 4 lines long, raised on a stipe 2 lines 
long, both the stipe and the body with broad wings twice as wide as 
the body; wings in mature fruit usually reddish; oil-tubes solitary in 
the intervals, 4 on the commissural side. 

Summit of the Mayacamas Mountains, Pope Valley grade from 
Calistoga; Mt. San Carlos, Fresno Co.; Sierra Nevada. Apr.-May. 

7. P. utriculatum Nutt. Caulescent, suberect, branching at the 
base, 12 to 16 in. high, or near the sea low and decumbent; leaves 
pubescent, triternately dissected into linear segments 1 to 5 lines 
long; petioles conspicuously dilated; rays unequal, the fertile 1 to 3 
in. long; pedicels 3 lines long or less; involucre of 1 to 3 bracts; 
bractlets several, lanceolate or obovate, scarious-margined toward the 
base, mucronate, sessile or with a petiole-like base; fruits 2J to 4 
lines long, elliptical or oblong, glabrous; wings scarcely as wide as 
body; oil-tubes 4 to 6 on the face, solitary in the intervals or with 
short accessory ones in the dorsal intervals; seed-face slightly concave. 

Common everywhere on open hillsides in the Sierra Nevada and 
Coast Ranges: Red Bluff; Solano Co.; Sonoma; Berkeley; Santa 
Clara Co.; Amador Co.; San Joaquin Co. and Kern Co. Scented like 
the English Cowslip, ace. to Davy. Mar. 

8. P. caruifolium T. & G. Very nearly acaulescent; peduncles 
erect, 3 or 4 from a common root, 8 to 14 in. high; leaves hispidulous, 
triternately and verj- much dissected into linear segments; segments 
3 to 6 lines. long and ^ line wide or less; fertile rays 1 to 1| in. long; 
pedicels 1J to 2 lines long; involucre none; involucels of distinct or 
nearly distinct broadly ovate or oblong segments, entire or toothed at 
apex, often borne on a petiole-like base; fruit glabrous, 3 to 5 lines 
long; wings ^ to almost as wide as body; oil-tubes none on the face, 
none in the intervals or indistinct. 

Low ground: Red Bluff; Yolo Co.; Solano Co.; San Joaquin Valley; 
San Francisco and southward. Mar. -Apr. Fr. May. 

26. PASTINACA L. 
Tall branching biennial with angular or fluted leafy stems from 



360 CORNACEiE. 

thick roots. Leaves large, pinnate. Flowers yellow, in compound 
umbels. Involucre and involucels small or commonly none. Fruit 
oval, glabrous, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs winged; dorsal and 
intermediate ribs filiform. Oil-tubes solitary in the intervals, 2 to 4 
on the commissural face. (Latin name of the Parsnip.) 

1. P. sativa L. Common Parsnip. Three or 4 ft. high; leaflets 
ovate, serrate, somewhat incised or even widely 3-lobed, 3 or 4 in. 
long; rays 15 to 20, 1 to 2£ in. long; fruit nearly orbicular, 2£ to 3 
lines long; oil-tubes conspicuous. 

Escaped from gardens: Lake Co.; Sacramento. 

27. HERACLEUM L. 

Tall stout perennials with very large ternately compound leaves 
and broad sheathing petioles. Flowers white, in a large many-rayed 
umbel. Involucre deciduous. Involucels of numerous bractlets. 
Petals obcordate, the marginal ones of the umbel much larger. Fruit 
almost round, strongly compressed. Lateral ribs with a thin wing; 
dorsal and intermediate ribs filiform. Oil-tubes 2 on the commissural 
side, 1 in each interval, visible from the outside and reaching from 
the summit to about the middle of the carpels. (Named for Hercules, 
who, it is said, first used it in medicine.) 

1. H. lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip. Four or 5 ft. high; 
leaflets 3, petiolulate, ovate or orbicular, sharply serrate and lobed, 
3 to 6 in. broad; umbels 6 to 10 in. broad; fruit 3£ to 5 lines long. 

Common on brushy north slopes in the outer (or seaward) Coast 
Ranges (San Francisco; Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Bodega Pt.) and 
in wet soil at middle altitudes in the Sierra Nevada. 

73. CORNACE/E. Dogwood Family. 

Deciduous trees or shrubs, or some species low and herbaceous. 
Leaves opposite, simple, entire. Flowers 4-merous in cymes or 
heads. Calyx-tube coherent with the ovary, its limb 4-lobed or 
obsolete. Petals 4. epigynous, valvate in bud. Stamens 4, alternate 
with the petals. Ovary 2-celled with a single pendulous ovule in 
each cell; style filiform; stigma simple. Fruit a drupe, lor2-seeded. 
Embryo minute. 

1. CORN US L. Cornel. Dogwood. 
Flowers perfect, greenish or white, disposed in cymes or capitate. 
Calyx-limb of 4 small teeth around the summit of the ovary. 
Stamens with slender filaments. Style simple. Fruit a drupe, the 
stone 2-celled with 1 seed in each cell. (Latin cornu, a horn, on 
account of the hardness of the wood.) 

Flowers sessile in a head-like cluster with an involucre of 4 to 6 large white 

petal-like bracts 1. C. Nuttallii. 

Flowers in cymes. 
Leaves ovate to elliptical, lighter colored beneath, 2 to 4 in. long; fruit 
white; stone conspicuously channeled on the edges: var. Californicaoi 

2. C. pubescens. 



DOGWOOD FAMILY. 361 

Leaves narrower, 1 to 2% in. long; stone not channeled on the edges or 
obscurely so. 
Stone little compressed; leaves thin, narrowly obovate or oblong, green, 

and nearly alike on both faces 3. C. glabraia. 

Stone pointed at base, tubercled at apex; leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate, 
purplish 4. C. Torreyi. 

1. C. Nuttallii Aud. Nuttall's Dogwood. Tree, 10 to 15 ft. 
high, with ascending or widely spreading branches and smooth bark; 
leaves narrow- or elliptic-obovate or even orbicular, with rounded or 
shortly acute apex, 3 to 5 in. long, on petioles 1 in. long or less; 
flowers crowded on a thick convex receptacle and surrounded by a 
conspicuous petal-like involucre; bracts of the involucre white, some- 
times tinged with red, commonly 6, obovate to oblong, 1£ to 3 in. 
long, abruptly acute or acuminate; head ^ to 1 in. broad, very dense; 
drupe 5 to 6 lines long, scarlet. 

Marin Co. and Napa Valley northward through the Coast Ranges 
to Mt. Shasta, thence southward in the Sierra Nevada; rare in the 
South Coast Ranges (Monterey Co., ace. to Bot. Cal., Santa Cruz 
Mountains); San Diego Co. Flowers remarkably beautiful, appearing 
with or before the leaves. 

C. Canadensis L. Bunch-berry. Herbaceous; stem 3 to 6 in. 
high with a whorl of 6 leaves at summit, a pair of leaves above the 
middle, and scales below; involucre also petal-like. — Mendocino Co. 
and northward. C. sessilis Torr. Shrub 10 ft. high or more, with 
yellowish flowers in sessile umbels subtended by 4 small caducous 
bracts. — Northern Sierra Nevada. 

2. C. pubescens Nutt. var. Californica C. & E. Common 
Dogwood. Shrub, 5 to 15 ft. high with smooth purplish branches 
and branchlets; leaves commonly ovate, varying to elliptical, acute, 
lighter colored and more pubescent, also conspicuously ribbed, beneath; 
cymes 1£ to 2 in. broad; petals oblong, acute, 2 lines long; style 
glabrous, little or not at all thickened at apex; drupe white, sub- 
globose, 3 lines in diameter; stone somewhat flattened, mostly 
oblique, with furrowed edges, each side with 4 less obvious or 
shallower channels. — (C. Californica C. A. Mey.) 

Common on stream-banks in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada, 
especially in canons; also along the Sacramento and San Joaquin 
Rivers. Flowering and fruiting from Apr. until Nov. or later. 
Stone in shape and appearance very similar to the fruit of Rhus 
diversiloba (Poison Oak) after the dry loose skin of the latter has 
fallen. Winter buds linear-oblong. Shoots of the season often 1 to 
2 ft. long. 

C. Greenei C. & E. (not of Greene, Man. 159, as to Napa Co. 
plants). Leaves similar but rounder; style greenish at the thickened 
apex; drupe said to be blue, but there is no record of an observation 
of the fresh fruit; stone globose, not channeled or scarcely ridged. — 
Type specimens in the Herbarium of the University of California, 
doubtless Californian but the particular locality unknown. 

3. C. glabrata Benth. Shrub, 5 to 12 ft. high, with gray bark, 
and nearly or quite glabrous twigs; leaves narrowly obovate or 



362 GARRYACE.E. 

oblong, acute at each end, or acuminate at apex, 1^ to If in. long, 
green on both faces, obscurely pubescent with short scattered 
appressed hairs; petioles 3 lines long or less; flowers in many small 
open cymes; ovary canescent; style thickened at apex, slightly 
pubescent; drupe globose, white; stone little compressed and not 
furrowed. 

Stream-beds: Mt. Diablo; borders of swamps near Searsville and 
southward in the Coast Kanges to Monterey. May. Annual 
growth of the branches, in this and in the next, but a few in. or even 
less than 1 in. in length; very short as compared with no. 2. 

4. C. Torreyi "Wats. Slender shrub, 5 to 8 ft. high; bark brown 
with numerous lenticles; foliage reddish, at least in the summer and 
autumn; leaves oblong- or more frequently ovate-lanceolate, 1^ to 
rather less than 2 in. long; pubescence as in the preceding; drupe 
over 3 lines long, probably brownish or tan-color; stone globose or 
scarcely at all compressed, tubercled at apex, distinctly pointed at 
base. 

Wooden Valley, Napa Co. (C. Greenei of Greene, Man. 159, in 
part); northward into Lake Co. (abundant in Scott Valley, where it 
forms thickets along the bases of low hills). 

74. GARRYACE/E. Silk-tassel Family. 

Shrubs or small trees with quadrangular branchlets. Leaves simple, 
opposite, with short petioles. Flowers dioecious, apetalous, in axillary 
pendulous aments, solitary or disposed in 3's between the decussately 
connate bracts. Staminate flower:— calyx 4-parted into linear valvate 
sepals; stamens 4; filaments distinct. Pistillate flower: — calyx with a 
shortly 2-lobed or obsolete limb; ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendulous 
ovules; styles 2, stigmatic on the inner side, persistent. Fruit a 
berry; juice of the pulp staining rose-purple; epicarp at maturity 
free from the pulpy portion and either circumscissile or as often 
dehiscing irregularly. Seeds with thin testa and horny endosperm, 
the minute embryo at one end. Apparently related in certain partic- 
ulars to Cupulifera? and Piperacese. 

1. GARRYA Dougl. 
The only genus. (Named by Douglas, the indefatigable botanical 
explorer of Pacific North America, in honor of Nicholas Garry, of the 
Hudson Bay Co., to whom he was indebted for assistance in his 
travels.) 

Leaves undulate-margined; fruit tomentose 1. G. elliptica. 

Leaves plane, often yellow-green; fruit at maturity glabrous 

2. G. Fremonti. 

1. G. elliptica Dougl. Silk-tassel Tree. Small tree, 8 to 10 
ft. high or more, commonly a shrub about 5 ft. high; leaves elliptical 
or narrower, the margin undulate and more or less revolute, gla- 
brous above, tomentose beneath; aments solitary or clustered, the 
sterile 4 to 10 in. long with truncate or acute silky bracts and the 



aristolochiace^:. 363 

calyx-segments cohering at tip; fertile aments shorter, 2 to 4 in. long, 
with acute or acuminate bracts; ovary sessile; fruit globose, 3 to 4 
lines in diameter, densely silky-tomentose like the ovary, in extreme 
age glabrate; seed oval, 2 lines long. 

Common in the Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. northward: Los 
Gatos; San Mateo Co.; Angel Island; Mt. Tamalpais; Redwood 
Peak, Oakland Hills. Feb. Fruiting June-Sept. 

2. G. Fremonti Torr. Bear Brush. Shrub, usually about 5 
or becoming 10 ft. high; leaves oblong, tapering to each end, varying 
to elliptical, glabrous and shining above, gray-puberulent or white- 
tomentose beneath, in age often glabrous and yellow, particularly on 
the under surface, not undulate, commonly 1£ (rarely 3) in. long, on 
petioles 6 lines long; aments solitary or in clusters of 2 to 6, with 
acute somewhat silky bracts; staminate aments 2 to 3 in. long; pis- 
tillate ament about 1J in. long, the ovary and young fruit very silky; 
fruiting aments 1£ to 3J in. long; mature fruit glabrous, 3 lines long, 
short-pediceled; seeds subglobose or oval, 1J lines long. 

High Coast Range ridges and slopes: Yallo Bally Mountains, 
Jepso?i; Napa Mountains; Vaca Mountains; southward to Mt. 
Hamilton, Brewer. Also in the Sierra Nevada. Feb. The bark 
when broken exudes a black juice. 

G. buxifolia Gray, of Red Mountain, Mendocino Co., has leaves 
appressed-silky beneath and bears very slender aments. 

75. ARISTOLOCHIACE/E. Birthwort Family. 

Perennial herbs or twining shrubs. Leaves simple, alternate, 
petioled, cordate. Flowers perfect, apetalous, with a petal-like syn- 
sepalous 3-lobed calyx. Stamens 6 to 12 with extrorse anthers. 
Styles mostly 6 and united at base, or 1. Ovary inferior 6-celled. 
Fruit a fleshy or dry capsule. Seeds in 1 or 2 rows on the inner 
angle of each cell, with a minute embryo in copious endosperm. 

Perennial herb; calyx regular; capsule irregularly dehiscent 

1. Asartjm. 
"Woody climber ; calyx irregular; capsule septicidally dehiscent ...... 

2. Aristolochia. 

1. ASARUM L. 

Nearly acaulescent herbs, with creeping fragrant rootstocks bearing 
2 or 3 scale-like bracts, then 1 or 2 reniform or cordate leaves on long 
closely approximate petioles and a short-peduncled flower close to 
the ground in the axil of the lower leaf. Calyx regular, campanu- 
late, the limb 3-parted, the lobes spreading or recurved, persistent. 
Stamens 12, nearly free from the styles, at first reflexed, the alternate 
ones shorter; filaments more or less distinct, the connective usually 
continued beyond the anther into a point. Capsule globose, fleshy, 
commonly bursting irregularly. Seeds large, thick, in 2 rows in each 
cell. (Derivation obscure.) 

1. A. caudatum Lindl. Wild Ginger. Evergreen; rootstocks 
slender, elongated; leaves cordate-reniform, shortly acute or obtusish, 



364 ARISTOLOCHIACE^E. 

pubescent below and above on the veins, 3 to 6 in. broad, on petioles 
3J to 7 in. long; peduncles 6 to 12 lines long; calyx-lobes triangular 
or oblong, attenuate into a tail which is 1 to 2\ in. long; filament 
stout, the free apex of the connective much shorter than the anther; 
ovary 4 lines broad; styles united, equaling the stamens; seeds ovate, 
1£ lines long. 

Not infrequent in deep shade of woods, following very closely the 
distribution of the Coast Kedwood: Santa Cruz Mountains; Oakland 
Hills, F. P. McLean, 1874, Ralph E. Gibbs, 1898; Marin Co.; Napa 
Valley and northward. Not in the inner Coast Ranges. Feb.- 
June. There are two other species in California: A. Hartwegi 
Wats., common in the Sierra Nevada from Mt. Shasta to Yosemite, 
has the leaves strikingly mottled and glabrous above; calyx-lobes 
caudate-attenuate, 1 to 1J in. long; connective as long or twice as 
long as the anther. A. Lemmoni G-ray is very similar to A. 
caudatum, but the leaves are nearly glabrous above and the calyx- 
lobes are obtuse, or only acute and J in. long or less. — Sierra Nevada, 
Plumas Co., Lemmon, to Fresno Co., ace. to Greene. 

2. ARISTOLOCHIA L. Pipe Vine. 

Twining shrubs with sparingly branched stems and axillary pendu- 
lous flowers. Calyx tubular, strongly curved and pipe-shaped, decid- 
uous. Anthers 6, rarely 7 or 8, sessile, and adnate to the short style. 
Stigma 3 to 6-lobed or -angled. Capsule 6-angled and 6-valved, 
septicidally dehiscent. Seeds horizontal, in one row in each cell, 
numerous. (Greek aristos, best, locheia, parturition, from its supposed 
efficacy in child-birth.) 

1. A. California Torr. Dutchman's Pipe. Deciduous woody 
climber, twining 5 to 12 ft. high on shrubs, the herbage more or less 
pubescent, sometimes silky; leaves conduplicate in the bud, ovate, 
cordate, 1£ to 3 or even 5£ in. long, on petioles 1 or 2 in. long or 
less; pedicels f in. long, with a bract at the middle; calyx greenish, 
veined with purple, the tube closely doubled upon itself, forming a 
very sharp angle on the upper side and conspicuously inflated on the 
lower side, only slightly contracted at the throat, 4 to 6 lines broad, 
\\ to 1£ in. from base to apex on the lower side; inside of tube near 
the base with a broad dull purple band; limb 2-lipped, the upper 
lip consisting of 2 broad obtuse lobes, the lower entire, all lined with 
a disk-like thickening which on the upper side is continued down- 
ward and at the angle forms a projection partially closing the tube;' 
anthers disposed in pairs on the lower part of the stigma-lobes; ovary 
clavate; stigma with 3 broad obtuse lobes; capsule broadly oblong- 
obovate, abruptly contracted to a slender base, 6-winged, 2 to 2£ 
in. long; seeds cuneate-obovate, 3 lines long, deeply concave on the 
upper side, the edges incurved, with a very prominent spongy raphe 
in the concavity. 

Coast Ranges: Monterey northward to Marin Co.; Glen Ellen, 
M. Louise Douglas; Wooden Valley grade from Napa Valley; 
Araquipa Hills (Solano Co.); and Mendocino Co. Also in the 



LORANTHACEiE. 365 

Sierra Nevada. Widely distributed but nowhere common. Mar.- 
Apr. Fr. July. 

76. LORANTHACE/E. Mistletoe Family. 

Evergreen shrubs, parasitic on trees. Branches dichotomous. 
Leaves opposite, simple and entire, or often reduced to connate 
scales. Flowers dioecious (in ours), greenish and inconspicuous, 
regular, apetalous. Sepals 2 to 5. Stamens as many as the sepals 
and inserted upon them; anthers 1 or 2-celled. Ovary inferior, 
1-celled. Fruit a berry with glutinous endocarp. Embryo straight, 
in copious endosperm. 

Berry sessile; flowers globose; calyx mostly 3-lobed or -toothed; anthers 
2-celled; leaves (in ours) foliaceous 1. Phoradendron. 

Berry on recurved pedicels; flowers mostly compressed; staminate catyx 
3-lobed; pistillate 2-toothed; anthers 1-celled; leaves scale-like and 
connate 2. Razotjmofskya. 

1. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Mistletoe. 
Parasitic on mostly deciduous trees, the stems much branched and 
swollen at the nodes. Leaves foliaceous and coriaceous, or scale-like. 
Flowers sunk in the joints of the jointed spikes, usually several to 
each scale. Staminate calyx commonly 3-lobed, the anthers sessile 
on the base of the lobes. Pistillate calyx adherent to the ovary, the 
3 teeth persistent on the globose semitransparent mucilaginous berry. 
(G-reek phor, a thief, and dendron, a tree.) 

Leaves elliptic to oblong, 3 or 5-nerved. 

Herbage yellowish 1. P. flavescens. 

Herbage greenish 2. P. villosum. 

Leaves narrowly oblong or spatulate, nerveless 3. P. Bolleanum. 

1. P. flavescens Nutt. Yellow Mistletoe. Foliage yellowish 
green; leaves orbicular to ovate or narrowly elliptic, obtuse, 3 \ in. 
long or less, conspicuously 5-nerved from the base and distinctly 
petioled; fruiting spikes dense, \\ in. long or less; berries white, 2 
lines in diameter. 

Interior of California: Putah Creek, on Cottonwood trees (Populus 
Fremonti Torr.); Pleasant Valley, Solano Co., also on Cottonwoods, 
many large trees having been killed by the parasite; foothills of the 
inner Coast Kanges near Vacaville, on Buckeye (iEsculus Califor- 
nia). Fruiting in Jan. This species, as observed on the Buckeye, 
reproduces vegetatively. The haustoria spread in the bark, and by 
buds give rise to numerous plants which often impart a very twiggy 
appearance to the Buckeye branches. 

2. P. villosum Nutt. Common Mistletoe. Foliage deep green; 
leaves elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved, 1 in. long, on short petioles; berries 
pinkish, 1^ lines in diameter. 

Coast Kanges: Solano Co.; Napa Valley; Wild Cat Creek (Contra 
Costa Co.) and southward. Parasitic on Oaks, especially the Blue 
Oak (Quercus Douglasii), forming globose or bush-like clusters 2 to 3 
ft. in diameter. The cluster commonly arises from a single main 



366 LORANTHACE.E. 

stem or trunk attached to the branch of the host. The plant does 
not reproduce vegetatively, at least in this region. 

3. P. Bolleanum (Seeman) Eichler. Stems ^ to f ft. long; leaves 
narrowly oblong or spatulate, obtuse, contracted to a short petiole, 
^ to 1 in. long; bracts ciliolate; spikelets short, mostly less than |- in. 
long, opposite or in fours; berries pearl-like on account of their white- 
ness, translucency, and luster, rather less than 2 lines in diameter. 

Northeastern base of Mt. St. Helena, on Cupressus MacNabiana, 
Jepson; Mt. Tamalpais, on Juniper, Alice Eastwood; inner Coast 
Ranges west of Bakersfield, on Juniper. Rare in our region. 
Fruiting in Dec. 

2. RAZOUMOFSKYA Hoffm. 

Plants yellow or yellowish brown, leafless, fragile-jointed, parasitic 
on coniferous trees. Stems quadrangular or angled. Leaves repre- 
sented by connate scales. Flowers solitary or several in each axil, 
crowded into apparent spikes, opening in autumn. Staminate 
flower: — calyx mostly 3-parted, compressed; stamens consisting of a 
single 1-celled roundish anther, opening by a circular slit. Pistillate 
flower: — calyx 2-cleft, the teeth laterally disposed, the ovary ripening 
the next autumn after flowering and exserted on the recurved pedicel. 
Berry circumscissile near the base, when fully ripe explosively dehis- 
cent at a touch or when teased, the glutinous seed being expelled to 
a distance of several feet. (Count Alexis de Razoumoffsky, Russian 
savant of the early part of the 19th century, who possessed a large 
botanic garden near Moscow.) 

1. R. occidentalis (Engelm.) O. Kuntze. Pine Mistletoe. 
Stems dichotomously branched, 4 to 15 in. long, the branches bearing 
numerous spikes, the lower spikes commonly with accessory spikes 
in the axils; staminate spikes deep yellow, £ to £ in. long; staminate 
flowers exceeding 1 line in breadth; pistillate plants olive-brown; 
spikes short, 5 or 6-flowered, arranged along the axis of the inflo- 
rescence, the upper spikelets mostly reduced to 1 flower, and the 
inflorescence paniculate; berries brown, oblong, tapering to each 
end, 2 to 2\ lines long. — (Arceuthobium occidentalis Engelm.) 

Common on Digger Pine (Pinus Sabiniana) all through the inner 
Coast Ranges from Mt. Diablo and Putnam's Peak (Vaca Foothills) 
to Berrvessa Valley and Butts' Canon in northern Napa Co. Also 
on Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) at the head of Conn Valley near 
St. Helena. Oct. -Jan. The accessory and primary branchlets are 
anterior and posterior, not side by side. The plant parasitic on 
Pinus attenuata, summit of Mt. St. Helena, Jep9on, is referred to 
R. Douglasii (Engelm.) O. Kuntze var. abietina (Engelm.) Greene 
in Greene's Manual. 

SYMPETAL^E. 

Corolla almost always present, consisting of more or less united 
petals; stamens inserted upon the corolla except in the first family; 
stipules in ours none. 



ERICACEAE. 367 

77. ERICACE/E. Heath Family. 

Trees, shrubs, or perennial herbs. Leaves simple, alternate in all 
our genera except Chimaphila. mostly evergreen and stiff and 
coriaceous. Flowers regular and symmetrical, with the parts in 5's 
or 4's. Stamens free from the corolla, as many or commonly twice 
as many as its lobes or petals and always distinct from them; anthers 
2-celled, in ours opening by a terminal pore or chink and frequently 
bearing two horn-like or awn-like appendages. Ovary superior or 
inferior, 4 to 10 (rarely 2 or 3)-celled, with usually axile placental 
bearing numerous ovules. Corolla in most cases sympetalous, but 
choripetalous in Chimaphilla and Pyrola. Khodendron has a slightly 
irregular corolla. The red or white flowers are pendulous as a rule 
and the pollen-grains are often united in 4's (tetrads). 

The suborder Monotropese has no representatives within our limits, 
but several in the state. All have hypogynous flowers and are 
parasites or saprophytes with red, brown, or dull white herbage: 

Allotropa virgata T. & G. Keddish or whitish rather fleshy 
plant; corolla none; ovary 5-celled, as in the next two. — Northern 
California. 

Pterospora andromeda Nutt. Pine Drops. Keddish brown 
plant; flowers racemose; corolla sympetalous; anthers 2-awned at 
the back. — Sierra Nevada; Lake Co. and northward. 

Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. Snow Plant. Bright red or scarlet 
plant; flowers in a fleshy scaly spike; corolla sympetalous; anthers 
not awned. — Sierra Nevada. 

Pletjricospora timbriolata Gray. Brownish or whitish plant; 
corolla of 4 or 5 petals; ovary 1-celled. — Southern Sierra Nevada; 
near Healdsburg ace. to Brandegee. 

Hemitomes congesttjm Gray. Spike capitate, often subterranean; 
sepals 2; corolla tubular-urn-shaped, 4 or 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled, 
apparently several-celled by the meeting of adjacent placental plates. 
— Coast Ranges, near the coast. 

Corolla choripetalous; fruit a capsule. 
Suffrutescent plants. 
Flowers 1 to several, corymbose on a leafy stem. ... 1. Chimaphila. 

Flowers racemose on a naked or sparingly scaly-bracted scape 

2. Pyrola. 
Low shrub; flowers numerous in umbel-like corymbs; leaves resinous- 
dotted below 3. Ledum. 

Corolla sympetalous; trees or shrubs except no. 7. 
Calyx-tube free from the ovary. 

Corolla funnelform; fruit a capsule 4. Rhododendron. 

Corolla urn-shaped. 
Fruit drupaceous, with stone-like nutlets, and smooth or resinous 

surface 5. Arctostaphylos. 

Fruit a berry, surface granular 6. Arbutus. 

Fruit enclosed in the enlarged and baccate calyx. . 7. Gaultheria. 
Calyx-tube adherent to the ovary; fruit a berry .... 8. Vaccinium. 

1. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa. 

Low perennial evergreen suffrutescent plants. Leaves scattered or 
in irregular whorls, serrulate. Flowers white, waxy, in a terminal 



368 ERICACEJS. 

naked corymb. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, choripetalous; petals 
5, orbicular, concave. Stamens 10; filaments dilated and hairy in 
the middle. Stigma orbicular-peltate, crowning the very short style 
which is concealed in the umbilicate summit of the ovary. Capsule 
dehiscent from above downwards. (Greek cheima, winter, and phileo, 
to love, the plants evergreen.) 

1. C. Menziesii Spreng. Menzies Pipsissewa. More or less 
branched from the base, 3 or 4 in. high; leaves ovate, 1 in. or rather 
less in length, sometimes purplish beneath, often mottled or veined 
with white above; peduncles 1 to 3-flowered; bracts ovate or roundish; 
flowers 3 lines in diameter; filaments villous on the dilated middle 
portion. 

Pine woods of the Sierra Nevada. Rare in the Coast Ranges: 
Mendocino Co.; Mt. Hamilton. San Bernardino Mountains. 

C. umbellata Nutt. Prince's Pine. Nine to 14 in. high; leaves 
oblong, 1^ to 2\ in. long, often widest near the apex and tapering 
gradually to the base, bright green, not variegated; filaments hairy on 
the margins only. — Mendocino Co. to Mt. Shasta. 

2. PYROLA L. WlNTERGREEN. 

Perennial acaulescent herbs from slender rootstocks, leafless or with 
radical evergreen leaves. Flowers 5-merous, in a raceme on a naked 
or sparingly scaly-bracted scape. Corolla choripetalous. Petals 
concave or incurved, more or less converging. Stamens 10; filaments 
subulate, naked. Stigma 5-lobed or -toothed, surrounded by a ring. 
Capsule depressed-globose and 5-lobed, umbilicate at apex and base, 
dehiscent from the base upward; edges of the valves cobwebby when 
opening, persistent on the axis. Embryo minute. (Diminutive of 
Pirus, classical name of the Pear Tree, on account of resemblance in 
the leaves of one species.) 

1. P. aphylla Smith. Leafless parasite; stems red, often many 
and clustered, from a scaly-bracted rootstock, 8 to 16 in. high; calyx 
red, its lobes triangular-ovate, ^ the length of the obovate or elliptic 
whitish petals; capsule 3 lines broad, its sutures somewhat cobwebby 
in dehiscence. 

Rare in our district: Mt. Tamalpais; Howell Mountain, Tracy; 
Mt. St. Helena; and northward to Mt. Shasta. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada. The following species have a cluster of radical leaves and 
(except the last) a long declined and recurved style. 

P. picta Smith. White-veined Shin-leaf. Leaves ovate or 
elliptic, very coriaceous, mottled or veined with white; petiole 
narrowly winged; calyx-lobes broadly ovate; corolla greenish white 
or brownish. — Pine forests from Mendocino Co. to Mt. Shasta and 
southward in the Sierra Nevada. 

P. rotundifolia L. var. bracteata Gray. Leaves orbicular 
and comparatively thin, unmottled, on slender unwinged petioles as 
long as the blade; calyx-lobes triangular-lanceolate; corolla rose- 
purple. — With the preceding. 

P. secunda L. Leaves ovate, thin and greenish; flowers white, 



HEATH FAMILY. 369 

in a one-sided raceme; petals with two tubercles at base inside — 
Northern Sierra Nevada. 

3. LEDUM L. 

Low shrubs with fragrant herbage. Leaves alternate, entire, with 
revolute margins. Flowers white, small, in terminal umbel-like 
clusters from large scaly buds. Pedicels slender. Calyx of 5 almost 
distinct segments, very" small. . Corolla of 5 obovate and spreading 
distinct petals. Stamens 5 to 10; anthers opening by terminal pores. 
Capsule 5-celled, dehiscing from the base upward, many-seeded; 
placentae borne on the summit of the axis of the fruit. (Greek Ledon, 
ancient name of the Cistus.) 

1. L. glandulosum Nutt. Labrador Tea. Evergreen shrub, 3 
to 5 ft. high; leaves rather thickly clothing the stems, oblong, acute 
at each end, mucronate at apex, 1 to 2} in. long, green and glabrous 
on both sides, or light colored beneath with a dense close glandular- 
dotted felt; petals elliptic-ovate, 2\ to 3 lines long; stamens 4 to 10; 
filaments ciliate toward the base; capsule oval, nearly 2 lines long. 

Point Reyes Peninsula, Brandegee, Davy, the only recorded station 
within our limits; Novo, Mendocino Co. and northward; Sierra 
Nevada. June. 

4. RHODODENDRON L. 

Ours shrubs with alternate entire leaves crowded on the flowering 
branches. Flowers in umbels or corymbs, from terminal buds with 
thin deciduous scales. Calyx very small. Corolla funnel-form to 
campanulate, cleft, often somewhat irregular. Stamens 5 or 10; 
filaments filiform; anthers short, without awns or appendages, the 
cells opening by a terminal pore. Style filiform; stigma capitate or 
somewhat lobed. Fruit a septicidal capsule, the valve separating 
from the columella, (Greek rhodos, rose, and dendron, a tree.) 

Deciduous; flowers commonly white ; stamens 5 1. R. occidentale. 

Evergreen ; flowers rose-purple ; stamens 10 2. E. Calif or nicum. 

1. R. occidentale Gray. Western Azalea. Shrub, 3 to 8 ft. 
high; leaves narrowly or broadly obovate, 1 to 4 in. long, ciliate, 
otherwise nearly glabrous; flower buds terminal, surrounded at base 
by leaf buds which give rise to the shoots of the season; calyx 
o-parted, its lobes oblong or oval; corolla white, 1^ to nearly 2 in. 
long, or sometimes rose-tinged, 5-cleft, slightly irregular, the upper 
lobe with a large yellow splotch; tube conspicuously funnel-form, 
glandular-viscid outside; capsule oblong, f in. long. 

Deep canons of the seaward and middle Coast Ranges, by stream 
banks: Santa Cruz Mountains; Marin Co., etc. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada. A handsome shrub in June when in full bloom, the corolla 
promptly deciduous from the receptacle, but held pendant for a time 
by the tangle of stamens and style. R. Sonomense Greene is a form 
with rose-colored flowers occurring from Sonoma Valley to Mt. St. 
Helena. 

2. R. Californicum Hook. California Rose Bay. Erect, 4 
to 8 ft. high; leaves coriaceous and evergreen, oblong or elliptic, 

26 



370 EEICACE.i;. 

green above, rusty or lighter beneath, 3 to 4 in. long; flower buds 1 
in. long, the scales ovate; corolla turbinate-campanulate, rose-purple, 
the upper lobe greenish-dotted within, 1| in. long; stamens 10, not 
exserted; ovary densely pubescent with dark red or rusty hairs; 
capsule nearly or quite glabrous, red, £ to f im long, 2£ lines in 
diameter. 

Pescadero, H. A. Duttan; Mt. Tamalpais and northward to Mendo- 
cino and Humboldt Cos. 

5. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Maxzamta. 
Shrubs with very crooked branches, the bark dark red or chocolate- 
colored, smooth and polished. Leaves commonly entire, more or 
less vertical by twisting of the petiole. Flowers white or pink, in 
short spikes or racemes, disposed in terminal subglobose clusters or 
panicles, usualty 5-merous. Bractlets commonly scaly. Sepals dis- 
tinct. Corolla urn-shaped. Anthers as in Arbutus; filaments thick- 
ened above the base and hairy at the middle. Ovary raised on a 
hypogynous disk, 4 to 10-celled, with solitary ovules in the cells, in 
fruit forming a drupe or dry berry with several stony nutlets. 
Nutlets either distinct, irregularly united in 2's or 3's, or sometimes 
consolidated into a single stone. Surface of the "berry'' brown or 
deep mahogany, smooth or with resinous dots, the pulp between the 
skin and stones mealy, or in late summer powdery. The flesh of the 
fruit is somewhat acid and has been used in the rural districts to make 
a cooling drink. The individuals are very abundant and in the com- 
pany of Ceanothus cuneatus and other shrubs, form the exceedingly 
extensive brush thickets known as chaparral which impart a marked 
character to the scenery of the higher Coast Range ridges and moun- 
tain summits. (Greek arktos, a bear, and staphule. a grape; bears 
feed on the berries of some species.) 

Fruit small, 2 lines long or less; leaves less than 1 in. (mostly V£ in.) long, 

strictly erect 1. A . nummularia. 

Fruit 3 to 4V4 lines long; leaves exceeding 1 in. (mostly 1)4 to 2 in.) long. 
Branchlets commonly bristly; ovary bearded. 

Leaves cordate at base 2. A. Andersoni. 

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate 3. A. tomentosa. 

Branchlets glabrous or pubescent; ovary glabrous. 
Pedicels glabrous. 
Leaves light green, glaucescent; calyx equaling or slightly exceeding 

diameter of corolla " 4. A. manzanita. 

Leaves vivid green, never glaucescent ; calyx y 2 diameter of corolla . . 

5. A. Stanfordiana. 
Pedicels glandular-pubescent; leaves glaucous . . . .b.A.giauca. 

1. A. nummularia Gray. Strictly erect, 1£ to 2} ft. high; branch- 
lets pilose-pubescent, the foliage glabrous and shining; leaves orbic- 
ular to elliptic-ovate, entire, veiny on the under surface, thickly 
clothing the branches, 5 to 11 (commonly about 6) lines long, on 
petioles 1 line long; flowers little exceeding 1 line in length; ovary 
bearded; fruit oblong, 2 lines long, the nutlets usuaUy 4. 

Common on the southern slopes of Mt. Tamalpais; Ben Lomond, 
Santa Cruz Mts., Brcnirfegee, Anderson; flowering at nearly all 
seasons. 



IIKATII FAMILY. 371 

2. A. Andersoni Gray. JBranchlets with copious straight spread- 
ing baira or bristles and with glandular indument, the foliage glabrous 
and glaucous; leaves ohlong or varying from broadly to narrowly 
ovate, obtuse or acute, cuspidate, cordate at base or even auriculate, 
serrulate below the middle, commonly sessile, or sometimes with a 
short to nearly 3 in. long petiole; secondary peduncles of the panicle 
rather long; bracts lanceolate; fruit viscid-pubescent. 

Summit of the Oakland Hills and in the Santa Cruz Mountains 
near the Big Trees. Anderson. Variable in its characters, some 
specimens showing entire leaves without the cordate base. 

3. A. tomentosa Dougl. Branching shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high; 
branchlets usually with a glandular indument and spreading bristly 
hairs; leaves with a tine close tomentum or glabrous, narrowly or 
broadly oblong to ovate, from obtuse to subcordate at base, acute or 
obtuse at apex, entire or rarely spinulose-serrulate, 1 to 2 in. long, on 
very short petioles; bracts iinear-lanceolate, the lower foliaceous; 
filaments pilose-pubescent; ovary hirsute; nutlets separable or more 
or less united. 

Coast Ranges toward the coast. The most common species after 
A. Manzanita, and usually distinguishable from it by the conspicuous 
foliaceous bracts. 

4. A. Manzanita Parry. Common Maxzaxita. Shrubby to sub- 
arborescent, 4 to 12 ft. high, commonly widely branched from the 
base with long straggling crooked branches; young twigs and pedun- 
cles finely puberulent; pedicels glabrous; leaves elliptic and obtuse 
at base and apex, the larger orbicular, the smaller oblong and often 
tapering from the middle to the acute base and apex, 1 to 2 in. long, 
ostensibly glabrous; inflorescence paniculate, the panicle as broad or 
broader than high, pendulous on the short abruptly recurved pedun- 
cles; flowers commonly white, or tinged with pink; bracts small and 
dry; calyx closely appressed to the base of the corolla and as broad; 
corolla broadly urn-shaped; stamens with a hairy tuft on back of fila- 
ments at expanded portion; ovary glabrous; fruit smooth, dull white 
in early summer, becoming deep reddish brown in late summer and 
fall; nutlets irregularly coalescent, usually 2 or 3 consolidated (indi- 
cated by the number of cells) with intermediate (1-celled) ones. 

Beginning to flower in JS"ov. or Dec. and continuing more or less 
through the winter. Gregarious and covering large areas of the high 
dry Coast Range slopes, in such cases remarkably uniform in height, 
about 4 to 6 ft. high. Less crowded in the foothills, where arborescent 
individuals 12 to 18 ft. high are often found. 

5. A. Stanford i ana Parry. Myacoma Manzanita. An erect, 
not widely branched shrub, 3 to 5 ft. high, with very slender dark 
red stems, perfectly glabrous in all its parts; leaves bright green on 
both faces, narrowly ovate to oblanceolate, most frequently acute at 
both ends, petioled, 1 to 1^ in. long, very erect; flowers abundant, 
in elongated racemes, forming an open panicle, light pink to 
lilac; corolla seldom over 3 lines long, very frequently with an 



372 ERICACEJE. 

obscure constriction just below the middle; calyx reddish, only half 
the diameter of the corolla, somewhat impressed as it were within the 
truncate or subcordate base of the latter and thus partly concealed; 
ovary glabrous; nutlets broader than high, usually two or more 
coherent, rarely all united into a single irregular stone. 

Known only from the Mayacamas Range: common on the volcanic 
rock summit of Mt. St. Helena; exclusively occupying a large part 
of the denuded La Jota Plateau near La Jota Falls, Howell Mt. 
Feb. -May. Very trim and like a well-kept shrub, recognizable 
even by its bright green leaves which are commonly erect, while 
those of A. Manzanita are far less so. 

6. A. glauca Lindl. Shrubby or almost arborescent, 9 to 25 ft. 
high, with a trunk often 1 ft. in diameter; foliage glabrous and 
glaucous; leaves elliptical to broadly ovate or oblong, entire, acute or 
obtuse at apex, obtuse, truncate or even subcordate at base, 1^ to 2 in. 
long; petioles 3 to 4 lines long; panicle broader than high, frequently 
very compact; pedicels glandular-pubescent; flowers white, rather 
large; fruit usually viscid, pulp scanty; nutlets completely con- 
solidated into a solid smooth stone. 

Common in the Mt. Diablo range and southward: Los Gatos, 
Brandegec, Parry. Apparently on Caux's Knob west of St. Helena. 
The leaves of the sterile shoots are sometimes sharply serrate all 
around. 

6. ARBUTUS L. 

Our species a tree or large shrub. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous 
and glossy. Bracts and bractlets scaly. Flowers white. Calyx 
small, 5-parted, free from the ovary. Corolla globular or ovate. 
Stamens twice as many as the corolla-lobes, included; anthers with 
a pair of reflexed awns on the back, each cell opening at the apex 
anteriorly by a pore. Ovary on a hypogynous disk, 5 or rarely 
4-celled; ovules crowded on a fleshy placenta which projects from the 
inner angle of each cell. Fruit a many-seeded berry with granular 
surface. (Classical name of the Arbute tree, under which, says 
Horace, idle men delight to lie.) 

1. A. Menziesii Hook. Madroxa. Commonly 15 to 25 ft. high, 
the trunk 9 to 18 in. in diameter, with a deep red bark; leaves gla- 
brous, elliptic or ovatish, green above, glaucous beneath, 2 to 5 in. 
long, on petioles £ in. long; flowers in an ample terminal panicle of 
dense racemes; berries fleshy, but rather dry, vermilion or poppy-red, 
or orange-color when not fully ripe, somewhat depressed-globose, 4 to 
5 lines in diameter. 

A handsome tree, Bret Harte's "Robin Hood of the Western 
Wood," well known in the Sierra Foothills and very common in the 
Coast Ranges, especially northward, where fine specimens 60 ft. high 
are found. It is rare in the inner North Coast Ranges, only few 
isolated individuals being known in the mountains of western Solano 
Co. Large trees are seldom as symmetrical as small ones and usually 
have the trunk much enlarged at the ground. The bark, which is of 



HEATH FAMILY. 373 

some shade of deep red, exfoliates, revealing beneath a ground of 
satiny green. This is, however, but an ephemeral color and rapidly 
changes to light yellow, and finally ages to the characteristic salmon- 
color, buff, deep red or scarlet. Flowering in Apr.; fruit ripe in Nov. 

7. GAULTHERIA L. 

Ours low suffrutescent evergreen plants with spicy-aromatic leaves. 
Calyx 5-cleft with imbricated lobes. Corolla ovate-urn-shaped to 
campanulate. Stamens 10, filaments dilated below. Stigma entire. 
Capsule loculicidal, 5-celled, deeply umbilicate, with ascending pla- 
centae, enclosed by the enlarged and fleshy calyx. (Dr. Gaultier, 
Canadian physician and botanist.) 

1. G. Shallon Pursh. Salal. Stems erect or ascending, 1 to 2 
ft. high; leaves ovate or orbicular, slightly cordate, finely serrate, 2 
to 4 in. long; petioles 1 line long; racemes axillary or terminal, 
glandular-viscid, 3 to 6 in. long; bracts scaly, ovate, concave, often 
reddish; pedicels declined and bracteolate below the middle; corolla 
4 lines long, the narrow orifice 5-toothed; anthers with a pair of 
awn-like appendages on the summit of each cell; fruit purple', 
becoming black. 

Eedwood region from Monterey to Marin Co. and northward; 
sometimes abundant and covering the ground thickly. June-July. 

8. VACCINIUM L. 

Shrubs. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb appearing as 
teeth. Corolla urn-shaped to campanulate, sympetalous, slightly 
dentate. Stamens 8 to 10, with hairy or ciliate filaments. Anthers 
erect, introrse, not awned on the back except in some species, the 
cells prolonged at the apex into horn-like appendages where they 
open by a pore or chink. Ovary 4 or 5-celled. Fruit a berry 
crowned with the vestiges of the calyx-teeth; cells several- to many- 
seeded. (Classical Latin name of the Bilberry.) 

Anthers without awns; flowers crowded in clusters; leaves persistent, 
serrate 1. V. ovatum. 

Anthers 2-awned on back; flowers solitary; leaves deciduous, entire or 
nearly so 2. V. parvifolium. 

1. V. ovatum Pursh. Huckleberry. Erect evergreen shrub, 
4 to 5 ft*, high; leaves coriaceous, shining above, oblong-ovate, 
serrate, short-petioled, persisting 4 or 5 years; flowers axillary and 
terminal, in crowded clusters; corolla campanulate, pink; stamens 
10; ovary 5-celled; berries dark purple, without bloom. 

Very common on north slopes of hills, especially in the Eedwood 
Region: Monterey Co.; Oakland Hills, and northward to Oregon. 
Mar.-Apr. "Berries preserved and canned around Cazadero and 
Fort Boss; have a very agreeable flavor and are much prized," Davy. 

2. V. parvifolium Smith. Bilberry. Branching glabrous shrub 
2 to 4 or 8 ft. high; branchlets conspicuously angled; leaves oblong 
to oval, obtuse at both ends, entire or nearly so, £ to f in. long, almost 



374 PKIMULACE.E. 

sessile; flowers solitary in the axils, on recurved pedicels; berries 
light red. 

Redwood region from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Osterhout, 
Dutton, to Mendocino Co. and northward. V. Myrtillus L. var. 
microphyllum Hook, of the High Sierras is but 3 to 6 in. high, 
with leaves 2 to 4 lines long. V. occidentals Gray of the Sierras 
has leaves J to f in. long and a blue berry with a bloom. 

78. PRIMULACE/E. Primrose Family. 

Herbs with simple undivided leaves. Flowers perfect, regular and 
symmetrical, 4 to 8-merous, commonly 5-merous, either axillary or 
in terminal racemes or umbels. Stamens opposite the lobes of the 
corolla and inserted on its tube or base. Ovary 1-celled, with a single 
style and stigma, superior, except in Samolus, where it is attached to 
the base of the calyx; ovules on a free central placenta. Fruit a 
capsule. 

Ovary adnate to base of calyx; marsh plant 1. Samolus. 

Ovary free from calyx. 

Corolla none; calyx corolla-like; leaves opposite 2. Glaux. 

Corolla present. 

Leaves opposite"or sometimes ternate 3. Axagallis. 

Leaves in a terminal whorl 4. TRiENrALis. 

Leaves all radical; (lowers in nmbels borne on naked scapes. 

Corolla inconspicuous, salverform; stamens included 

5. Andbosace. 
Corolla large, with reflexed lobes; stamens exserted. 6. Dodecatheon. 

1. SAMOLUS L. Brookwked. 

Low and glabrous caulescent herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers 
small, white, 5-merous, in terminal racemes. Calyx adherent to the 
base of the ovary, campanulate. Corolla nearly campanulate. Sta- 
mens 5, borne on the tube of the corolla, their filaments short; a 
second series of stamens represented by 5 sterile filaments or stami- 
nodia inserted in the sinuses of the corolla and alternating with the 
anther-bearing stamens. Capsule opening at the apex by 5 valves. 
(Celtic name.) 

1. S. Valerandi L. var. Americanus Gray. Annual or peren- 
nial; stem commonly solitary, erect, simple or brandling above into 
2 or 3 racemes, or paniculate, 7 in. high; radical leaves rosette-like, 
round-obovate to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or almost truncate, nar- 
rowed toward the base into a broad short petiole, 1£ in. long; cauline 
leaves similar, the uppermost varying to elliptic, \ in. long or more; 
pedicels slender, bractless, but bearing minute bractlets at their 
middle; calyx-teeth short, broadly triangular; petals very small, 
white. 

Brooks and marshes, rare within our limits: Suisun Marshes, Davy-{ 
Antioch, Mrs. if. Brandegee; San Bernardino, Parish. 

2. GLAUX L. 

Somewhat succulent perennial with opposite leaves, distinguished 



PRIMROSE FAMILY. 375 

from all other genera of the order hy the absence of a corolla. Calyx 
purplish or white, campanulate, 5-lobed, assuming the appearance of 
a corolla, the stamens alternating with its lobes. Capsule 5-valved at 
apex. Seeds few, immersed in the tissue of the placenta. (From 
the Greek glaukos, sea-green.) 

1. G. maritima L. Sea Milkwort. Herbage somewhat succu- 
lent; running rootstocks slender; stems 8 to 11 in. high, erect, or 
ascending from a decumbent base, simple or eventually branching; 
leaves oblong, 4 to 7 lines long; flowers less than 2 lines long, solitary in 
the axils, almost sessile; calyx-segments elliptic; capsule globose, a 
little over 1 line long. 

Marshy shores of San Francisco and Suisun Bays. June. 

3. ANAGALLIS L. Pimpernel. 

Low herbs with opposite or sometimes termite entire leaves. Flow- 
ers axillary, on slender pedicels. Calyx deeply 5-cleft into narrow 
segments. Corolla rotate, deeply 5-parted, the rounded lobes con- 
volute in the bud. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla; 
filaments hirsute or pubescent. Capsule circumscissile. (Greek, 
meaning delightful.) 

1. A. arvensis L.- Poor Man's Weather-glass. Stems 1 ft. 
long, procumbent or ascending; leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, sessile, 4 
lines long, shorter than the pedicels; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, 
scarious-margined toward the base, nearly distinct; corolla vermilion, 
rotate, 4 to 5 lines broad, the petals lightly joined at base, minutely 
glandular-ciliate at apex; capsules on recurved pedicels; seeds J line 
long, triangular, the surface pitted. 

Crescent City to Southern California, mostly near the coast: com- 
mon about San Francisco Bay (Berkeley, Napa Valley, etc.). 
Naturalized. 

4. TRIENTALIS L. 

Low and glabrous perennials. Eootstocks sometimes stoloniferous, 
tuberous. Stem simple, bearing scales or small leaves below and a 
whorl of large leaves above, from the center of which, the filiform 
peduncles arise. Flowers commonly 7 (5 or 6)-merous. Corolla 
rotate, deeply parted. Filaments long and filiform, united at "base 
into a very short ring. Style filiform. Capsule valves 5, revolute. 
(Latin trieiitalis, containing one-third of a foot, in allusion to the 
height of the plants.) 

1. T. Europasa L. var. latifolia Torr. Star-flower. Stems 4 
to 6 in. high, from tubers ^ to nearly 1 in. long; leaves of the involu- 
cral whorl 5 or 6, 1 to 2 in. long, broadly obovate, abruptly acute, 
drawn down to a very short petiole; peduncle f to 2 in. long; corolla 
white or rose-red, about 4 lines broad, its divisions abruptly acuminate 
and prolonged into a slender point; calyx-lobes narrowly linear- 
lanceolate, mucronate, exceeding the capsule. 

Coast Range woods: Monterey Co.; Santa Cruz; Crystal Springs; 
Berkelev; Marin Co.: western Napa Co.: Healdsbursr; Mendocino 



376 PKIMULACE.E. 

Co. and northward. Also in the Sierra Nevada: Mokelumnc Hill; 
Butte Co. May to first part of June. 

5. ANDROSACE L. 

Small montane or alpine herbs, with rosulate radical leaves and few 
to several scapes bearing aninvolucrate umbel of small white or pink- 
tinted flowers. Calyx-lobes 5. Corolla somewhat salverform, its 
lobes 5 (or 4), its tube shorter than the calyx, its throat constricted; 
stamens short and inserted low down upon the tube. Style mostly 
short. Capsule subglobose, dehiscent by valves. Seeds few or many. 
(Androsakes, Greek name of a now unknown sea-plant.) 

1. A. septentrionalis L. Annual, erect, 1£ to 3 in. high; leaves 
of the radical tuft linear to lanceolate, rarely oblong, entire or 
obscurely toothed, 3 or 4 lines long; scapes erect, 1 to 3; inflorescence 
umbellate; involucral bracts ovate or lanceolate, occasionally very 
broad at base; pedicels filiform, unequal, J to'l in. long; corolla not 
exceeding the calyx-lobes, 1 line long; calyx-lobes mostly shorter 
than its tube, subulate-lanceolate. 

Summit of Mt. Diablo, Apr. 10, 1878, Lemmon; Berkeley Hills, 
./. l\ Tracy, Apr.. 1900. Greene's A. acuta is doubtless the 
equivalent of this. 

6. DODECATHEON L. Shooting Star. 
Low perennial herbs of late spring, with radical leaves and a naked 
scape bearing an umbel of few or many flowers. Corolla 5-parted, 
with very short tube and dilated thiekened throat, the long and 
narrow divisions reflexed in flower (as also the calyx-lobes). Stamens 
on the throat of the corolla; filaments short and flat, monadelphous, 
but at length separable above. Style filiform, exserted. Fruit a 
capsule with columnar placenta, surrounded at base by the now erect 
calyx. (Greek dodeka, 12, and theos, god, the Primrose being under 
the care of the deities. Singularly handsome flowers similar to those 
of the cultivated Cyclamen. An American genus of 19 species 
according to some authors; by others regarded as consisting of a 
single polymorphic species. For our region we think it expedient to 
recognize those given below.) 

Flowers rose-purple; plants commonly 6 to 12 in. high. . .1. D. Hendersoni. 
Flowers white or cream color; plants 3 to 4 in. high 2. D. patulum. 

1. D. Hendersoni Gray. Mosquito Bills. Sailors Caps. 
Scapes red or reddish, 9 to 14 in. high, from a strong cluster of fleshy- 
fibrous roots; leaves elliptic, often widest below the middle, the 
margin more or less crisped, 1 to If in. long, on petioles about as long; 
umbels 3 to 13-flowered, the pedicels 3$ in. long or less; flowers 5, 
rarely 4-merous; calyx cleft into ovate-lanceolate lobes; petals purple 
with a transverse yellow band at base, which is edged above by white 
and bounded below by a black-purple area, oblong, 7 lines long; fila- 
ments black-purple; anthers clavate, 2 lines long; capsule oblong, 
circurnscissile well below the summit. 



PLUMBAGINACEJfi. 377 

Very common on low slopes of the bills and ascending to the higher 
Coast Range ridges: Santa Clara Co.; Oakland Hills; Solano Co.; 
Napa Valley; Ukiah, and northward into Oregon. Also in the 
Sierra Nevada at lower altitudes. Feb. -Apr. The very short peren- 
nial caudex produces elongated fleshy bulblets which are borne on 
the sides, often in great quantity; these are cast off in the autumn 
and in the next season give rise to a single leaf. Mr. Carl Purdy 
informs us that these individuals probably do not flower until two 
more seasons have passed. The bulblets are white and suggestive of 
the "rice-grain" bulblets of the Rice-root Lily (Fritillaria mutica). 

'2. D. patulum Greene. Shootlng Star. Similar to the preced- 
ing but very low, only 3 or 4 in. high and the roots much more rigid; 
corolla white, pale cream-color or rarely pinkish; anthers 1 line long; 
capsule short-oblong or subglobose, circumscissile near the summit. 

Subsaline plains of the Lower Sacramento Valley (Vanden Station, 
eastward to Main Prairie) and southward to the Livermore Valley. 
Mar. The var. gracile Greene, from Loma Prieta, has narrower 
leaves and "elegantly twisted'' petals. The purple-flowered var. 
Berxalitjm Greene, from Bernal Heights, San Francisco, is in all 
likelihood one of the intermediate forms between this and the preced- 
ing species, as also the whitish-flowered plants of the Oakland Hills. 

Primula stjffrutescens Gray. Sierra Primrose. General habit 
of Dodecatheon; leaves thickly crowded on creeping stems, cuneate- 
spatulate. toothed at apex; scape 2 to 4 in. long, bearing an umbel of 
several flowers; corolla red, its tube surpassing the calyx, its limb £ 
in. broad with spreading emarginate or obcordate lobes. — Crevices of 
rocks, High Sierras. 

79. PLUMBAGINACE/E. Thrift Family. 

Maritime acaulescent herbs with commonly hard or coriaceous 
stems and leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, 5-merous throughout. 
Calyx tubular or funnelform, plaited. Petals with long claws barely 
united into a ring at base. Stamens opposite the petals, adnate to 
the base of the claw. Ovary superior, 5-angled at summit, containing 
a single ovule which hangs from an elongated funiculus arising from 
the base of the cell. Fruit a utricle or achene, borne in the base of 
the persistent calyx. Seed with endosperm; embryo straight. 

Leaves narrowly linear; inflorescence head-like 1. Armeria. 

Leaves broad; inflorescence paniculate 2. Statice. 

1. ARMERIA WiRd. Thrift. 
Acaulescent perennials w 7 ith a close tuft of narrowly linear sedge- 
like leaves. Scape naked, terminating in a globose head of flowers. 
Heads composed of numerous crowded clusters, each cluster subtended 
"by a scarious bract, the outer bracts forming an involucre, the two 
outermost united and forming a reversed sheath to the summit of the 
scape. Flowers in a cluster pediceled or subsessile, subtended by 
bractlets. Calyx scarious, funnelform. Corolla of 5 apparently dis- 



37S GENTIAN ACE^E. 

tinct long-clawed petals, each witb a stamen on its base. Styles fili- 
form, united at the very base. (Latin name of a Pink, transferred to 
Thrift.) 

1. A. vulgaris Willd. Sea Pink. Leaves flat or revolute- 
chunneled; scapes 9 to 18 in. high, few or solitary; flowers dull pink 
or flesh-color; calyx-tube 10-nerved, the nerves densely hispid; limb 
of the calyx more or less erose. — (Statice Armeria L.) 

Common on sandy beaches or fields near the sea along the California 
coast or about San Francisco Bay. May-June. 

2. STATICE L. Marsh Rosemary. 

Leaves broad, fleshy, in a radical tuft. Flowers secund, in short 
spikes or clusters terminating the many branchlets of a branching 
scape. Calyx hairy on the angles below. Styles wholly distinct. 
(Greek statike, astringent.) 

1. S. Limonium L. var. Californica Gray. Eoot \ to 1 in. 
thick, reddish, woody; leaves obovate- to oblong-spatulate, obtuse or 
sometimes retuse, tapering below into a rather long petiole, 4 to in. 
long; scapes 1 to 2 ft. high, loosely paniculate; flowers lavender-color. 

Common about San Francisco Bay and along the coast. July-Dec. 

80. GENTIANACE^E. Gentian Family. 

Glabrous herbs with a colorless bitter juice. Leaves opposite, 
simple in ours, entire. Flowers perfect, regular 5 or 4-merous. 
Calyx persistent. Corolla usually withering-persistent. Stamens on 
the tube or throat of the corolla, the lobes of which are commonly 
convolute. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 parietal placenta?. Fruit a 
2-valved septicidal capsule, the incurved edges bearing the seeds. 

Menyanthes trifoliata L., Buck-bean, is an aquatic or marsh 
plant of the Sierra Nevada, with alternate compound leaves and white 
or pink flowers in a raceme; it was found near San Francisco in early 
days by Bigelow and by Behr, but has since become extinct. The 
genus Frasera includes perennials with small rotate 4-parted corolla 
and flattened capsule. F. nitida, of the Sierra Foothills northward, 
has been found on Mt. Hanna of the Coast Ranges, Jepson, July, 
1897; it has a pale bluish corolla witb a single greenish gland on each 
lobe. F. SPECIOSA Dough, of the Sierra Nevada, has 2 glands on 
each corolla-lobe with a separate crown below them. 

Perennials; flowers blue; anthers remaining straight 1. Gentiana. 

Annuals. 

Flowers red or pink; anthers twisting spirally after shedding pollen . . . 

2. Erythr^a. 

Prowers yellow; anthers unchanged 3. Microcala. 

1. GENTIANA L. Gentian. 

Herbs with opposite sessile leaves and showy usually blue flowers. 
Corolla withering-persistent and enclosing the capsule. Calyx 4 or 
5-cleft, commonly with a membranous or spathe-like tube. Corolla 



GENTIAN FAMILY. 379 

campanulate or funnelform, the lobes 4 or 5 and often with teeth or 
plaited folds in their sinuses. Style short and persistent, or none; 
Btigmas 2. Capsule oblong, containing very numerous small seeds 
with a loose cellular or winged coat. (Named for Gentius, king of 
Illvria, who discovered the tonic properties of these herbs.) 

1. G. Oregana Engelm. Perennial, erect, 1^ to 2 ft. high; 
leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, 1 to 1£ in. long; flowers few to several 
at summit of stem; bracts oblong or ovate; calyx-lobes oblong- to 
ovate-lanceolate, as long as tube; corolla broadly funnelform, almost 
always 5-merous, 1} to If in. long, the lobes ovate, not narrowed at 
base; plaits in the sinuses prolonged into conspicuous subulate appen- 
dages; capsule more or less stipitate; seed surrounded by a distinct 
wing. 

North Coast ranges, rare within our limits: Mt. Tamalpais; Point 
Reyes; Point Arena and northward. There are at least five other 
species of Gentian in the Sierra Nevada, mostly alpine or subalpine. 

2. ERYTHR>£A Renealm. Caxchalagua. 
Low erect leafy annuals, mostly freely branching. Flowers red or 
pink, 5 or sometimes 4-merous, in cymes or cymosely paniculate. 
Calyx-lobes narrow, carinate. Corolla salverform, the stamens 
inserted on its throat. Plaments slender, the anthers oblong or 
linear, twisting spirally after shedding their pollen and commonly 
exserted. Style filiform, deciduous; stigmas oblong to fan-shaped. 
Capsule oblong-ovate to fusiform, 1-celled, but the seed-bearing edges 
of the valves more or less approximate in the center. Seeds oblong 
or spherical, reticulate-pitted. (Greek eruthros, red, the flowers com- 
monly of that color.) 

Anthers oblong; corolla-lobes V/ 2 to 2% lines long . . . . 1. E. Muhlenberg ii. 
Anthers linear; corolla-lobes 3^ to 4 lines long 2. E. trichantha. 

1. E. Muhlenbergii Griseb. Two or 3 to 9 in. high; leaves 
oblong, the floral lanceolate; inflorescence sparsely paniculate; flowers 
in the forks with short pedicels or hardly any; lateral flowers with 
pedicels often as long as the flower and with 2 bractlets at summit; 
corolla-lobes oval, obtuse or retuse, 1 J to 2J lines long; anthers oblong; 
seeds short-oval. 

Rather common in the Bay Region. 

2. E. trichantha Griseb. Nine in. high or less; leaves narrowly 
ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1J in. long or less, inflorescence densely 
cymose; corolla-lobes 3^ to 4 lines long, very much shorter than the 
tube, oblong, acute at apex but at length involute and therefore 
seeming acuminate; anthers linear; stigmas small. 

Coast Range valleys at Calistoga and elsewhere. 

3. MICROCALA Hofl'mgg. & Link. 
Almost minute annual. Stem simple, or with peduncle-like 
branches terminating in a 4-merous yellow flower. Calyx 4-toothed. 
Corolla short-salverform, the 4 short stamens inserted on its throat. 



380 APOCYNACEiE. 

Anthers cordate-ovate and unchanged after anthesis. Stigma of 2 
fan-shaped lobes which at length separate. (Greek mikros, small, 
and kalos, beautiful.) 

1. M. quadrangularis (Lam.) Griseb. Commonly 1 to 2 in. 
high, with 1 to 3 pairs of oval or oblong leaves below, these 1£ to 3 
lines long; peduncle naked, quadrangular; calyx short, strongly 
quadrangular, and seeming as if truncate at base and apex, especially 
in fruit, when it is 2 to 2| lines long; corolla deep yellow, the lower 
half membranaceous, twice as long as the calyx, open under a sunny 
sky, closing in afternoon. 

Level or moist country in the neighborhood of low hills, or in open 
woods, mostly of the outer Coast Eanges: "Noyo and Mendocino 
Plains," Bohmder, no. 4720; Santa Rosa; Sonoma; Martinez and 
Vallejo ace. to Bot. Cal.; Mt. Tamalpais; San Rafael; Berkeley; 
Oakland; San Francisco. Thought by some not to be a native plant. 

81. APOCYNACE/E. Dogbane Family. 

Ours herbs with milky juice. Leaves simple, entire and opposite. 
Flowers complete, regular, 5-merous except the pistils which are 2. 
Calyx nearly free from the ovaries, imbricated in the bud and persist- 
ent. Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud. Stamens borne on the 
corolla; anthers produced at base into a sterile appendage, connivent 
around the stigma, alternate with its lobes. Ovaries 2 and distinct 
(though their styles and stigmas are united into one), both develop- 
ing into follicles. Seeds in ours with a silky tuft of hairs at the end 
(coma); embryo large, straight, in scanty albumen. An order closely 
allied to the milkweeds. 

Yinca major L., Common Periwinkle, is found as an escape near 
gardens, particularly along stream banks: it is known in California 
chiefly under the erroneous name of " Myrtle. ; ' 

Calyx-tube adnate to back of ovaries below; style very short. 3. Apocvmm. 
Calyx wholly tree; style long and filiform. . ......... 2. Cycladkma. 

1. APOCYNUM L. Indian Hemp. 
Flowers small in terminal cymes. Calyx small, deeply 5-cleft, its 
tube by means of a disk adnate to the back of the ovaries below. 
Corolla campanulate, 5-lobed, bearing 5 small triangular-subulate 
appendages alternate with the stamens. Stamens borne at base of 
corolla; filaments short and broad; anthers sagittate, acute. Style 
very short or. hardly any; stigma ovoid, obscurely 2-lobed. Follicles 
2 to 7 in. long, slender, pointed, terete. Seeds numerous, flatfish. 
(Greek apo, from, and kuon, dog, ancient name of the Dogbane.) 

Low pubescent herb; corolla pinkish white 1. .4. androssemifolhun. 

Tall glabrous yellowish green herb; corolla greenish. 2. A. caimabinum. 

1. A. androsaemifolium L. var. pumilum Gray. Diffusely 
branched, 7 to 12 in. high; herbage finely pubescent; leaves ovate to 
oval, or some lowermost orbicular, varying from obtuse to cordate at 



ASCLEPIADACE^E. 381 

base, | to 1 in. long, on short petioles; flowers solitary in the upper 
axils, and in short cymose clusters at the ends of the branches; 
corolla pinkish white, subcylindric, 2 lines long or over, its lobes 
broadly oblong, its tube much exceeding the lanceolate calyx-lobes. — 
(A. pumilum Greene.) 

Bit. Diablo; base of low hills east of St. Helena; northward to Mt. 
Shasta. June. The species apparently occurs northward beyond 
our limits. 

2. A. cannabinum L. Common Indian Hemp. Stems erect, 
2 to 4 ft. high, rather strict; herbage of a light almost yellowish green, 
glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, or the lower oval, ovate, or 
oblong, sessile or short-petioled; flowers small, in dense terminal 
cymes; corolla greenish, 1£ lines long or less, its segments not sur- 
passing the calyx-lobes. 

Along stream and river-banks almost everywhere, more common in 
the interior: Ukiah; Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers; Amador 
Co.; Yosemite Valley; Southern California. May-July. 

A. vestitum Greene of " hills west of Napa Valley, in dry soil," 
said to be allied to this, is described as dwarfish, densely soft-pubescent 
throughout, with all the leaves ovate-lanceolate and 1 to 2 in. long. 

2. CYCLADENIA Benth. 

Low perennials. Stems simple, several to many from a large fleshy 
root, bearing 2 or 3 pairs of leaves and 2 or 3 axillary peduncles with 
2 or 3 rose-purple flowers on slender pedicels. Calyx parted into 5 
slender lobes. Corolla funnelform with 5 broadly oblong or roundish 
lobes and 5 minute appendages alternate with the lobes, one. behind 
each stamen. Stamens borne on the tube. Style long and filiform, 
with a conspicuous membranous ring under the stigma. Disk an 
entire cup surrounding the base of the ovaries. (Greek kuklos, a 
ring, and aden, a gland, referring to the disk.) 

1. C. humilis Benth. Three to 6 in. high, glabrous; leaves 
thickish, ovate or roundish, petioled, 1| to 1\ in. long; corolla about 
\ in. long; pedicels about 7 lines long; follicles 3 in. long. 

Mountains of California at about 6,000 ft. altitude: Snow Mt., 
Lake Co., Brandegee; Bally Mt. (between Redding and Weaverville), 
Brewer, no. 1448; Silver Lake, Lassen Co., Baker; Medicine Lake, 
Siskiyou Co., Baker; San Antonio Mountains, Hall; first collected by 
Hartweg, m 1847, doubtless near Bear Valley, Nevada Co. 

82. ASCLEPIADACE/C. Milkweed Family. 

Herbs with milky juice. Leaves opposite or whorled. Flowers 
regular, with the stamens and the divisions of the corolla and calyx 5. 
Pistils 2, with distinct superior ovaries; styles distinct below but 
united above into a short-cylindric stylar disk, and surrounded by the 
stamens which are attached to it. Between each anther, on the sides 
of the stylar organ, is a cloven gland or elevated ridge slit longitudi- 



382 ASCLEPI ADAGES. 

nally. Pollen-grains in each cell united into waxy pear-shaped 
masses which are stalked and suspended in pairs from the summit of 
the slits, each pair of stalks deriving its pollen-masses, not from the 
cells of one anther, but from contiguous anther-cells of different 
anthers. Pollination strictly entomophilous; the foot of the insect is 
caught in the slit, and when drawn upward, drags out and hears 
away the pollen-masses; in walking over other flowers, the insect's 
foot is again drawn through a slit, and the pollen-masses are left 
behind on the stigma, which is concealed beneath the cloven struc- 
ture. Inflorescence eymose. Fruit consisting of 2 follicles. Seeds 
with a silky tuft of hairs at the microp3'le. 

Sterns terete, erect 1. Asclepias. 

Stems strongly flattened, prostrate 2. Solanoa. 

1. ASCLEPIAS L. Milkweed. 
Perennial herbs with thick deep-seated roots. Stems strictly 
erect. Peduncles of the simple umbels generally placed between the 
opposite leaves, but nearer one than the other. Bracts of the involu- 
cre usually subulate. Calyx and corolla 5 -parted, the divisions 
reflexed, those of the former small, persistent, those of the latter 
deciduous. Stamens 5, inserted on the base of the corolla, the fila- 
ments united into a tube which is blended above with the sty la r 
column and bears a circle of 5 hoods, each containing an incurved 
horn, or hornless. Follicles ovate or lanceolate, one often abortive. 
Seeds anatropous, flat, margined, imbricated on the large placenta. 
Embryo large, with broad foliaceous cotyledons in thin albumen. 
(Greek name of the European Swallow- wort, a plant of this family.) 

Hoods of the stamens with an incurved horn or crest projecting from or 
contained within the cavity. 
Herbage glabrous; leaves mostly in whorls of 3 to 6, linear or linear- 
lanceolate; umbels on peduncles longer than the pedicels 

1. A. Mericana. 
Herbage hoary-tomentose; leaves broad. 
Umbels on peduncles longer than the pedicels. 
Hoods twice as long as the stamen-column; corolla purplish; leaves 

opposite 2. A. spedbsa. 

Hoods not exceeding the column; corolla creamy-white; some of the 

leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 3. A. criocarpa. 

Lateral umbels sessile, the terminal one peduncled ; hoods not exceeding 

the column; leaves all opposite 4. A. vcstita. 

No horns to the hoods of the stamens. 
Hoods conical, open down the front, a little exceeding the anthers; 

herbage glabrous, greenish or purplish 5. A. cordifoliu. 

Hoods pointless, lower than the anthers, cleft half-way down the back: 
herbage white-tomentose 6. A. Californica. 

1. A. Mexicana Cav. Stems slender, about 2 ft. high; herbage 
glabrous; leaves in whorls of 3 to 6, or the lower and uppermost 
opposite; leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, 1\ to 6 in. long, 2 to 6 
lines broad, short-petioled; umbels many, often in whorls or corym- 
bose, densely many-flowered, on peduncles longer than the pedicels; 
flowers small, greenish white or tinged with purple; corolla-lobes 
oblong, 2 lines long; horns slender, subulate, exserted from the hood 



MILKWEED FAMILY. 3&3 

and incurved over the summit of the disk; follicles 3 or 4 in. long, 

about 4 lines in diameter at the widest part; seeds 3.] lines long. 

Forming patches in dry ground; distributed throughout, California, 
but not near the coast within our limits: Round Valley, Westermann; 
Clear Lake; Putah Canon, Brewer; Sonoma; Napa City; Alameda; 
Walnut Creek; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Mt. San 
Carlos and southward to Southern California. July-Sept. 

2. A. speciosa Torr. Stem stout, 2 to 4^ ft. high, leafy to the 
top; soft-tomentose, or rarely glabrate in age; leaves opposite, oval to 
ovate or oblong, transversely veined, acute or obtuse, 4 to 5^ in. long; 
petioles 3 to 5 lines long; peduncle longer than the woolly pedicels; 
lower umbels with 6 to 10 flowers, the upper with 18 or 20 to as many 
as 55; petals pink or reddish purple; hoods with a short involute 
base, above this abruptly contracted into a nearly flat lanceolate por- 
tion, the whole fully twice as long as the stamen-column; horns much 
exserted, incurved over the central disk; follicles soft-spiny, at least 
toward the apex. 

Along streams: Solano Co.; common in the Sierra Nevada. Marin, 
Contra Costa and Alameda Cos., ace. to Greene. Last of May- July. 

3. A. eriocarpa Benth. Stems 1J to 3 ft. high, more or less 
sharply angled below; herbage hoary-tomentose, in age more or less 
deciduous; some of the leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, all broadly oblong 
with truncate base, rounded or acute at apex, 5 to 7 in. long, short- 
petioled; umbels few or several, mostly corymbose-clustered toward 
the summit, on peduncles equaling or rather longer than the pedicels; 
flowers 3j lines long; corolla creamy white; hoods with slight purplish 
tinge, shorter than the anthers, cleft a short distance down the back, 
the acute sickle-shaped horn little protruded from between the acute 
teeth of the cleft. 

Dry ground: Potter Valley (Mendocino Co.) and Big Valley (Lake 
Co.) to ./Etna Springs (Napa Co.) and eastward to Putah Pass, Jepson. 
Also in Santa Clara Co. and Monterey Co. and southward to Fort 
Tejon and Southern California. July-Aug. 

A. Fremoxti Torr. Similar to no. 3; umbels 1 or 2; peduncles 
not longer than the pedicels; hoods nearly erect, equaling the anthers, 
rather evenly truncate; horn broad, its apex subulate, inflexed and a 
little exserted. — Chico; Upper Sacramento; Little Lake, Mendocino 
Co., ace. to Bot..Cal. To be looked for near Ukiah. 

4. A. vestita H. & A. Two and one-half to 3 ft. high, 
unbranched, white-woolly, at length densely floccose; leaves oppo- 
site, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, the upper more acuminate and often 
subcordate at base, short-petioled or the upper sessile, 4 to 6 in. long; 
umbels 1 to 4, the lateral sessile, the terminal peduncled; corolla 
greenish white or purplish, tomentose on the outside, its lobes 3 lines 
long; hoods truncate at summit and entire, not exceeding the stamen- 
column; horn or crest blunt, not exserted, attached to the hood. 

Southern California; southern Sierra Foothills; near San Francisco 
and Monterey ace. to Bot. Cal. 



384 OLEACEzE. 

5. A. cordifolia (Benth.). Stems l£ to 2£ ft. high; herbage 
green and more or less purplish, perfectly glabrous; leaves mostly 
opposite, rarely in 3's, ovate-lanceolate, with the lower round or 
elliptic-ovate, the upper ovate to ovate-lanceolate with cordate- 
clasping base, 2 to 4 in. long; umbels loosely many-flowered, mostly 
in the axils of bracts at the naked summit of the stem, the filiform 
pedicels equaling or shorter than the peduncles; corolla dark red- 
purple, its lobes 3 or 4 lines long; hoods purplish, oblong, the summit 
obliquely truncate dorsally and produced at the ventral margins into 
an ascending cusp, the fissure down the front narrow; follicle gla- 
brous, 2 to 3£ in. long, often long-attenuate. — (Gomphocarpus cordi- 
folius Benth.) 

North Coast Ranges at middle altitudes (Vaca Mountains, Napa 
Mountains, etc.); Sierra Nevada; Mt. Shasta. 

6. A. Californica Greene. Vegetative aspect of A. vestita, but 
commonly stouter and lower; leaves opposite, ovate or broadly 
oblong, 4 in. long, somewhat more or less, sharply acuminate; 
umbels nearly sessile, rather few-flowered; corolla purplish; hoods 
dark maroon, nearly orbicular, laterally compressed, centrally 
attached and reaching nearly to the middle of the anthers, 2-eleft 
half-way down the back and destitute of horn. — (Gomphocarpus 
tomentosus Gray). 

''Hill north of Coal Mine. Mt. Diablo." Brewer, May 20, 1862; 
Southern California. Apr. -May. 

2. SOLANOA Greene. 

Perennial herb witb strongly flattened stems and opposite leaves. 
Umbels small, terminal, globose, densely many-flowered, the pedun- 
cles longer than the pedicels. Flowers purplish red outside, flesh- 
color within. Hoods cleft dorsally from top to bottom. Horns 
none. (The Indian chief, Solano, of the Suisunes.) 

1. S. purpurascens (Gray) Greene. Stems 2 or 3 from a stout 
taproot, about 1 ft. long, prostrate, flexuous, purplish and purple 
dotted, the herbage canescently-puberulent but green; leaves thick, 
the lowermost elliptic-ovate, the upper broadly cordate-ovate, 1 to 2 
in. long; umbels 2; flowers purplish red outside, flesh-color within, 
about 2 lines long; follicles 2 in. long, about 5 lines in diameter at 
the widest part. — (Gomphocarpus purpurascens and Schizonotus 
purpurascens Gray.) 

North Coast Ranges: open summit of a mountain near the Geysers, 
Sonoma Co., Towle, June, 1874; Snow Mountain, Lake Co., Brande- 
<jee; Fout's Springs, Colusa Co., Ration, June, 1884; Soldiers' 
Ridge, Yallo Bally Mountains, July, 1897, Jepson, growing on 
the driest rocky slopes; the only known stations. 

83. OLEACE>E. Ash Family. 

Trees or shrubs with opposite and (in ours) pinnate leaves. Calyx 
4-cleft or none. Corolla regular, 2 to 6-cleft or -petalous, or none. 



CONVOLVULACE^B. 385 

Stamens 2. 3, or 4. Ovary superior, 2-celled with 2 or more ovules in 
each cell. Seeds anatropous, with a large straight embryo in hard 
fleshy endosperm or the endosperm lacking. The typical Oleace* 
have simple leaves and a drupaceous fruit as in the Olive of cultivation. 

1. FRAXINUS L. Ash. 

Leaves unequally pinnate, exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers small, 
in small crowded panicles, appearing just before the leaves and from 
separate buds, dioecious or polygamous. Stamens (in our species) 2. 
Stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a 1-seeded samara, with terminal wing. 
(Classical Latin name of the Ash-tree.) 

Flowers dioecious; corolla none; leaflets mostly sessile, 2 in. long or more . 

1. F. Oregana. 

Flowers mostly perfect; corolla present; leaflets mostly petiolate, less' than 

2 in. long * 2. F. dipetala. 

1. F. Oregana Nutt. Oregon Ash. Tree 15 to 30 ft. high in 
our district; leaves 6 to 11 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7, oblong to oval, 
acute, entire or somewhat serrate toward the apex, pubescent, espe- 
cially beneath, glabra te in age, the lateral sessile or short-petiolulate. 
2 to 5£ in. long; flowers dioecious; calyx of staminate flower very 
short and truncate or almost none; stamens commonly 2, sometimes 
3, rarely 1; calyx of pistillate flower with toothed lobes, shorter than 
the ovary, persistent; ovary contracted into a stout style with 2 con- 
spicuous stigmatic lobes; fruit oblong-lanceolate, 1£ to 2 in. long; 
body of fruit clavate, 6 to 7 lines long, with edges margined from 
near the base, widening above into a longer wing. 

Along the Sacramento River and Coast Range streams, especially 
toward the coast: Stockton, Sanford; Napa Valle}', Torrey; Cazadero, 
Setchell; Ross Valley, Jepson. Always in rich soil. Apr.-May. 
Fruiting from June to Nov. 

2. F. dipetala H. & A. Shrub, 5 to 12 ft. high; leaves 2 to 6 in. 
long; leaflets 3 to 9, green above, yellowish green beneath when 
young, oblong, coarsely serrate above the middle, mostly petiolulate, 
f to 1£ in. long; flowers mostly perfect; calyx less than a line long; 
corolla white, 3 lines long, consisting of 2 distinct oval petals 
abruptly narrowed at base into very short claws; stamens as long as 
the corolla; filaments slender, shorter than the anthers; style slightly 
lobed at apex; fruit linear- to spatulate-oblong, the terminal wing- 
frequently emarginate at apex. 

Canon sides, Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains, Jepson, southward to 
San Bernardino Co., Paris/*. 

84. CONVOLVULACE/E. Morning-glory Family. 

Chiefly twining or prostrate herbs, or one species suffrutescent. 
Leaves alternate, or the plants leafless and parasitical. Flowers 
regular, perfect, o-merous (rarely 4-merous), except the pistil which 
is commonly 2-merous. Sepals distinct, imbricated, persistent, often 
unequal. Corolla usually showy, campanulate, plaited in the bud. 



386 CONVOLVULACE^. 

Stamens attached near the base of the corolla. Ovary superior, 
commonly 2-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell. Styles 1 or 2. 
Fruit most frequently a capsule. Embryo with folded cotyledons. 

Ovary 2-parted ; styles 2, distinct or united at base only; creeping herbs . . 

1. Dichondra. 
Ovary entire. 
Style 1, entire or cleft at the apex only; prostrate or twining herbs, one 

species woody at base 2. Convolvulus. 

Styles 2, distinct. 

Erect non-twining leafy herb 3. Cressa. 

Parasitic leafless twining herbs 4. Cuscuta. 

1. DICHONDRA Forst. 

Creeping perennial herbs with filiform stems. Leaves reniform or 
round-cordate, entire. Peduncles short, naked, 1-flowered. Corolla 
deeply 5-cleft or -parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud. Stamens 
short. Ovary 2-parted, forming 2 indehiscent or irregularly burst- 
ing utricles in fruit. Styles 2, distinct or united at base. Seed 
solitary. Cotyledons linear, entire. (Greek di, double, and chondra, 
grain, on account of the deeply parted or twin fruit.) 

1. D. repens Forst. Stems slender, partly subterranean, rooting 
freely; leaves glabrous or soft-pubescent, \ to 1 in. wide, on long 
petioles; corolla yellow, 1 to 1J lines long, rather shorter than the 
obovate to spatulate sepals. 

Introduced: Mt. Tamalpais; Mountain Lake, San Francisco; near 
Ocean View; Monterey. 

2. CONVOLVULUS L. Bindweed. Morning-glory. 
Twining or prostrate herbs. Sepals 5. Corolla funnelform to 
campanulate. Style entire, or cleft at the apex only. Stigmas 2, 
ovate to linear. Stamens included. Capsule globose with 4 seeds 
in 2 cells (or by abortion 1-celled), mostly 2 to 4-valved. (Latin 
convolvo, to entwine.) 

Flowers showy, 1 to 2 in. long; perennials. 
Calyx enclosed by a pair of broad bracts; peduncles 1-flowered ; perennial 
herbs. 
Corolla pink, purple, or lavender. 

Leaves reniform, glabrous; slightlv succulent seaside herb 

1. C. Soldanella. 
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, sagittate at base, acuminate at apex, 2 in. 
long, sparsely hirsute; bracts cordate at base.2. C. septum. 
Corolla white or creamish ; leaves ovoid or deltoid, sagittate, mostly 1 
in. long; trailing or often nearly acaulescent. 

Herbage white with a velvety tomentum *3. C. villosus. 

Herbage green 4. C. subacaulis. 

Calyx not enclosed by bracts; peduncles often more than 1-flowered; 
leaves sagittate. 
Stems climbing over shrubs and trees, woody below; bracts subulate- 
lanceolate, situated about their own length from the calyx 

5. C. luteolus. 
Stems herbaceous, prostrate; peduncles with a pair of bracts near the 

middle 6. C. arvensis. 

Flowers small, 3 lines long; leaves not sagittate; annual. 7. C. penlapetaloides. 

1. C. Soldanella L. Shore Morning-glory. Steins prostrate, 



MORNING-GLORY FAMILY. 387 

f to 1£ ft. long; herbage glabrous and slightly succulent; leaves 
thick, reniform, deep green and shining, 1 to 2 in. broad, mostly 
broader than long, on stout petioles; corolla short and rather broadly 
funnelform, 1£ to 2 in. broad, pinkish or pale purple; capsule 
becoming 1-celled. 

Sandy beaches of the seashore: San Francisco and north and south 
along the coast. Apr. -June. 

2. C. sepium L. Hedge Bindweed. Stems from a slender 
horizontal rootstock, often several ft. long, climbing on herbaceous 
plants or trailing; herbage nearly glabrous; leaves ovate-lanceolate, 
acuminate at apex, hastate at base, 2 to 3 in. long, on slender 
petioles shorter than the blade; peduncles longer than the leaves, 
1 -flowered; bracts ovate, cordate at base, completely enclosing the 
calyx; corolla pinkish, 1 to 2 in. long. — (C. limnophilus Greene.) 

Introduced in the Suisun Marshes. June. The plant of the 
Eastern IT. S. often has white flowers, as is likely to be the case 
with us. 

3. C. villosus (Kell.) Gray. Similar to the next in habit and 
equally variable, the whole plant white with a dense velvety tomen- 
tum; leaves sharply triangular or ovoid, sagittate, the lobes entire or 
shallowly sinuate; peduncles l-flow r ered, often flexuous or cuiwed, 
especially in age; corolla funnelform, creamy white, 1J in. long 
or less. 

High dry slopes of the Coast Ranges: Monterey; Mt. Diablo; 
Conn Valley, Napa Co.; Mt. St. Helena and northward to Mt. 
Shasta. Sierra Nevada. May-June. 

4. C. subacaulis (H. & A.) Greene. Stems 1 to 15 in. long, 
when short erect, when longer trailing, or frequently acaulescent; 
leaves thin, hirsutulous with somewhat appressed hairs, ovoid or 
deltoid, hastate or truncate at base, mostly 1 in. long; peduncles 
1-flowered, £ to 1 in. long; bracts smallish, embracing but not enclos- 
ing the calyx; corolla campanulate-funnelf'orin, angularly 5-lobed, 1J 
to 2 in. broad, white or creamish, with purplish exterior. 

Dry hills from Yacaville and Conn Valley (Napa Co.) to Santa 
Clara Co., Monterey and southward. Apr-June. 

5. C. luteolus Gray. Climbing over trees and shrubs 5 to 20 ft. 
in height, the stems woody below; leaves glabrous and glaucous, 
sagittate at base, the upper portion or terminal lobe varying from 
triangular to narrowly lanceolate; basal lobes large, very variable, 
sometimes nearly as large as the terminal lobe, angular, shallowly 
2-lobed or somewhat saliently and acutely lobed; blades 1 to 2 in. in 
length from summit of petiole to apex, the width from tip to tip of 
lobes often as much or more; peduncles 1 to 5, commonly 1 to 
3-flowered, 2 to 5 in. long; bracts subulate-lanceolate or oblong and 
acute, distant their length to \ their length from the calyx; corolla 
open-funnelform, white, the exposed portion of the folds purplish, 1 
to 1£ in. long; limb not lobed, scarcely angular; capsule 1-celled. 

Common throughout the Coast Ranges. Apr. -June; or near the 



388 gonvolvulacejE. 

coast flowering until Nov. Passing into C. oceidentalis (.ray of 
Southern California in which the bracts are larger and enclose the 
calyx. 

Var. Solanensis. Largest leaves 1\ in. broad, almost triangular, 
the lateral margins from the outer angle of the lobes to the apex 
nearly straight; basal lobes shallowly sinuate. — Vaca Mountains. 

Var. purpuratus Greene. Limb of corolla rose-purple, varying 
to white on the same plant. — Angel Island; Marin Co.; Presidio. San 
Francisco. 

6. C. arvensis L. Common Bindweed. Perennial; herbage 
minutely villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; stems prostrate, 1 to 
several ft. long, from roots which descend to great depth; leaves 
oblong- or triangular-sagittate. \ to 1 or 2 in. long, on petioles \ 
as long; peduncles commonly 1 (sometimes 2 or 3)-flowered, with a 
pair of subulate or spatulate bracts near the middle; corolla white, 
purplish outside, neither lobed nor angled, 1 to 1^- in. broad. 

The most troublesome weed yet naturalized in California, especially 
vexatious to horticulturists and vineyardists. Flowering from May 
through the summer and autumn. 

7. C. pentapetaloides L. Diffusely branched from the base, the 
branches 6 to 18 in. long, puberulent or hairy; leaves linear or oblong- 
oblanceolate, narrowed to a petiole. 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles with a 
pair of small spatulate or subulate bracts below the flower, 1-flowered, 
retrocurved in fruit, \ to 1 in. long; sepals more or less hairy with 
subscarious margin; corolla purplish, 3 lines long, deeply deleft. 

Naturalized from Europe: Lower San Joaquin Valley; Antioch. 
Mrs. Cm- rim, June, 1884; Estrella, Jared. 

3. CRESSA L. 

Low canescent perennial herb with erect or diffuse non-twining 
stems. Sepals 5, nearly equal. Corolla white, its tube oblong- 
campanulate, equaling the sepals; limb 5-parted into lightly convo- 
lute-imbricate lobes which are somewhat induplicate in the bud. 
Filaments filiform, exserted from the throat of the corolla; ovary 
2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule by abortion often 1-seeded. (Greek 
Kressa, a Cretan woman.) 

1. C. Cretica L. Commonly densely branched from the base, 
forming low tufted plants 3 to 6 in. high; leaves oblong-ovate, 2 to 4 
or 5 lines long, almost sessile; flowers short-pediceled in the axils; 
sepals oblong-ovate, acute, 2 lines long; corolla-lobes oblong-ovate; 
ovary long-hairy. 

Alkaline lands from near Vacaville southward, especially common in 
the San Joaquin Valley, often covering thousands of acres. May. 

4. CUSCUTA L. Dodder. 
Annual parasitical leafless herbs, destitute of green color, with 
twining filiform stems. Flowers small, in lateral heads or clusters. 
Calyx colored like the corolla, deeply 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate 



MOBNING-GLORY FAMILY. 389 



or somewhat urn-shaped to short-tubular, with 5 usually spreading 
lobes imbricated in the bud, and as many small scales or appendages 
inserted in the tube below the stamens, or none. Ovary globular, 
2-celled, 4-ovuled. Styles in ours distinct, persistent. Stigma glo- 
bose. Capsule 1 to 4-seeded, ours indehiscent. The embryo is devoid 
of cotyledons. The seed germinates on the ground and the twining 
stems become parasitic by means of suckers which penetrate the bark 
of the host. (Derivation doubtful.) 

Capsule pointed or conical; corolla-tube with fimbriate scales. 

Corolla-lobes y 2 as long as the cylindrical tube 1. C. subinclma. 

Corolla-lobes as long as the shallow-campanulate tube . . 2. C. salina. 
Capsule depressed-gbobose. 

Flowers in dense globose clusters; scales present 3. C.arvensis. 

Flowers in loose cymes; scales none 4. C. Calif ornica. 

1. C. subinclusa Dur. & Hilg. Stems commonly stout; flowers 
2| to 3 lines long, sessile or short-pediceled, at length in large dense 
clusters ^ to l-£ in. thick; calyx-lobes overlapping, ovate-lanceolate, 
about £ the length of the cylindrical corolla-tube; lobes of the corolla 
ovate-lanceolate, minutely crenulate, scarcely more than \ the length 
of the tube; anthers oblong or oval, nearly sessile; scales narrow, 
fimbriate, opposite the stamens but reaching only to the middle of the 
tube; styles slender, mostly longer than the ovary; ovary capped by 
the withered corolla. 

Very common on Poison Oak and other shrubs and herbs, often 
occurring on Salix and making thick tangles 1 to 2 ft. across. Calyx 
sometimes reddish; lobes of the corolla mostly erect; tube sometimes 
narrowed above. 

2. C. salina Engelm. Marsh Dodder. Stems slender; flowers 
1J lines long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, as long as the shallow- 
campanulate tube of the corolla and as the corolla-lobes; these ovate, 
denticulate, overlapping; filaments about as long as the oval anthers; 
scales fringed, mostly shorter than the tube, sometimes much reduced 
and on the base of the tube; styles equaling or shorter than the ovary; 
capsule surrounded by the withered corolla, mostly 1-seeded. 

Very abundant on Salicornia and other saline herbs, entangling 
them with its webs of thread-like stems, which in spring color the 
salt marshes with small patches of golden color. Flowering Julv- 
Sept. 

3. C. aYvensis Beyrich. Stems pale; flowers in dense globose 
clusters J in. thick; calyx-lobes obtuse, broad; corolla 1 line long, 
with acuminate lobes and short and broad tube, in age remaining at 
base of capsule; scales deeply fringed. 

Alvarado Marshes, on Xanthium. 

4. C. Californica Choisy. Stems capillary; flowers small, 1 to H 
lines long, in loose cymes; pedicels frequently much thickened below 
the flower; calyx-lobes with short-attenuate spreading tips; corolla- 
lobes lanceolate-subulate, equaling or longer than the campanulate 
tube, mostly reflexed in anthesis; scales none, sometimes repre- 
sented by inverted arches or V-shaped thickenings alternating with 



390 SOLANACEJE. 

the stamens, but situated near the base of the tube; anthers linear- 
oblong, nearly or quite equaled by the filaments; styles slender, 
mostly longer than the ovary; capsule depressed-globose, mostly 2 or 
3 -seeded. 

On Eriogonum, Adenostoma, etc. Infrequent in the Bay Kegion: 
Conn Valley; Morrison Canon, Niles, June 20, 1897, in fl., anthers 
sessile at the sinuses of the corolla; Pacheco Pass, on Eschscholtzia, 
Brewer, no. 1292. 

85. SOLANACE>E. Nightshade Family. 

Ours herbs (one species a soft-woody shrub) with alternate leaves. 
Flowers hypogynous, regular, perfect and commonly 5 (rarely 4)- 
merous, except the superior ovary which is 2-celled or falsely 4-celled. 
Flowers solitary, umbellate, cymose or paniculate, on lateral or ter- 
minal peduncles. Calyx toothed, lobed or cleft. Stamens as many 
as the lobes of the corolla and alternating with its divisions. Fruit a 
berry or a capsule. 

Corolla tubular or funnelform; fruit a capsule. 

Capsule 2-celled, smooth ; flowers in a terminal panicle. . .1. Nicotiana. 

Capsule falsely 4-celled, prickly; flowers solitary, very large . 2. Datura. 
Corolla rotate; fruit a berry; flowers in umbels or cymes ... 3. Solanim. 

1. NICOTIANA L. Tobacco. 
Heavy scented usually viscid-pubescent herbs (except one) with 
entire leaves and panicled flowers. Calyx persistent, more or less 
investing the fruit, 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla funnelform or salver- 
form, plicate and somewhat imbricate in the bud. Filaments filiform, 
mostly included. Ovary 2-celled, with large and thick placentas. 
Fruit a smooth 2-celled capsule, septicidal, and the valves promptly 
2-cleft at apex, thus seeming as if 4-valved. Seeds small, numerous. 
(Jean Nicot, 1530-1000, French diplomat and author of the most 
ancient dictionary of the French language, but more celebrated as 
having introduced tobacco into France from Portugal.) 

Annuals; flower white. 
Cauline leaves sessile; calyx-teeth as long as tube; corolla-limb broad. . . 

1. N. Bigtlovii. 
Cauliue leaves petioled; calyx-teeth commonly short, }i to % as long as 

tube; corolla-limb narrow 2. N. attenuata. 

Perennial soft-woody shrub; flowers yellow; throat of corolla constricted 
under the narrow limb .* 3. N. glauca. 

1. N. Bigelovii Wats. Stem simple at base and branched above, 
or branched near the base, 1$ to 2 ft. high; herbage with glandular 
indument, very ill-smelling; radical leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 
petioled; cauline similar, sessile (the lower sometimes petioled), often 
contracted above the middle into a lanceolate apex, the uppermost 
lanceolate; flowers few, mostly remote along the branches; calyx with 
slender teeth as long as the tube; corolla-tube 1£ in. long, the limb 
1 in. wide; filaments unequally inserted high in the tube, glabrous; 
capsule obtuse, shorter than the calyx. 



NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 391 

Lake Co.; Russian River Valley; Napa Valley; Princeton; plains 
of Solano Co. and southward in the San Joaquin Valley. July-Sept. 
Flowers closing during the day and opening in the evening. This 
and the next used by the Indians as a smoking tobacco. 

2. N. attenuata Torr. Habit of the preceding; glandular- 
pubescent and odorous much as the preceding; lower leaves broadly 
ovate, the upper varying to narrowly lanceolate, all petioled; flowers 
many, disposed in clusters along and terminating the branches; calyx- 
teeth triangular-lanceolate, \ or £ the length of "the calyx-tube, rarely 
subulate and as long; corolla-tube 1 in. long, with narrow limb 3 to 5 
lines in diameter; filaments equally inserted low down in the tube, 
pubescent below the middle; capsule longer than the calyx, at least 
in the forms with short calyx-teeth. 

Common throughout California, especially towards the interior: 
Napa Valley; Stockton, etc. July-Nov. Vespertine as the last. 

3. N. glauca Graham. Tree Tobacco. Soft-woody evergreen 
shrub 6 to 15 ft. high, very slender and loosely branching, with gla- 
brous and glaucous herbage; leaves ovate, entire, 8 in. long, on 
petioles 4 in. long; uppermost leaves reduced, ovate to oblong; 
flowers in terminal panicles; calyx unequally 5-toothed, 1^ in. long; 
corolla It] in. long, its tube dilated above summit of the calyx, the 
stamens inserted at this point; throat* of corolla constricted just below 
the short shallowly 5 (occasionally 4)-lobed limb; anthers and stigma 
in throat of corolla; ovary seated on a yellowish disk; capsule oblong, 
; ] in. long. 

Introduced from southern South America and becoming common in 
waste places about interior towns: Vacaville (first noted about 1887); 
Napa Valley; San Leandro, Davy; abundant in Alameda Creek near 
Niles; New Almaden; Hollister, Setehell; San Joaquin Valley. 

2. DATURA L. Thorn-Apple. 
Coarse rank-smelling herbs. Flowers large, on short peduncles in 
the forks of the branching stem. Calyx prismatic or tubular, 
5-toothed, in our species at length circumscissile near the base, the 
lower part persisting as a collar or rim beneath the capsule. Corolla 
funnelform with ample limb, convolute-plicate in the bud. Stamens 
included; filaments long and filiform. Stigmas bilamellar. Capsule 
prickly or spiny, 4-valved from the top or the valves indefinite; the 
placentas project from the axis into the middle of the cells and connect 
with the walls by a partition imperfect at the top and thus form a 
falsely 4-celled ovary and capsule. (Derived from the Hindoo name, 
dhatura. ) 

Calyx not prismatic, tubular; corolla large, 6 to 8 in. long ; capsule nodding 
on the short recurved pedicel, indefinitely valved or bursting irregularly, 
the subtending persistent base of the calyx rotate. . . 1. D. meteloides. 
Calyx prismatic; corolla comparatively small, 4 in. long or less; capsule 
erect, definitely 4-valved, the subtending persistent base of the calyx 
reflexed. 

Corolla purple; spines subequal 2. D. Tatula. 

Corolla white; spines very unequal 3. D. Stramonium. 



392 SOLANACEiE. 

1. D. meteloides DC. Tolguaciia. Erect branching plant, 
2 or 3 ft. high; leaf-blades broadly ovate, sinuate-dentate below the 
acute apex or nearly entire; petioles ^ to | as long; calyx cleft into 5 
lanceolate teeth; corolla with funnelform throat; limb 3 to 6 in. wide, 
with 5 slender subulate teeth \ to f in. long; anthers white, \ in. long; 
capsule globose, 1 in. long, densely spiny; spines short, 2 lines long, 
pustulate-dilated and pubescent at base; seeds 2 lines long, light- 
colored, flat, smooth. 

Widely distributed in California from Lagoon Valley, Solano Co., 
to Stockton and southward to Southern California. Common in the 
San Joaquin Valley. July-Sept. 

2. D. Tatula L. Purple Thorx-Apple. Plants 1 or 2 ft. high; 
stems purplish; corolla purplish, 3 to 4 in. long, the limb 2 in. wide 
or less; anthers purple, 2 lines long; capsule ovoid, with many very 
stout subequal prickles; seeds thickish, brown, finely pitted and rugose, 
or with umbilicate markings. 

Introduced, not common: Russian River Valley; Olema. Marin Co.; 
Monterey. 

3. D. Stramonium L. Stramonium. Similar to the preceding, 
but the stems greenish and the flowers white; capsule with few spines, 
the lower much shorter than the very stout upper ones which are f in. 
long. 

Introduced, rare: Stockton, H. P. Fitch. 

3. SOLANUM L. Nightshade. 

Ours herbs. Flowers in umbels on short lateral or terminal pedun- 
cles. Calyx of 5 divisions. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed, with scarcely any 
tube. Anthers almost sessile, lightly connate into a cylinder sur- 
rounding the style, opening by a small pore at the apex or longitudi- 
nally dehiscent. Fruit a berry with several seeds. (Latin name of 
the Nightshade, from solamen, quieting.) 

Annual; peduncles longer than the pedicels; corolla small, 5-cleft: var. 

Douglasii of 1. S. nigrum. 

Perennial; peduncles much shorter than the pedicels or almost none; 
corolla larger. 5-angled or -lobed, with greenish glands at base. 
More or less suffrutescent; pubescence tomentose, of branched hairs. . . . 

3. S. umbelliferum. 

Herbaceous or nearly so; pubescence viscid, of simple hairs 

2. S. Xanti. 

1. S. nigrum L. var. Douglasii Gray. Black Nightshadk. 
Low spreading annual, often several ft. across, dark green and gla- 
brous, more or less conspicuously scabrous on the angles of the stem; 
leaves elliptic-ovate, acute, narrowed to a petiole, entire, toothed or 
angulate-sinuate, 1 to 3 in. long or the very lowest 5 in. long; corolla 
small, whitish, aging to purplish, 2 to 3 lines broad, its segments 
oblong-lanceolate and ciliolate toward the apex; filaments and style 
pubescent; fruiting peduncles ^ in. long or more, bearing 3 to 5 
berries on more or less recurved pedicels; berries blue-black, nearly 
as large as peas. 



NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. 893 

Waste ground, commonly in shade or in moist places, flowering 
through the summer into early winter. Plants from the south 
(Monterey to Southern California) have corollas 5 lines wide. 

S. vtllosum Lam., a villous-hirsute annual of the Old World with 
minute white corollas and green berries, was collected at West 
Berkeley, 1891, by Greene" S. tuberosum L., the Common 
Potato, with leaves pinnate and large and minute leaflets intermixed, 
is occasionally found beyond the boundaries of cultivated fields 
(Howell Mountain). 

2. S. Xanti Gray. Stems herbaceous, several to many from a 
perennial base, erect or decumbent, mostly simple, slender and 
sparsely leaved, 1£ to 2 ft. long; pubescence somewhat viscid and of 
simple hairs; leaves thinnish, elliptic-ovate, at base obtuse, truncate 
or subcordate, on petioles 5 lines long or less; flowers few in an umbel 
or cyme, light azure or fading darker blue, 5 or fi lines in diameter. 

High mountain ridges near Vacaville; common in Southern Cali- 
fornia (the flowers a full inch in diameter); occasionally collected in 
the Sierra Nevada at middle elevations. Mar. -May. 

3. S. umbelliferum Esch. More or less suffVutescent, 2 to 3 
ft. high, the stems deep green, mostly 5-angled or -ridged; finely 
pubescent-tomentose, the hairs branched; leaves elliptic-ovate, 1 to 2 
in. long or less, thickish, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; flowers in 
umbels; peduncles short or almost none; the pedicels 4 to 8 lines 
long; calyx 5-lobed, corolla blue, sometimes white, 10 lines broad, 
shallowly 5-lobed with 5 pairs of greenish glands near the base; 
anthers 2 lines long, the filaments merely evident; berry when fully 
ripe, dull white with a greenish tone toward the base. 4 to 8 lines in 
diameter. 

Hill country of the Coast Kanges, especially along gulches or in 
canons toward the coast (apparently not in inner Coast Kanges); 
Sierra Foothills. Flowering all the year. The notes which follow 
were derived from plants at Berkeley. Pedicels and calyx often 
purplish. Calyx-lobes variable in their degree of union. Umbels 
on lateral branchlets which are often borne on the upper portion of 
long sterile shoots of the preceding year. The terminal umbels soon 
become lateral by the development of the branch in the axil of the 
first leaf below the inflorescence. Branches soon naked by the early 
fall of the" leaves, the joint just above the base of the petiole marked 
by a faint transverse purple band; persistent leaf-base conspicuous; 
some of the leaves rarely 2 or 3-lobed at base or pinnatifid. 

Greene has a S. cupuliferum (Erythea, iii. 12) from Marin and 
Napa Cos., distinguished by its depressed habit, papillose-scabrous 
herbage, short simple pustulate hairs, pedicels 1 in. long and flat 
rotate corolla not wavy by the elevation of the middle of each lobe 
as in S. umbelliferum. 



394 SCROPHULARIACE.E. 



86. SCROPHULARIACE>£. Figwort Family. 

Ours herbs excepting Diplacus and some species of Pentstemon 
and Castilleja, Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers complete. 
Stamens 4, in 2 pairs (one pair shorter than the other), or one pair 
sterile, or stamens 2 only, always inserted on the corolla. Verbascum 
has 5 perfect stamens and in several genera the fifth stamen is present 
as a sterile filament or rudiment. Corolla commonly bilabiate, with 
2 lobes in the upper lip (or this galeate), and 3 in the lower, or some- 
times nearly regular and with either 4 or 5 lobes. Calyx synsepalous 
or sometimes chorisepalous. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style 1. Fruit 
a 2-celled, 2-valved capsule, with septicidal or loculicidal dehiscence, 
or opening near the apex by pores; seeds numerous or often few, with 
a minute mostly straight embryo in abundant endosperm. An impor- 
tant family biologically, the species in California numerous, and many 
of them the showiest of West-American plants. All of the Californian 
genera are represented in the region of San Francisco Bay, save the 
monotypic annual Mohavea, of the Mohave desert; this allied to 
Antirrhinum, but fertile stamens only 2. Few extra-limital species 
are here noticed, since as a whole they are to be recognized only by 
critical marks. 

A. Leaves alternate; anther-bearing stamens 5. 
Corolla nearly regular, rotate, with short tube; filaments (or some of them) 

very hairy 1. Verbascum. 

B. Leaves opposite, or the upper sometimes alternate; anther-bearing 

stamens less than 5. 
Corolla with a spur or sac at base of tube on lower side, often with a promi- 
nent palate nearly closing the throat; stamens 4, all with anthers; 
capsule opening by pores or chinks near the apex. 
Corolla-tube with a sac at base; palate closing the throat 

2. Antirrhinum. 
Corolla-tube with a spur at base; palate seldom closing the throat 

3. LINARIA. 

Corolla without spurs or sacs at base of tube, bilabiate to nearly regular; 
upper lip not galeate. 
Stamens with anthers 4; fifth stamen present as a sterile filament, scale, 
or mere gland. 
Annuals; fifth stamen present as a rudiment or gland. 
Corolla strongly declined, strongly bilabiate; middle lobe of lower lip 
folded lengthwise into a sac enclosing the stamens and style. . . . 

4. Collinsia. 
Corolla minute, little declined, the lobes rotately spreading; some 

cauline leaves ternately divided or parted .... 5. Tonella. 
Perennials. 
Corolla short, inflated, with 4 lobes erect and 1 reflexed; sterile stamen 

a scale on upper lip 6. Scrophularia. 

Corolla tubular, from strongly to obscurely bilabiate; sterile filament 
conspicuous, about equaling the fertile ones . . . 7. Pentstemon. 
Stamens 4, all with anthers (except no. 10) ; fifth stamen wholly absent. 
Calyx 5-toothed. 
Corolla tubular or funnelform, often elongated. 
Calyx 5-angled, plicate-carinate or prismatic. 

Shrubs 8. Diplacus. 

Herbs 9. Mimulus. 

Calyx not prismatic, slightly 5-sulcate ; stamens 4, 2 fertile; annual. 

10. MlMETANTHE. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 395 



Corolla open-campanulate; stems creeping, bearing tufts of leaves 

and flower-scapes; diminutive annual 11. Limosella. 

Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals; stems creeping; perennial 

12. Monniera. 
Stamens with anthers 2; sterile pair present or none; corolla little or not 

at all bilabiate. 
Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals; corolla tubular. 
Corolla-lips nearly equal ; sterile filaments short or none 

13. Gratiola. 
Lower lip of corolla larger than upper; sterile filaments forked . . . . 

14. ILYSANTHES. 

Calyx 4-parted; corolla 4-lobed. 
Stamens 4, 2 sterile; corolla broadly campanulate; leaves in a radical 

tuft 15. Synthyris. 

Stamens 2; corolla subrotate; leaves mainly cauline. 16. Veronica. 
C. Leaves alternate; stamsns 4 (2 in some Adenostegias), all anther- 
bearing. 
Corolla tubular, strongly bilabiate, upper lip narrow, concave or galeate 
and enclosing the stamens and style. 
Calyx tubular, laterally compressed, cleft before and behind, the lobes 
entire or 2-cleft; upper lip of corolla long and narrow, very much 
longer than the very small 3- toothed lower lip; bracts mainly with 

colored tips; ours perennials except one 17. Castilleia. 

Calyx tubular-campanulate, 4-cleft; upper lip (galea) of corolla similar to 
no. 17, but not so greatly or not at all exceeding the inflated 3-saccate 

lower one; bracts sometimes with colored tips; ours annuals 

18. Orthocarpus. 

Calyx spathe-like, of 2 distinct leaf-like divisions (or the anterior division 

wanting); corolla-lips of nearly equal length; bracts never colored, 

annuals 19. Adenostegia. 

Calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 to 5-toothed, the orifice often oblique; 
corolla with narrow tube, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) long, 
arched; lower lip of 3 small lobes; bracts purple or with foliaceous- 
(green) tips; perennials 20. Pedicularis. 

1. VERBASCUM L. Mullein. 
Usually biennial herbs with tall virgate stems and alternate leaves. 
Flowers ephemeral, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 
rotate, with 5 nearly equal segments, ours commonly yellow. Sta- 
mens 5, all with anthers; all or the three posterior filaments woolly- 
bearded. Stigma undivided or 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally 
2-valved, the valves cleft at apex and the septa parting from the 
persistent axis, many-seeded. Seeds pitted or roughened. (Cor- 
rupted from Barbascum, the old Latin name.) 

Plants very woolly; flowers sessile 1. V. Thapsus. 

Plants with green herbage; flowers pediceled 2. V. Blattaria* 

1. V. Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Stout, densely woolly, 
3 to 6 ft. high; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, obovate-lanceolate or 
-oblong; cauline leaves oblong, entire or crenate, crowded, the stem 
winged by their very decurrent bases; flowers in a very long dense 
simple spike; spike 1 ft. long or more, and 1\ in. thick, sometimes 
with one to several short spikes at base; lower filaments mostly naked. 

Stream beds of interior water courses, or waste places about old 
dwellings: North Coast Kanges; very common in the Sierra Nevada. 
Flowering in summer. 

2. V. Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Slender, 2 to 4 ft. high; 



396 SCROPHULARIACEiE. 

herbage green and glabrous, or the inflorescence glandular-pubescent; 
leaves not decurrent, 4 in. long or less; upper leaves ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, dentate, cordate-clasping; lower leaves oblong, more 
coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, the basal ones narrowed to a short 
winged petiole; flowers yellow or white, 1 in. broad, in a long loose 
simple raceme; pedicels longer than the calyx; filaments all bearded 
with violet woolly hairs. 

Introduced from the Old World: St. Helena, Mrs. 0. D. Hunt; 
fied wood Peak; Lower San Joaquin; Lake Co.; and Sierra Foothills 
opposite Sacramento, ace. to Brandegee. V. virgatum With, may 
be found; its pedicels are in 2's and 3's and not longer than the calyx- 
lobes. 

2. ANTIRRHINUM L. Snapdragon. 

Annual or perennial herbs with the lower leaves opposite and the 
upper leaves alternate. Corolla gibbous or saccate at base on lower 
side; palate closing the throat. Capsule dehiscing by pores at the 
base of the style; style (in our species) persistent and often de- 
flexed. (Greek anti, like, and rhinon, nose, because of the snout- 
like flowers.) 

Perennials; no tendril-like branches. 
Leaves linear; sepals % the length of the corolla . . . . 1. A. virga. 

Leaves lanceolate; sepals equaling or shorter than the corolla 

2. A. glandulo8um. 
Annuals; branches or peduncles disposed to be prehensile. 
Peduncles about 1 line long; branchlets slender or filiform, at length 

twisting 3. A. vagans. 

Peduncles 2 to 3 in. long, filiform, prehensile 4. A. strictum. 

1. A. virga Gray. Glabrous, erect, with many virgate stems from 
a perennial base, "l\ to 5 ft. high; leaves linear, 2 to Z\ in. long, 
sessile; flowers red-purple in a mostly secund raceme, with subulate 
bracts; sepals ovate, acute, moderately unequal, scarcely half the 
length of the corolla; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the sac at base mam- 
mseform; lower pair of filaments dilated at apex, all geniculate at the 
very base and all hairy, especially at the geniculation or knee; cap- 
sule dehiscing by pores at the base of the style; seeds with the longi- 
tudinal wing-like ridges fimbri Hate. 

But few stations 'known: Howell Mountain; Mt. St. Helena and 
northward to Lake and Mendocino Cos. June. 

2. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stem stout, branching, 3 to 5 ft. 
high, very leafy; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, 
sessile, gradually diminishing into the bracts of the inflorescence; 
bracts equaling or shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla; sep- 
als oblong-lanceolate, unequal; "filaments all moderately dilated 
upwards." . 

Mt. Hamilton (ace. to Greene); Santa Cruz, and southward. 

3. A. vagans Gray. At first simple and erect, at length branch- 
ing and very diffuse, the branches 6 to 18 in. long; slender or filiform 
branchlets more or less twisting and disposed to be prehensile; leaves 
ovate, mostly 3 to 5 lines long, or oblong to lanceolate and mostly \ 



PIGWORT FAMILY. 3!>7 

to 1 in. long, petioled, the uppermost (especially those of the prehen- 
sile branchlets) reduced and 1 Line long or less; calyx-segments very 
unequal, linear, except the large uppermost one; this oblong or 
elliptic-oblong, nearly equaling the tube of the light purple corolla; 
corolla 5 to 6 lines long; filaments dilated at apex; style slender, as 
long as the capsule; seeds muriculate-roughened. 

Dry open wooded hills or in canons of the Coast Ranges: Mt. 
Hamilton; Niles; Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains; Kenwood, etc. 
July-Aug. Passes into the 

Var. Breweri (A. Breweri Gray). Slender and less diffuse, with 
smaller corolla (3 lines long) considerably exceeding the less unequal 
sepals. — Napa Valley to Clear Lake and northward. 

Var. Bolanderi Gray. Rather widely spreading, the branches 14 
to 20 in. long, sparsely hispid with gland-tipped hairs; leaf-blade 1J 
in. long or less, ovate (those of the filiform branchlets orbicular), the 
lower on petioles 8 lines long, the upper on petioles about 1J lines 
long; upper sepal very large, elliptic-oblong, nearly as long or dis- 
tinctly shorter than the tube of the \ in. long corolla. — Redwood 
region, Marin Co. Herbage thought to be glaucous. 

4. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect nearly simple glabrous 
annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, often climbing by tortile filiform peduncles; 
lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper becoming linear or the floral 
ones filiform and much shorter than the peduncles; calyx-segments 
linear-lanceolate, little unequal; corolla violet-purple, 5 lines long, 
the hairy prominent palate nearly closing the throat; fruiting calyx 
about equaling the crustaceous capsule, this tipped with a straight 
(not deflexed) style of equal length. 

South Coast Ranges (Santa Inez Mountains northward to Arroyo 
Grande, Monterey Co.). Reported from Mt. Tamalpais by Greene. 
Apr. -May. 

3. LINARIA Juss. 

Annual or perennial herbs. Lower leaves opposite and the upper 
alternate, entire in ours. Flowers in bracteate racemes, or solitary 
and axillary. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate, more or less tubular, 
personate and with a spur at base on the lower side; upper lip erect, 
middle lobe of lower smallest. Stamens 4. Capsule dehiscing below 
the summit by 1 or 2 simple or lacerate perforations or chinks, many- 
seeded. (Name derived from Linum, Flax.) 

Annual or biennial; flowers blue 1. L. Canadensis. 

Perennial; flowers yellow 2. L. vulgaris. 

1. L. Canadensis Dum. Toad Flax. Annual or biennial; 
flowering stems one or several, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with linear 
mostly alternate leaves, those of the procumbent radical shoots broader 
and oftener opposite or whorled; flowers in a raceme; pedicels erect, 
not longer than the slender curved spur of the blue corolla. 

Sandy soil, rather uncommon: " Alameda; hillside above Mill 
Valley, H. P. Chandler. 

2. L. vulgaris L. Butter-axd-eggs. Perennial. erf j ct, 1 t<> '2h 



398 scrophulariacea:. 

ft. high; leaves linear, very numerous; flowers yellow in a terminal 
dense raceme; corolla (including the slender spur) 1 in. long or more. 

Berkeley, Davy; Point Keyes, Miss Alice Eastwood; Valley Ford, 
Mrs. K. Brandegee. 

4. COLLINSIA Nutt. 

Annuals with simple opposite leaves. Flowers whorled, forming 
a raceme, or axillary and scattered. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. 
Corolla declined (the proper tube very short and the abruptly 
expanded or gibbous throat forming an angle with it), deeply bilabi- 
ate; upper lip 2-cleft, with erect lobes; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe conduplicate or keel-shaped and enclosing the 4 declined 
stamens and style. Filaments long and filiform, the lower "pair 
inserted higher on the corolla than the others; the gland at ba^e of 
corolla represents the fifth stamen. Capsule septicidal, the valves 
soon 2-cleft. (Named for Zaecheus Collins, American botanist, of 
Philadelphia, 1764-1831. Species variable. The corolla is a striking 
imitation of the papilionaceous type.) 

Upper pair of filaments bearded, the lower glabrous. 
Flowers long-pediceled (some or all the pedicels much longer than the 

flowers), solitary, or the upper in whorls of two or three 

1. C. sparsiflora. 
Flowers short-pediceled or almost sessile, crowded in whorl-like clusters, 
the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts. 
Herbage staining brown; upper lip of corolla commonly destitute of 
crests or transverse ridge; flowers yellowish or whitish, usually with 

purple markings 2. C. tinctoria. 

Herbage not staining; upper lip of corolla with a low transverse ridge 
at its junction with the throat. 
Corolla rose-purple or violet, the upper lip paler or whitish; calyx- 
lobes commonly lanceolate, acute 3. C. bicolor. 

Corolla white or nearly white, the lower lip lilac or purple tinged; 

calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse 4. V. bartsiiefolia.. 

Filaments all glabrous; upper lip of corolla with a jagged wing-like crest at 
base of lobes or with a pair of prominent callous teeth on each side; 
flowers in whorls of 2 to 4, the pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx . 

5. C. Ureenci. 

1. C. sparsiflora F. & M. Slender, branched from near the 
base, commonly about 6 in. high; herbage reddish; lowest leaves 
elliptical, 3 lines long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side, on petioles 
nearly as long, the upper oblong to linear, twice as long or more and 
becoming gradually sessile; corolla 4 to f5 lines long; upper lip bluish 
or sometimes yellowish at base, purple-dotted at throat, hardly shorter 
than the lower lip; lateral lobes of lower lip purple; upper lip with 
an evident transverse ridge or crest; keel sometimes yellowish exter- 
nally, more or less pilose-pubescent; upper pair of filaments pubes- 
cent on the upper side; gland conical or 'Somewhat elongated; seeds 
concave on one side and convex on the other, acutely margined, about 
2 in each cell. 

Common in low fields or in wet places on hillsides. Apr.-May. 

Var. arvensis (C. arvensis Greene). Commonly with several 
nearly erect branches from the base, 1 to 1J ft. high; lowest leaves 
often shallowly sinuate; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, twice the 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 399 

length of the tube; flowers larger (6 lines long). — Napa Valley, Los 
Guiliocos Valley, and Knight's Valley. Apr. 

Var. Franciscana (C. Franciscans Bioletti). Stout, £ to 1£ ft. 
high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper sessile; flowers sometimes 3 
to 5 in a whorl; corolla f in. long; glands subulate, hearing a rudi- 
ment of an anther; seeds 2 to 12 in each cell. — Mission Hills (San 
Francisco Co.) to Millbrae (San Mateo Co.). Apr.-May. Verging 
in habit and character towards C. bicolor. 

2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Stoutish and often diffusely branching; 
herbage glandular-viscid above, at least on the branches, and impart- 
ing a brownish stain; lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, with short 
petioles, the upper ovate or triangular-lanceolate, sessile by a broad or 
subcordate base, serrate or entire; corolla yellowish, or cream-color 
varying to white, marked with purple lines and dots; throat very 
strongly saccate-ventricose, forming a right angle with the tube; 
upper lip and its lobes very short; seeds small, smoothish. 

Wooded hillsides: rare in the Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain, 
Kenwood, Mt. Diablo); common in the Sierra Foothills (where first 
collected by Hartweg in 1846). June. Examination of fresh mate- 
rial may show in some cases as obvious a transverse ridge at base of 
upper lip as in next.- 

3. C. bicolor Benth. Chinese Houses. Simple or branching 
from the middle, ^ to 1£ ft. high, glabrous or finely pubescent and 
•often viscid above; leaves broadly oblong, or the upper narrowed 
from the broad base to the apex, serrulate, 2 in. long or less; pedicels 
shorter than the oblong-acute or lanceolate calyx-lobes; corolla rather 
less than 1 in. long, with lower lip violet or rose-purple, the upper 
lilac or white, a little shorter than the lower, the lobes recurved- 
spreading and with low but distinct crests at the point of junction 
with the tube; saccate throat very oblique to the tube, bristly within, 
usually with 3 longitudinal purple lines beneath each lobe of the 
upper lip; whole corolla sometimes varying to white; gland conical; 
seeds reticulate-rugose, about 6 in each cell. 

Very common in the edges of woods: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; 
Southern California. Also "alkaline plain, Tulare,'' Davy. Apr.- 
June. 

4. C. bartsiaefolia Benth. Nine in. high or less, finely puberu- 
lent and often glandular; leaves thickish or even fleshy, ovate or ovate- 
oblong to linear, aoout 1 in. long; flower-clusters 2 to 5; calyx usually 
white-villous, its lobes broad and obtuse; corolla whitish, the lower 
lip tinged with lilac or purple, less declined than in no. 3, the 
upper lip with few purple lines or dots above, about the length of 
the curved gibbous throat, with a transverse callous crest or ridge at 
its origin; lateral lobes of the lower lip often emarginate or obcordate; 
upper portion of throat of corolla pubescent inside; upper pair of 
filaments bearded on the upper side to the middle or above; anthers 
with divergent lobes; gland sessile and elongated; seeds only 2 in 
each cell. 

Sands near the seashore: Ft. Brao-p-, ace. to Daw; San Francisco 



400 SCROPHULARIACE^. 

and southward to Southern California. Also on the Antioeh sand- 
hills. Apr. -June. 

5. C. Greenei Gray. Slender, diffusely branched, 6 to 8 in. high, 
glandular-puberulent; leaves linear, or tapering to apex, entire or 
obscurely dentate; pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla 
deep azure-blue; upper lip much shorter than the oblong throat, 
about half the length of the lower, and very prominently wing- 
crested or toothed at its origin; lateral lobes of lower lip small; gland 
small. 

Crevices of high rocks near the Geysers, Sonoma Co, (-1 rente, June 
19, 1874; Black Butte, Mendocino Co., 1884, Rattan] stony bed of 
winter rivulet, Blue Lakes grade from Ukiah, Davy : May 30. 1900. 

5. TON EL LA Nu.tt. 

Slender branching annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, dentate or 
ternately divided. Flowers small, almost like those of Collinsia. 
Corolla scarcely declined, onl} 7 slightly bilabiate, the lobes subrotately 
spreading and not obviously dissimilar. Fifth stamen represented by 
a small gland. Seeds 1 to 4 in each cell. (Origin of name unknown.) 

1. T. tenella (Benth.). Very slender (with almost filiform 
branches), 6 in. high; leaves heteromorphic, the lowest rotund to 
ovate, entire or with deep notch on each side near the apex, 2 to 4 
lines long, on petioles longer than the blade; the upper palmately 
3-parted or -divided into oblong segments, the middle segment longest; 
bracts entire, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels in 2's or 3's, as much 
as 1 in. long; corolla minute, little exceeding the calyx, white or very 
pale blue, the lobes or some of them purple-dotted; capsule exceeding 
the calyx; seeds 1 to each cell. — (T. collinsioides Nutt.) 

Seemingly uncommon within our limits, but easily overlooked: 
Los Gatos, BioletU; Sonoma; Humboldt Co. and northward to 
Oregon. 

<;. SCROPHULARIA L. Figwort. 

Rank perennial herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers small, dull 
reddish, cymose, the cjmies disposed in a narrow terminal panicle. 
Calyx 5-parted into broad rounded lobes. Corolla with a somewhat 
globular tube, the two upper lobes longer than the two lateral, all 
erect except the short deflexed lower one. Stamens with anthers 4. 
the fifth sterile and adnate to the tube of the corolla, appearing like a 
scale under the upper lip. Capsule septicidal, many-seeded. (From 
the Latin scrofula?, the plant a one-time remedy for scrofula.) 

1. S. Californica Cham. Three to 6 ft. high, glabrous except the 
finely glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves ovate, cordate at base, 
serrate or incised-serrate; flowers about 4 lines long. 

Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills: Coast 
Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. May-June. The var. 
fioribunda Greene has the panicle with very flexuous branches, 
and grows along rock outcroppings: Pellejo Hills (Solano Co.) and 
elsewhere. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 401 

7. PENTSTEMON Mitch. 
Perennial herbs or suffruteseent plants. Leaves opposite, the 
upper sessile. Flowers mostly showy, in racemes, panicles, or 
cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and often inflated, the 
limb either slightly or strongly bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed, the 
lower 3-cleft. Stamens with anthers 4, declined at base, ascending- 
above; fifth stamen represented by a conspicuous sterile filament 
which is often dilated or bearded. Capsule septicidal (the valves 
cleft at apex through the persistent base of the style), many-seeded. 
Seeds angled. (Greek pente, five, and stemon, stamen.) 

Anthers densely woolly; corolla red: var. Sonomensis of.l. P. Newberryi. 
Anthers glabrous. 
Sterile filament bearded. 
Corolla scarlet, 1 in. long; sterile filament bearded its whole length . . . 

2. P. corymbosw. 
Corolla purplish and yellowish, ]/ 2 in. long; sterile filament bearded at 

apex only 3. P. Ltmmoni. 

Sterile filament naked. 

Corolla bright vermilion, tubular-cylindric 4. P. centranthifolius. 

Corolla blue or purple, tubular at base, ventrieose-funnelform above. . . 

5. P. heterophyllus. 

1. P. Newberryi Gray var. Sonomensis. Stems 8 to 12 in. 
high from a woody base; leaves coriaceous, orbicular to round-ovate, 
about 7 lines long, serrulate, rarely inclined to be entire; racemes 
sessile; sepals narrowly lanceolate; corolla bright red, 1 to 1-^ in. 
long, with nearly equal and not widely spreading segments; lower 
lip with two densely bearded folds; anthers slightly exserted, densely 
woolly; sterile filament bearded at apex. — (P. Sonomensis Greene, 
Pitt. ii. 218, where the leaves are described as obcordate.) 

Among rocks of the North Coast Ranges: Hood's Peak; Mt. St. 
Helena. May. The species is found in the High Sierras. 

2. P. corymbosus Benth. Suffruteseent, 12 to 16 in. high, 
glabrous except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves oblong, 
acute at both ends, ^ to 1^ in. long, denticulate or entire, short- 
petioled; flowers in terminal corymbs; sepals linear or somewhat 
narrowed above; corolla tubular, 1 in. long, scarlet, bilabiate; lower 
lip abruptly spreading, 3-parted. into oblong lobes; upper erect, 
2-cleft; filaments all pubescent at the very base, the sterile one 
bearded its whole length on one side. 

Rocky ledges and cliffs of the higher Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton; 
Mt. Diablo; Santa Cruz, ace. to Gray, and northward to Mt. Shasta. 
July-Aug. 

3. P. Lemmoni Gray. Bush Beard's-tongue. Of erect bushy 
habit, 2 to 4 ft. high, with vigorous herbaceous stems from a woody 
base, rather remotely leaved; leaves light green, ovate, or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, 1£ in. long or less, sparsely serrulate; sepals nar- 
rowly ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish and dull yellow, small 
(^ in. long), with short tube, campanulate dilated throat and spread- 
ing lips; sterile filament strongly bearded on one side of the curved 
apex; capsule 2 lines long. 

28 



402 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

Coast Range canons along streams: Vaca Mountains, Solano Co. 
and northwestward. Also in the Sierra Nevada: Bear Valley (Placer 
Co.) and northward. Aug. -Sept. Stems of the season glaucous. 

4. P. centranthifolius Benth. Scarlet Bugler. Herbaceous, 
glaucous, 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1£ to 2£ 
in. long, with subcordate clasping base; pedicels slender, £ in. long 
or less; sepals round-ovate; corolla about 1 in. long, bright ver- 
milion, tubular, hardly bilabiate, the segments nearly equal, except 
that the two upper are united higher; sterile filament naked; capsule 
6 or 7 lines long, including the persistent portion of the style. 

Coast Range cliffs: Dunn's Peak, Solano Co.; Monterey Co., Alice 
King, and southward to Southern California; also found on the 
Antioch sandhills, Davy. Apr. 

5. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Minutely puberulent; of bushy or 
tufted habit, the stems erect or ascending, many from the base, 1 to 
1^ ft. high; leaves linear to lanceolate or broader, 1| in. long or less; 
sepals ovate, acuminate; corolla rather abruptly ventricose-dilated 
above the narrowly tubular base, 1 to 1^ in. long, blue or purple; 
upper lip short, more or less reflexed, lower longer, spreading; sterile 
filament naked. 

Open places in the Coast Range hills, or even in stream beds. 
May-June. Mostly with reddish stems. Also distinguishable by 
its sagittate or horseshoe-shaped and ciliate anthers which dehisce 
from the apex only to the middle (subgenus Saccanthera), the pre- 
ceding species with divaricate or divergent anther cells, which dehisce 
their whole length or nearly (subgenus Eupentstemon). 

8. DIPLACUS Nutt. 

Evergreen glutinous shrubs with branching pubescence and oppo- 
site leaves which are revolute in the bud. Flowers red, orange or 
salmon-colored, solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, 
5-toothed. Corolla with funnelform tube and rather broad bilabiate 
limb. Stamens 4. Stigma of two flat lobes, closing together 
when irritated. Capsule firm-coriaceous, linear-oblong, included 
in the calyx, with a woody enlargement at the pointed apex, opening 
down the upper suture only or mainly, the valves spreading out 
nearly flat and bearing the placentae on their middle. 

1. D. glutinosus Nutt. Bush Monkey-flower. Low shrub, 
2 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, revolute, denticulate, gla- 
brous and deep green above, pubescent beneath with branching hairs; 
corolla buff or salmon-color, 1J in. long or more, the throat narrow- 
funnelform, the lobes emarginate, with more or less irregular margin. 

Common on canon sides everywhere in the Coast Ranges. May- 
Sept. 

9. MIMULUS L. Monkey-flower. 

Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers mostly showy, yellow or 
red, solitary and axillary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx prismatic, 
5-ano-led, 5-toothed. Corolla from tubular to funnelform, with 



FIG WORT FAMILY. 403 

strongly bilabiate limb or with merely slight inequality of lobes, a 
pair of bearded or naked ridges running down the lower side of the 
throat. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly of 2 flat lobes closing together 
when irritated. Capsule dehiscent by both sutures, dehiscent on 
one side only, or cartilaginous and indehiscent. Seeds many. 
(Diminutive of the Latin mimus, a comic actor, on account of the 
gaping or grinning corolla.) 

A. Flowers red, crimson, or scarlet. 

Acaulescent or short-caulescent dwarf annuals, glabrous or nearly so; 
corolla red, very large for the size of the plant, with long and often 
filiform tube; capsule cartilaginous, indehiscent. 
Corolla-limb broad; upper lip exceeding the lower; tube filiform, 4 to 6 

times the length of the funnelform throat 1. M. anguztatus. 

Lower lip of the corolla almost none; upper lip conspicuous, erect; throat 

narrowly campanulate or urn-shaped 2. M. subuniflorus. 

Corolla-limb not very irregular; throat open-funnelform, about % the 
length of the tube'; branches (when manifestly caulescent) decumbent. 

3. M. tricolor. 
Caulescent (as all the following) and erect. 
Pedicels 1 or 2 lines long or less; corolla red; capsule dehiscent down the 
upper suture and a little past the apex (rarely to the base) on the lower 
suture; herbage more or less glandular- or viscid-pubescent. 
Corolla-lips strongly unequal. 
Calyx narrowly cylindrical, scarcely plicate, orifice very oblique; 

lower lip of corolla % as long as upper 4. M. Kelloggii. 

Similar but smaller; corolla limb V/> to 2 lines in diameter 

5. M. Congdoni. 
Corolla-lips little unequal. 
Corolla-tube exserted from calyx. 
Calyx strongly plicate, the orifice very oblique and the broad teeth 

unequal 6. M. Bolanderi. 

Calyx scarcely plicate, the teeth subequal, acute and slender .... 

7. M. Laynese. 
Corolla-tube not exserted from calyx; calyx similar to no. 6 

8. 31. Rattani. 
Pedicels 1 to 2% in. long; capsule dehiscent by both sutures (as in all the 

following). 
Robust perennial; corolla bright scarlet, strongly bilabiate, V/i to 2 in. 

long 9. M. cardinalis. 

Slender annual; corolla crimson, scarcely bilabiate. . 10. M. androsaceus. 
B. Flowers yellow or white. 
Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, at least not viscid-slimy; stems erect; 
flowers yellow or white. 
Corolla small, subregular and 

Straw-yellow; dwarf annual 11. M. nibellus. 

Nearly white or slightly yellowish; annual 12. M. latidens. 

Corolla large, golden yellow, purple-dotted or splotched, strongly bila- 
biate - ; annual or perennial: vars. of 13. M. Langsdorffii. 

Slimy viscid-pubescent herbs, with mostly weak and decumbent stems and 
light yellow subregular corollas. 
Annual; corolla Y 2 in. or less long; calyx-teeth short, % line long; leaves 

petioled 14. M. floribundus. 

Perennial; corolla about 1 in. long; calyx-teeth % length of the tube; 
leaves mostly sessile 15. M. moschatus. 

1. M. angustatus Gray. Acaulescent, glabrous; leaves linear, 
J to 1 in. long; calyx 2 to 3 lines long; the teeth little unequal; the 
corolla crimson, purple and yellow-dotted, with filiform tube 1 to 1J 
in. long, 4 to 6 times the length of the short funnelform throat; limb 
broad, upper lip exceeding the lower; capsule short-ovate, not flat- 
tened, almost as long as thick; seeds favose-pitted. 



404 SCROPHULARIACE^K. 

Borders of surface streams in the mountains north of San Fran- 
cisco Bay (Mt. George, Howell Mt); also in the Sierra Nevada. 
Apr. -May 15. 

2. M. subuniflorus Greene. Acaulescent or nearly so, about 1£ 
in. high; leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, entire or 
crenate-toothed; corolla crimson or red-purple, 1£ in. long, the 
slender tube twice or thrice the length of the calyx; the throat 
oblong-urnshaped or campanulate; upper lip conspicuous, erect; lower 
lip reduced to a narrow 2 or 3-crenate border or consisting of a 
more prominent tooth-like middle lobe and the lateral lobe obsolete; 
capsule \ in. long, very gibbous. 

Wet hillsides: Coast Kanges and Sierra Nevada. 

3. M. tricolor Hartweg. Short-caulescent and erect or the 
branches 3 to 4 in. long and decumbent; leaves lanceolate to oblan- 
ceolate-oblong, f to 1 in. long, entire or remotely toothed; corolla 
rose-purple, \\ to 2 in. long, with little unequal lips and broadly 
funnelform throat bearing markings of crimson and yellow; cap- 
sule slightly gibbous, compressed. 

Edges of vernal pools, plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin 
Valleys. Apr. 15-May. The original description is by Lindley 
(Journ. Lond. Hort. Soc. iv, 222), but the name is credited to 
Hartweg. 

4. M. Kelloggii Curran. Erect, simple, 2 to 5 in. high, or occa- 
sionally 7 or 8 in. with several branches from the base, viscid- 
pubescent; leaves broadly ovate to oblong (the lowest elliptic-ovate), 
mostly attenuate at base to a petiole, \ to 1 in. long, generally dull 
purple beneath; calyx narrowly cylindrical (6 lines long and 1 line 
broad), very oblique, the teeth very short and obtuse; corolla-tube 
very long and slender, twice as long as the calyx, expanding into the 
short funnelform throat and broad limb, the lower lip only \ as long 
as the upper and more spreading; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, slender, 
bisulcate, slightly curved outwardly (with the calyx), or sometimes 
contorted, simulating that of (Enothera micrantha. 

Mountain slopes: North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada (El Dorado 
Co.). Apr. 

Var. parviflorus (Greene). Much smaller; corolla scarcely £in. 
long, its tube little exserted. — Yaca Mountains. 

5. M. Congdoni Eobinson. Very similar to the preceding, but 
usually smaller; corolla rose-purple, about 8 lines long, throat narrow, 
limb only \\ to 2 lines in diameter; capsule 2 to 3 lines long, acute, 
compressed. 

Sierra Nevada; Mt. Tamalpais; collected but once within our 
limits. 

6. M. Bolanderi Gray. Simple or much branched with erect 
branches, 5 to 16 in. high, glandular-pubescent and very viscid; 
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sometimes obovate, sometimes sparingly 
denticulate at apex, 1 to If in. long, sessile; calyx 2 to 3 lines broad, 
5 to 6 lines long, strongly plicate-angled, somewhat contracted at the 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 405 

very oblique orifice, its teeth acute, the upper much the longest; 
corolla dark red, 6 to 9 lines long, the tube not slender, moderately 
exserted; limb about 4 lines broad, the lips of nearly equal length; 
capsule not exceeding the calyx-teeth, slender, and narrowed to the 
pointed apex, about 5 lines long, 1 line broad. 

Hood's Peak (Sonoma Co.), Lake Co. and northward in the Coast 
Kanges; Sierra Nevada; Santa Lucia Mountains, ace. to Brandegee. 
Aus;. With the odor of Nicotiana, and in some localities called 
"Wild Tobacco." 

7. M. Layneae Greene. Much branched with mostly spreading 
branches, 4 to 7 in. high, viscid-pubescent and somewhat nigrescent; 
leaves narrowly ovate to oblong, acute at base and apex, about 6 or 7 
lines long; calyx 4 lines long; calyx-teeth sharply acute, slender, 
exceeding £ line; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, over J in. long, 
much exserted; capsule acute, exserted. 

Coast Ranges: Howell Mountain (but capsule not curved upwards 
at apex as in type plant from Bartlett Mt., Lake Co.); "Geysers to 
Highland Springs." Also about Mt. Shasta. Earely collected. 

8. M. Rattani Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 4 to 5 in. 
high; herbage glandular-viscid with a nigrescent indument; leaves 
obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly tapering above and below, 6 
lines long or less; flowers solitary in the axils and condensed at the 
ends of the branches in somewhat capitate clusters of 2, 3, or 4; 
corolla-tube scarcely exserted from the narrowly campanulate or in 
age somewhat urn-shaped calyx; calyx-teeth little unequal; apex of 
capsule narrow, somewhat curved, exserted. 

First collected in Colusa Co., Rattan, June, 1884; since then only 
by Mrs. Brandegee on Bartlett Mt., Lake Co. and on Mt. Tamalpais. 
The calyx is rather broad, as in M. Bolanderi, not narrow as in M. 
Kelloggii. 

9. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high, branched 
from the base with ascending branches; herbage villous-puberulent, 
especially on the stems: leaves elliptic-ovate, 2 in. long or more, 
dentate, scarcely sessile; pedicels in the upper axils, longer than the 
flowers, commonly longer than the leaves, f to 2f in. long; calyx 
strongly prismatic, with equal triangular teeth; corolla bright scar- 
let, \\ to 2 in. long, the throat yellowish with crimson lines, the 
tube little exserted from the calyx; upper lip of corolla erect, deeply 
2-lobed, the sides turned back until they meet or overlap; lower lip 
deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle lobe spreading; 
capsule chartaceous. 

Stream beds, rivulets, or springs of the Coast Ranges and Sierra 
Nevada. Summer and autumn. The strongly prismatic angles of 
the calyx follow out into the teeth in such wise that the teeth are 
conduplicate; each lobe of the corolla is rather strongly emarginate; 
anthers mostly densely hispid-ciliate; filaments dilated at insertion. 

10. M. androsaceus Curran. Slender erect branching plant, 1£ 
to 6 in. high; herbage slightly viscid-glandular; leaves obovate- 



406 SCROPHULARIACE^. 

oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels nearly 1 to 1£ in. long; calyx 3 
lines long, in flower cylindric, broadening in age; teeth short, equal, 
triangular; corolla crimson, little bilabiate, 6 lines long or rather less. 
First known from Tehachapi and since discovered at localities 
southward. Known in western middle California only from a fruit- 
ing specimen collected on Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.), Mrs. K. 
Brandegee, Apr. 28, 1890. 

11. M. rubellus Gray. Dwarf annual, 1 to ]£ in. high; stem 
filiform, solitary from the rosulate tuft of radical leaves, or with one 
or two smaller stems, all naked below the somewhat corymbose 
inflorescence of two or three flowers; leaves ovate, 2 to 2£ lines long; 
calyx 2 lines long £ as long as the funnelform corolla; corolla yellow, 
only slightly irregular. 

On triturated rock amidst chaparral, La Jota Plateau, Howell 
Mountain, May 8, 1893; collected in western middle California only 
by the author; not uncommon in the Sierra Nevada, but usually 
much larger. 

12. M. latidens Greene. Annual, glabrous, slender, erect and 
simple, or commonly with several ascending branches from the base, 
the internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves sessile, ovate 
to ovate-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or entire, J to 1 in. long; 
pedicels surpassing, often much surpassing the leaves, or the upper- 
most leaves reduced to bracts and the inflorescence subracemose; 
flowering calyx cylindric, 3 lines long or less; fruiting calyx ovate- 
campanulate; corolla nearly white or slightly yellowish, little 
exserted, the narrow limb almost regular; capsule oblong. — (M. 
inconspicuous Gray var. latidens Gray.) 

Low wet fields: Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley; Antioch. 
Apr. -May. Basal leaves often subrosulate and petiolate. Herbage 
sometimes slightly viscid-puberulent. 

13. M. Langsdorffii Donn var. guttatus. Annual, or perhaps 
sometimes perennial by the production of stolon-like stems at base; 
stems simple or sometimes branching, one to several from the base, 
about 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves 
more or less elliptical, thinnish, irregularly serrate or dentate, the 
lower petioled, the upper sessile; petioles mostly shorter than the 
blades; flowers in a terminal raceme; pedicels shorter than or equal- 
ing the flower; calyx in anthesis 3 to 5 lines long, in fruit somewhat 
longer and nearly or quite twice as broad; upper tooth of calyx the 
longer, often disposed to be approximate or connivent in age; corolla 
yellow, with purple or brown dots in throat, f to 1 in. long. — (M. 
guttatus DC. M. luteus of Bot. Cal., etc.) 

Sierra Nevada Mountains and high North Coast Ranges. Calyx 
often nodding in fruit, or borne on a pedicel recurving at apex. 
June-Aug. The type of M. Langsdorfli was collected on Unalaska, 
one of the Aleutian Islands. Forms of this species, in addition to 
the variety above described, abound in all parts of California and are 
highly interesting, exhibiting as they do great diversity within a 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 407 

limited geographical area. The extremes of these forms are often 
very striking and some of these very pronounced varieties have been 
described as distinct species. Their continuance as such, however, 
can only be had by rigidly ignoring the equally interesting and 
multitudinous array of intermediate forms which, in their season, 
crowd the valley floors, hillsides, and canons. A long series of inter- 
grading specimens may be collected in favorable localities, such as 
Napa and Sonoma Valleys and the foothills and mountains adjacent. 
But it must be said, indeed, that a thorough examination of these 
forms has scarcely been begun. They have yet to receive that careful 
and prolonged study in the laboratory and field which their impor- 
tance and biological interest alike demand. The following named 
varieties are wholly provisional but will be of some service to the 
field student. 

Var. Californicum. Annual; 4 in. to 2 ft. high, simple or branch- 
ing, stoutish; leaves round or roundish, often broader than long (as in 
alt the following varieties, especially the sessile upper ones), dentate or 
sharply serrate, often with narrow salient lobes at base; flowers 1 to 
1^ in. long. — Common in the Sacramento and Coast Range Valleys. 
Apr.-May. 

Var. grandis Greene. Similar to the preceding but said to be 
perennial; stems fistulous, 2 to 3 ft. high; leaves ample (as much as 
3<V in. long), on short petioles; flowers 1£ to 2 in. long. — Rank form 
found along ditches and slow streamlets in the Bay Region. May- 
July. 

Var. insignis G-reene. Annual (as all the following), 6 to 20 in. 
high; foliage very scanty; lowest petioles long; corollas 1 to 1| in. 
long, with a large purple splotch and several small purple dots on 
the lower lip. — Napa and Sonoma Valleys. Apr. One of the most 
showy plants of the genus. 

Var. arvensis (M. arvensis Greene). Size of the preceding or 
larger; lower leaves often with several pairs of small leaflets near the 
main blade; floral leaves sometimes soft-villous; orifice of the mature 
calyx broad-campanulate, commonly truncate.— Wet fields: Howell 
Mountain and elsewhere. 

Var. nasutus (M. nasutus and glareosus Greene). Teeth of the 
calyx in mature fruit often very strongly turned towards the upper 
one which is thrice the length of the others; corolla large or little 
surpassing the calyx. — Mountain rivulets and springs of the North 
Coast Ranges and doubtless elsewhere. Apr.-May. 

14. M. floribundus Dougl. Annual; stems slender, at first erect, 
later diffuse,* 5 to 15 in. long; herbage more or less slimy-viscid and 
musk-scented; leaves ovate, J to 1 in. long, dentate, short-petioled; 
pedicels mainly longer, sometimes shorter than the leaves; calyx 
narrowly campanulate (in fruit ovate), 2 to 3 lines long, the teeth £ 
line long, hardly unequal; corolla light yellow, exceeding the calyx, 
mostly twice as long; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. 

Springy places and stream shores in the mountains: Sierra Nevada; 
Coast Ranges (but not reported from the Bay Region). May-June. 
There are dwarf forms 2 to 3 in. high. 



408 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

15. M. moschatus Dougl. var. sessilifolius Gray. More or less 
villous, the whole plant wet as if with slimy dew, strongly musk- 
scented; stems weak, reclining, sometimes slender with long inter- 
nodes, rooting at the nodes, 1 to 2 ft. long, from perennial creeping 
rootstocks; leaves sessile or shortly petioled, ovate, remotely dentate, 
about 2 in. long; flowers only in the upper axils; pedicels 1 to 2 in. 
long or more; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long, nearly or 
quite ^ the length of the tube, moderately unequal; corolla yellow, 
much exceeding the calyx, 1 in. long; capsule ovate, acute. — (M. 
inodorous Greene.) 

Along streams and about springs in the mountains: seaward Coast 
Ranges (Santa Cruz Mountains; Marin Co.; and north and south 
along the coast); middle North Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain; 
Horse Mountain, Lake Co.); not reported from the inner Coast 
Ranges. June- Aug. 

10. MIMETANTHE Greene. 

Erect branching annual with long villous white hairs. Flowers 
small, yellow. Calyx short-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube 
slightly 5-sulcate, not prismatic-angled or even carinate. Corolla 
obscurely bilabiate, its lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2 fertile. Capsule 
pointed, loculicidal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side and 
on the lower side along the apical attenuation; placentae tardily 
separating, borne on the shortly 2-cleft valves. (Greek mimetes, an 
imitator, and anthos, blossom, on account of the resemblance to 
Mimulus.) 

1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched, leafy, 
flowering from near the base, mostly about 8 to 10 in. high; herbage 
glandular-viscid and with disagreeable solanaceous odor; leaves lanceo- 
late or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; flowers on slender pedi- 
celSj the lower pedicels surpassing the leaves; upper tooth of calyx 
much longer than the others, equaling the tube; corolla bright 
yellow, its lower lobe usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding 
the calyx, 3 to 4 lines long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate. — 
(Mimulus exilis Durand.) 

Moist stream and river beds: North Coast Ranges (Putah Creek, 
Lake Co., Russian River, etc.); South Coast Ranges; Sacramento and 
San Joaquin Valleys and southward. July-Sept. 

11. LIMOSELLA L. Mudwort. 

Diminutive tufted annuals. Stems creeping in the mud (never 
ascending), bearing at intervals clusters of leaves and scapes. 
Leaves narrow, entire, fleshy. Scapes naked, 1-flowered. Calyx- 
5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta- 
mens 4, all fertile. Style short. Capsule globose, 2-celled only at 
base, many-seeded. (Latin limus, mud, and sella, seat, the species 
growing in moist localities.) 

1. L. aquatica L. Tufts 1 to ]£ in. high; leaves exceeding the 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 409 

scapes, narrowly oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, on long petioles (5 to 12 
lines); corolla very small (less than 1 line long), white or purplish. 

Muddy shores of ponds and lakes: San Mateo Co.; San Francisco; 
Point Reyes. June-July. 

12. MONNIERAP. Br. 

Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. 
Calyx of 5 almost distinct imbricated sepals, the upper broadest. 
Upper lip of the campanulate corolla emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 
3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Capsule thin, 2-valved, the valves 
2-parted. Placentae remaining united in the axis, the valves of the 
capsule separating from them. (L. G. C. Monnier, 1713-1799, Pro- 
fessor of Botany at Paris.) 

1. M. rotundifolia Pursh var. Eiseni. Stems succulent, creeping, 
10 to 14 in. long, villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves rotund, 
sessile, flabellately many-nerved from the base, £ in. long; pedicels 

1 or 2 in the axils, longer than the white flowers; corolla little 
irregular. — (Herpestis Eiseni Greene.) 

Aquatic or in muddy situations: San Joaquin Valley (Stockton, 
Sanford, to Fresno, Eisen). 

13. GRATIOLA L. 

Low herbs with opposite sessile leaves and axillary 1-flowered 
peduncles. Calyx of 5 almost distinct nearly equal sepals. Corolla 
tubular; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft. Anther-bearing 
stamens 2, posterior; anterior pair consisting of sterile rudiments or 
wanting. Stigma dilated or with two flat lobes. Capsule 4-valved, 
the valves separating from the placenta-bearing axis. (Latin gratia, 
grace or esteem, in reference to its medicinal virtues.) 

1. G. ebracteata Benth. Stems somewhat succulent, ascending, 

2 to 3 in. high; herbage obscurely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire, 
£ in. long or less; peduncles longer than the flowers; sepals lanceolate, 
4 lines long or less, equaling the yellow corolla and surpassing the 
globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule; sterile stamens wanting or 
represented by minute rudiments. 

Wet soil in the north Coast Range valleys: Napa City, Jepso?i; 
Sonoma Valley, Bioletti (the only recorded localities within our 
limits), and far northward into Oregon. 

14. ILYSANTHES Raf. 

Small annuals with opposite sessile leaves. Flowers small, axillary, 
on filiform naked peduncles (or the upper becoming racemose). 
Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals. Corolla tubular; upper lip short, 
erect, 2-cleft; lower lip larger, spreading, 3-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, 
posterior, inserted low down; anterior stamens sterile, inserted high in 
the throat, forked, one of the divisions glandular and obtuse, the other 
acute and sometimes bearing the rudiment of an anther. Stigma 
2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded, septicidal or septifragal. (Greek 
ilus, mud, and anthos, flower, the species a denizen of wet places.) 



410 SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

1. I. gratioloides Benth. Diffusely branching, 3 or 4 in. high, 
the stems and branches very slender; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate 
or oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, sparingly denticulate or entire; peduncles 
long and slender, several times longer than the flowers, solitary in the 
axils or subracemose above by the reduction of the subtending leaves 
to bracts; calyx 1 line long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, bluish. 

Muddy shores of the lower San Joaquin. Aug. -Sept. 

15. SYNTHYRIS Benth. 

Perennial herbs with the rounded petioled leaves in a radical tuft. 
Flowers racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with ver}' short tube 
and 4-lobed rotate-cam panulate limb. Stamens 2, inserted close to the 
upper sinuses, exserted. Anther cells parallel, not confluent. Cap- 
sule compressed, loculicidal. (Greek sun, together, and thuris, a little 
door, referring to the continued adherence of the base of the valves to 
the placentae.) 

1. S. rotundifolia Gray. Plants 2£ to 5 in. high; herbage 
appressed-scabrulose; leaves ovate-cordate, doubly crenate, 2 in. long, 
snorter than the petioles; peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves; 
inflorescence loosely corymbose-racemose; the bracts small and the 
pedicels, at least the lower, several times longer than the flowers; 
corolla white, 2 lines long; capsule scarcely known. 

Cataract Gulch, east slope of Bolinas Ridge, Chesnut and Drew, 
Apr. 17, 1891; Cazadero, J. Burtt Davy, Mar., 1895; hills near Mad 
River, Marshall, Jan., 1887. Nearly related to S. reniformis Benth. 
of Oregon and Washington state; but that species is nearly glabrous, 
with reniform leaves shorter than the scapes, the pedicels very much 
shorter than the bluish flowers (which are disposed in a short dense 
raceme), and the capsule emarginate. 

16. VERONICA L. Speedwell. 
Ours herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in axillary or terminal 
racemes, or solitary. Pedicels without bractlets. Calyx in ours 
4-parted. Corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, the upper lobe commonly 
broader than the lateral lobes or the lower one. Stamens 2, one on 
each side of the upper corolla-lobe, exserted. Stigma entire. Cap- 
sule flattened, often obcordate. Seeds few to many. (Name thought 
to be in memory of St. Veronica.) 

Flowers solitary in the axils, the leaves alternate or the lowest opposite; 
annuals. 
Diffuse plants; flowers blue; capsule with two strongly divergent lobes; 

fruiting pedicels % to 1 in. long 1. V. Buxbaumii. 

Erect plants; flowers white; capsule obcordate, on pedicels V^ to 1 line 

long 2. V. peregrina. 

Flowers in racemes in the axils of the opposite leaves; capsule rotund, not 
deeply or scarcely at all notched at apex 3. V. Americana. 

1. V. Buxbaumii Tenore. Stems branched from the base, \ to 1 
ft. or more long, diffuse or procumbent; herbage pubescent with 
spreading hairs; leaves roundish or oval, often broader than long, 5 to 
7 lines long, on petioles 1 line long, rather deeply toothed above the 



FIG WORT FAMILY. 411 

base; flowers blue witb a small wbite center, 2\ to 3 lines broad; 
calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, 1 to l£ lines long; upper and lateral 
petals subequal, larger than the lower petal; capsule 4 lines broad, 
with two strongly divergent lobes, appearing as if twin; seeds about 
9 in each cell, oblong or roundish, wrinkled, with a fissure on one 
side, 1 line long. 

Escaped from gardens: abundant in alfalfa fields near Newark, 
Miss Crocker; Woodland, ace. to Brandegee. Apr. Another garden 
annual, V. arvensis L., Corn Speedwell, is sometimes met with as 
an escape: pedicels shorter than the flowers; corolla blue, smaller; 
capsule notched at apex, the lobes not divergent. 

2. V. peregrina L. Neckweed. Annual, erect, 4 to 9 or 12 in. 
high, simple or branched from the base; herbage finely puberulent; 
leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, oblong, J to 1 in. long, entire 
or dentate, only the lowest petioled; flowers solitary in the axils of 
the alternate leaves, sometimes in one of the axils of the opposite 
leaves, appearing racemose above by the reduction of the upper leaves 
to bracts; pedicels shorter than the small white flowers or obcordate 
capsules. 

Common in low places in valley fields: Humboldt Co.; Ukiah; 
Napa Valley; South Coast Eanges; plains of the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin; Southern California. May. 

3. V. Americana Schwein. Brooklime. Glabrous perennial; 
stems erect or ascending, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves oblong-ovate, serrate, 
1£ to 3 in. long, short-petioled, bearing peduncled racemes in their 
axils; pedicels filiform, exceeding the linear-oblong bracts and much 
longer than the rotund capsule; corolla blue. 

Springs and rivulets in the hills and mountains: Coast Eanges 
(Howell Mountain, Berkeley, San Francisco, Pajaro Hills); Sierra 
Nevada. June. 

17. CASTILLEIA Mutis. 
Root-parasitic herbs or sometimes suflrutescent plants. Leaves 
alternate, sessile, entire or more commonly laciniate. Flowers dull 
yellowish or greenish, in terminal spikes (rarely pedicel ed), the bracts 
and calyx-lobes commonly more showy than the corolla. Calyx tubu- 
lar, flattened laterally, cleft before and usually behind, the divisions 
entire, emarginate or 2-cleft. Upper lip (galea) of the corolla long 
and narrow, flattened laterally (or conduplicate) and enclosing the 
style and the 4 unequal stamens. Lower lip very short, 3-lobed or 
-toothed. Anther cells unequal, the outer versatile, the inner pendu- 
lous. Capsule many -seeded. (D. Castillejo, Spanish botanist.) 

Annual; calyx about equally cleft before and behind, wholly green; corolla 
straight, exserted from the calyx-tube and exposing the short scarlet 

lower lip 1. C. spiralis. 

Perennials. 
Calyx much more deeply cleft before than behind; corolla falcate, the 
galea well exserted from lower side of calyx and exposing the lower 

lip 2. C. affinis. 

Calyx equally cleft before and behind; galea included or little exserted 
(the lower lip never exposed). 



412 SCROPHULARIACE.E. 

Calyx-lobes mostly 2-cleft to middle; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves 

linear 3. C. parviflora. 

Calyx-lobes entire or with slightly 2-lobed summit. 

Herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves oval or obovate. . . . 4. C. latifolia. 

Herbage white-woolly throughout; leaves linear. . . . 5. C.foliolosa. 

1. C. spiralis. Annual, erect, virgate, 1J to 2j ft. high, the whole 
plant glandular-pubescent and wet as if with dew; leaves ascending, 
linear-lanceolate, l£ to 3 in. long, all entire; lower leaves with long 
linear tips, these coiling spirally when wilting; bracts entire, the 
uppermost with scarlet tips; lower flowers pedicellate; calyx equally 
cleft or cleft slightly deeper behind; calyx-lobes incisely 2-cleft at 
apex; corolla wholly green (except the lower lip) or sometimes 
slightly yellowish, straight, well-exserted from calyx-tube, exposing 
the bright scarlet teeth of the lower lip; corolla-tube longer than 



Moist rivulets, Butt's Canon, northern Napa Co., July 13, 1897. 
C. stenantha Gray, to which this is closely allied, occurs from Mon- 
terey to San Diego and in the southern Sierra Nevada, and is the only 
other annual species in the state; it was first collected by Hartweg on 
the Carmel Kiver. 

2. C. affmis H. & A. Scarlet Cup. One to 2 ft. high, with few 
virgate branches from the base, rather leafy below; herbage nearly 
glabrous, somewhat villous, or slightly scabrous-puberulent; leaves 
linear, entire, 4 in. long or less; raceme loose below; bracts scarlet, 
3-parted, the middle lobe largest and 3-cleft at apex; flowers pedi- 
celed, 1\ in. long; calyx-lobes notched or 2-cleft at apex, the teeth 
acute; corolla yellowish, falcate, much exserted from the anterior 
cleft of the scarlet or scarlet-tipped calyx, and exposing the lower 
lip; galea about as long as tube, villous, bearded towards apex on the 
back. 

Borders of woods in the Coast Kanges about San Francisco Bay: 
Oakland Hills; San Francisco; etc. Mar.-May. The large lower 
leaves have three strong callous nerves. Bracts very lcng, the lobes 
rather narrow, not broader above. Difficult to discriminate from 
the next; best known by its bright scarlet pediceled flowers, callous- 
nerved leaves, and the at length rather loose raceme. 

3. C. parviflora Bong. var. Douglasii. Indian Paint Brush. 
Stems from base rather few; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves linear, 
varying to linear-lanceolate or -oblong, entire or with a few linear- 
laciniate lobes, l£to 2£ (or the lower even 3£)in. long; bracts petal-like 
above, equally 3-parted or the middle lobe somewhat larger and 
3-cleft at summit; spikes lax below; calyx-lobes colored red, rarely 
yellow, laciniately 2-cleft at summit or to below the middle; corolla 
straight, the galea about as long as tube, little or not at all exserted. — 
(C. Douglasii Benth.) 

Wooded canons: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Common and 
variable. Bracts variable in color, tipped with red, yellow, or white. 
The bracts of the yellow form from the Oakland Hills are not cleft 
to the middle. 

4. C. latifolia H. & A. Seaside Painted Cup. One-half to 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 413 

1£ ft. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves thick, oval or obovate, 
mostly less than 1 in. long, or the upper larger and 3-lobed at apex; 
bracts very short and broad (about 9 lines long and 5 lines wide) with 
oblong lobes, the middle lobe twice as large as the lateral; calyx- 
lobes broad, entire or notched at apex, almost equaling the corolla; 
corolla small, about 8 lines long; lower lip very short. 

Sea cliffs and rocky headlands along the coast: San Francisco; 
Monterey, etc. Aug. 

5. C. foliolosa H. & A. Woolly Painted Cup. Suffrutescent, 
with many stems from the base, mostly 10 to 18 in. high, white- 
woolly throughout; leaves linear and entire, rather crowded below 
and fascicled in the lower axils, ahout 1 in. long or less, the upper 
cauline and bracts 3-parted into linear lobes; bracts with lobes 
spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle lobe largest and shallowly 
3-lobed; spikes dense; flower about 9 lines long, only slightly curved; 
galea protruding from calyx only 1 or 2 lines, shorter than or as long- 
as tube of coroila; calyx-lobes truncate or merely retuse; capsule 7 
lines long; seeds bluish green. 

Dry Coast Eange hills, mostly in rocky situations or on gravelly 
soil, in some places exceedingly abundant, occupying many acres of 
open hillside. Apr. -May. 

18. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Owl's Clover. 
Annual herbs, or a few perennial species extra-limital. Leaves 
alternate, incised or laciniate, the floral sometimes colored. Calyx 
tubular or short-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind and 
the divisions 2-lobed. Corolla tubular, the upper lip ("galea") 
similar to that of Castilleia, but not so greatly (or not at all) 
exceeding the lower one. Lower lip 3-saccate, inflated, often very 
conspicuous. Stamens 4; anthers in some species with but one cell. 
(Greek orthos, upright, and karpos, fruit.) 

Corolla with moderately 3-saccate lower lip, the teeth or lobes conspicuous; 
bracts with colored tips. 
Filaments glabrous; galea nearly straight, glabrous. 

Flowers whitish; spike slender, 3 in. long or more, lax below 

1. 0. attenuatus. 
Flowers dull white with purple marks; spike short and dense, 2 in. long 

or less 2. 0. castilleioides. 

Flowers purple; spikes dense, cylindric 3. 0. densiflorus. 

Filaments hairy; galea hooked at apex, bearded; flowers crimson 

4. 0. purpurascens. 
Corolla with conspicuously 3-saccate lower lip, much larger than the slender 

and straight (but often longer) galea; bracts wholly herbaceous. 
Stamens in anthesis exserted from the slightly folded galea; flowers 6 lines 
long or less. 
Plants small and weak; flowers scattered, inconspicuous, dark red . . . 

5. 0. pusillus. 
Plants larger and more vigorous; flowers in mostly dense spikes, white 

or cream-color 6. 0. floribundus. 

Stamens not exserted from the involute-subulate galea ; flowers exceeding 
3^ in. 
Leaves dissected into linear segments; tube of corolla filiform. 

Herbage greenish ; corolla yellow or pinkish white throughout 

7. 0. faucibarbalus. 



414 SCROPHULARIACEJE. 



Herbage somewhat reddish; galea purple. 

Corolla deep sulphur-yellow 8. 0. erianthus. 

Corolla white or rose-color: vars. of 8.0. erianthus. 

Leaves broader, entire or with few segments; corolla-tube broader and 
dilated upwards; herbage somewhat yellowish; corolla cream-color 
throughout 9. 0. lithosptrmoides. 

1. O. attenuatus Gray. Slender, strict or more rarely with a few 
branches, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, entire 
or the upper with one or two filiform lobes above the middle, 3 in. 
long or less, mostly 1 line wide or less; spikes slender, loose below x 
denser above; bracts with white tips or almost wholly herbaceous; 
calyx-lobes 4, filiform, the divisions of nearly equal depth; corolla 
dull white, not deeply bilabiate, the lanceolate teeth of the upper lip 
large for the size of the corolla, almost as long as the lower lip and 
nearly equaling the galea; lower lip shallowly saccate, purple-d<>tted. 

Fields: Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills. Apr.- 
May. 

2. O. castilleioides Benth. Corymbosely branched from the 
base, commonly 6 to 10 in. high, somewhat hirsute-pubescent; leaves 
broader than in the preceding, 4 lines wide or less, entire or with 
laciniate linear divisions; spikes shoit and dense, or even subcapitate, 
the bracts with white or yellowish tips; calyx-segments linear; corolla 
6 to 10 lines long, dull white with purple marks; galea plainly longer 
than the bright crimson teeth. 

Marshy ground about San Francisco Bay (Alameda, West Berke- 
ley) and northward to Napa Valley and Sonoma Co. June. 

3. O. densiflorus Benth. Common Escobita. Strict or strictly 
branched, 5 to 15 in. high, finely pube-cent; leaves oblong-lanceolate 
.to linear, with mainly a pair of filiform divisions; spike dense, 4 in. 

long or less; bracts 3-eleft with purple and white tips; calyx-segments 
spatulate dilated, purple; corolla 8 to 10 lines long, purple and white; 
lower lip with large crimson dots, the teeth nearly as long as the 
galea. 

Calistoga; San Rafael; Mill Valley; Newark, etc., and southward 
along the coast to San Luis Obispo. May. 

4. O. purpurascens Benth. Purple Escobita. Erect or fre- 
quently much branched from the base with ascending branches, 4 to 
15 in. high, villous-pubescent; leaves parted into many filiform 
divisions; bracts palmately cleft and somewhat dilated, the upper 
with crimson or purple tips, as also the calyx-lobes; corolla crimson 
or purplish, 1 to 1^ in. long; lower lip white-tipped, with yellow and 
purple dots or markings; galea densely purple-bearded on the back, 
incurved at tip. 

Sierra Foothills; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Napa Val- 
ley; Antioch; Los Gatos; Monterey and southward to Southern Cal- 
ifornia. Apr. -May 15. 

5. O. pusillus Benth. Slender and weak 2 to 4 in. high; herbage 
purplish, sparingly hispidulous-pubescent; leaves pinnately cleft into 
linear or filiform divisions; bracts longer than the scattered incon- 
spicuous dark red flowers; corolla 2 to 3 lines long. 



FIGWORT FAMILY. 415 

Hillsides and fields, coloring moist spots with a dull red hue: Oak- 
land Hills; Marin Co.; Humboldt Co. and northward. Mar.-Apr. 

6. O. floribundus Benth. Erect, somewhat corymbosely branched 
from near the base or the middle, 5 to 12 in. high, nearly glabrous; 
leaves (especially the upper) pinnately parted into linear-filiform di- 
visions, some again parted; spikes short and dense, the upper bracts 
not surpassing the calyx; corolla white or cream-color, 6 lines long, 
its tube much exceeding the calyx; lower lip with 2 hairy lines within. 

HilMdes near the coast: Millbrae, Davy; San Francisco, Jepson. 

7. O. faucibarbatus Gray. Herbage greenish, glabrous, or puber- 
ulent above; 7 to 14 in. high, with ascending branches from the 
middle; leaves oblong or ligulate at base, pinnately cleft above into 
several linear divisions; spikes at length elongated and lax; bracts 
shorter than the flowers, palmately cleft or parted into lanceolate 
segments; corolla yellow or pinkish white throughout, 9 to 10 lines 
long, its tube very slender, pubescent, twice the length of the calyx; 
sacs of lower lip nearly 2 lines deep, deeper than high. 

Low fields in the Coast Kange valleys from Monterey Co., Chandler, 
Santa Cruz, Setchell, to Napa Valley, Jepson, Sonoma Co., and 
Mendocino Co. Apr.-May. 

8. O. erianthus Benth. Owl's Clover. Herbage, particularly 
the bracts and stems, reddish; plants 5 to 8 in. high; leaves pinnately 
divided into filiform divisions; spikes slender; bracts much shorter 
than the flowers; corolla about 10 lines long and sulphur-yellow 
except the dark purple subulate galea, its filiform tube at least twice 
the length of the calyx; sacs of the lip 2 lines deep, deeper than high, 
each sac commonly with 2 greenish yellow spots at the base of the 
tooth; folds of the throat densely bearded. 

Very abundant on the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin 
and on the low hills of the Coast Banges, often coloring wide stretches 
in Apr. and May. 

Var. versicolor (0. versicolor Greene). White Owl's Clover. 
Corolla white, excepting the purple galea, often with a transverse 
purple band across the throat below the sacs; otherwise like the pre- 
ceding. — Lake Merced. 

Var. roseus Gray. Corolla rose-color. — San Francisco sand hills. 

9. O. lithospermoides Benth. Cream Sacs. Herbage hirsute- 
pubescent above, less so below, erect and strict, or with few branches 
above the base; lower leaves lanceolate, entire; upper oblong, with a 
few slender lobes; spike very dense and thick; bracts nearly equaling 
the flowers, the upper dilated at the base, palmatifid into 7 or more 
narrow lobes; corolla 1 in. long or more, of a rich cream-color, 
strongly 3-saccate, the tube dilated upwards. 

Plains and low hills: Contra Costa and Marin Cos. northward 
through the Coast Banges to Mendocino; Sacramento Val'ey. Last 
of Apr. to first of June. Upper bracts large, almost as broad as long, 
concealing the calyx; in the two preceding species the upper bracts 
are small, little or not at all longer than the calyx, only 3 to 5-cleft 
and not so broad. 



416 SCROPHULARIACEiK. 

19. ADENOSTEGIA Benth. 
Branching annuals. Leaves alternate, narrow, either entire or 3 to 
5-parted into linear divisions. Bracts and calyx never colored. 
Flowers scattered along the branches or in terminal clusters or heads. 
Calyx spathe-like, consisting of an anterior and a posterior leaf-like 
division or the anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, enlarged 
a little upwards, the lips of nearly equal length; lower lip obtusely 
3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2; anther-cells unequal, ciliate or minutely 
bearded. Capsule flattened; seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one 
end. (Greek aden, gland, and stege, covering, some species glandular. ) 

Calyx diphyllous (i. e., with anterior and posterior leaf-like divisions); 
stamens 4, filaments villous; bracts and floral leaves gland-tipped. 

Flowers crowded into terminal heads; bracts hirsute-ciliate 

1. A. rigida. 
Flowers 2 or 3 together at the ends of the branchlets, or only one. 

Herbage pubescent 2. A. pilosa. 

Herbage glabrous 3. A. Pringlei. 

Calyx monophyllous (i. c, with a single posterior leaf-like division); fila- 
ments glabrous; bracts and floral leaves not gland-tipped. 

Leaves entire ; stamens 4. 4. A. maritima. 

Some of the leaves pinnatifid; stamens 2 5. A. mollis. 

1. A. rigida Benth. Erect, paniculately branched, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. 
high; herbage finely puberulent, the 3-parted bracts hispid-ciliate; 
lower leaves entire, upper 3 to 5-parted into linear divisions, their 
tips dilated and retuse; flowers crowded in terminal heads; corolla 
yellowish and purplish, over £ in. long. 

Throughout Southern California; recorded as within our limits only 
from Mt. Hamilton, Greene. 

2. A. pilosa (Gray) Greene. Paniculately branched, 2 to 3 ft. 
high, glandular, soft-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, entire, some- 
what fascicled below, \ to J in. long, the upper and floral with 3 
callous-glandular teeth at the dilated tip; flowers 2 or 3 together at 
the end of the branchlets, or only 1; calyx-lobes exceeding the corolla; 
corolla ^ in. long, dull white with some yellow markings; lower lip 
rather broad below, scarcely shorter than the upper; stamens 4; 
anthers 2-celled; filaments villous. — (Cordylanthus pilosus Gray.) 

Very common on dry hills throughout northern California: Los 
Gatos; Moraga Valley; Napa Valley; Vaca Mountains and north- 
ward. Sept. 

3. A. Pringlei (Gray) Greene. About \\ ft. high, diffusely and 
subdivaricately branched, the branches slender and very wiry; plants 
glabrous below, the inflorescence sparsely sprinkled with minute 
glandular-hispid hairs; leaves filiform, 6 lines long, the floral some- 
what callous-tipped; flowers few, solitary, terminating the stem and 
branches; upper calyx-division narrow, bifid; corolla 5 to 6 lines 
long, white or greenish white, marked with purple at the middle; 
capsule oblique at summit, with a very distinct beak. 

Mt. St. Helena, 3,700 to 3,900 ft.; first collected in Lake Co., by 
Pringle. The plant in anthesis is almost or quite leafless, and the 
rigid wiry branches of a deep brown or mahogany color are quite 



EIGWORT FAMILY. 417 

characteristic. 'This and the preceding species belong to the subgenus 
Adenostegia proper, characterized by a diphyllous calyx; it is to be 
noted, however, that the lower sepal in A. Pringlei and A. pilosa is 
deciduous, and that only the upper sepal persists in extreme age ! 
The next two species are of the section Hemistegia, the calyx of which 
is monophyllous, only the upper sepal being present ! 

4. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 in. 
high; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent; leaves 
linear to oblong, 1 in. long, entire; flowers in short rather thick 
spikes, about as long as the loosely imbricated bracts; corolla purplish; 
.-tamens 4, in very unequal pairs; anthers of the longer pair 2-celled, 
of the shorter pair with only the lower smaller cell; filaments gla- 
brous. — (Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt.) 

Salt marshes near the coast from San Francisco Bay southward to 
Southern California. July. 

•">. A. mollis (Gray) Greene. Simple or branched, h to 1 ft, high, 
villous-pubescent, the bracts densely villous-hirsute; leaves linear or 
oblong, entire, or the upper saliently few-toothed or pinnatifid; 
flowers spicate; corolla f in. long; stamens 2; anthers 2-celled; fila- 
ments glabrous. — (Cord\ T lanthus mollis Gray.) 

Interior salt marshes: Yallejo; Suisun Marshes. Aug. 

20. PEDICULAR IS L. Louskwort. 
Perennial herbs with alternate pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in a 
bracteate spike. Calyx 2 to 5-cleft, Corolla tubular, strongly bilab- 
iate; upper lip galeate, arched and compressed; lower lip of 3 small 
rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4, under the galea; anthers trans- 
verse, with equal cells. Capsule flattened, oblique at apex, loculi- 
cidally 2-valved. (From Latin pediculus, a louse; of uncertain 
application.) 

1. P. densiflora Benth. Indian Warrior. Stems simple and 
erect, 9 to 12 in. high, commonly several from the scaly caudex; 
herbage soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately divided or 
parted, the segments oblong and doubly serrate-toothed or incised; 
flowers in a terminal dense (or in age loose) spike; bracts linear, 
ciliate or serrulate towards the apex, mostly shorter than the flowers; 
calyx 5-angled, the anterior and lateral angles soft-pubescent, equally 
or unequally 5-toothed, 3 to 4 lines long; corolla crimson, 1 in. long 
or more; galea large, slightly broader upwards, strongly arched; 
lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth; anther-cells acute at base; 
seeds few. 

Wooded hills throughout western California. Feb. -Mar. 

Bellardia Trixago (L.) is an escape near Martinez, ace. to 
Greene, Man., 284. It is an annual with crenate-serrate lanceolate 
leaves, red and white flowers in a dense terminal spike, 4-lobed calyx, 
and the lip of the corolla equaling or exceeding the galea. 



29 



418 PLANTAGINACEiE. 

87. PLANTAGINACE>E. Plantago" Family. 

Acaulescent herbs with 1 to several-ribbed or -nerved radical leaves 
Flowers regular, 4-merous, the scarious and veinless corolla commonly 
withering-persistent. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, superior; style long- 
stigmatose, simple and filiform. 

1. PLANTAGO L. Plantain. 

Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract, 
disposed in spikes or heads which are raised on a leafless scape. 
Sepals 4. Corolla small, salverform, with a short tube, or nearly 
rotate. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, alternating with the lobes of the 
corolla and borne on its tube. Ovary 2 or falsely 4-celled, with 1 
or more ovules in each cell. Capsule circumscissile, the seeds 
attached to the face of the loose partition which falls away with the 
lid. Seed-coat mucilaginous. (Latin name of the Plantain.) 

Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a sort of beak; perennial; 

stamens 4; spike 6 to 12 in. long; leaves oblong-lanceolate 

1. P. hirtella. 
Corolla remaining expanded, not closed over the mature capsules. 
Perennials; stamens 4. 

Leaves lanceolate 2. P. lanceolata. 

Leaves ovate 3. P. major. 

Leaves linear 4. P. maritima. 

Annuals; leaves linear or oblanceolate. 
Stamens 4; capsule 2-seeded, spike oblong: vars. of . . .5. P. Patagonica. 
Stamens 2; capsule 4-seeded, spike narrowly linear . . . 6. P. Bigelovii. 

1. P. hirtella HBK. Root thick; herbage roughish pubescent, 
especially the scapes and leaf-ribs; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to nar- 
rowly oblong, tapering to apex and below into a broad petiole, 3 to 12 
in. long and •§ to 3f in. wide; spikes 6 to 12 in. long, dense except at 
the base; corolla persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule, forming 
a sort of beak; seeds 3. 

Clay banks along the coast: Santa Cruz (?); San Francisco; Berke- 
ley; Tennessee Bav, Marin Co.; Bolinas; Dillons Beach, ace. to 
Setchell. 

2. P. lanceolata L. Ribwort. English Plantain. Perennial; 
herbage somewhat villous with short hairs, often rusty-pilose; leaves 
erect or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender 
petiole, strongly 3 to 5-ribbed, 3£ to 6 in. long; scape longer than the 
leaves, sulcate and angular, erect; spike short-cylindrical, f to 2 in. 
long; corolla nearly rotate; sepals scarious, the two lower often com- 
bined into one; stamens twice as long as the corolla, with slender fila- 
ments; capsule 2-seeded. 

Common about San Francisco Bay, flowering from Apr. until late 
summer. 

3. P. major L. Common Plantain. Glabrous perennial; root- 
stock short and thick; leaf-blades round-ovate, 3 to 6 in. long, entire 
or toothed, marked with 5 to 7 prominent ribs, these converging at 
the base into a broad petiole 4 or 5 in. long; peduncles not as long as 
the leaves, rarely longer, bearing an elongated spike often 8 in. 



UTRICU LA RI A t EJE. 419 

long; sepals green in the middle, with scarious edges; capsule 2-celled 
with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell, circumscissile near the middle. 

Not uncommon in low fields and waste places. The species is prob- 
ably introduced from Europe. Called by the Indians " White Man's 
Foot," since it has closely followed the advance of civilization, 
springing up about the earliest frontier settlements. It has repute in 
rustic medicine for the cure of certain cutaneous disorders. 

Yar. Asiatica Dec. Leaves in a rosette-like cluster, the petiole 
about 1 in. long or less; peduncles surpassing the leaves; spike below 
less dense; capsule circumscissile near the base and well within the 
calyx.— Stockton; Sierra Nevada. 

4. P. maritima L. Sea Plantain. Low stout maritime peren- 
nials with many thick and fleshy linear or narrowly linear leaves; 
peduncles ascending, 3 to 4, rarely 6 to 7 in. long, equaling or exceed- 
ing the leaves; spike cylindrical, 1£ to 2 or 3 in. long; sepals some- 
what carinate; corolla-tube pubescent externally; capsules 2 to 
4-seeded. 

Cliffs and rocks near the sea: Santa Cruz; San Francisco; West 
Berkeley. 

5. P. Patagonica Jacq. var. Californica Greene. Annual, silky- 
pubescent, 4 to 5 in. high; leaves narrowly linear to oblanceolate, 
about f the length of the scapes, rarely equaling them, less than 1 to 
nearly 3 lines wide; spike dense and short, oblong, or even almost 
capitate, 4 to 6 lines long; sepals obtuse, with a firm and broadly 
linear central portion, this scariously margined; capsule 2-seeded; 
seeds oblong-oval with a pronounced ventral sulcus, and tough 
leathery testa. 

Very common on hillsides everywhere. Apr.-May. Fr. June. 

Var. rosulata (Plantago Californica Greene). Rosulate leaves 
mostly depressed, the scapes somewhat decumbent at base, twice 
the length of the leaves. — Contra Costa Co. southward in the Mt. 
Diablo Range. 

6. P. Bigelovii Gray. Slender annual, 3 to 5 in. high; leaves 
linear or filiform, commonly shorter than the scapes, less than 2 lines 
broad, both scapes and leaves erect; fruiting spike f to 1J in. long, 
about 1^ lines wide; stamens 2; capsule ovoid-oblong, 1 to 1% lines 
long, circumscissile much below the middle (well within the calyx), 
4-seeded, occasionally a fifth seed; seeds winged at one end. 

Alkaline fields of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys west- 
ward to the Potrero San Pablo, Davy, and Hollister, Setchell. 
Apr.-May. 

88. UTRICU LARIACE/E. Bladderwort Family. 

Aquatic insectivorous plants. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply 
bilabiate, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base in front. 
Stamens 2, anterior. Ovary 1-celled, with free central placenta bear- 
ing several ovules. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seed with a straight 
embryo and no endosperm. 



420 orobanchacej:. 

1. UTRICULAR I A L. Bladderwokt. 

Leaves capillary divided and bearing little bladders which possess a 
kind of valve-like opening. Scapes 1 to few-flowered. Calyx-lips 
entire. Corolla with a projecting palate on the lower lip, often clos- 
ing the throat; upper lip erect. (Latin utriculus, a little skin or 
leathern bottle.) 

1. U. vulgaris L. Common Bladderwokt. Immersed stems 
1 ft. long or more, crowded with hi- or tri-pinnately parted leaves 
bearing many bladders; scapes 5 to 12-flowered; pedicels recurved in 
fruit; corolla 6 to 9 lines broad, with conical spur somewhat shorter 
than the lower lip. 

Olema, Mrs. K. Brandegee; Suisun Marshes (?); Lower San 
Joaquin, Mrs. K. Brandegee. The bladders have an entrance closed 
by a valve opening inwards, so that small aquatic animals having 
entered are unable to escape. 

89. OROBANCHACE/E. Broom-rape Family. 

Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green color, with alternate scales 
in place of leaves. Calyx persistent. Corolla tubular, more or less 
bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 
4, didynamous, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary free, 
1-celled, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex. 
Capsule ovoid, 2 to 4-valved, each valve bearing on its face 1 or 2 
placenta^. Seeds numerous, very small, with endosperm; embryo 
minute. 

Calyx 5-cleft; anther-cells separated from below upward, mueronate at 
base; capsule 2-valved 1. Aphyllon. 

Calyx truncate behind and before, or with 1 to 4 teeth in front; anther- 
cells parallel, blunt; capsule 4-valved 2. Boschniakia. 

1. APHYLLON Mitch. Broom-rape. 
Low commonty viscid-pubescent plants, with violet-purple or 
yellow flowers. Calyx 5-cleft into acute or acuminate lobes. Corolla 
tubular, curved, obscurely or manifestly bilabiate; upper lip erect or 
arching inwards, in ours 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Sta- 
mens included. Style deciduous; stigma peltate or with anterior and 
. posterior lobes. Placentas 4, 2 on each valve of the capsule. (Greek 
prefix a, without, and phullon, leaf.) 

Flowers on long slender peduncles from a short more or less subterranean 
caudex, without bractlets; corolla obscurely bilabiate; placentae not 
closely approximate in pairs. 
Peduncles few or one; corolla bluish or purplish ; calyx-lobes subulate . . 

1. A. uniflorurn. 
Peduncles many; corolla commonly yellow; calyx-lobes broader 

2. A. fasciculatum. 
Flowers in a raceme, or subspicate, or thyrsoid; flowers with 2 bractlets; 

corolla manifestly bilabiate; placentae in contiguous pairs. 
Herbage light colored or somewhat purplish; flowers pedicellate; calyx 
equally cleft. 

Calyx-lobes nearly as long as tube of corolla 3. A. comosum. 

Calyx-lobes scarcely half as long as. corolla 4. A. Calif ornicum. 



BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 421 

Herbage dark reddish brown; flowers subsessile or short pediceled; ealyx 

unequally cleft; stems with a thickened tuber-like base 

5. A. tuberosum. 

1. A. uniflorum (L.) Gray. Naked Broom-rape. Peduncles 
few or one, slender, 1£ to 5J in. high, from a short scaly nearly sub- 
terranean stem; calyx-lobes subulate, often attenuate, longer than the 
tube; corolla violet-tinged or blue-purple, 1 in. long or less (twice the 
length of the calyx or more), the lobes obovate and rather large. 

Widely distributed but not common: Lafayette, Contra Costa Co.; 
Milliken Canon near Napa. Apr. -May. 

2. A. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray. Scaly stem emerging from the 
ground 1 or 2 in. and bearing numerous fascicled peduncles 3 to 4 in. 
long; plants more pubescent and glandular than in no. 1; calyx-lobes 
broadly or triangular-subulate, usually shorter than but often exceed- 
ing the tube; corolla yellow, sometimes purple or reddish-tinted, 1 to 
1^ in. long. 

Higher mountain slopes and ridges, rather common: Coast Kanges 
(Vaca Mountains, Mt, Tamalpais, Mt. Diablo, Mt. Oso, etc.); Sierra 
Nevada; Southern California. June. Parasitic on Eriogonum, 
Phacelia, Artemisia, etc. 

3. A. comosum (Hook.) Gray. Branching close to the surface of 
the ground, 3 to 4 in. high, puberulent; flowers racemose or some- 
what corymbose; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; bractlets on the pedicels 
or at the base of the flowers; calyx parted into long linear-attenuate 
lobes f as long as or nearly equaling the corolla; corolla pinkish or 
purplish, 1 to 1^ in. long, upper lip notched or bifid, lower 3-parted 
into rather narrow lobes; anthers woolly. 

Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia and other shrubs, not common. 
Mohave Desert northward to "Washington: Mt. Oso, Stanislaus Co., 
Brewer; Livermore, on Sambucus glauca, Dr. W. A. Hammond, the 
specimens nearly a foot long and the main stem 1 in. thick; bractlets 
somewhat remote from the calyx; very abundant in "the low over- 
flowed lands between the San Joaquin Kiver and Paradise Cut." 
Brandegee. Aug. -Sept. 

4. A. Californicum (C. & S.) Gray. Viscid-pubescent, with 
usually simple stems 2 to 6 in. high; flowers crowded in a dense 
raceme; pedicels 1 to 2 (or the lower sometimes 6) lines long; calyx- 
segments Jinear-lanceolate, half as long as the corolla; corolla yellow- 
ish or purplish, J to 1 in. long, its lobes shorter and less spreading 
than in no. 3; anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. 

Open hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Corolla rather more 
slender and less membranaceous than in A. comosum; lips about 2 
lines long, in A. comosum about 3 to 4 lines long. 

5. A. tuberosum Gray. Low, stout, pruinose-puberulent, the 
thickened base of the stem with imbricated scales; inflorescence a 
dense pyramidal (or more or less globose) cluster of short racemes; 
calyx unequally cleft, the lobes about as long as the tube of the 
corolla: corolla yellowish or dark purple or brown, 5 to 7 lines long, 



422 POLEMONIACEJE. 

the lobes a line long, scarcely spreading; anthers after dehiscence 
somewhat hairy. 

Summits of the Coast Range peaks and ridges: Gabilan Mountains, 
Brewer; Mt. Hamilton, Q-reene; Mt. Diablo, Kellogg; Mt. Tamalpai&, 
Miss Eastwood; Vaca Mountains, Jepson, -parasitic on Adenostoma 
fasciculatum, the dark red or dark brown thyrsoid-congested inflo- 
rescences 2 in. thick or more, looking at first glance not unlike small 
burnt stumps where fire has passed through the Chamisal; Snow Mt., 
Lake Co., Brandegee. May. 

2. BOSCHNIAKIA C. A. Mey. 

Stems thick, simple, arising from rather large globose tubers which 
are developed at the point of attachment of the parasite to the root of 
the host plant. Flowers without bractlets, sessile or pedicellate, more 
or less concealed by scaly subtending bracts, the whole forming a 
dense spike. Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate behind and with 
teeth in front, or entirely truncate. Corolla ventricose; upper lip 
erect or fornicate, entire or bifid; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly 
exserted. Stigma bilamellar, the lobes right and left, or 4-lobed. 
Capsule 4-valved, each valve with 1 placenta. (Boschniaki, a Russian 
botanist. ) 

1. B. strobilacea Gray. Tubers 2 to 3 in. in diameter, bearing 
1 to 6 spikes; spikes deep red-brown in age; scales much imbricated, 
very broad and obtuse; calyces truncate or with 1 to 4 teeth anteriorly 
and laterally disposed; upper lip of corolla entire, emarginate or bifid; 
filaments densely bearded at base. 

Higher Coast Range ridges (Santa Cruz Mountains, Oakland Hills, 
Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. St. Helena), northward to British Columbia; 
commonly parasitic on the roots of Manzanita. May. The oblong 
spikes in many cases bear a marked resemblance to Sugar Pine cones; 
in other cases the inflorescence is more open and the specific name less 
applicable. Lower flowers rarely witli bractlets. For a detailed 
account of this peculiar parasite see Erythea, v. 63, pi. 1 & 2. 

90. POLEMONIACE/E. Gilia Family. 

Herbs or a few species slightly suffrutescent. Leaves alternate or 
opposite, entire, lobed or divided. Flowers complete, 5-merous except 
that the superior ovary is 3-celled, either solitary, in loose clus- 
ters, capitate, racemose, corymbose or paniculate. Calyx persistent, 
in one subgenus irregular. Corolla regular, convolute in the bud. 
Stamens inserted on corolla, alternate with its lobes, often unequal in 
length. Style 3-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. One species 
of Gilia has a 4-merous corolla and some exceptions as to the capsule 
are noted under that genus. 

Calyx herbaceous throughout; filaments hairy at base; leaves alternate, 
pinnate 1. Polemonium. 

Calyx more or less scarious below the sinuses, at least not herbaceous 
throughout. 



GILTA FAMILY. 423 



Sinuses of the calyx in age distended into a revolute lobe . 2. Collomia. 
Sinuses of the calyx not distended. 

Leaves alternate in ours except one species, entire or pinnately 
toothed, lobed or divided 3. Gilia. 

Leaves opposite, palmately divided in ours, rarely entire 4. Linanthus. 

1. POLEMONIUM L. Jacob's Ladder. 

Perennials. Leaves alternate, pinnate, the leaflets sessile. Flow- 
ers showy, blue or white, in racemes, thyrses or panicles. Calyx 
herbaceous throughout, not scarious below the sinuses, accrescent. 
Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate. Filaments more or less 
declined and hairy at base. Seeds few or several in each cell. 
(Greek name used by Dioscorides, from polemos, war, the application 
not obvious. ) 

1. P. carneum Gray. Lightly pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high, the 
stems lax or diffusely branching; leaflets thin, 7 to 17. ovate to ovate- 
lanceolate, 1 to 1J in. long, all but the terminal distinct, these some- 
times confluent; flowers corymbose-paniculate on rather slender pedi- 
cels; calyx about 4 lines long, accrescent in age and twice as long; 
corolla broadly funnelform, salmon-color to purple, 8 to 12 lines 
long, the limb nearly as broad when expanded; lobes obovate and 
either acute or obtuse; stamens and style included; seeds 3 or 4 in 
each cell. 

Kare but handsome species of mountain woods: Pilarcitos, San 
Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; northward to Siskiyou Co., where first 
collected by Greene. Apr. -May. 

2. COLLOMIA Nutt. 

Herbs, ours annual, with alternate leaves. Flowers in ours in 
dense clusters with foliaceous bracts. Calyx turbinate, in age ob- 
pyramidal or cup-shaped, its teeth or lobes equal, entire, erect, the 
sinuses in age distended into a recurved lobe. Corolla narrowly 
funnelform or salverform, salmon-yellow, reddish, purple, or white. 
Stamens unequal and unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, 
mostly straight. Seed 1 in each cell, the seed-coat developing spiral 
threads when wet. Capsule oval to obovoid. (Greek kolla, glue, on 
account of the mucilaginous seeds.) 

Corolla narrowly funnelform, pale salmon-color; leaves entire 

1. C. grandiflora. 
Corolla salverform, red-purple; leaves more or less bipinnatifld or simply 
toothed or entire 2. C. heterophylla. 

1. C. grandiflora Dougl. Erect, simple, § to 2 ft. high; leaves 
alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile; flowers crowded 
in head-like clusters at the ends of the stems and leafy-bracted, or 
some often borne below, either singly in the axils or in small clusters 
on short branchlets; calyx-tube obconical, its lobes broad and obtuse; 
corolla pale salmon-color, narrowly funnelform, 1 in. long, its tube 
thrice as long as the calyx, its lobes broadly oblong; valves of the 
capsule after dehiscence with the sides strongly reflexed. 



424 POLEMONIACEiE. 

Common in the Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes; occurring in the 
Coast Ranges, at the higher altitudes, hut rarely collected (Mt. 
Hamilton, ace. to Davy). July. 

2. C. heterophylla Hook. Plants low and erect, or diffusely 
branching and the stems 1 ft. long; herbage more or less viscid- 
pubescent; leaves thin, the upper entire or toothed, the lower pin- 
nately cleft or pinnatelj 7 divided and the broad segments laciniately 
cleft; flowers in small bracted clusters at the ends of the branches; 
corolla red-purple, small, 4 to 5 lines long, the limb 1 line broad; 
capsule ellipsoid; seeds 2 or 3 in each cell. 

Shady places in the mountains: Coast Ranges (Marin Co., Napa 
Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar. -Apr. 

3. GILIA U. & P. 
Herbs, ours annuals except G. densifolia. Leaves alternate (except 
G. gracilis), entire or pinnately toothed, lobed, or divided. Calyx- 
tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla funnelform to salverform, 
blue, yellow, or white, the stamens equally inserted on its throat 
except a few species. Capsule 3-celled and 3-valved, or (in 2 species 
of the subgenus Navarretia) 1-celled and 4-valved. (Felipe Luis Gil, 
Spanish botanist of the latter half of the 18th century.) 

Calyx-segments equal, entire; flowers solitary, in loose or capitate clusters, 
or paniculate, bracted or bractless; stamens eq\ially or unequally in- 
serted on throat of corolla; leaves in ours mostly flaccid, not pungent or 
prickly.— Subgenus Eugilia. 
Leaves opposite and entire; corolla salverform, its tube little surpassing 

calyx, its throat yellow and limb purple 1. G. gracilis. 

Leaves* alternate. 
Leaves pinnatitid or pinnately lobed, the upper usually palmately 
parted into 3 to 5 divisions ; corolla funnelform, its tube 2 to 3 times 

longer than the calyx 2. G. gilioides. 

Leaves mostly 1 to 3 times pinnately dissected into narrow segments, not 

pungent; flower-clusters not bracteate; calyx-teeth equal; corolla 

lunnelform. 

Stamens included ; flowers few in mostly loose clusters. 

Flowers blue or purple; proper tube "of corolla much shorter than 

calyx; leaves pinnately parted into entire or toothed lobes. 

3. G. multicaiilis. 
Flowers 3-colored, blue, purple, and yellow: leaves laciniately 

bi pinnatitid .... 4. G. tricolor. 

Stamens more or less obviously exserted ; flowers in capitate clusters 
terminating long peduncles. 

Corolla segments obovate or oblong 5. G. achillexfolia. 

Corolla segments nearly linear 6. G. capitata. 

Leaves or their simple divisions linear or filiform and rigid; flowers 
crowded into capitate leafy-bracted clusters, the calyces and the 
bracts densely woolly-matted; corolla salverform; stamens exserted. 
Annual or biennial, not woody; var. fioribunda of . 7. G. virgata. 
Woody-based perennial; corolla 6 to"8 lines long . 8. G. densifolia. 
Calyx-segments mostly unequal, entire or some toothed or cleft; flowers in 
terminal capitate bracted clusters; corolla tubular-funnelform or salver- 
form, the stamens equally inserted upon it; leaves pinnatitid or the 
lowest subentire, the segments mostly rigid and subulate or cuspidate. 
—Subgenus Navarretia. 
Capsule not regularly dehiscent, the walls thin and transparent and 
closely covering the seeds which are agglutinated into a mass ; flowers 
white (pale blue in no. 11). 
Stems erect or spreading. 



CILIA FAMILY. 425 



Bracts densely wMte-tomentose ; leaves bipinnatifid 

9. (;. intertexta. 

Sinuses of the calyx white-hairy; leaves once pinnatifid 

10. O. Itucocephala. 
Primary flower-cluster on a very short stem or almost none, the 
branches radiating from beneath it and prostrate; calyx-segments 

trifid 11. G. prostrata. 

Capsule regularly dehiscent by valves and releasing the seeds which are 
free from each other; flowers blue (except no. 14). 
Leaves (or some of them) pinnately parted with the divisions incised or 
parted. 
Stamens exserted ; capsule 1-celled. 
Leaves with innocuous teeth; flowers creamy white, 4-merous . . . . 

12. G. cotulxfolia. 
Leaves with pungent teeth, the terminal leaflet spatulate-dilated; 

capsule i-seeded 13. G, jwbescens. 

Stamens not exserted. 
Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell; herbage strongly mephitic-scented .... 

14. G. squarrosa. 
Seeds 4 in each cell; herbage honey-scented . . .15. G. mellita. 
Leaves merely pinnatifid or incised or many of them entire. 
Capsule several-seeded. 
Erect slender plants ; bractlets laciniately cleft, especially toward 

the base 16. G. heterodoxa. 

Low very rigid and spiny plants; bractlets dilated and with strong 

marginal spines 17. G. atractyloides . 

Cells of capsule 1-seeded ; corolla 6 or 7 lines long; bractlets, especially 
the inner ones, lanceolate-cleft at apex ... 18. G. viscidula. 

1. G. gracilis Hook. Three to 8 in. high, either simple or 
branched above; herbage pilose-pubescent, the hairs often gland- 
tipped; leaves opposite, oblong to lanceolate, entire; inflorescence 
cymose and terminal; calyx cylindrical, 3 or 4 lines long, much dis- 
tended in fruit by the globose capsule, the short teeth accrescent; 
tube of corolla yellow, surpassing the calyx, the limb 1 to 1J lines 
broad, its lobes roundish, emarginate; stamens unequally inserted; 
seeds 1 in each cell, with a rather broad thin margin. — (Collomia 
gracilis Dougl. Microsteris Californica Greene.) 

Inconspicuous but rather common on low hills of the Coast Ranges 
and in the Sierra Foothills. Mar.-Apr. 

2. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or 
diffuse, 8 to 20 in. high; radical and lower leaves pinnately parted 
into narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or all so divided, or the 
upper palmately divided into 3 to 5 obovate or lanceolate divisions; 
corolla 4 to 6 lines long, salverform, blue-purple; stamens unequally 
inserted; -capsule globose; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. — (Collomia 
gilioides Benth.) 

Mostly at higher altitudes in the mountains: Coast Ranges; Sierra 
Nevada; Southern California. June. Leaves exceedingly variable. 

3. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 9 to 14 in. 
high, glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 9 linear and entire 
or toothed lobes; flowers subsessile or the clusters loose, in either case 
few-flowered, the pedicels 1 to 4 lines (rarely 1 in.) long; calyx-teeth 
erect or recurved in fruit; corolla deep or pale blue, its proper tube 
shorter than the calyx, the funnelform throat longer than the obovate 
lobes; stamens unequally inserted; capsule ovoid. 



426 TOLEMONIACE.E. 

Hills and valleys from Marin Co. and the Vaca Mountains south- 
ward through the Coast Ranges to Southern California. 

G. latiflora Gray is a similar species of Southern California; 
glabrous except the loosely paniculate inflorescence; radical leaves 
pinnatifid, the cauline few, narrow and entire; pedicels shorter than 
the flowers or 1 in. or more long; corolla dilated-funnelform, abruptly 
contracted below into a narrow tube which slightly exceeds the calyx; 
calyx less than 2 lines long, with subulate or acute teeth. — Specimens 
seemingly referable to this come from Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co. 

4. G. tricolor Benth. Bird's Eyes. Erect, usually branching 
somewhat above the base, commonly 4 to 7 in. or sometimes 1 ft. 
high; herbage more or less pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; leaves 
laciniately bipinnatifid into narrowly linear divisions; calyx 3 lines 
long, its lobes acuminate; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the roundish lobes 
azure or whitish, the throat with 2 oblong purple areas beneath each 
lobe bounded below by yellow; stamens inserted at the sinuses. 

Common on low hills: Coast Ranges (Los Gatos, northward to 
Humboldt Co., but especially common toward the interior); Sierra 
Foothills. Apr. 

5. G. achilleaefolia Benth. Very similar to the next in habit but 
very frequently simple, generally more pubescent, and the capitate 
flower-clusters larger and less compact; calyx more or less woolly, the 
teeth triangular, acute, with short recurved tips or connivent over 
the young fruit; corolla funnelform with ample throat, deep or pale 
blue, its lobes obovate or oblong. 

Sandy soils: Coast Ranges; Sierra Foothills; Southern California. 
May. 

6. G. capitata Dougl. Erect, simple or mo.e commonly branch- 
ing above, 2 or 3 ft. high, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves 
several times palmately dissected into linear or filiform lobes, or the 
uppermost merely pinnately divided; ultimate segments often curved 
or falcate; peduncles long, slender and naked, terminating in a densely 
capitate or globose cluster; calyx nearly or quite glabrous, its teeth 
lanceolate, in anthesis approximating the tube in length; corolla 
light blue, its lobes nearly linear; stamens inserted in the very 
sinuses of the corolla. 

Coast Range hills and ridges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward; 
Sierra Nevada. May. 

7. G. virgata Steud. var. floribunda Gray. Stems simple or 
branching at the base; leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 filiform 
lobes, the middle (or terminal) lobe commonly much longer than the 
others; flowers numerous in head-like clusters terminating the corym- 
bose branches, the bracts and calyx very densely woolly; corolla 
salverform, the tube 6 to 8 lines long and surpassing the acerose 
calyx-lobes; filaments filiform and exserted. 

Sandy soils of the valleys: Lower San Joaquin and Santa Clara Co., 
southward to Southern California. June-July. Gilia virgata has 
the lower leaves entire, the upper rarely more than 3-parted, with the 
clusters virgately disposed. — Monterey and southward. 






GILIA FAMILY. 427 

8. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial; stems numerous from a 
tufted wood}' base, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage lanate-tomentose when 
young, glabrate in age; leaves narrowly linear and entire or with 1 or 
2 pairs of short- subulate spinulose lobes at the middle or toward the 
base; flower-clusters terminal, dense, the foliaceous bracts and the 
calyces implexed-woolly; four of the calyx-teeth short, the fifth as 
long as the tube; corolla deep blue, the tube 6 lines long, 2 or 3 times 
the length of the calyx, its lobes oblong, about 2 lines long. 

Mountains of Santa Clara Co. and southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia. June-Sept. 

9. G. intertexta Steud. Stems simple or often branching from 
the base, 2 or 3 to 7 in. high, white-puberulent but not glandular; 
leaves bipinnatifid and the segments spinescent-tipped; body of bracts 
and exterior of calyx-tube densely white-villous or woolly-tomentose; 
corolla white or pale blue, equaled by the calyx-teeth. 

Valleys and low hills: North Coast Kanges (Humboldt Co., Healds- 
burg, Conn Valley, Calistoga, etc.); Sacramento and San Joaquin 
Valleys. May-June. 

10. G. leucocephala Benth. Stems simple or branching from 
the base, 3 to 5 in. high, whitish-puberulent; leaves pinnately parted, 
the divisions filiform and entire, sparingly toothed, the rachis broad 
and often prolonged into an elongated terminal entire division; 
flowers clear white, 4 lines long; calyx with a tuft of hairs at each 
sinus, the teeth mostly entire and nearly equal. 

Low places in fields and beds of pools where water has stood in 
winter or early spring, the plants often growing very densely: Sac- 
ramento Valley; Vacaville; Winters; first collected on plains near 
the Feather Biver by Hartweg. May-June. 

11. G. prostrata Gray. Plants glabrous; primary flower-cluster 
sessile, the branches radiating from beneath it, simple or once forked, 
terminating in the head-like clusters; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis 
broad and slender, the segments remote; heads dense, surrounded by 
foliaceous bracts 1 to 1J in. long; brackets not exceeding the white 
flowers; corolla-lobes oblong; calyx with unequal teeth, the two 
longer tridentate; calyx-teeth in fruit contracted over the 2-celled 
capsule; seeds 9 to 11, small; embryo short-cylindrical, the cotyledons 
about equaling the caulicle in length. 

Plains of central California southward to Los Angeles. 

12. G. cotulaefolia Steud. Erect, 7 to 13 in. high, finely pubes- 
cent; leaves bipinnatifid, the segments innocuous; bracts and calyx 
slightly hairy or glabrous at the base; flowers creamy-white, com- 
monly 4-merous; calyx-lobes varying from nearly equal and entire to 
unequal, with the longer variously toothed; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, 
dehiscing from the base, 2-seeded; embryo with entire cotyledons. 

Valley fields: Newark, Alameda Co.; North Coast Ranges; Sac- 
ramento Valley. Scentless ace. to Greene. Navarretia nigellseformis 
Greene, with multifid bracts, is said by Mrs. K. Brandegee to be a 
yellow-flowered form of this species; it is found at Antioch. 



428 POLEMONIACE^E. 

13. G. pubescens H. & A. Erect, usually branching above, 8 to 
18 in. high, puberulent; leaves pinnately divided with the divisions 
laciniately lobed; terminal portion of the leaf less deeply divided or 
merely laciniate-toothed, so that the rachis appears as if spatulate- 
dilated; 3 calyx-teeth small and entire, 2 longer and toothed; corolla 
deep blue, 7 or 8 lines long, the throat funnelform; stamens exserted; 
capsule 1-celled, 4-valved as in G. cotulsefolia; cotyledons of the 
embryo parted into 3 lobes, the divisions so deep as to give the appear- 
ance of 6 cotyledons. 

Coast Kanges (Calistoga, Vacaville, etc.); very common in the 
Sierra Foothills. Herbage with a strong hircine odor ace. to Greene. 

14. G. squarrosa H. & A. Skunkweed. Erect and simple or 
with many branches from the base, 8 to 14 in. high, pubescent and 
noxiously glandular; leaves once or twice pinnatifid, the segments 
lanceolate and often crowded; calyx 6 lines long, very scarious below, 
the teeth lanceolate and pungent; corolla blue, its tube little or 
scarcely at all exceeding the teeth; stamens included; seeds many, 
small; embryo thick. 

Common in the Bay Region (Monterey Co., San Francisco, Oak- 
land, Berkeley, Napa Valley, etc.), ranging northward to Oregon. 
Not seen by us in the inner Coast Kanges or Sierra Nevada. 

15. G. mellita Greene. Diffusely branching from the base, 3 to 
6 in. high, the stems very slender, brownish, glandular-puberulent 
with somewhat whitish hairs; leaves pinnately parted into linear- 
subulate entire or toothed segments; bracts dilated and laciniately 
toothed or cleft into narrow divisions, or the middle division ovate, 
abruptly cuspidate and often entire; heads small, ^ in. broad or less; 
calyx unequally 5-toothed; corolla minute, not exceeding the calyx, 
very pale blue; stamens not exserted. 

Seemingly very local plant in the region immediately north and 
south of the Bay; Belmont; Calistoga; Vacaville. Honey-scented 
ace. to Greene. 

Navarretia pabvula Greene from Crystal Springs, San Mateo 
Co., has a corolla about 4 lines long with the 2 posterior stamens 
included and the 3 anterior exserted. 

16. G. heterodoxa Greene. Stems very slender, erect, branch- 
ing, slightly pubescent, 5 to 11 in. high; internodes long; lower 
leaves with narrowly linear rachis and many pinnate short-subulate 
segments; uppermost leaves lanceolate and entire except at the lacini- 
ately cleft base; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, laciniate-toothed 
towards the base; calyx-segments entire, nearly equal; corolla blue, 
with exserted declined stamens; capsule 8 to 14-seeded, the seeds 
small. 

Coast Range hills: Napa and Sonoma Cos. to Santa Clara Co. 
June. Subspecies of the next. Mephitic-scented ace. to Greene. 
The valves of the capsule show a tendency to dehisce from the base. 

17. G. atractyloides H. & A. Stems stoutish, low and spread- 
ing or procumbent, somewhat purplish and villous-pubescent, 2 or 3 



GILIA FAMILY. 42^ 

to ti in. long; leaves and bracts rigidly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate 

to ovate. 2 to 4 lines broad, the margin armed with subulate or aris- 
tate teeth; segments of the calyx moderately or very unequal, ovate 
to lanceolate, entire, setaceous at apex; corolla narrowly funnel form, 
purple, 7 to 9 lines long; seeds about 10 in each cell. 

Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Clear Lake southward to Southern 
California. July. Habit suggesting certain species of Chorizanthe. 

18. G. viscidula H. & A. Erect, 2 or 3 in. high, viscid-pubescent: 
leaves l.V in. long or less, narrow, with broad rachis and remote short- 
subulate lobes; bracts little dilated; corolla rather large, blue-purple, 
the tube exserted, the limb 2 lines broad, its lobes elliptic; ovules 1 t<> 
4 in each cell. 

Plains and bases of low bills, in sandy soil: San Rafael; Walnut 
Creek; Sonoma; Napa Valley; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills. 
June. While commonly very dwarfish, it sometimes becomes larger 
and makes a spreading or subprostrate plant 1 ft. broad. 

4. LINANTHUS Benth. 
Ours low or slender annuals. Leaves opposite, palmately divided 
t<> the base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (almost seeming 
as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire, rarely with some upper- 
most alternate. Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. 
Calyx-tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal. 
Corolla subrotate, funnelform, or short-salverform. Stamens equally 
inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few to many seeds in each cell. 
(Greek linon, flax, and anthos, flower.) 

Corolla nearly rotate, funnelform, or salverforin ; flowers solitary, on fili- 
form pedicels (except in the first); stems dichotomously branching. 
Corolla short salverform, white or nearly so, its lobes conspicuously con- 
volute in the bud ; stamens inserted below the middle, included ; 
flowers terminal or in the forks, on short stout pedicels or subsessile; 
calyx cylindrical, white-scarious between the ribs.— Subgenus Et T Li- 

XAXTHTJS. 

Corolla 1 in. broad 1. L. dichotomus. 

Corolla various; stamens inserted at the throat; flowers on slender or 
capillary pedicels.— Subgenus Dactylophylltjm. 
Calyx disposed to be turbinate; flowers white, % to % in. broad, in a 

"loose panicle ; corolla nearly rotate, its tube scarcely any 

2. L. Uniflorus. 
Calyx cylindrical; corolla with distinct tube. 
Corolla white, narrowly funnelform, 2 lines broad. . 8. L. pusilhts. 
Corolla purplish or bluish, 3 to 5 lines broad. 
Corolla funnelform; herbage not glandular. . . 4. L. ambiguus. 
Corolla nearly salverform; glandular-hirsutulous at the nodes. . . . 

5. L. Rattani. 
Corolla salverform; flowers crowded into leafy-bracted capitate clusters at 
the ends of the stems or branches; calyx-teeth equal; corolla salver- 
form.— Subgenus Leptosiphon. 

Corolla-tube little, if at all, exceeding the lobes 6. L. demiflorus. 

Corolla salverform, its tube filiform and elongated, several times the 
length of the limb. 
Corolla much exceeding the bracts. 
Corolla twice or scarcely twice the length of the bracts, its lobes 3 to 4 

lines long; relatively stout plants 7. L. androsaceus. 

Corolla usually more than twice the length of the bracts. 
Lobes of the corolla 2 to 3 lines long; flowers purple, pink or pale 
yellow 8. L. parviflorus. 



430 POLEMONIACEiE. 

Lobes of the corolla 1 line long; flowers golden yellow. 



L. acicularis. 

Lobes of the corolla 1 to Vfa lines long; flowers purplish or pinkish . 

10. L. bicolor. 
Corolla commonly not exceeding the bracts; bractlets conspicuously 
hirsute-ciliate; rigid plant 11. L. ciliatus. 

1. L. dichotomus Benth. Evening Snow. Erect, simple or 
branching from near the base, 5 to 9 in. high; nodes few and inter- 
nodes very long, twice to many times as long as the leaves; flowers 
terminal or sessile in the forks; ribs of the calyx prolonged into linear- 
acerose teeth; corolla salverform, white or nearly so, its tube equal- 
ing the calyx-tube, its lobes strongly convolute in the bud, broadly 
obovate, erose, the limb 1 in. broad; filaments at the very base 
enlarged, somewhat winged and more or less hairy; cells of capsule 
many-seeded; seeds not mucilaginous when wet. — (Gilia dichotoma 
Benth.) 

Common on open slopes, mostly on high hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra 
Foothills; San Joaquin plains; Southern California. Mar.-May. 

2. L. liniflorus (Benth.) Greene. One ft. high or somewhat more, 
mostly branching above; leaf-segments £ to 1 in. long; flowers white, 
on slender pedicels J to 1£ in. long, in a diffuse panicle; corolla with 
nearly obsolete tube; limb rotate, ^ to f in. broad, the obovate lobes 
naked, with several blue longitudinal lines or veinlets; stamens \ as 
long as corolla-lobes; filaments with a densety pilose ring just above 
the base, the corolla pubescent at their insertion; ovules 6 to 8 in 
each cell. — (Gilia liniflora Benth.) 

Plains and foothills: Solano Co. ; Stockton; San Mateo Co.; Loma 
Prieta and southward to Southern California. May-June. 

3. L. pusillus (Benth.) Greene. Very slender, 3 to 6 in. high; 
calyx cylindraceous, 1 to \\ lines long, its teeth as long as the tube; 
corolla narrowly funnelform or subsalverform, its tube dilated some- 
what above the middle, not exserted from the calyx or very slightly, 
the lobes seldom exceeding the calyx-lobes, the limb 2 lines broad. — 
(Gilia pusilla Benth.) 

Dry hillsides in Chamisal, Napa Valley, June 2, 1896. The corolla 
after flowering is promptly pushed up by the rapidly growing capsule 
and the tube contracts in withering, so that the corolla in age fre- 
quently has the appearance of being salverform and somewhat 
exserted. Distinct from L. filipes Greene, common in the Sierra 
Foothills, which has a turbinate calyx and a short-funnelform corolla 
w r ith broad limb. L. Bolanderi Greene is, perhaps, but a variety. 
It was first collected at Ukiah b}' Bolander. Gray's herbarium seems 
to indicate that his attributing the plant to Sonoma Co. was an inad- 
vertence; however, it is not unlikely that it may be found south of 
Mendocino Co. 

4. L. ambiguus (Rattan) Greene. Mostly 3 or 4 in. high; pedicels 
about 6 lines long; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, nearly 3 times the length 
of the calyx, not strictly salverform, its tube somewhat or not at all 
exserted, its brown-purple obconic throat scarcely exceeded by the 



GILIA FAMILY. 431 

spreading lobes; limb bluish purple, 4 lines broad; ovules 2 in each 
cell. — (Gilia ambigua Rattan.) 

Low hills: Santa Clara Valley and near Livermore. May. Some 
of the flowers show a glandular black band £ line in breadth midway 
of the calyx-tube. 

5. L. Rattan i (Gray) Greene. Ten to 12 in. high, glandular- 
hirsutulous at the nodes and even the flowers with gland-tipped hairs; 
pedicels If in. long or less; calyx cylindraceous, in anthesis 1 line 
long, accrescent in fruit to 2 lines long; corolla nearly salverform, 
with a long slender tube and short funnelform throat, the tube 3 to 5 
lines long, exserted barely 1 line to exceeding 3 lines, the throat 
yellow, the limb blue and 3 to 5 lines broad; seeds small, very rugu- 
lose, one to each cell or the third cell empty. — (G. Rattani Gray.) 

Santa Cruz Mountains. 1896; first collected by Volney Rattan 
north of Clear Lake, 1884. June. Remarkable for the variable 
exsertion of the corolla-tube, even on the same plant. 

6. L. densiflorus Benth. Erect, simple, 5 in. to 2 ft. high; divi- 
sions of the palmatel} r divided leaves 5 to 11, linear-filiform and rigid, 
ciliate towards the base and somewhat scabrous on the margins; 
corolla lilac or white, 1 in. long or less, its tube only equaling or little 
exceeding the obovate lobes, little if at all exserted beyond the calyx- 
teeth, its limb J in. broad, more or less; seeds 3 in each cell, strongly 
wrinkled. — (Linanthus grandiflorus Greene.) 

Coast Range valleys or higher hills, infrequent: Point Reyes; Ala- 
meda; Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co. and southward. June. 

7. L. androsaceus (Benth.) Steud. Stoutish, usually simple, 7 to 
11 or 15 in. high, finely tomentose or glabrate; lowest leaves spatu- 
late; bracts ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous; flowers usually many; 
corolla lilac, lavender, pink or white, 1 in. long, much exceeding the 
bracts, the lobes 3 to 4 lines long; the throat dark purple with yellow 
border, 1 line long; stamens little surpassing the throat of the corolla. 

Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada on 
low hills and at middle altitudes. Apr. 

8. L. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Simple or with few branches 
from the base, erect, commonly 3 to 6 or 11 in. high, almost glabrous; 
bracts scabrous or hirsutulous, not ciliate or scarcely so, commonly 3 
or 4 lines long; segments of the leaves obovate- or linear-spatulate; 
corolla purple, pinkish or pale yellow, f to 1J in. long, the lobes oval, 
2 to 3 lines long or less, tinged with red or brown on the outside, the 
throat yellow; stamens half or commonly more than half as long as 
the corolla-limb. — (Gilia micrantha Benth.) 

The most common species, abundant in open ground in the hill 
country. It is one of the annuals which figure in the vernal land- 
scape color effects in the Coast Ranges, often occupying extensive 
slopes of the lower or higher hills to the exclusion either partially or 
wholly of other species. 

Var. rosace us (Linanthus rosaceus Greene). Much branched 
from the base; corolla rose-color or white, larger than in the type. — 
San Francisco sand hills. 



432 HYDROPHYLLACE.E. 

<>. L. acicularis Greene. But 1 to 4 in. high, very slender, some- 
what rigid, less pubescent than L. parviflorus; leaf-segments linear- 
acerose; corolla golden-yellow throughout, its tube slenderly filiform, 
about 6 lines long, the obovate lobes not exceeding 1 line. 

Not common: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley; Hoopa 
Valley. Apr. -May. 

10. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near L. parviflorus but 
dwarf, 1 to 3 in. high; leaves and bracts hispidulous-ciliate; limb 
of corolla very short (1 to l-£ lines long) in proportion to the tube 
which is 6 to 9 lines long, dull purple or pink with yellow throat. — 
(Gilia tenella Benth.) 

Rarely collected, but doubtless overlooked for L. parviflorus: Hoopa 
Valley; near Suisun; Marin Co.; Mt. Diablo Range; Loma Prieta 
and southward to Southern California. 

11. L. ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Rigid, 4 or 5 in. (rarely 1 ft.) 
high; stems finely tomentose, the internodes long; leaves scabrous 
and hirsute; flowers comparatively few; corolla 6 to 9 lines long, not 
exceeding or often much exceeding the conspicuously hirsute-eiliate 
bracts, deep rose-red, often fading white, the lobes 1 line long, seldom 
more; calyx-lobes acerose. — (Gilia ciliata Benth.) 

Hills and mountain slopes, among Oaks and other trees: Coast 
Ranges (Napa Co., Mt. Diablo); Sierra Nevada; Southern California. 

91. HYDROPHYLLACE/E. Phacelia Family. 

Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers reg- 
ular, 5-merous (except the superior ovary which is ] or 2-celled), in 
racemes or spikes (often scorpioid), or capitate, or solitary. Stamens 
near the base of the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Styles 2, dis- 
tinct, or more or less completely united even to the stigmas. Fruit a 
1-celled capsule or partly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of the 
placenta? or their union in the axis; valves 2, rarely 4. Seed-coat 
pitted, the cavities regular and honeycomb-like. 

Leaves (at least the lower) opposite, or alternate or radical in no. 1; ovary 
and capsule 1-celled; placentae expanded and forming a sac-like lin- 
ing to the pericarp; style 2-cleft; ovary more or less hispid. 
Stamens longer than corolla; flowers in head-like clusters; perennials. . . 

1. HYDROPHYLLrM.. 

Stamens shorter than corolla; flowers solitary or in racemes; annuals. 
Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus; seeds carunculate . . . . 

2. Nemophila. 
Calyx naked at the sinuses; seeds not carunculate . . 3. Ellisia. 

Leaves alternate or mainly radical in no. 6; calyx appendages none. 
Ovary and capsule 1-celled, or incompletely or completely 2-celled hy the 
approximation or union of the linear or lanceolate placentae (borne on 
semisepta) in the axis; annual or perennial herbs. 
Style 2-cleft, at least at apex; ovary more or less pubescent; flowers in 
scorpioid racemes or spikes. 

Corolla blue, purple, or white, deciduous 4. Phacelia. 

Corolla yellow or cream-color, persistent 5. Emmenanthe. 

Style and stigma entire; ovary glabrous; corolla white; flowers 

racemose 6. Romanzoffia. 

Capsule almost 2-celled, 4-valved, the valves bearing the dissepiments or 
half-partitions on their middle; styles 2, distinct; shrubs with thick 
leaves 7. Eriodictyon. 



PHACELLA FAMILY. 433 

1. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Water-leaf, 

Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate or 
mainly radical, pinnate or pinnately parted, long-petioled. Flowers 
in capitate cymes. Calyx without appendages. Corolla campanu- 
late, o-lobed, the tube with a nectar-bearing grooved appendage oppo- 
site each lobe. Stamens exserted, the filaments hairy at the middle. 
Style filiform, exserted. Ovary hispid. Capsule 2-valved, 1 to 4- 
seeded. (Greek hudor. water, and phullon, leaf.) 

1. H. occidentale Gray. Twelve to 17 in. high; leaves 7 to 12 
in. kmg; leaflets 9 to 15, incised, the terminal ones not distinct; 
peduncles generally exceeding the leaves, bearing 1 or 2 capitate 
clusters of bluish flowers. 

Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, no. 11 70; Sherwood Valley, Men- 
docino Co., Davy, no. 5195; Sierra Nevada. 

H. oapitatum Dougl. var. alpixum. Wats. Almost stemless 
plant; rootstock with clusters of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves roundish 
or ovate in outline, pinnately lobed or divided, 2 to 3 in. long, much 
shorter than the petiole; flowers in a loose cyme on a short peduncle, 
surpassed by the leaves. — Sierra Nevada. 

2. NEMOPHILA Nutt. 
Delicate low annuals. Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alter- 
nate, more or less pinnate. Flowers mostly showy, solitary or in- 
clined to be racemose. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each 
sinus, accrescent. Corolla rotate to broadly campanulate, in all our 
species longer than the calyx, with 10 internal appendages at base. 
Stamens shorter than the corolla, inserted near its base. Anthers 
usually sagittate-oblong. Styles more or less 2-cleft. Ovules 4 to 20. 
Seeds carunculate, the caruncle later deciduous. (Greek nemos, a 
grove, and phileo, to love.) 

Flowers small; corolla white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines broad; leaves opposite 
or the upper often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, slender- 

petioled 1. N. parviflora. 

Flowers large. 
Leaves all opposite, not auricled, shorter than the peduncles. 
Corolla bright blue (or pale blue or white in the vars.) . 2. iV. insignis. 
Corolla with velvet-purple center, the upper portion white with purple 

veins 3. N. venosa. 

Leaves mostly alternate, auricled at base, shorter than or equaling the 
peduncles 4. X. aarita. 

1. N. parviflora Dougl. Stems slender and weak, trailing or pro- 
cumbent; leaves pinnately lobed, parted, or divided into 3 to 5 lobes, 
but exceedingly diverse as to outline and segmentation; calyx- 
appendages rather conspicuous, or sometimes almost none; corolla 
white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines in diameter, narrowly campanulate to 
almost rotate, the lobes longer than the tube; scales adherent by one 
«dge; filaments filiform, inserted on the very base of the corolla; seeds 
1 to 4, often deeply pitted. 

Common throughout California in shady places in the Coast Ranges 
and Sierra Nevada. Mar.-Apr. The studies of Mr. H. P. Chandler 
on this species show that the corolla-scales are remarkably inconstant in 
30 



434 hydrophyllacejE. 

shape and size, not only on plants which are very much unlike in 
habit, etc., but that a wide range of variation is also found in series of 
specimens which agree in habit, leaves, and shape of corolla. 

2. N. insignis Dougl. Baby Blue Eyes. Diffusely spreading, 
the stems 2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long; herbage pubescent with subappressed 
hairs; leaves mostly f to 1} or 2 in. long, pinnately lobed, the lobes 
elliptic-ovate with narrow deeply incurved sinuses; peduncles 1 to 2£ 
(rareh T 5) in. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla bright blue 
or the center white or the whole corolla pale, often dotted towards 
the center; scales 2 to each stamen, each pair consisting of vertical 
lamellae beginning at the base of the filament, thence slightly di- 
vergent, slightly free at apex, very hairy; anthers short-sagittate; 
styles cleft £ the way down; ovary veiy hirsute. 

Low and moist places on the plains of the Sacramento and San 
Joaquin, westward through the Coast Kange valleys to sandy fields 
in the vicinity of the sea. Mar. -Apr. 

Var. intermedia (N. intermedia Bioletti). Corolla f to 1 in. 
wide, bright blue to white, distinctly blue-veined, more or less punc- 
tate with dull purple dots; scales extending nearly to the sinuses. — 
North Coast Kanges; Contra Costa and Alameda Cos. 

Var. atomaria (N. atomaria F. & M.). Corolla white, closely 
dark -spotted nearly to the edge; scales narrow and long-hairy. — 
Springy places among the hills. 

3. N. venosa. Stems 4 or 5 in. long, diffusely branching; herbage 
sparsely hairy; leaves pinnately parted into ovate divisions which are 
entire or cleft and mucronate at apex; corolla 8 to 10 lines broad, its 
lower half of velvet-purple color, the upper portion white with many 
nearly parallel longitudinal purple veins which are more or less 
branched and confluent within the margin; scales of the corolla con- 
spicuously long-hairy. 

Known only from specimens collected by Mrs. Peckinpah in the 
mountains west of Yountville, 1898. It is to be noted that there are 
garden forms which are very suggestive of this species. 

N. maculata Benth. is a strikingly handsome species of the foot- 
hills and middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada, the white petals with 
a large deep violet blotch at the summit. 

4. N. aurita Lindl. Purple Nemophila. Stems 4-angled, 1£ to 
4 ft. long, succulent, weak, pubescent, the angles armed with scat- 
tered short reflexed bristles and the whole herbage pubescent and 
rough-hispidulous; leaves 2 to 3 in. long, deeply pinnatifid into 
several oblong or lanceolate, mostly retrorse lobes, with broad auricled 
bases; flowers in the axils of leaves or above in a leafless raceme; 
calyx-appendages rather small; corolla dark violet, 8 to 11 lines 
broad; scales partly free, in pairs at the base of each stamen and partly 
encircling the filament, truncate at summit and finely denticulate; 
ovules 4; seeds globose, reticulate, the spaces pit-like. 

In shady places, disposed to climb by aid of its somewhat 
hooked prickles and forming tangles among low shrubs or brushwood. 
Common southward: Santa Monica Canon, Barber, 1898; near 



PHACELIA FAMILY. 435 



Gaviote Pass, Santa Barbara Co., Brewer, 1861; Monterey. McLean, 
1875. Infrequent northward: Oakland Hills. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada. Not recorded from the region north of San Francisco Bay. 

3. ELLISIA L. 

Similar to Nemophila, but the leaves pinnately parted or bi- or tri- 
pinnately dissected and the bractless flowers in axillary peduncled 
racemes. Calyx without appendages at the sinuses, and usually much 
enlarged under the fruit. Corolla white, campanulate, shorter or 
little longer than the calyx, the internal appendages minute or none. 
Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds not carunculate. 
(John Ellis, English botanist of the 18th century, whom Linna?us 
called a-" bright star of natural history."') 

Leaves once pinnately parted; ovules 4, borne on the front of the placentae. 

1. E. membranacea. 
Leaves twice to thrice pinnatifid; ovules 8, 2 on the front and 2 on the back 
of each placenta 2. E. chrysanthemifolia. 

1. E. membranacea Benth. Stems procumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; 
herbage glaucous, the leaves with a few short scattered stiff hairs, the 
stems with minute prickles on the angles; leaves pinnately divided 
into 3 to 5 (or sometimes as many as 9) entire mostly broad divisions, 
which are obtuse at apex and broadest at base; petiole wing-margined; 
flowers racemose, few or many on the peduncles; calyx without 
appendages, its lobes ciliate-bristly; corolla white with a small lance- 
shaped purple spot in the center of each lobe, 2 lines broad, no scales 
in the throat but with 10 glandular elevations; capsule with several 
muricate prickles, 1 or 2-seeded; seed globose, reticulated. 

Shady places in the foothills: Antioch and Evergreen, Santa Clara 
Co., southward to Southern California. Mar.-Apr. In vegetative 
habit strikingly similar to Nemophila aurita. 

2. E. chrysanthemifolia Benth. Stem erect, freely branching, 1 
to 2 ft. high; leaves tri-pinnatitid; flowers loosely racemose; corolla 
open-campanulate, surpassing the oval calyx-lobes; the placentae line 
and exactly conform to the valves; two roughened seeds are borne on 
the front of each placenta, and smooth ones are concealed behind 
each placenta, that is, between the placenta and the valve. 

Shady ground: San Francisco Bay southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia. Mar.-Apr. 

4. PHACELIA Juss. 

Perennial or annual herbs of marked aspect, with alternate leaves. 
Flowers blue or white, in scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx chori- 
sepalous or nearly so, commonly accrescent. Corolla from nearly 
rotate to campanulate, tubular or funnelform, promptly deciduous, 
the tube commonly with internal lamellate projections or appendages. 
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style 2-cleft. Capsule 
1-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placenta? adherent. Seeds 
reticulate-pitted or favose. (Greek phakelos, a cluster, many species 
with crowded flowers.) 

P. namatoides Gray has mainly opposite leaves. — Sierra Nevada. 



436 HYDROPHYLJL.ACEJE. 

Ovules 4 or more on each placenta; capsule not less than 6-seeded; stamens 
shorter than (rarely equaling) the corolla; annuals. 
Corolla-tube with internal scales or appendages. 
Leaves pinnatirid; corolla open-campanulate, twice the length of the 

calyx : 1. P. Douglasii. 

Leaves entire or mostly so. 
Corolla narrow, 3 lines long or less, little larger than the calyx .... 

2. P. circihatiformis. 
Corolla rotate-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines broad, much longer than the 

calyx 3. P. divaricata. 

Corolla- tube without appendages; leaves coarsely toothed; corolla nar- 
rowly funnelform, limb 3 lines broad 4. P. suaveolens. 

Ovules 2 to each placenta; capsule 1 to 4-seeded ; stamens exserted or 
included; corolla-tube with appendages. 
Leaves pinnately parted or divided, the divisions pinnately toothed or 
incised. 
Fruiting sepals chartaceous, oblong to broadly ovate ; stamens not 

exserted; annual 5. P. ciliata. 

Fruiting sepals herbaceous. 
Leaf-divisions rather coarse; fruiting sepals linear-spatulate to obo- 

vate; stamens exserted; perennial (?) .... 6. P. ramosissima. 
Leai-divisions fine; annuals. 
Fruiting sepals linear-spatulate to obovate; appendages with free 

pointed apex; stamens little or not at all exserted 

7. P. distant. 
Fruiting sepals linear; appendages entirely adnate; stamens con- 
spicuously exserted 8. P. iavacetifolia. 

Leaves with shalknv lobes, not parted or divided; annuals. 

Stamens exserted 9. P. malvsefolia. 

Stamems included 10. P. Battani. 

Leaves entire or pinnately parted or divided into 3 to 7 entire lobes, the 
terminal frequently largest. 
Stamens conspicuously exserted, bearded at the middle; perennials or 
biennials. 

Herbage pubescent and hirsute 11. P. Californica. 

Herbage hispid-bristly with stinging hairs . . .12. P. nemoralis. 
Stamens glabrous, included; annual . 13. P. Breiveri. 

1. P. Douglasii (Benth.) Torr. Branched from the base with 
ascending or decumbent stems 4 to 8 in. long, or dwarf and but 1£ in. 
high; herbage puberulent and hirsute with mostly spreading hairs; 
leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately 
parted into several or many lobes, the terminal not larger; flowers 
loosely racemose; pedicels slender, frequently longer than the flowers; 
sepals spatulate, 1 to 3 lines long, ^ to ^ the length of the open- 
campanulate light blue corolla; internal appendages semi-oblanceo- 
late; style 2-cleft above the middle; ovules to each dilated placenta 
12 to 14; capsule ovate, mucronate; seeds scrobiculate. 

Sandy soils near the ocean: Lake Merced to Monterey and south- 
ward. Antioch (ovary especially hairy on each side near base of 
style; ovules as many as 24 to each placenta; stamens dilated toward 
the base and sparsely hairy). Mar. -Apr. In habit suggestive of 
Neinophila insignis. 

2. P. circinatiformis Gray. Diffusely branching from the base, 
5 in. high, puberulent and hispid; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, 
parallel-veined, entire, strigose-hispid; flowers short-pediceled or at 
first nearly sessile in dense racemes or spikes; sepals in fruit linear- 



PHACELIA FAMILY. 4o7 

epatulate, nearly or quite 6 lines long, twice or thrice the length of 
the capsule, hirsute or hispid with long spreading hair.-, especially 
toward the base; corolla dull white (?), narrowly funnelform, 2J t<> 
3 lines long; capsule ovate, acute or mucixmate, 6 to 16-seeded; seeds 
scrobiculate. 

Mt. Hamilton; near the summit of Mt. Diablo; Mariposa Co., ace. 
to "Brandegee; the only reported stations. 

3. P. divaricata (Benth.) Gray. Diffusely branched from the 
base, the branches 3 to 10 in. long or more; herbage both pubes- 
cent and hirsute; leaves from ovate to broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. 
long, equaling or exceeding the petioles, entire or rarely with a pair 
of supplementary lobes at summit of the petiole; pedicels about a 
line long; sepals in fruit linear, 4 to 6| lines long, sparsely hispid- 
ciliate, with somewhat thickened margins and prominent midnerve 
and cross-veins; corolla blue, broadly open-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines 
broad; style 2-cleft at apex; seeds 7 to 10, somewhat pitted. 

Common on open hillsides in the Coast Kanges of middle Califor- 
nia: Mt. Diablo, Brewer, MeLean; Oakland Hills, Setchell, Dor]/; 
Crystal Springs, Bolander; Sausalito, Kellogg and Harford; Mt. 
Tamalpais. Mar. -Apr. 

4. P. suaveolens Greene. Branched at the base, the branches 
erect or ascending, 12 to 15 in. high; herbage pubescent and glandu- 
lar, very sweet-scented; leaves elliptic to oblong, coarsely and some- 
times doubly toothed. 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles nearly as long; 
racemes solitary or in pairs, dense; sepals spatulate, entire, in fruit 
much exceeding the capsules; corolla pale blue, 3 lines broad, the 
tube yellowish, 4 lines long, devoid of scales or crests; stamens un- 
equal and unequally coherent with tube; capsule 12 to 16-seeded; 
seed oval, the coat pitted like a honeycomb. 

North Coast Ranges, uncommon: Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson, 1891; 
Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., Greene, 1888; Vaca Mountains, Piatt, 
1898. June. Closely allied to the southern P. brachyloba Gray, 
ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee. 

5. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather simple 
ascending branches, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage scabrous, otherwise 
glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions oblong, toothed or 
incised; spikes in terminal clusters or geminate or solitary; sepals in 
fruit oblong to broadly ovate, chartaceous, 3 to 4 lines long, with 
thickened margins and prominent midrib and reticulations, sparsely 
bristly -ciliate; corolla blue; capsule ovate, mucronate; sepals in fruit 
twice as long, arched over the capsule, their tips meeting; seeds 
broadly oblong, over 1 line long, the surface with regular or honey- 
comb-like pits. 

Plains and valleys: Willows; Solano Co.; Antioch and southward; 
abundant on grain farms near Newark, imparting a blue color to the 
fields, the odor very noticeable, Miss Crocker; Belmont. Apr. -May. 

6. P. ramosissima Dougl. Perennial (?), somewhat diffuse: 
herbage somewhat glandular; hispid throughout and soft-pubescent 



438 HYDROPHYLLACE^. 

(or only the leaves hispid); leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9 
oblong and serrate or incised divisions, the lower distinct, the upper 
more or less confluent; stamens and style somewhat exserted; corolla 
ochroleucous or bluish; calyx-lobes linear-spa tul ate to obovate, twice 
the length of the capsule or longer; seeds oblong, 1 line long. 

Colusa and Lake Cos. southward to Santa Cruz; Sierra Nevada. 
June- July. 

7. P. distans Benth. Hill Vervexia. Erect and strict, or 
branching and diffuse, 8 to 13 in. high; herbage with scattered hispid 
hairs and close line pubescence; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions 
commonly linear, once or twice pinnately and (for the most part) 
finely dissected; spikes scattered, solitary or geminate; sepals unequal, 
narrowly obovate to spatulate, rarely linear; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, 
rotate-campanulate, sordid white or violet; internal appendages semi- 
ovate with free tips; stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla- 
lobes; capsule globose. 

Higher hills of the Coast Ranges from Napa Valley to Mt. Tamal- 
pais, the ocean at Bodega (where first collected), and southward. 
Apr. 

8. P. tanacetifolia Benth. Valley Vervexia. Stouter than 
P. distans, erect, less frequently branching, the leaves similar but 
commonly less finely dissected; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, ascending and 
approximate; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in fruit little 
exceeding the oval capsule; corolla open-campanulate, 3 to 4 lines 
long, lavender-color >or bluish; internal appendage- entirely adnate 
by the inner margins; stamens much exserted. 

Plains and valleys: Marvsville Buttes; Sacramento Valley; Vallejo, 
G-reene y 1874: Tracy. Apr. 

9. P. malvaefolia Cham. Stinging Phacelia. About \\ ft. 
high, hispid-bristly throughout, the bristles with a conspicuous pustu- 
late base; leaves simple, petiolate. round- or elliptic-ovate with broad 
and frequently truncate or cordate base, slightly 5 to 9-lobed, toothed, 
1 to 3 in. long; spikes solitary or geminate; corolla longer than the 
unequal linear-spatulate sepals; stamens exserted; capsule 2-seeded; 
seeds pitted. 

Near the coast: Oakland; Angel Island; San Francisco and south- 
ward. 

10. P. Rattan i Gray. Similar but the spikes more slender and 
elongated; four of the sepals spatulate. one obovate and longer; 
corolla but 2 lines long. 

Russian River, near Ukiah, Rattan, June, 1884; northern Sonoma 
ace. to Greene. 

11. P. Californica Cham. Erect, stout, 1] to 2 ft. high, from a 
branched but depressed leafy woody caudex; stems and petioles with 
scattered hispid hairs; the foliage strigose, either green or canescent; 
leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, the large terminal lobe elliptic to 
lanceolate, with 1 to several pairs of. smaller or much reduced leaflets 
or lobes below, or entire; petioles commonly long; spikes dense, 



PHACELIA FAMILY. 439 

ascending or erect, 1 to 2 in. long, mostly rather short-peduncled, 
usually in a paniculate cluster at the end of the stem; sepals oblong; 
corolla purple or white, 3 lines long; filaments exserted, long-hairv 
at the middle. 

Very common throughout our district on rocky points and ledges, 
in typical form on the San Francisco Peninsula and in Marin Co. 
May-June. Remarkable in its variability. 

Var. imbricata (P. imbricate Greene). Taller, often 2^ ft. high; 
racemes 2 to 4 in. long, scattered in a looser panicle, less commonly 
in 2 ; s and 3's, and mostly on longer peduncles; corolla dingy white; 
fruiting calyces ovate, conspicuously imbricated. — St. Helena; foot- 
hills of the Vaca Mountains. 

12. P. nemoralis Greene. Stems 1 or few, simple below, panicu- 
lately branched above. 1{- to 3 ft. high, very bristly with stinging- 
hairs; herbage light green; leaves elliptical to oblong, 1 to 4 in. long, 
simple and entire or with a pair of small leaflets at base; radical and 
lower leaves on petioles 2 to 3 in. long, uppermost short-petioled or 
sessile; fully developed spikes 2 in. long or more, slender, in twos or 
threes, terminating the stems or lateral branches; corolla whitish, 2 
lines long, the flower otherwise as in no. 11, to which it is very closely 
related; capsule 2-seeded. 

Shade of open woods: Forest Grove; Oakland; Berkeley; Petaluma. 
June. 

13. P. Breweri Gray. Four to 7 in. high, diffusely branching at 
the base, the stems slender and with rather long internodes; herbage 
harshly pubescent with rather short hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 
entire, cleft towards the base, or the lowermost and radical pinnately 
divided; racemes slender and lax, 2 or 3 in. long, often geminate 
at the ends of the branches; sepals linear; corolla 2 to 2\ lines long; 
filaments glabrous, not exserted; capsule ovate, mostly 1-seeded. 

Confined to the Mt. Diablo Range: high dry slopes of Mt. Diablo, 
Brewer, Parry, Jepson; Mt. Hamilton, Miss Holden. May-June. 

5. EMMENANTHE Benth. 

Annuals. Corolla cream-color or yellow, campanulate, persistent; 
not otherwise differing in technical character from Phacelia. (Greek 
emmeno, to abide, and anthos, flower, the corolla not deciduous.) 

1. E. penduliflora Benth. Whispering Bells. Erect, usually 
much branched from the base, 8 to 14 in. high, villous-pubescent and 
somewhat viscid; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short, 
toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending, panicled at 
summit of the stem; pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, these 
soon pendulous; calyx with ample ovate divisions; corolla broadly 
campanulate, 4 to 5 lines long, the filaments adnate to the very base; 
style deciduous; placentae conspicuously dilated in the axis; seeds 
conspicuously pitted in somewhat regular lines. 

Higher slopes of the Coast Range Mountains in open places or in 
the chaparral: Lower Lake Grade to Kelseyville; Vaca Mountains; 



440 BORAGINACEiE. 

Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co., and southward to Southern 
California. Also in the Sierra Nevada. June-July. 

6. ROMANZOFFIA Cham. 

Low and delicate perennial herbs with the aspect of some species 
of Saxifraga. Leaves mostly radical (the cauline alternate), round- 
cordate, crenately-lobed, long-petioled. Flowers white. Inflorescence 
loosely racemose. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly funnelform, 
destitute of appendages, deciduous. Stamens unequal, inserted on 
the base of the corolla-tube. Style filiform, entire; stigma small. 
Capsule 2-celled or nearly so. with narrow placenta 1 . Seeds numer- 
ous. (Dedicated to Count Romanzoff, promoter of the Russian voyage 
of Kotzebue, by Chamisso, the German poet, who accompanied the 
expedition as botanist.) 

1. R. Sitchensis Bong. Filiform rootstock bearing tubers; steins 
slender, 4 to 9 in. high; pedicels spreading, much longer than the 
flowers; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, not more than A as long- 
as the corolla and exceeded by the capsule. 

On moist stones in shady places near the coast: Crystal Springs. 
San Mateo Co.. Bolander; Ross Valley trail to the summit of Mt. 
Tamalpais, Jepson; and northward. Rare within our limits. 

7. ERIODICTYON Benth. 

Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, finely reticulated, 
coriaceous, dentate, and petiolate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually 
naked, panicle of scorpioid cymes. Sepals narrow, not dilated above 
Corolla funnelform to campanulate. Filaments more or less adnate 
to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted, sparsely hirsute. 
Ovary nearly or quite 2-celled by the meeting of the dilated placenta' 
in the axis. Capsule 2 lines long or less, first loculicidal, then septi- 
cidal, thus 4-valved, each valve with a short beak or acumination and 
closed on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-partition. 
(Greek erion, wool, and diktuon, a net, by reason of the netted woolly 
under surface of the leaves.) 

1. E. Californicum (H. & A.) Greene. Verba Santa. Moun- 
tain- Balm. Shrub, commonly 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong to 
oblanceolate, tapering below and frequently above; dentate except at 
base or below the middle, very glutinous, the areas between the veins 
and cross-veinlets on the under surface with a close dense felt; calyx 
1 line long with linear lobes; corolla white or pale blue, tubular- 
funnelform. 4 to G lines long; stamens and styles included. — (Eriodie- 
tyon glutinosum Benth.) 

Highest mountain slopes and dry ridges, common or even abundant 
everywhere through the Coast Ranges, and at middle altitudes in the 
Sierra Nevada, often associated with the Chamisal. 

92. BORAGINACE/E. Borage Family. 

Herbs, usually rough with coarse hairs. Leaves simple, commonly 



BORAGE FAMILY. 441 

entire and alternate. Flowers complete, hypogynous, in one-sided 
spikes or racemes, coiled spirally when young. Calyx with commonly 
5 divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, 5-lohecl, with 5 stamens inserted 
on its tube and alternating with its divisions. Ovary superior, deeply 
4-lohed (except in Hcliotropium), with a simple style inserted between 
the lobes, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Nutlets inserted 
on a short thick prolongation of the receptacle, here sometimes 
referred to as the gynohase. Endosperm none, except in Hclio- 
tropium. 

MYOSOTIS SYLVATICA Hoffm., Forget-me-not, is an escape from 
the gardens in Berkeley and Marin Co. Leaves mostly oblong, the 
lower petioled, the upper sessile; raceme hractless; pedicels as long as 
calyx; calyx with hooked hairs; corolla blue, 3 lines broad, with a 
crown of 5 yellow scales in the throat; stamens inserted on the tube, 
included; nutlets small, smooth and shining. 

LlTHOSPBRMUM arvkxse L., Corn G-romwell, a minutely canes- 
cent annual with whitish flowers and wrinkled and pitted stony 
nutlets, has been found at San Francisco, ace. to Greene. It is native 
of Europe. 

Ovary not lobed, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded closed cells; anthers 

connivent; glabrous glaucous succulent perennial . .1. Heliotroph t m. 
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, when ripe splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. 
Nutlets erect; ours annuals. 
Corolla white. 

Calyx persistent; lowest leaves opposite 2. Allocarya. 

Calyx and short pedicel at length deciduous; leaves alternate 

3. Cryptanthe. 
Calyx persistent or circumscissile near the base; leaves mostly in a 

radical rosette, the cauline alternate 4. Plagiobothrys. 

Corolla yellow 5. Amsixckia. 

Nutlets flattish, divergent, margined all around or at apex with bristles; 

corolla minute, white; small annuals 6. Pectocarya. 

Xntlets broad, depressed, covered all over with short barbed prickles; 
corolla blue with a ring of appendages or crests at the throat; 
perennials. . . 7. Cynoglossum. 

1. HELIOTROPIUM L. Heliotrope. 

Ours a prostrate perennial with white flowers in dense one-sided 
spikes. Corolla salverform, short, with open throat; sinuses more or 
les- plaited in the hud. Anthers connivent, nearly sessile. Style 
short. Ovary not lobed but separating when ripe into 4 one-seeded 
closed cells. (Greek helios, sun, and trope, a turning, "the flowers 
beginning to appear at the summer solstice.") 

1. H. Curassavicum L. Fleshy, glabrous, glaucous, the stems } £ 
to several ft. long; leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate; spikes 
mostly in pairs; corolla white with yellow eye. 

Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or 
alkaline lands throughout California. June-Nov. 

2. ALLOCARYA Greene. 
Low herbs, ours annuals, mostly in low wet ground. Leaves 
linear or narrow, entire, the lowest always opposite. Corollas white, 



442 BORAGINACEJE. 

with yellow throat; pedicels more or less 5-angled under the flowers, 
persistent. Calyx 5-parted to the hase, indurated and somewhat 
accrescent in fruit. Corolla salverform, with short tube; processes or 
crests in the throat none (?) or not obvious. Nutlets ovate or 
lanceolate-ovate, smooth, rugose, tuberculate or even with barbed or 
prickly points, often carinate on one or both sides. Scar of the nutlet 
basal or above the base, concave or sometimes raised and stipe-like. 
(Greek alios, diverse, and karua, nut, the plants separated from 
Cryptanthe on .account of the different fruits.) 

Herbage densely pubescent, the hairs long and rather soft; var. vestita of . . 

1. A. mollis. 
Herbage hispid or rough-pubescent. 
Nutlets rugose or tuberculate. 

Pedicels about 3 lines long 2. A. Chorisiana. 

Pedicels 1 line long to almost none. 

Rachis of the spike fistulous-enlarged 3. A. salina. 

Rachis of the spike not fistulous. 
Pedicels turbinate-thickened beneath the flower; corolla 2 to 3 lines 

broad; nutlet rather slender, stipitate 4. A. stipilata. 

Pedicels not thickened; corolla 1 to 1^ lines broad; nutlet ovate. 
Nutlet carinate ventrally and a little past the apex dorsally . . . . 

5. A. Californica. 
Nutlet carinate ventrally and dorsally, the dorsal rugae dentate- 
interrupted 6. A. trachycarpa. 

Nutlets -with barbed or hispid prickles , 7. A. Greene i. 

1. A. mollis (Gray) var. vestita. A rather rank plant with 
many ascending branches 12 to 18 in. long or more; herbage very 
densely and conspicuously hairy throughout even to the very catyees; 
spikes 3 to 6 in. long, bractless; flowers about 2 lines broad; fruit not 
scattered; nutlets either light or dark colored, exceeding \ line, 
regularly reticulate on the back, carinate from the apex to below the 
middle (the carina there vanishing in the meshes of the reticula- 
tion) or not carinate, strongly ridged ventrally down to the roundish 
-<ar, which is bounded toward the base by a horseshoe-shaped ridge. 
— (Allocarya vestita Greene.) 

Petaluma, J. W. Congdon, July 25, 1880; not since collected. 

2. A. Chorisiana (Cham.) Greene. Diffuse (or at first erect) with 
reclining branches 7 to 16 in. long, strigose throughout; radical 
leaves linear-elongated, often 4 in. long; racemes elongated, at length 
very loose, leafy below; fruiting pedicels about 3 lines long, seldom 
or never less than 1 line long; calyx little accrescent, about 1 line 
long, the segments at length spreading; corolla 3 to 4 lines wide; 
nutlets ovate, \ line long or a trifle more, dark brown, carinate 
ventrally only, or also dorsally toward the apex, rugose and minutely 
granulate; scar linear. 

Low ground about San Francisco Bay: Vallejo, Greene; Belmont. 
Apr. -June. 

3. A. salina. Branched from the base, strictly erect and simple, 
5 to 6 in. high; rachis of the spikes fistulous-enlarged, the flowers 
rather dense, but strictly unilateral in 2 rather marked rows; calyx- 
segments spatulate or ovate, very strongly callous-thickened toward 
the base, the sinus next the axis much deeper than the others, some 



BORAGE FAMILY. 443 

of the outer sepals united nearly to the summit in some cases; nutlets 
roughish papillate, with rather sharp lateral angles, carinate dorsally. 
Alvarado, margin of salt marshes, June, 1896. 

4. A. stipitata Greene. Branched from the base and somewhat 
spreading, the branches mostly simple, slender, commonly 9 to 12 in. 
long; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 3 in. long, or the radical obovate 
or oblong, attenuate into a long petiole; corolla 2 to 3 lines broad, 
white with yellow eye or the eye changing to white; sepals at length 
brownish and often spreading; nutlets somewhat flattened on the back, 
rugose and papillate, strongly carinate at apex, the dorsal carina 
continuous to the base or obsolete below the middle; scar short- 
stipitate; sepals at length brownish and often spreading. 

Very common on the plains of the Lower Sacramento and eastern 
Contra Costa Co. to Hollister. Apr.-May. Very robust specimens 
frequently show strictly virgate branches nearly or quite 2 ft. long, 
flower-bearing throughout their entire length. The very short stipe 
is evident only as a narrow constriction between the elevated scar and 
the body of the nutlet. 

5. A. Californica (F. & M.) Greene. Similar in habit to A. 
stipitata; flowers 1 to 1£ lines broad; nutlet ovate, carinate ventrally 
and a little past the apex dorsally, usually grayish; scar not raised; 
rugae mostly oblique and branched. 

Coast Range and interior valleys: Russian River; Solano Co. and 
southward to Hollister. 

Var. stricta (A. stricta Greene). Slender, strictly erect, almost 
simple, 5 to 7 in. high, somewhat succulent; spikes very dense. — 
Calistoga. 

Var. subglochidiata Gray. Branches succulent, often prostrate; 
calyx-lobes accrescent; nutlet with minute muriculations and sharp- 
edged transverse rugulse commonly tipped with a tuft of penicillate 
bristles. — (A. humistrata Greene.) 

Colusa Co. to the San Joaquin Valley. 

6. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. More or less diffuse or decum- 
bent; racemes leafy throughout or nearly so; calyx-segments spread- 
ing; corolla small, 1 to 1J lines broad; nutlet broadly ovate, trans- 
versely rugose and papillate or muricate, carinate ventrally and 
dorsally; dorsal rugosities commonly simple, and keel mostly dentate- 
interrupted. 

Sonoma Co., southward to Hollister and the San Joaquin plains. 
Papillse of the nutlet sometimes slender and rough, apparently passing 
into less bristly forms of A. Greenei. 

A. diffusa Greene. — Nutlets similar, rugose in the same fashion 
but not so strongly, carinate dorsally but obscurely. 

7. A. Greenei (Gray) Greene. Diffusely branched from the base, 
the straggling branches commonly 1 ft. long or more, strigulose- 
pubescent; leaves linear-oblanceolate; racemes simple, leafy or brac- 
teate below, the flowers scattered; nutlet 1 line long, ovate, rather 
densely covered with slender barbed prickles; prickles |- to £ line long, 
quite distinct at base. 



444 BORAGINACE^E. 

Abundant in fields of the Upper Sacramento Valley; first collected 
at Yreka; plains of the Lower Sacramento near Elmira (prickle.- short 
and rather sparse as compared with the type); plants from the Lower 
San Joaquin with the prickles (mostly sparse and much reduced) 
confluent at base into quite regular walled reticulations are referred 
here provisionally. 

3. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. Nievitas. 
Annuals with the white flowers nearly always sessile and scorpioid- 
spicate. Calyx 5-parted to the base, as long as the corolla-tube; 
segments more or less hispid or with booked bristles, in fruit usually 
closely embracing the nutlets, eventually deciduous. Nutlets 4. 
sometimes 3, 2 or 1, smooth, papillate, or muriculate, never rug< se; 
face of nutlet with a ventral groove from the apex to the scar near 
the base, usually continued beyond the scar as a fork and either open 
(areolate) or closed. Nutlet attached to the subulate gynobase from 
the scar half way or wholly to the apex along the groove. (Greek 
kruptos, hidden, and anthos, flower, perhaps on account of the minute 
flowers in some species.) 

Nutlets papillate or murieate, 4 (or 3). 
Fruiting calyx at least twice as long as the nutlets, these with obtuse 

lateral angles 1. C. ambif/ua. 

Fruiting calyx surpassing a little and somewhat connivent over the 
acutely angled nutlets. 
Plants erect, commonly branching; nutlets about 1 line long 

2. C. murtculata. 
Plants erect, branching but very strict; nutlets smaller 

3. C. Jonesii. 
Plants diffuse, very slender; nutlets }4 line long . . . 4. C. micromeres. 

Nutlets smooth. 
Nutlet 1, much surpassing the short gynobase. . 
Corolla very small Q/ 2 line broad or less); branches commonly diffuse . 

.">. c. microstachys. 
Corolla larger (nearlv or quite 1 line broad) ; stem rigidlv erect 

6. C. flaccida. 
Nutlets 4 (or 3) ; gynobase subulate, % t0 as long as the nutlets. 

Groove simple, sometimes not closed at base, but not forked 

7. C. Iciocarpa. 
Groove forked at base, but no open areola 8. C. Torreyana. 

1. C. ambigua (Gray) Greene. Much branched from the base, 
;} to If ft. high, rough-hirsute throughout; leaves linear, 1 to 1£ in. 
long; spikes 1 to 2£ in. long, commonly very loose below, ternate or 
geminate, often pedunculate; calyx exceeding 1 line in length; sepals 
linear, more densely hispid-bristly towards the base; corolla 2£ to 3 
lines broad; nutlets gray, 4 or 3, narrowly ovate, papillate but not 
pointed or prickly, the lateral angle obtuse and the groove more or 
less closed, with the basal bifurcation open-areolate (or sometimes 
closed?). 

Hills and mountains: St. Helena, June 2, 1896; throughout 
northern California. 

2. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Kobust, branching, rough- 
hirsute or hispid, £ to 1\ ft. high, with well-developed rather dense 
spikes mostly in 2's and 3's at the end of the branches; calyx H Hoes 



BORAGE FAMILY. 44-") 

long; corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets 1 line long, muricate- 
papillose, and somewhat rugose on the back; ventral groove and its 
basal bifurcation mostly closed; lateral angles acutish, distinct. 

Mt. Diablo Range, from near Antioch southward. Apr. 

3. C. Jonesii (Gray) Greene. Erect, strict, 7 to 14 in. high, leafy 
below; lateral spikes from near the base or above the middle short, 
often -essile, the terminal spikes longer in a rather close panicle; 
corolla less than 1 line broad in dried specimens; sepals linear, 
obscurely unicostate, bristly- hispid, in fruit about 1 line long, 
slightly surpassing the rough-papillate ovate nutlets which are 
acutely angled laterally and little more than J line long; ventral 
groove mostly closed and forked below. 

Sonoma; Mt. Tamalpais; Santa Cruz, July 1, 1881, and Soledad, 
May 20. 1882, M. E. Jones, who first collected it. Nutlets some- 
times smooth and concave on either side of the ventral groove. 

■4. C. micromeres (Gray) Greene. Slender, rather widely 
branched above the base, 7 to 9 in. high, rough-hirsute almost 
throughout; spikes mostly terminal or subterminal, not dense, 2 to 4 
in. long; nutlets similar to the preceding, little more than I line 
long, slender papillate (or on either side of the ventral groove concave 
and either papillate or smooth). 

Santa Cruz, Jones; Sierra Foothills at Mokelumne Hill, Rattan^ 
the spikes after the fall of the flowers obscurely flexuous. 

5. C. microstachys Greene. At first erect and 3 or 4 in. high, 
later diffuse with ascending or reclining branches f to 2 ft. long, 
bristly throughout; spikes slender, 4 to 6 in. long, rather densely 
flowered; sepals less than 1 line long, very hispid-bristly; nutlet 1, 
brown, smooth, ovate, with long and slightly contracted apex, 
slightly compressed hut not angled laterally, § to 1 line long; groove 
closed, with a minute fork at base. 

Santa Cruz Mts., June 20, 1896, Setcliell and Jepson; Vaca 
Mountains, May, 1892. 

6. C. flaccid a (Dougl.) Greene. Strictly and rigidly erect, with 
few ascending branches at the top, f to 1-^ ft. high; leaves linear; 
spikes 2 to 4 in. long, at length not crowded; corolla nearly or quite 
1 line broad; fruiting calyx 1£ lines long, appressed to the rachis, its 
narrowly linear segments thickish at base, connivent above, nearly 
twice as lpng as the nutlet, hispid and bearing toward the base a 
deflexed tuft of bristles; nutlet rostellate-acuminate at apex, the 
groove enlarged below but not forked. 

Common on low dry gravelly hills of the inner Coast Ranges: 
Sierra Nevada. Apr.-May. 

7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from 
the base, with many erect or ascending branches, 5 to 13 in. long; 
branches mostly simple below, branching above, and bearing many 
spikes which are often more or less congested; spikes leafy- bractec) , 
rarely bractless, the terminal longer and interrupted, the lateral short 
and glomerate; sepals short-linear, hispid-bristly; nutlets usually 4, 



446 BORAGINACEiE. 

rarely 1, narrowly ovate, acute, f line long, the ventral groove not 
forked, or scarcely so. 

Sandy lands near the coast, San Francisco, northward and south- 
ward. June. Stems sometimes short and ctespitose, nearly always 
from a rather strong taproot. Bristles often pustulate-dilated at base. 
Nutlets mottled transversely on the ventral side and longitudinally on 
the back. 

8. C. Torreyana (Gray) Greene. Erect, branched from the 
middle and sometimes from the base; spikes commonly elongated, 
loose below, frequently geminate; nutlet ovate, acute, the groove 
forked at base, the fork sometimes minute. 

Napa Valley, Torrey in 1865, specimen seen in the Gray Herba- 
rium; common in the Sierra Nevada, at least northward. 

4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. Pop-corn Flower. 
Rather slender annuals with mostly soft pubescence, the hairs often 
rusty when young, especially on the calyx. Leaves mostly in a 
radical tuft, those of the stem alternate. Racemes spike-like, elon- 
gated, loose and sometimes leafy. Pedicels very short or almost none, 
filiform, persistent. Corolla short, white, with crests or processes at 
the mouth of the throat (or the crests absent?). Nutlets ovate, cari- 
nate on both sides towards the apex and often also laterally margined, 
on the back rugose or roughened. Insertion above the base or 
median, the scar raised and rounded and leaving a corresponding 
depression on the receptacle or gynobase. (Greek plagios, on the 
side, and bothrus, pit or excavation, the first species having a hollow 
scar.) 

Scar of nutlet raised and rounded with a distinct hole or excavation in the 

middle of it; erect plants: var. campestris of 1. P.rufescens. 

Scar of nutlet solid. 
Nutlets glassy, either papillate-scabrous or almost smooth; very slender 

erect plants 2. P. tenellus. 

Nutlets grayish or brownish, rugose or granulate. 
Calyx in fruit circumscissile below the middle, the upper portion falling 

away; erect plants 3. P. nothofulvus . 

Calyx persistent, not circumscissile; plants with diffuse, straggling or 
prostrate branches 4. P. canescens. 

1. P. rufescens F. & M. var. campestris. Branching, 1 to 2 ft. 
high, hispid-hirsute; leaves linear or lanceolate; racemes very loose, 
leafless and spike-like but the flowers distinctly pediceled; fruiting 
calyx 2 to 3 lines long, the segments nearly distinct, lanceolate, per- 
sistent, more or less reddish even in age; nutlets 1£ lines long, nearly 
1 line wide in the middle, abruptly beaked, the transverse rugae more 
or less interrupted and often dot-like or granulate; scar raised and 
ring-like, bordering a deep circular excavation. — (P. campestris 
Greene.) 

Low foothills of the Coast Ranges in Solano Co., and northward. 
Apr.-May. 

2. P. tenellus Gray. Three to 7 in. high, branching from or 
near the base, the branches erect or ascending; herbage puberulent 



BORAGE FAMILY. 447 

or the leaves hispidulous; leaves of the radical tuft oblong, acute 
or obtuse, $ to 1 in. long; cauline leaves few, ovate or ovate-oblong. 
2 to 3 or 4 lines long; spikes 1 to 3 in. long, comparatively few- 
flowered; calyx deeply cleft, at first rusty yellowish, at length pale, 
sometimes imperfectly circumscissile; nutlets minute (£ line long), 
shining and enamel-like on the back, smooth but papillate-scabrous 
on the lateral angles and often also on the rugae; rugae transverse, 
straight, smooth and low, separated by very fine lines. 

Kaweah Kiver. southern Sierra Nevada, Eastwood; Napa Moun- 
tains, Jepson; northern California. Uncommon in our region. 

3. P. nothofulvus Gray. Plants erect or suberect, 1 to 1\ ft. 
high; stems 1 to several from the depressed rosulate tuft of leaves, 
branching mostly above, the branches widely spreading or erect; 
herbage silky-villous, the hairs very reddish only when young, espe- 
cially on the calyx and sometimes on the leaves; leaves oblong-ovate 
or lanceolate, those of the radical tuft oblong-ovate or oblanceolate; 
spikes leafless; calyx cleft only to the middle, \\ lines long, in fruit 
circumscissile below the middle, the upper part falling away and 
leaving the persistent base about the nutlets; corolla 2 to 3 lines 
broad. 

Hill and mountain sides: St. Helena, Napa Co.; Vaca Mountains: 
Sierra Foothills. Mar. -May. 

4. P. canescens Benth. Branches long and straggling, nearly 
or quite simple, \ to \\ ft. long, loosely flower-bearing and leafy 
nearly throughout, or the spike nearly or quite leafless; pubescence 
pale, soft-villous; leaves oblong to linear or lanceolate; calyx cleft to 
below the middle, the segments broadly lanceolate, in fruit 2 to 3 
lines long; nutlets 1 line long, incurved-connivent, rugose-reticulate, 
the areola longer transversely, and the lateral angles very distinct. 

Livermore Valley; English Hills, Solano Co.; French Camp, Sierra 
Foothills; Marysville Buttes; first collected by Hartweg in the Upper 
Sacramento Valley. Apr. Calyx in fruit circular-depressed (the 
tips of the segments connivent over the nutlets), in age deciduous, 
the. very short stubby pedicel persistent. Plants sometimes erect. 

5. AMSINCKIA Lehm. 
Annuals with rough-hairy herbage, the hairs commonly with 
pustulate-dilated • base, often conspicuously hardened or granular. 
Flowers yellow, in elongated spikes. Sepals 5; or 4 or 3 through the 
more or less complete union of two into one. Corolla salverform, 
the throat somewhat funnelform and with more or less distinct folds, 
but destitute of crests or processes. Style filiform. Nutlets crusta- 
ceous, triquetrous or ovate-triangular, smooth or rough. Cotyledons 
deeply 2-parted. (Wm. Amsinck of Hamburg, patron of the 
Botanic Garden in that city.) 

Nutlets much flattened on the back, with coarse granulations 

1. A. iesselata. 

Nutlets beset with prickly projections 2. A. echinata. 

Nutlets not prickly. 
Nutlets carinate on the back, granulate and rugose. 



448 BORAGINACE.E. 

Corolla 6 lines long or more; nutlet somewhat compressed laterally . . . 

3. A. spectabitis. 
Corolla 5 lines long or less ; nutlets much incurved, 1% lines long .... 

4. A. intermedia. 
Corolla 6 lines long or less; nutlets % line long, scarcely more 

5. A. lycopsdides. 
Nutlets smooth and polished 6. A. grandijtora. 

1. A. tesselata Gray. Coarsely hispid, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves 
linear to oblong-lanceolate; developed spikes -5 to 6 in. long, loose; 
calyx of 3 or 4 sepals, 1 narrow and 2 broad, or 3 narrow and 1 broad. 
rusty-hispid, accrescent in fruit with the broadly-ovate foliaceous seg- 
ments about twice the length of the nutlets; corolla small, orange- 
yellow; nutlets broadly ovate, abruptly acute, not carinate but ftatnsh 
on the back, which is surrounded by a dentate border and filled in 
with a few short transverse rugae and many wart-like projections 
fitted closely together, and so resembling a somewhat uneven cobble- 
stone pavement. — (A. collina Greene.) 

Near Mt. Diablo, Brewer; San Joaquin plains. 

2. A. echinata Gray. Erect, 1J to 2.] ft. high, very hispid with 
white spreading bristles; sepals very narrow, yellow-hispid; corolla 
light yellow, about twice as long, little dilated at the throat, the 
limb 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets muricate with slender points or almost 
prickly, not rugose. 

Plant of the Mohave Kegion, credited to Antioch. 

3. A. spectabilis F. & M. Erect, branching above. 1 to '2\ ft. 
high, with mostly linear or linear-lanceolate leaves; spikes 3 to 7 in. 
long; calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate, reddish-hispid, \ to \ 
the length of the corolla-tube; corolla orange-yellow, <i to 7 lines long 
with slightly unequal lobes; nutlets somewhat flattened laterally, 
carinate dorsally and ven trail}*, reticulate-rugulose and granulate. 

Towards the interior. 

4. A. intermedia F. & M. Erect, frequently widely branched, 
1£ to 3 ft. high; stems and branches with scattered white bristles, the 
foliage densely hispid-bristly with rather shorter bristles; inflorescence 
hispid and with a short curly pubescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate 
to linear, thickish, entire; racemes more or less crowded at the top of 
the stem or branches and leafy -bracteate; developed racemes 5 to 10 
in. long, peduncled; calyx-segments rusty -hispid, linear-acuminate. 
\ as long as the narrow orange-yellow corollas, in fruit twice as long 
at least as the nutlets; nutlets incurved, carinate dorsally, scabrous- 
rugose and granulate, exceeding 1 line in length. 

Throughout our district, mostly towards the interior; frequently 
very abundant on grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, forming- 
rank thickets 3 to 4 ft. high and sometimes called by the country 
people ' ' Buckthorn . ' ' 

5. A. lycopsoides Lehm. Stems erect, branching, the branches 
at length decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage of a light yellowish 
green, setose-hispid; leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with 
erose-sinuate or entire margins; racemes rather short, frequently 



BORAGE FAMILY. 449 

leafy-bracteate; peduncles short or none; calyx sparsely setose-hispid, 
the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong-, obtuse, 2 or 3 of the lobes often 
united; corolla pale yellow, very slender; nutlets brown or blackish, 
muriculatc and rugulose, scarcely more than h line long. 

Sandy soil along the seaboard: San Francisco. Apr.-May. 

6. A. grandiflora Kleeb. Kobust, hispid, H ft. high; fully 
developed spikes 5 to 7 in. long; calyx-segments fulvous-hirsute, 
often partly or wholly confluent so as to appear as 3 or 4, in fruit 5 
to lines long; corolla to 7 lines long, deep yellow, with ample 
limb; anthers nearly sessile, inserted very low in the corolla; nutlets 
perfectly smooth, polished, light gray, carinate ventrally from the 
apex to the nearly median oblong scar; lateral angles sharp, back 
concave. 

Antioch, Kellogg. The nearly related A. vernicosa H. & A. may 
be expected within our limits southward; it has smaller flowers and 
sharply triquetrous nutlets (resembling a grain of buckwheat) with 
very obscure scar. 

6. PECTOCARYA DC. 

Low slender obscure annuals with strigose pubescence and narrowly 
linear leaves. Flowers minute, white, on very short pedicels, scat- 
tered along the stems or branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading 
or reflexed in fruit. Corolla with a circle of processes or crests which 
almost close the throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, 
radiately divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of 
bristles hooked at tip. (Greek pectos, combed, and karua, nut, on 
account of the row of bristles on the nutlet.) 

Nutlet not winged, the acute margin bordered all around by bristles .... 

1. P. pusilla. 
Nutlet bordered by a wing which bears hooked bristles only at the apex . . 

2. P. penicillata. 

1. P. pusilla Gray. Erect, somewhat flexuous, simple or spar- 
ingly branched, 3 to 5 in. high, strigulose-canescent; nutlets 4 and 
equably divergent (or sometimes but 2), 1 line long, cuneate-obovate 
or somewhat rhomboidal, carinately nerved on the upper face, not 
winged, the margin bearing a row of slender bristles hooked at the 
tip. 

Shady north slopes in the hills near St. Helena; common about 
Yreka ace. to Gray. Mar.-Apr. 

2. P. peniciliata (H. & A.) A. DC. Branching at the base, the 
branches diffuse, 1 to 4 in. long; nutlets divergent in pairs, oblong, 1 
line long, surrounded by a wing which is incurved along the middle 
in age and bears at the rounded apex a series of slender bristles 
hooked at the tip. 

Napa Valley, Jepson, the only known locality in our region. 

7. CYNOGLOSSUM L. 

Ours a coarse perennial herb with broad petioled leaves. Flowers 
blue, in a panicled bractless raceme raised on a naked terminal 

31 



450 VERBENACE^}. 

peduncle. Corolla with a ring of conspicuous appendages or crests at 
the throat. Nutlets large, depressed, covered all over with short 
barbed prickles and thus bur-like. (Combined of the Greek kuno, dog, 
and glossa, tongue, on account of the shape and texture of the leaves 
in some species.) 

1. C. grande Dougl. Hound's Tongue. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high; 
leaves mostly radical or subradical, hoary-pubescent beneath, ovate, 
varying to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rounded at base or truncate, acute 
or acuminate, 3 to 7 in. long, on petioles often as long; sepals 
narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the 
tube often purple, the lobes elliptic; stamens inserted at the throat, 
on very short filaments. 

Coast Range woods: Monterey; Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Vaca 
Mountains, and northward. Feb. -Mar. 

93. VERBENACE/E. Verbena Family. 

Ours herbs with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers complete. 
Corolla bilabiate or almost regular. Calyx persistent. Stamens 4, in 
2 pairs. Ovary superior, undivided, 2 to 4-celled, separating at 
maturity into as many 1-seeded nutlets; style single, entire; stigmas 
2 or 1. Endosperm in our genera scanty or none. 

Calyx 5-toothed ; nutlets 4; diffuse or erect herbs 1. Verbena. 

Calyx 2-cleft; nutlets 2; creeping herbs 2. Lippia. 

1. VERBENA L. Vervain. 

Perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers in terminal densely- 
flowered bractless spikes. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 
5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit. Corolla salverform with a 
rather unequally 5-lobed limb. Anthers ovate. Stigmas mostly 
2-lobed, the anterior lobe larger, the posterior smooth and sterile. 
Fruit separating into 4 one-celled one-seeded achene-like nutlets. 
(Latin name of a certain sacred plant.) 

Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers. 
Stem erect, strict and tall; spikes dense, more or less peduncled; petioles 

naked 1. V. hastata. 

Diffusely branching; spikes not dense below, sessile or leafy bracted at 

base"; petioles cuneately margined 2. V. proslrata. 

Bracts conspicuous, exceeding the flowers ; spikes dense, sessile 

3. V. bracteosa. 

1. V. hastata L. Blue Vervain. Erect, strict, 2 to 4 ft. high; 
pubescence short-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acumi- 
nate, rather finely serrate, 4 in. long or less, on petioles \ in. long; 
some of the lower leaves commonly hastately lobed at base; spikes 
numerous; naked at base or more or less peduncled, densely flowered, 
2 to 3 in. long, in a close panicle; corolla deep blue. 

Banks of the lower Sacramento River: Wilkes Expedition, 1841; 
Rio Vista, Grand Island and Ryer Island, Jepson, 1892. 

2. V. prostrata R. Br. Common Vervain. Stems diffusely 



VERBENA FAMILY. 451 

branched or spreading; herbage mostly soft-pubescent; leaves oblong- 
ovate, coarsely serrate, and often laeiniately lobed, especially toward 
the base which is contracted into the cuneately winged petiole; spikes 
2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long, solitary or more commonly loosely paniculate; 
bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 2 lines 
long; nutlets oblong. 

Dry open hill country throughout western California: Humboldt 
Co.; Sonoma and Vacaville, southward to Alameda Co., Santa Clara 
Co. and Southern California. July-Sept. 

3. V. bracteosa Michx. Diffusely much branched, I to 1 ft. 
high or more; leaves pinnately incised or 3-cleft with coarsely serrate 
lobes, narrowed at base into a winged petiole; spikes commonly dense, 
sessile; bracts lanceolate, rigid, conspicuously exceeding the flowers, 
mostly entire or the lowest incised; corolla small, blue. 

Lower San Joaquin; probably introduced. 

2. LIPPIA L. Lemon Verbexa. 
Ours prostrate perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers small, 
similar to those of Verbena, disposed in short spikes or heads sub- 
tended by broad closely imbricated bracts. Pubescence fine, the 
hairs fixed by the middle and both ends acute. Peduncles slender, 
axillary. Calyx small and short, in ours 2-cleft, the lobes entire and 
lateral. Corolla-limb manifestly bilabiate, 4-lobed, the upper lip 
retuse or emarginate. Style mostly short; stigma thickish, oblique. 
Pericarp more or less corky, not readily separating into the 2 nutlets. 
(In memory of Dr. A. Lippi, a French naturalist, killed in 
Abyssinia, in 1703.) 

Leaves thickish, oblanceolate or obovate 1. L. nodiflora. 

Leaves thinnish, ovate 2. L. lanceolate. 

1. L. nodiflora Michx. Stems extensively creeping from a 
lignescent perennial base; herbage minutely canescent throughout; 
leaves thickish, cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate, sessile, f to nearly 1 
in. long, sharply serrate towards the apex; peduncles filiform, 1 to 4 
in. long, much exceeding the leaves; heads cylindraceous in age, 3 
lines thick; calyx with 2 low triangular teeth, these laterally disposed 
and entire or notched; corolla white, 1^ lines broad, the lower lobe 
transversely oblong; fruit globose or didymous. 

Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin, especially on river banks. 
Esteemed as a plant covering for the soil on levees for the purpose of 
resisting erosion. July-Sept. 

2. L. lanceolata Michx. Similar to the preceding but greener; 
leaves thinner, 1 to 2\ in. long, ovate, sharply serrate except at the 
broadly cuneate base which is abruptly narrowed to a short petiole, 
pinnately straight-veined; peduncles often shorter than the leaves; 
corolla bluish white. 

Common on muddy banks of the islands lying near the confluence 
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Kivers: Grand Island; Bouldin 
Island, etc. 



452 LABIATE. 

94. LABIATE. Mint Family. 

Aromatic herbs or low shrubs with square stems and always oppo- 
site simple leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils or more commonly 
in small cymes; cymes sessile in the axils of the opposite leaves 
(rarely peduncled), commonly dense and having the appearance of a 
whorl, and thus denominated in the descriptions. Subtending leaves 
of the whorls frequently bract-like and the internodes short, the 
inflorescence thus becoming spike-like, or the whorl sometimes termi- 
nal and head-like. Calyx "always synsepalous, frequently bilabiate, 
usually 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, bilabiate, commonly 
with 2 lobes in the upper lip and 3 lobes in the lower lip. Stamens 
4, in 2 pairs, or the superior (upper) pair of stamens wanting or repre- 
sented by sterile filaments. Ovary superior, 4-lobed (or 4-parted in 
Trichostema). separating when ripe into 4 small 1-seeded nutlets. 
Style single, situated in the depression among the lobes of the 
ovary cleft at apex. Nutlets attached by the base (or by the side 
in Trichostema). 

A. Flowers solitary in the axils; stamens 4. 

Calyx with entire lips, a gibbous protuberance on the upper side 

2. Scutellaria. 
Calyx not gibbous on the upper side (nor in any of the following). 

Trailing herb; flowers very small 12. Miceomeria. 

Shrub; flowers large. . . .* 13. Sfhacele. 

B. Flowers in whorls or terminal heads or axillary cymes. 
1. Calyx regular, or its teeth nearly equal (except some species of Mentha). 
Stamens with the exserted portion of filaments as long or longer than the 
corolla, conspicuously curved; tube of corolla slender, abruptly curved 

below throat; ovary 4-lobed ; nutlets attached by the side 

1. Trichostema. 
Stamens moderately exserted or included; ovary 4-parted; nutlets attached 
by the base. 
Corolla little irregular. 
Flower-whorls axillary. 

Stamens 4; stems obtusely quadrangular; herbage aromatic 

17. Mentha. 
Stamens 2; stems acutely quadrangular ; herbage little aromatic. . . . 

16. Lysopus. 
Flowers in terminal bracted heads; segments of the corolla narrow and 

very similar; stamens 4 14. Monardella. 

Corolla plainly bilabiate ; stamens 4. 
Stamens included in the tube of the corolla; calyx-teeth 10, subulate, 

hooked at tip; flowers in whorls *. 3. Marrubil.m. 

Stamens projecting beyond the tube. 
Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior; calyx 
tubular-campanulate, its teeth triangular, cuspidate; corolla-tube 
with a hairy ring within; flowers in whorls. . 7. Stachys. 
Stamens nearly equal; calyx tubular, its teeth very short, densely 

woolly; flower-whorls remote, mostly leafy-bracted 

15. Koellia. 
Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth 
lanceolate, cuspidate, often pinkish; flowers in a dense spike. . . . 

5. LOPHANTHTJS. 

2. Calyx bilabiate or its teeth unequal. 
Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth 

lanceolate-subulate 4. Nepeta. 

Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior or latter wanting. 



MINT FAMILY. 453 

Flowers in a dense terminal spike, with roundish bracts; upper calyx-lip 

truncate with 3 cusps on the margin ; stamens 4. . 6. Brucella. 
Flowers in whorls in a close spike or some of the lower whorls distinct; 
bracts narrow, obspatulate or linear; lower calyx-lip of 2 lanceolate- 
subulate teeth longer than the 3 upper teeth; stamens 4 (or 2); style 

bearded above; annuals 10. POGOGYNE. 

Flower-whorls distinct, commonly remote, 
stamens with anthers 4; flowers in axillary clusters; calyx in fruit 

deflexed 11. Melissa. 

Stamens with perfect anthers 2; upper pair of stamens none, rudi- 
mentary, or with imperfect anthers. 
Anther-cells without filament-like connective; bracts roundish, the 
margins armed with long needle-like spines. . 9. Acanthomintha. 
Anther-cells one at each end of a long versatile connective or cross-bar 
which is attached near the middle to the filament proper, a perfect 
anther-cell at the upper end, the anther-cell at the lower end 
imperfect or none, or even the lower portion of the connective 
obsolete 8. Salvia. 

1. TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue Curls. 
Ours ill-scented annuals with entire leaves and blue (occasionally 
pinkish or whitish) flowers in axillary cymes or becoming raceme- 
like in age. Calyx equally or almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with 
oblique limb, the oblong lobes nearly alike; tube in ours slender, far 
exceeding the calyx and abruptly geniculate or curved into an arc of 
a circle just below the limb. Stamens with the anther-cells divari- 
cate; filaments capillary, blue or violet, spirally coiled in the bud, in 
anthesis very much exserted, ascending between the deeply parted 
upper lobes of the corolla and curved outward and downward. Nut- 
lets rugose-reticulate. (Greek trichos, hair, and stemon, stamen.) 

Stems densely leafy; leaves sessile 1. T. lanceolatum. 

Stems sparsely leafy; leaves petioled 2. T.laxum. 

1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Yixegar Weed. Annual, simple 
or branching from near the base, 6 to 11 in. high, very leafy; herbage 
cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves lan- 
ceolate, acuminate, sessile, or the lowest subsessile, with 3 to 5 strong 
almost parallel nerves or ribs, 1 in. long; cymes short-peduncled or 
nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform, somewhat 
pubescent. 

Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast Ranges: Southern 
California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville, 
Winters, Healdsburg and northward. Sierra Foothills. A bee plant 
in Fresno- Co., where it abounds in many localities and "yields a 
white honey that granulates remarkably quick,'' 0. L. Abbott. 
Aug. -Sept. 

2. T. laxum Gray. Blue Curls. Simple or branching, 1 ft. 
high or less, minutely pubescent, sparsely leafy; leaves lanceolate or 
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate but obtusish, pinnately veined, 1 to 1J 
in. long, on slender petioles; cymes peduncled, rather loose; corolla 
almost glabrous. 

Stream beds or low summer fields of the North Coast Ranges: 
Sonoma Co. ; Pope Valley, Napa Co.; Putah Creek and northward. 
Also inner South Coast Ranges ace. to Greene. Aug. -Sept. 



454 LABIATE. 

T. LANATUM Benth. is a shrub with purple-woolty spikes. — Monte- 
rey Co. and southward. T. oblongum Gray has sessile flowers, the 
corolla hardly surpassing the calyx. — Sierra Nevada at middle 
altitudes. 

2. SCUTELLARIA L. Skull-cap. 
Ours perennial herbs, the flowers always solitary and either in 
axillary pairs or, when the leaves are reduced, forming terminal 
spikes or racemes. Calyx bilabiate, both lips entire, the upper with 
a scale-like or crest-like projection on the back, in anthesis campanu- 
late, after anthesis closed, and in fruit splitting to the base. Corolla 
with a long-exserted tube naked within; upper lip galeate, entire or 
barely notched, the lateral lobes of the lower lip more or less attached 
to it so that it appears 3-lobed, the middle lobe seeming to constitute 
the whole lower lip. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Upper fork of style 
short or none. Nutlets rarely wing-margined. Embryo curved; 
caulicle short, incumbent. (Latin scutella, a dish, on account of the 
conspicuous protuberance on the fruiting calyx.) 

Rootstocks filiform, bearing tubers; flowers violet-purple. .1. S. tuberosa. 
Rootstocks not tuber bearing; flowers whitish 2. S. Califomica. 

1. S. tuberosa Benth. Blue Skull-cai\ Stems 3 to 5 in. high, 
from tuberous rootstocks, the tubers oblong, 3 to 8 lines long; herbage 
pubescent; leaves thin, few-toothed; radical and lower leaves oval, 
purplish beneath (as also the lower cauline), on petioles as long as the 
blade; upper cauline ovate, the petioles commonly short; corolla 
violet-purple. 7 to 9 lines long; .middle lobe of lower lip somewhat 
spreading, much larger than the galeate upper lip; nutlets muricate. 

Loamy soil of shady woods in the hills or in sandy valleys: Napa 
Valley; Marin Co.; San Francisco; West Berkeley; Alameda; Wal- 
nut Creek; Mt. Diablo; Loma Prieta; Southern California. Apr.- 
Mav. Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges, nor from 
the inner South Coast Ranges south of Mt. Diablo. The var. similis 
has a very densely- villous calyx. — Pope Valley grade from Calistoga. 

2. S. Califorrvica Gray. Skull-cap. Stems clustered, com- 
monly simple, f to 1] ft. high, from horizontal branching rootstocks; 
herbage puberulent; leaves f to 1 in. long, oval-ovate or oblong- 
lanceolate, the lower disposed to be crenate and purplish beneath, the 
upper narrower and entire, those subtending the flowers much 
reduced; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; corolla nearly white or slightly 
yellowish, the throat ampliate-inflated, and the lips not very unequal; 
lower lip villous-bearded within; nutlets rugulose. 

Open woods and borders of thickets, on hillsides and in ravines: 
Coast Ranges (Berkeley; Ukiah; Anderson Valley); Sierra Nevada. 
June. 

S. Bolaxderi Gray and S. angustifolia Pursh are of the Sierra 
Nevada: the former has oval leaves, little reduced above, sessile by a 
cordate base and very veiny, and whitish flowers; the latter has 
linear or lanceolate entire leaves (or the lowermost broader and serrate) 
and violet-purple flowers. 



MINT FAMILY. 455 

3. MARRUBIUM L. Horehoim>. 

Perennial tomentose herbs with much wrinkled leaves and rather 
small flowers in whorls. Calyx with cylindraceous tube, 10 ribs and 
as many equal subulate or spinulose teeth, which are recurved at tip. 
Corolla white, with short tube included in the calyx, the upper lip 
erect, 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, included 
within the tube of the corolla, all the anthers 2-celled. Nutlets 
rounded at the top. (From Hebrew, meaning bitter.) 

1. M. vulgare L. Common Horehound. Stems tufted, erect, 
white-woolly, f to 2\ ft. high; leaves roundish, crenate, except at the 
cuneate or truncate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath and green 
above, or somewhat tomentose on both faces; middle lobe of lower lip 
of corolla transversely oblong, much larger than the lateral lobes. 

Common weed of old fields and waste places about farms and 
villages everywhere in the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San 
Joaquin Valleys, Sierra Foothills and Southern California. Ever- 
green with us. July-Sept. 

4. NEPETA L. 

Perennial herbs. Calyx tubular, obliquely 5-toothed, the upper 
teeth longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, distinctly 
bilabiate; upper lip erect, lower spreading, the middle lobe larger 
than the lateral. Stamens 4, not exserted, ascending under the upper 
lip, the lower pair the shorter, all anther-bearing, with the anthers 
approximate in pairs. Nutlets ovoid, flattened, smooth. (Old Latin 
name used by Pliny, perhaps from the city Nepete in Tuscany.) 

1. N. cataria L. Catnep. Stems 2 or 3 ft. high; herbage canes- 
cent with fine hairs, except the green upper surface of the leaves; 
leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or cordate at base, coarsely crenate, 
2 or 3 in. long or the upper reduced, greener above than below, 
petioled; spikes 1 to 3 in. long, dense or with 1 or 2 accessory whorls 
below; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate; corolla white, 4 or 5 lines 
long, dotted with purple. 

Common in the North Coast Ranges but mostly beyond our limits: 
Russian River Valley; Scott Valley and Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co. 
July. 

5. LOPHANTHUS Benth. 

Tall perennial herbs. Leaves ovate, serrate, petioled. Flowers 
violet-purple or whitish, crowded in a terminal spike. Calyx tubular- 
campanulate, rather oblique, almost equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of 
corolla 2-lobed, nearly erect; lower lip spreading, its middle lobe 
crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the anthers not approximate in pairs. 
(Greek lophos, crest, and anthos, flower.) 

1. L. urticifolius Benth. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 or 4 ft. high; 
calyx-lobes membranaceous, pinkish or whitish; corolla light violet- 
purple. 

Common in the Sierra Nevada and in the Yallo Ballv Mountains 



456 LABIATE. 

of the North Coast Ranges. Rare within our limits: Caux's Knob, 
west of St. Helena; Russian River Station; Skaggs' Springs. 

6. BRUNELLA L. Self Heal. 

Low perennials, the nearly simple stems terminated by a short- 
spicate or subcapitate inflorescence, each whorl composed of six sub- 
sessile flowers and subtended by broad floral bracts. Calyx reticulate- 
veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, bilabiate; upper lip truncate 
with 3 cusps; lower 2-cleft; lips closed in fruit. Corolla-throat 
inflated and tube more or less exserted; upper lip erect, galeate, 
entire; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe hanging downward. 
Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, each filament or those of the 
upper with a small tooth below the anthers. Nutlets smooth and 
glabrous. (Derived from the Old German Breune or Braune, an 
affection of the throat, which Self Heal was used to cure.) 

1. B. vulgaris L. Four to 10 in. high, green and nearly gla- 
brous; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, 1 to 3 in. 
long, petioled; corolla violet, pinkish or rarely white, exceeding the 
purplish calyx. 

Woods of low hills and valleys near the coast: Marin Co.; 
Knight's Valley. June. 

7. STACHYS L. Hedge Nettle. 

Ours hispid or soft-pubescent herbs with the flowers few in the 
axils of the floral leaves, usually forming an interrupted spicate inflo- 
rescence. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved 
or -ribbed, with ■") nearly erect or spreading pointed equal teeth, 
sometimes the upper larger and more or less united. Corolla with 
cylindrical tube, not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or slightly 
turned backward, over-arched or concave, entire or notched; lower 
lip longer, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, the lateral 
lobes often deflexed." Stamens 4, in pairs, ascending under the upper 
lip of the corolla, or one or both pairs sometimes deflexed to the sides 
of the throat and contorted after anthesis. Nutlets obtuse at the apex. 
(Greek stachus, an ear of corn, hence a spike; given to these plants on 
account of their spicate inflorescence.) 

Corolla-tube little or not at all exceeding the calyx. 
Flowers whitish. 
Whorls forming a dense spike; herbage very hirsute . 1. S. pycnantha. 
Whorls distinct or indistinct, the inflorescence 3 to 9 in. long; herbage 

white-woolly 2. S. aliens. 

Whorls distinct, the inflorescence 2. to 4 in. long; herbage villous or 

silky-hirsute 3. S. ajugoides. 

Flowers purplish; stems retrorsely hispid or hirsute, especially on the 
angles. 
Hairy ring at middle of corolla-tube very oblique . . 4. S. bullata. 
Hairy ring near base of corolla-tube horizontal .... 5. S. Californica. 
Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx, the corolla red . 6. S. Chamissonis. 

1! S. pycnantha Benth. Erect, § to 1^ ft. high; herbage mostly 
green but hirsute, the surface of the leaves somewhat granulate- 
glandular: leaves ovate to oblong-ovate. 1 to 4 in. long, obtuse or 



MINT FAMILY. 45 i 

subcurdate at base, mostly petioled; flowers in a dense cylindraceous 
bractless or nearly bractless spike, 1 to 2 in. lung; lowest whorls 

rarely separate: calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronate, commonly equaling 
the tube. 

Rather uncommon: West Berkeley; Tiburon, and southward to 
Monterey. 

2. S. albens Gray. Stems erect, strict, 2 to 5 ft. high, white- 
tomentose: leaves ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at base, 
mostly the very lowest sh'ort-petioled; whorls many-flowered, mostly 
indistinct and spicate, only the lowest whorls, if any. somewhat 
remote, the inflorescence 3 to i) in. long; calyces often somewhat 
yellow-green, the teeth awn-pointed. 

Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coast Ranges: 
Knoxville Grade to Lower Lake; Livermore Pass; Pacheco Pass. 
July- Aug. 

8. S.ajugoides Benth. Stems mostly erect, simple. 8 to 24 in. 
tall; herbage densely soft-pubescent, sometimes glabrate; leaves 
oblong, 1 to 2\ in. long, acute or obtuse below, petioled, the upper 
sessile; one or two flower clusters below r rather remote and in the 
axils of upper ordinary leaves, the leaves above becoming bract-like 
and the clusters less remote; calyx short-campanulate or turbinate, 
very silky-villous, often concealing the teeth; hairy ring below 
middle of corolla-tube very oblique, the tube slightly constricted 
below. 

Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast Ranges and Sacra- 
mento and San Joaquin Valleys. May- Aug. 

Var. stricta (S. stricta Greene). Small resin-glands abundant 
beneath the short pubescence on the leaves; leaves thinnish, ovate- 
lanceolate or oblong, 3 to 3£ in. long, only the uppermost sessile; 
calyx-teeth erect or somewhat connivent around the tube of the 
corolla; upper lip of corolla very short. — In the original diagnosis, 
the lateral lobes of the lower lip are described as reduced to mere 
teeth. In specimens from Knight's Valley, the original locality, 
collected June 18, 1894, by -Mr. Davy, the corolla is small but the 
lateral lobes are not any smaller relatively to the middle lobes of the 
lower lip than in the species. We discover, however, that the corolla 
tube has no evident constriction and the ring of hairs is horizontal, 
not oblique. 

Var. velutina (S. velutina Greene). Pubescence short and close; 
leaves cordate-ovate; spike elongated, interrupted. — Suisun Marshes. 
Oct. This variety forms a transition to the preceding species. 

4. S. bullata Benth. Stems simple from the base or branched 
above, erect or ascending, 10 to 22 in. long; foliage densely or sparsely 
hispid, the stems retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles; leaves 
oblong-ovate, sometimes varying to elliptic, coarsely crenate, trun- 
cate or subcordate at base, 1 to 2 or even 3 J in. long, the lower on 
petioles 1 to 2 in. long; flowers about 6 in a whorl, the whorls rather 
remote (mostly 6 to 12 lines apart); calyx turbinate or campanulate- 



458 LABIATE. 

turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, in age spreading, somewhat 
indurated; corolla-tube 4 lines long, exserted about 1 line, bearing 
within at its middle an oblique ring of hairs interrupted on the upper 
side opposite the style and indicated exteriorly by a distinct although 
only partial constriction; filaments densely pubescent at the middle. 

The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills 
of the Coast Ranges. Mar.-Apr. 

5. S. Californica JBenth. Slender, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate- 
oblong, ample, subcordate at base, sparsely villous-hispid; corolla- 
tube exceeding the calyx, nearly twice as long; hairy ring at base of 
tube horizontal. 

Santa Cruz Mountains, in shady woods. June. We are not 
sure that this plant is identical with that of Bentham; our 
specimens do not answer in every particular to Bentham's diagnosis 
and the original description is not altogether satisfactory. 

H. S. Chamissonis Benth. Several ft. high, the angles of the 
stems retrorsely scabrous, the hairs pustulate; leaves soft-pubescent, 
ovate, 3 or 4 in. long; calyx h in. long, clavate-tubular, much shorter 
than the tube of the red corolla; hairy ring near base of corolla-tube. 

Near the coast: Sausalito, Kellogg; Bolinas Bay; Point Reyes 
Peninsula and northward; formerly at San Francisco, Bolander. 

Lamium amplexkaule L. Henbit. Low annual, decumbent at 
l>a>e; internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves rounded, 
toothed or lobed, the lowest petiolate, the floral sessile; calyx with 5 
nearly equal awn-pointed teeth, much surpassed by the elongated 
corolla-mix-; upper lip of corolla bearded, lower spotted. — Sonoma 
Co.. Bioletti, 18?»2. 

8. SALVIA L. Sauk. 
Herbaceous or low-shrubby plants with the flowers usually in 
whorls, forming terminal racemes or spikes, the floral leaves mostly 
reduced to bracts. Calyx bilabiate, the upper lip entire or 3-tootheci, 
the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with the upper lip erect, straight, concave 
or falcate, sometimes obsolete; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe often emarginate, cleft or fringed. Stamens inserted in 
the throat of the corolla; anterior pair fertile; the posterior pair 
obsolete or represented by sterile filaments or vestiges; anther-cells 
widely separated on a long filament-like connective longer than the 
filament itself and jointed to it by the middle or near one end; con- 
nective at its upper end (under the upper lip of the corolla) bearing a 
perfect anther-cell, at its lower end a deformed anther-cell or the 
anther-cell obsolete. In some species the filament is seemingly sim- 
ple, but is really jointed, indicating the presence of the connective, 
the lower end of which sometimes projects as a subulate point but 
never bears a trace of an anther-cell. (From the Latin, salveo, to 
save, some of the species being officinal.) 

Lower end of connective bearing a deformed anther-cell or "a rudiment; 
flower-whorls few; annuals. 



MINT FAMILY. 459 



Herbage white-woolly; bracts much surpassing the flowers; upper calyx- 
lip 3-toothed, the lateral distant from the middle one 

1. S. carduacea. 
Herbage green; bracts not exceeding the flowers; teeth of upper calyx-lip 

2, awned, partly connate 2. 8. Columbariiv. 

Lower end of connective reduced to a subulate point or slender thread, the 
filament apparently simple; flower whorls several; perennials. 
Corolla white, whitish, or violet-tinged. 
Low shrub; middle lobe of lower lip of corolla emarginate, otherwise 

entire; upper lip present 3. S. mellifera. 

Low matted herb, only the scape-like flowering stems ascending; middle 
lobe of lower lip of corolla denticulate or fringed; upper lip obsolete. 

4. 8. Sonomemis. 
Corolla crimson, 1% in. long or more; herbaceous, stems erect 

5. S. spathacea. 

1. S. carduacea Benth. Thistle-sage. Herbage white- woolly, 
particularly in the flower whorls, the wool more or less deciduous; 
stems 1, 2 or 3 from a rosette of radical leaves, naked and scape-like, 
bearing 1 to 4 whorls of flowers, 4 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong in 
outline, pinnatifid, with spinulose-dentate margin, the radical 6 in. 
long or less; bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pectinate-spinescent, 
surpassing the flowers; calyx long-woolly, its upper lip strongly 
3-toothed, the middle tooth larger, the lateral distant, much sur- 
passing the lower lip; corolla light blue, deeply 2-lipped, 1 in. long; 
upper lip 2-cleft, the segments laciniate or denticulate at the end; 
lower lip with small erose lateral lobes and an exceedingly large 
fan-shaped and laciniately fringed middle lobe; proper filament very 
short. 

Inner South Coast Kange valleys (Contra Costa Co. and south- 
ward) and throughout the San Joaquin Valley; Southern California. 
June. 

2. S. Columbariae Benth. Chia. Herbage finely pubescent, 
dark green; stems usually several from the base, commonly simple 
and bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves and 1 or 2 whorls of flowers, occa- 
sionally branching; leaves mostly radical or subradical, bipinnatifid, 
very rugose, petioled; bracts ovate or more commonly orbicular and 
broader than long, abruptly acuminate and cuspidate-tipped, not 
exceeding the flowers, often purple; fruiting calyx 5 lines long, 
oblique at the throat; upper lip arched, crowned with a pair of 
needle-like prickles, the prickle representing the middle tooth want- 
ing; lower lip very much shorter, the teeth represented by 2 shorter 
prickles; corolla blue, little exceeding the calyx; upper lip emargi- 
nate; lower lip with small lateral lobes and a larger somewhat 2-lobed 
middle one. 

Throughout the Coast Eanges, Sierra Nevada, and Southern Cali- 
fornia, on hill and mountain slopes. Apr.-May. 

3. S. mellifera Greene. Black Sage. Shrubby, 3 to 6 ft. 
high, with herbaceous flowering branches very leafy at the base; 
leaves narrowly oblong, petioled, 1J to 3 in. long, crenulate, green 
and rugulose above, cinereous-tomentulose beneath; flowering branches 
with about 5 rather small flower-whorls; leafy bracts oblong or ovate, 
those subtending the upper whorls much reduced; proper bracts ovate or 



460 labiate. 

oblong, cuspidate; lower lip of calyx very short, the 2 teeth prickly: 
upper lip arched, crowned by 3 short sharp teeth; style and stamens 
little exserted; lower portion of connective in fertile stamens manifest 
at the joint as a subulate rudiment; upper pair of stamens represented 
by short sterile filaments, their tips approximate; corolla white or 
slightly lilac-tinged and rather small, exserted; upper lip notched; 
middle lobe of lower lip transversely oblong or orbicular, emarginate. 
and slightly denticulate, joined to the main part of the lip by a narrow 
constriction. — (Audibertia stachyoides Benth.) 

Mount Diablo; Las Trampas Ridge; near Haywards; San Mateo 
Co.; Glenwood and Loma Prieta, southward to Southern California. 
Apr. -May. 

S. Californica (Audibertia polystachya Benth.), White Sage, 
is a shrubby species, often 8 ft. high, occurring from Santa Barbara 
to San Diego, and distinguished by its open paniculate inflorescence. 

4. S. Sonomensis Greene. Ramona. Plants more or less 
matted, the flowering stems almost leafless and scape-like, 4 to 8 
in. high, ascending from a leafy decumbent or prostrate base; leaves 
green and rugulose above, whitish with a close dense tomentum 
beneath, oblong- or obovate-spatulate, crenulate, petioled, 1£ to 3£ in. 
long; calyx like that of S. mellifera but the prickly teeth of the 
larger upper lip short; corolla light violet; upper lip short, of 
two erect or somewhat retrocurved lanceolate lobes; lower lip large, 
much prolonged in the direction of the tube, its lateral lobes acute, 
short, the middle with its orbicular-dilated terminal portion turned 
abruptly downward, its margin denticulate or somewhat fringed; 
upper (sterile) stamens inserted at orifice of tube, bristle-like, diver- 
gent; two lower (fertile) stamens inserted on lower lip without the 
orifice, ascending, straight (nearly as long as the corolla); style long 
exserted. — (Audibertia humilis Benth. Ramona humilis Greene.) 

Montane species at middle altitudes: Sonoma; mountains west of 
Calistoga; Mt. Shasta; Calaveras and Mariposa Cos.; San Diego Co. 
May. 

5. S. spathacea Greene. Crimson Sage. Coarse strictly herba- 
ceous plant, very viscid and glandular-pubescent or -villous; upper 
surface of leaves dark green, under surface whitened with a close short 
tufted tomentum; stems erect, simple, 1£ to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly 
oblong-ovate, with broadly triangular-cordate base, more or less 
doubly crenate or crenulate, upper surface rugulose, 4 to 8 in. long, on 
petioles 2 or 3 in. long or some of the cauline sessile; whorls of flowers 
5 or 6 or more, subtended by broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate mem- 
branaceous purplish bracts; calyx strongly veined, laterally com- 
pressed but somewhat inflated, 1 in. long or over, £ in. wide at the 
broadest part, spathe-like, deeply slit in front between the two cuspi- 
date-tipped teeth, the upper concave lip much larger, 3-dentate with 
the middle tooth largest; corolla crimson, 1^ to 1^ in. long; upper lip 
short, nearly erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, the lateral lobes 
short, triangular, acute, the middle lobe much developed, broadly 
obcordate, 4 lines broad; stamens much exserted; lower fork of the 



MINT FAMILY. 4(31 

connective capillary, 1 line long; rudiments of sterile stamens obvious. 
— (Audibertia grandiilora Benth.) 

Coast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains, Mt. Diablo and San 
Francisco southward to Santa Monica. Apr.-May. 

9. ACANTHOMINTHA Gray. 

Annuals with dentate leaves and flowers in distinct or at length 
remote whorls, each whorl subtended by a pair of leaves and a circle 
of broad callous-margined bracts armed with needle-like prickles. 
Calyx bilabiate; upper lip 3-toothed, the teeth aristate; lower lip 
short, 2-cleft into oblong- acute lobes. Corolla-tube exceeding the 
calyx, naked within; upper lip entire, oblong; lower lip 3-lobed, the 
middle lobe deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate. Stamens 4, 
•inserted high in the ample throat; lower pair fertile; upper pair 
shorter with imperfect anthers. Nutlets smooth. (Greek acantha. 
thorn, and Mentha, Mint.) 

1. A. lanceolata Curran. Stoutish, branching from the base, 
soft-pubescent, oily and ill-scented, 7 to 12 in. high; leaves oblanceo- 
late or oblong, sparingly dentate, tapering at base into a slender 
petiole; bracts elliptic-ovate, 5 lines long, the aristate prickles 8 or 
■i lines long; upper lip of corolla somewhat falcate-incurved, cleft 
at apex; lower with oblong entire lobes. 

Alameda Co. (first collected in Calaveras Valley), southward in 
the Coast Kanges. June. 

10. POGOGYNE Benth. 
Low sweet-aromatic annuals with obovate or oblanceolate leaves 
narrowed into a petiole. Whorls crowded into dense spikes or the 
lower whorls distinct. Bracts and calyx hirsute. Calyx unequally 
and deeply 5-cleft, the two lower teeth longer; tube mostly 15-nerved; 
throat naked. Corolla straight, tubular- funnelform, blue or purplish; 
upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, with 3 similar oval lobes. 
Stamens 4, with anthers, or the upper shorter pair sterile. Style 
somewhat exserted, in some (perhaps all) species flattened above and 
always bearded. (Greek pogon, beard, and gune, female, on account 
of the hairy style. ) 

All 4 stamens anther-bearing; corolla large, much longer than calyx ; bracts 
conspicuously ciliate with white hairs. 

Bracts linear, acute LP. Douglasii. 

Bracts obtuse 2. P. parviflora. 

Lower pair of stamens anther-bearing, the upper Avith mere rudiments of 
anthers or none; corolla about equaling (scarcely longer than) calyx: 
bracts sparsely hairy. 

Plants very slender, diffuse 3. P. serpylloldes. 

Plants stoutish, erect 4. P. ziziphoroldes.. 

1. P. Douglasii Benth. Commonly low (4 to 6 in. high) and 
branched from the base, ofttimes simple and as much as 2 ft. high; 
leaves oblanceolate or obovate and narrowed to a petiole, f to 1^ in. 
long; whorls forming a dense terminal spike, often with a single 
accessory whorl in the adjacent axil below, or sometimes several of the 
lower axils with flowers; bracts cuspidate, the margin ciliate with 



462 LABIATE. 

white hairs; lower divisions of calyx twice longer than tube; corolla 
blue, the palate white, dotted with purple, bristly, 7 to 9 lines long; 
stigmas subequal; nutlets smooth, often mottled, minutely hispid at 
the apex. 

Low fields: near Pajaro, H. P. Chandler; Mt. Diablo region; 
Berkeley; very abundant in the dry valleys of the North Coast 
Ranges, flowering in May or as late as July, often coloring large areas 
that were overflowed in the winter season. Style flattened above and 
hirsute-ciliate on the margins, as also in P. ziziphoroides. 

2. P. parviflora Benth. More slender than the preceding; bracts 
mostly obtuse; calyx-teeth rather broad, the lower barely longer than 
the tube; corolla scarcely £ in. long. 

About San Francisco Bay. A species little known to us. 

3. P. serpylloides Gray. Stems many from the base, very 
slender, diffuse; leaves obovate-oval or spatulate, petioled, 2 to 4 lines 
long; whorls except the terminal ones distinct, the lower with few or 
even solitary flowers; bracts sparsely hairy; calyx-lobes all longer 
than the tube, equaling the violet or bluish corolla; corolla 1£ to 2 
lines long, short-pubescent outside; sterile stamens with rudiments 
of anthers or with none; style bearded above with a few coarse 
hairs; stigmas very unequal. 

Common from Monterey to Humboldt Co. Also in the Sierra 
Nevada (Copperopolis) and Southern California. May. 

4. P. ziziphoroides Benth. Stems short, commonly several 
from the base, 4 to 6 in. high; leaves obovate; bracts ciliate with 
white bristly hairs; whorls below distinct, with long internodes, above 
forming a short spike or sometimes capitate; corolla 3 to 4 lines long 
(the calyx-teeth distinctly shorter), light purple, the center of lower 
lip with white and dark purple markings; 2 lower stamens with large 
anthers, the 2 upper with very small anthers or none and with shorter 
filaments; stigmas very unequal. 

Sacramento Valley in low ground: Willows, May 1, 1899. 

11. MELISSA L. 

Lemon-scented branching perennial, with broad dentate petioled 
leaves and white flowers in loose axillary clusters. Calyx narrowly 
campanulate, 13-nerved, deflexed in fruit; upper lip 3-tooihed, the 
lower 2-parted. Corolla exserted, nearly twice as long as the calyx, 
bilabiate, the upper lip erect, notched; lower lip spreading, 3-cleft. 
Stamens 4, converging under the upper lip. (Greek melissa, a bee, 
these insects visiting the flowers for honey.) 

1. M. officinalis L. Garden Balm. Stems somewhat decum- 
bent at base, \ to 2 ft. high; stems and petioles short-villous; leaves 
hispidulous above, truncate at base, 2\ in. long or less, the petiole £ to 
% as long; calyx-teeth unequal; corolla 5 lines long. 

Sparingly naturalized: near San Rafael; Palo Alto Creek, Marin 
Co., Congdon; Santa Rosa; Guerneville. 



MINT FAMILY. 46< 



12. MICROMERIA Benth. 

Trailing perennial herbs. Flowers small, white, solitary and pedi- 
celed in the axils. Calyx tubular, about equally 5-toothed and 
striately 12 to 16-nerved. Corolla evidently bilabiate, the tube 
straight, shorter than or somewhat exceeding the calyx. Stamens 4, 
all anther-bearing, shorter than the corolla. Style beardless. (Greek 
mikros, small, and meros, part, on account of the small size of the 
flowers. ) 

1. M. Chamissonis (Benth.) Greene. Yerba Buena. Trail- 
ing or creeping stems slender, 1 ft. or more long; herbage slightly 
pubescent; leaves round-ovate, crenate, glandular-punctate, especially 
on the under surface, 1 in. long or less, on petioles 2 to 3 lines long; 
flowers about 4 lines long; calyx minutely hispidulous; corolla 
exteriorly pubescent. — (M. Douglasii Benth.) 

Common in woods near the coast: Humboldt Co.; Marin Co.; 
Berkeley; San Francisco; Belmont; Monterey Co. and southward to 
Southern California. June. 

13. SPHACELE Berith. 

Ours a low shrub or merely suflrutescent plant. Flowers solitary 
in the axils of the reduced upper leaves thus forming a leafy raceme. 
Calyx campanulate, deeply and nearly equally 5-toothed, naked 
within, about 10 to 15-nerved, reticulate-veiny, inflated and membra- 
nous after flowering. Corolla large and rather showy, with 4 short 
spreading lobes, the fifth and lowest lobe much longer and erect; 
tube broad, a hairy ring at base within. Stamens 4, somewhat 
ascending; filaments naked; anthers somewhat approximate, the cells 
diverging. (Spbakos, the name of the Greeks for Sage, the plants of 
this genus having similar foliage.) 

1. S. calycina Benth. Pitcher Sage. Three or 4 ft. high, pubes- 
cent or even somewhat woolly; leaves very veiny or scarcely retic- 
ulated, broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse, dentate or serrate, the 
base entire and varying from cordate to acute, 2 to 4 in. long, the 
lower on petioles J in. long, the uppermost sessile; corolla white or 
pink-tinted, over 1 in. long; calyx with triangular-lanceolate lobes, 
in fruit ovoid-inflated, f to over 1 in. long; nutlets black, very 
smooth, elliptical in outline, nearly 2 lines long. 

Hillsides- and canons of the Coast Kanges: Vaca Mountains; Marin 
Co.; Mt. Diablo; Belmont; Monterey, and southward to Southern 
^California. Butte Co., ace. to Bot. Cal May-June. On the higher 
ridges the leaves are small and very rugose. 

14. MONARDELLA Benth. 
Annual or perennial herbs, for the most part pleasantly fragrant. 
Flowers in heads; heads terminal on the branches or stems, subtended 
by broad involucral bracts, which are often more or less colored. 
Calyx tubular, narrow, 15-nerved, the 5 teeth equal or nearly so. 
Corolla glabrous within, rose-purple, lavender or dull white; upper 



464 LABIATE. 

lip erect, 2-cleft, the lower 3-parted, all the lobes linear or narrowly 
oblong. Stamens 4, all fertile, strongly or moderately unequal, 
exserted, distant and straight. (Diminutive of Monarda, on account 
of its resemblance to that genus.) 

Annuals. 
Leaves entire; interior species or at least not of the seaward ranges. 
Bracts with strong transverse ribs from the midrib to the conspicuous 
marginal nerve, the spaces between the ribs silvery-scarious or trans- 
parent ; corolla-tube little exserted 1. M. Doitcjlasii. 

Bracts whitish-scarious, the ribs converging toward the apex, at least in 

the inner bracts; corolla-tube much surpassing the calyx 

2. if. Breweri. 

Leaves undulate; seacoast species 3. M. undulata. 

Perennials. 

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, green on both faces, mostly serrate 

4. M. villosa. 
Leaves rhomboidal to oblong, green on the upper, white on the lower face, 
entire 5. it. viridis. 

1. M. Douglasii Benth. Four to 10 in. high, nearly glabrous, 
loosely branched; leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate, abruptly 
short-petioled. the whole about 1 in. long; heads on terminal or 
axillary peduncles; bracts ovate and ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate, with 
strong pinnate ribs which are confluent along the margin, the spaces 
between them silvery-scarious; corolla deep purple, the tube little 
exserted beyond the cuspidate triangular-lanceolate calyx-teeth. 

Alameda and Contra Costa Cos.: Alameda, Q. R. Vasey; depres- 
sions in the Oakland Hills and Moraga Valley, " odor very strong." 
Bolander; and eastward to Mt. Diablo. Remarkable for its fenestrate 
bracts. 

2. M. Breweri Gray. Six in. high, finely scabrous-pubescent; 
leaves oblong or narrowly ovate, short-petioled, the lower over 1 in. 
long; bracts broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate-cuspidate, whitish- 
searious, the outer pinnately 7 to 9-ribbed, the inner with the ribs 
parallel and converging to the point; calyx-teeth triangular- 
lanceolate, not cuspidate; corolla rose-color or rose-violet, the tube 
much surpassing the calyx. 

Corral Hollow (inner South Coast Ranges), " top of very dry sandy 
hill; plant very fragrant." Brewer, no. 1213, June 3, 18(52. 

M. lancbolata Gray. Bracts herbaceous, often turning reddish; 
calyx-teeth merely acute; corolla rose-purple. — Sierra Foothills or at 
middle elevations. M. caxdicaxs Benth. Bracts ovate, with par- 
allel greenish nerves and white-scarious margins; calyx-teeth white, 
acute, flowers white. — Sierra Foothills. M. leucocephala Gray. 
Very similar to the last, but the bright white bracts are more nearly" 
orbicular and the calyx-teeth are subulate, rough-hispidulous, and 
recurved. — Merced plains of the San Joaquin Valley. 

3. M. undulata Benth. Loosely branched, 5 to 9 in. high; stems 
reddish brown, puberulent; leaves thickish, oblong-oblanceolate or 
linear, obtuse, narrowed at base, undulate-margined, 1\ in. long or 
less; bracts villous, broadly ovate or almost round, thin, and some- 
what scarious, whitish or pinkish, obtuse or acute, without cross 



MINT FAMILY. 465 

veinlets between the parallel nerves; calyx-teeth triangular, or some- 
what oblong, not cuspidate; corolla rose-purple. 

Hills near the sea: Pt. Reyes, Davy, southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia. June. 

4. M. villosa Benth. Stems mostly simple, clustered, tough or 
somewhat suffrutescent at base, f to H ft. high; herbage finely pubes- 
cent: leaves green on both faces, round-ovate to lanceolate, entire 
or more commonly serrate, £ to 1 in. long, on petioles 2 or 3 lines 
long; bracts ovate, foliaceous, pinnately veined; flowers purple to 
pink, or dull white. 

Coast Ranges on dry rocky hills; in typical form near the sea at 
San Francisco, Monterey and the Santa Lucia Mountains. Varying 
greatly in pubescence, foliage and general aspect. Var. interior. 
Leaves coarsely few-toothed, the teeth sometimes salient; heads 
large.— Vaca Mountains, Solano Co. 

5. M. viridis. Suffrutescent, diffuse, the stems 2 or 3 ft. long; 
leaves rhomboidal to oblong-obtusish, narrowed at base to a slender 
petiole, the whole £ to 1^ in. long, bright green on the upper face, 
white-lanate on the lower; heads on long and almost naked pedun- 
cles; bracts thick; flowers lavender-color. 

Upper Conn Valley, Napa Co., Oct., 1894. 

15. KOELLIA Moench. Mountain Mint. 

Glabrous or canescent perennial herbs with white flowers in 
densely crowded whorls, the whorls remote and leafy-bracted or the 
uppermost subtended by a pair of somewhat reduced leaves. Calyx 
oblong or tubular, its teeth equal. Corolla-tube little exceeding the 
calyx; upper lip almost entire; lower 3-cleft. Stamens 4, nearty 
equal. (Dedicated to Koelle, a German botanist of the 18th 
century.) 

1. K. Californica (Torr.) Kuntze. Simple, erect, 2 to 3J ft. high; 
leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sessile, serrulate along the sides, the 
acuminate apex and rounded or cordate base entire, 3^ in. long or 
less; calyx pubescent, the tips of the teeth very woolly exteriorly; 
wrolla sprinkled exteriorly with resin dots. — (Pycnanthemum Cali- 
fornicum Torr.) 

Sierra Nevada and Coast Range Mountains. July-Aug. 

" 16. LYCOPUS L. Water Horehound. 
Perennials of low grounds or river marshes, similar to Mentha, but 
bitter and much less aromatic. Flowers small, white or whitish, in 
sessile capitate glomerules, apparently whorled the upper axils 
flowerless. Calyx campanulate. 4 to 5-toothed (naked in the throat). 
Upper lobe of corolla entire. Fertile stamens 2, the upper pair 
without anthers, the tips of the filaments in ours thickened. Nutlets 
with thickened margins. (Greek lukos, wolf, and pous", foot, per- 
haps on account of the 'shape of the leaves in the original species.) 

Leaves petioled, irregularly and ineisely toothed 1. L. Americana*. 

Leaves sessile, regularly serrate ....*. 2. L. lucidus. 



466 LABIATE. 

1. L. Americanus Mubl. Stem erect, branching above, 2 to 3 ft. 
high, very acutely 4-angled, from creeping rootstocks, not bearing 
stolons; herbage nearly glabrous; leaves broadly or narrowly lanceo- 
late, iilcisely toothed or laciniate-pinnatiiid, narrowed at base into a 
slender petiole, 1J to 2 in. long; calyx-teeth acute; rudiments of 
sterile stamens conspicuous; inner angle of nutlet granulose at apex. 
— (L. sinuatus Ell.) 

Lower Sacramento River; San Francisco ace. to Mrs. K. Brande- 
gee. Sept. -Oct. 

2. L. lucidus Turcz. Stems stoutisb, not so sharply angled. 
perennial by stolons; leaves broadly or narrowly oblong, coarsely and 
incisely toothed, sessile, the lower 3 in. long and |- in. wide, the 
upper reduced; calyx-teeth attenuate-subulate. 

Salt marshes, at Benicia; near San Francisco ace. to Bot. Cal. 
Aug. 

17. MENTHA L. Mint. 

Very odorous perennial herbs, mostly with slender creeping roc it- 
stocks, usually tomentose or hairy and with rather small flowers in 
whorls, which are either remote or spicate or capitate. Calyx eam- 
panulate or short-tubular, commonly 5-toothed, either regular or 
irregular or bilabiate. Corolla with a short tube; upper lip emargi- 
nate, scarcely or not at all larger than the 3-lobed lower one. Stamens 
4, erect and nearly equal. Nutlets smooth. (Ancient (Meek name.) 

Flower-whorls in the leaf axils, distinct. 
Herbage commonly light green; branches leafy to the ends; calyx-teeth 

similar and equal or nearly so .' 1. M. Canadensis. 

Herbage somewhat grayish; leaves toward the end of the branches 
reduced and inconspicuous; calyx-teeth dissimilar, the 2 lower 

lanceolate-subulate 2. .If. Pulegium. 

Flower-whorls in terminal spikes or some in the upper leaf axils. 
Leaves petioled; spike thick, dense or little interrupted . 3. M. piperita. 

Leaves sessile or nearly so; spikes slim, mostly interrupted 

4. .1/. spicatn. 

1. M. Canadensis L. Tdle-mint. Perennial by suckers; stems 
often several ft. long, simple or much branched; herbage tomentose- 
pubescent, sometimes almost hoary, more commonly greenish; leaves 
oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, tapering at base into a_ petiole, ljj 
to 2 in. long: whorls of flowers often shorter than the petioles of the 
leaves; calyx pubescent, its teeth -} to \ as long as the tube. 

Common in marshes: Lower Sacramento and Lower San Joaquin; 
San Francisco Bay. Aug. -Sept. Cymes sometimes raised out of the 
axils on peduncles. 

2. M. Pulegium L. Pennyroyal. Stems 1 to 2 ft. long, erect 
or prostrate and rooting at the joints; herbage pubescent with short 
white hairs; leaves elliptic- to oblong-ovate, serrate or entire, petioled, 
\ to 1 in. iong; whorls dense, the" leaves smaller or inconspicuous 
toward the ends of the branches; 3 upper calyx-teeth triangular, 
acute; 2 lower lanceolate-subulate, ciliate-bristly.— (Micromeria pur- 
purea Gray.) 



RUBIACEiE. 46*3 

Introduced European mint: Sonoma Co.: Palo Alto Creek, Marin 
Co., Congdon; islands of the Lower San Joaquin. 

3. M. piperita L. Peppermint. Stems erect, strict and un- 
branched below the terminal inflorescence; herbage glabrous; leaves 
ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute^ sparsely and sharply serrate, 
distinctly petioled; spikes dense, scarcely interrupted; calyx resinous- 
glandular; corolla white with a pink tinge. 

Along streamlets in low fields: AVest Berkeley; Haywards; Alva- 
rado. Sept. Naturalized. 

M. citrata Ehrh. Leaves rounded and flowers in a terminal head 
with a few whorls. — AVest Berkeley, ace. to G-reene. 

4. M. spicata L. Spearmint. Similar to the preceding; leaves 
sessile or subsessile; flower whorls crowded in a narrow leafless spike, 
commonly interrupted; calyx campanulate, its teeth subulate, nearly 
as long as tube. — (M. viridis L.) 

Rather common in wet places: Berkeley; Napa Valley; Lake Co. 
Naturalized. 

95. RUBIACE/E. Madder Family. 

Shrubs or herbs with opposite or whorl ed entire leaves. Flowers 
perfect or polygamous, rarely unisexual. Calyx-lobes or -teeth, 
corolla-lobes and stamens 4, except Sherardia. Calyx coherent with 
the 2 to 5-celled ovary, its limb sometimes obsolete. Stamens alter- 
nate with the lobes of the corolla and inserted on its tube. Embryo 
in fleshy or horny albumen. A very large order including the 
Cinchona and Cofl'ee Plant. Kelloggia galioides of the Sierras has a 
perennial root, opposite leaves with 'interposed stipules, greenish 
yellow corolla 3 lines long, and densely uncinate-hispid fruits. 

Herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. 

Corolla rotate; flowers in cymes or solitary, pediceled. . 1. Galium. 

Corolla funnelform; flowers in involucrate heads . . . . 2. Sherardia. 
Large shrub; corolla tubular-funnelform; flowers in dense globose long- 
peduncled heads 3. Cephalaxthxs. 

1. GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers. 
Herbs or some species slightly suffrutescent, with slender square 
stems. Leaves exstipulate, in whorls. Flowers cymose, peduncled. 
Calyx-limb obsolete. Corolla rotate, 4-cleft. Stamens 4, short. 
Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, 2-ovuled. Fruit didymous, of two globular 
halves, dry or fleshy, separating when ripe into 2 seed-like indehiscent 
1-seeded carpels. (Greek gala, milk, certain species being used to 
curdle milk.) 

A. Annuals. 
Mature fruit dry; leaves 6 to 8 in a whorl. 

Pedicels curved in fruit 1. 6. tricorne. 

Pedicels straight in fruit. 

Fruit granulate or tuberculate but glabrous 2. G. Parisiense. 

Fruit densely uncinate-hispid 3. G. Aparine. 

B. Perennials. 

Mature fruit dry. 

Leaves 6 in a whorl, cuspidate-acuminate 4. G. triflorum. 

Leaves 4 or 5 in a whorl, obtuse at apex 5. G.trifidum. 



468 RUBIACEJE. 



Fruit fleshy or berry-like; leaves in whorls of 4. 

Herbaceous; corolla yellowish 6. G. Californieum. 

Suffrutescent ; corolla white 7. G. Nuttallii. 

Herbaceous; corolla purple. ... 8. G. Bolanderi. 

Prostrate; corolla white 9. G. Andretvsii. 

1. G. tricorne With. Corn Galium. Stems stout, rather 
simple, 6 to 10 in. long, the angles callous, with stoutish recurved 
prickles; leaves in whorls of 6 to 8, narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 
callous-margined and thickly beset with recurved prickles, about 6 
lines long; fruit on stout recurved pedicels, 1J lines long, papillate- 
rugose, 2 lines broad or more. 

Naturalized from Europe: reported only from Kenwood, Sonoma 
Co. Fruiting in June. 

2. G. Parisiense L. Wall Galium. Much branched from 
the base, the branches and particularly the branchlets very slender or 
almost filiform, 10 to 16 in. high, very leafy below, less so above, 
finely scabrous; leaves in whorls of 6, oblong-spatulate or linear- 
oblong, acute, 3 to 5 lines long; cymes several-flowered, paniculate, 
the peduncles and pedicels filiform; flowers whitish, very small, £ to 
^ line broad; fruit small, glabrous, granulate. — (G. anglicum Huds.) 

Abundant in vinevards at Sonoma. Introduced from Europe. 
July. 

3. G. Aparine L. Goose Grass. Diffuse or climbing over 
herbaceous plants and forming rather thick coarse mats, the stems 1 
to 2 or 3 ft. long, the whole herbage setulose or hispidulous-roughened; 
leaves in whorls of 7 or 8, oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, or the upper 
acute, mucronate, tapering to a rather narrow base, ^ to l\ or 2 in. 
long; flowers white or whitish; fruit thickly beset with whitish 
hooked bristles. 

Common in half shaded or grassy places among the hills. Apr. 
Fr. in May. 

4. G. triflorum L. Sweet-scexted Bedstraw. Decumbent or 
reclining, with numerous mostly simple stems from the base, 7 to 12 
in. long, retrorsely scabrous on the angles or smoothish; leaves mostly 
in 6's, oblong-oblanceolate, rather abruptly bristle-pointed, the mid- 
rib and the upper surface near the margin somewhat scabrous, 3 to 6 
lines long; axillary peduncles once di- or tri-chotomous, 3 to 6 lines 
long; pedicels bractless, but the pedicels of the terminal peduncles 
with mostly whorled bracts; corolla purplish or greenish; fruit 1 
line or less broad, beset with slender hooked bristles; endosperm 
lunate in cross-section. 

Edges of woods: Coast Ranges (San Mateo, Kellogg, and north- 
ward); Sierra Nevada. 

5. G. trifidum L. Stems slender and weak, ascending, 5 to 18 in. 
high, the angles comparatively smooth; leaves in whorls of 4 or 5, 
thin, oblong, obtuse, not bristle-pointed, obscurely scabrous on the 
margins, 1J to 6 lines long; flowers minute; peduncles mostly scat- 
tered; fruit smooth; endosperm annular in cross-section. 

Coast Ranges (but not common); Sierra Nevada. 



MADDER FAMILY. 4()9 

6. G. Californicum H. & A. California Galium. Stems 
from slender rootstocks, erect and numerous, forming a low tuft, 6 to 
8 in. high, or diffuse and 1 ft. long; herbage hispid with widely 
spreading stiff hairs; leaves thinnish, ovate or oval, apiculate- 
acuminate, ^ to £ in. long, the margins and midrib hispid-ciliolate; 
flowers diceciously polygamous, the fertile solitary on short peduncles 
at the branches or in the forks, the sterile ones terminal in 3's; corolla 
yellowish with ovate-lanceolate lobes; fruit purple, glabrous or 
nearly so. 

Common on open hills of the Coast Kanges: Humboldt Co., 
Marshall; Howell Mountain; Oakland, Holder, and southward to 
Southern California. A form from Pilarcitos Lake, San Mateo Co., 
Davy, is very hispid-bristly. 

7. G. Nuttallii Gray. Suffrutescent, often climbing 2 to 5 ft. 
high on bushes, glabrous and nearly smooth, the angles of the stem 
and margins of the leaves roughened or hispidulous; leaves in whorls 
of 4. thickish, oval to linear-oblong, mucronulate or obtuse, mostly 
1^ to 2 or sometimes 3 lines long; fruit smooth and glabrous, purple, 
2 lines broad. 

Common in thickets: Cloverdale, Setchell; Mt. Diablo; Berkeley 
Hills and southward. Mar. Leaves with revolute margins, some- 
times quite smooth. 

8. G. Bolanderi Gray. Erect, stems 10 to 14 in. high, forming a 
thick tuft; angles of the stems scabrous; leaves oblong, acute, usually 
narrowed at base, hispid-ciliate, 2 to 3 (or the lower 4) lines long; 
cymes several-flowered, paniculate; pedicels about the length of the 
flowers, in fruit recurved or arcuate; corolla deep red-purple, with 
ovate acute lobes; ovary glabrous, rugose. 

Coast Kanges: Collins' Camp, Vaca Mountains, Jepson; Hood's 
Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti. Also in the Sierra Nevada. 

9. G. Andrewsii Gray. Densely matted on the ground, the pros- 
trate stems rooting at the joints, 2 to 4 in. long; herbage grayish, 
sparsely scabrous or smooth; leaves crowded and fascicled in the axils. 
in whorls of 4, subulate, pungent, rigid, 2 to 4 lines long; flowers 
solitary or in 3's, terminating the branchlets, very small, perfect: 
corolla white; fruit on short somewhat recurved pedicels, 1 to 1^ lines 
wide, glabrous. 

High dry ridges of the inner Coast Kanges: Knoxville Grade, 
northeastern Napa Co., Jepson; Mt. Diablo, Bioletti; Monterey 
County, Hickman, and southward. 

2. SHERARDIA L. 

Slender annual with square stems and whorled exstipulate leaves. 
Flowers small, blue or pinkish, in heads surrounded by a deeply 
divided involucre. Calyx-limb of 4 to 6 teeth, which grow after 
flowering and crown the fruit. Corolla funnelform, the limb 4 or 
5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5. Style filiform, 2-cleft; stigmas capitate. 
Fruit dry, didymous. of 2 indehiscent 1-seeded carpels. (Dr. "William 
Sherard. a patron of Dillenius.) 



470 CAPRIFOLIACKE. 

1. S. arvensis L. Field Madder. Three to 6 in. high, 
hispidulous-roughened or nearly glabrous; leaves in whorls of 4 to 
6. lanceolate to oblong, pungent; flowers subsessile, 2 or 3 in a head; 
involucre in fruit 3 to 4 lines long, its lobes 6 to 8, ovate or ovate- 
lanceolate, acute, the margin and midrib minutely hispidulous. 

European plant, very sparingly naturalized: Wild-cat Creek, 
Setchell and Jepson; Berkeley, Bioletti; Pilarcitos Lake, San Mateo 
Co.. Dory. May. 

3. CEPHALANTHUS L. Button Bush. 

Shrub or small tree with opposite or ternate leaves. Flowers 
densely aggregated into spherical peduncled heads. Calyx-tube 
inversely pyramidal, the limb 4-toothed. Corolla narrowly funnel- 
form, slender, the small limb 4-cleft. Style filiform, much exserted. 
Stigma capitate. Fruit dry and hard, obpyramidal, at length split- 
ting from the base upwards into 2 achene-like portions. (Greek 
kephale, a head, and anthos, a flower.) 

1. C. occidentalis L. Kivkr Ball-flower Tree. Eight to 12 
ft. high or more; trunk often 1 to H ft. in diameter at the base; bark 
clay-gray, young branches reddish; leaves with short intervening 
stipules, elliptic- to oblong-ovate, slightly attenuate, truncate or 
obtuse at base, entire, 2^ to 3] in. long, on petioles 2 lines long; 
peduncles 1 to 3 in. long; heads f to 1 in. in diameter; calyx green- 
ish; corolla white, 4 lines long, the segments obtuse, tipped with 
black; fruit nearly 2 lines long; seed 1 line long, flattened, acutely 
margined. 

Common along interior streams, especially the San Joaquin and 
Sacramento Rivers, sometimes growing 40 ft. in height. Fruiting 
heads and fruits recalling those of the Sycamore. Aug. -Sept. 

96. CAPRI FOLIACE>E. Honeysuckle Family. 

Erect or twining shrubs. Leaves opposite, simple or compound, 
without stipules or with false foliaceous appendages resembling 
stipules. Flowers complete. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the 
toothed limb commonly insignificant. Corolla regular or irregular, 
5-merous or rarely 4-merous. Stamens (in ours) as many as the 
lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla and inserted on its tube or 
base. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; st} 7 le elongated or short or hardly any. 
Fruit in ours a berry or berry-like drupe. Seed-coat adherent to the 
fleshy endosperm; embryo small. 

Leaves pinnately compound; corolla rotate, regular; deciduous shrubs or 

small trees with compound inflorescence 1. Sambtjcus. 

Leaves simple. 
Berry snow-white; corolla open-campanulate or tubular-funnelform, reg- 
ular; deciduous shrubs 2. Symphoricarpos. 

Berrv red or black; corolla tubular, commonlv irregular 

3. LONICERA. 

1. SAMBUCUS L. Elder. 
Shrubs or small trees with odd-pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. 



HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 471 

Flowers small, white, in a terminal compound cyme, jointed with 
their pedicels. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla regular, rotate, deeply 
5-lobed. Ovary 3 to 5-celled; style short; stigmas 3 to 5; ovules 
solitary, suspended from the summit of each cell. Fruit small 
berry-like drupes, with cartilaginous nutlets. (Greek sambuke, a 
musical instrument, said to have been made of Elder wood.) 

Flowers in a flat cyme; berry blue with a bloom; winter buds very small. . 

1. S. glauca. 
Flowers in a thyrsoid panicle; berry scarlet or blue, without bloom; winter 

buds large, the scales broad. J^ to % in. long: var. callicarpa of 

2. S. racemosa. 

1. S. glauca Nutt. Bushy or arborescent, 6 to 15 ft. high, the 
largest specimens tree-like and with a trunk 5 to 9 in. in diameter; 
bark dark and finely fissured; leaves coriaceous, glabrous; leaflets 5 to 
7, lanceolate, ovate or obovate, mostly abruptly acuminate, serrate 
except at the acuminate apex. 1 to 3 in. long; inflorescence 5-rayed. 
each ray again 1 to 3 times 5-rayed, forming a flat-topped cyme, 3 to 
6 in. broad; flowers white. 3 J lines broad; fruit blue beneath the 
white bloom. 

Common in open woods or canons of the lower hill country or at 
middle altitudes, or along stream-banks in the valleys: Coast Ranges; 
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Nevada. Fl. May to 
Aug. Fr. Aug. -Sept. The berries are used in cookery. 

2. S. racemosa L. var. callicarpa. Low. or arborescent and 
20 ft. high; leaflets mostly obovate or oblong, commonly acuminate, 
sharply serrate to the very apex, glabrous above, pubescent with 
short appressed hairs beneath, 2 to 7 in. long; inflorescence thrysoid- 
paniculate, about 1\ in. long, ovate in outline, the axis continued and 
sending off 7 or 8 lateral primary branches, which are once or twice 
di- or tri-chotomous; flowers dull white, drying blackish; berries 
scarlet or black without bloom. — (S. callicarpa Greene). 

Marin Co. Feb. -Apr. Scales of the winter buds obovate or 

roundish, \ to f in. long. The shrub bearing black berries has 

been described by Greene as S. maritima, — "Rare or local shrub 
of the Bay shore at Shell Mound." 

2. SYMPHORICARPOS Dill. 
Low and branching bushes with small short-petioled simple leaves 
and scaly leaf-buds. Flowers bi brae teol ate, white or rosy-tinged, in 
close short spikes or clusters. Calyx with a globular tube and 4 or 
5-toothed limb; limb short, persistent. Corolla regular, open- 
campanulate or tubular-fuiinelforrn, 4 or 5-lobed, the stamens inserted 
on its throat, in ours included. Ovaiy 4-celled, each of the 2 lateral 
cells with a single fertile ovule, the tw T o median cells containing sev- 
eral ovules, none of which develop. Fruit a white berry with bony 
seeds. (Greek sumphoreo, to bear together, and karpos, fruit, the 
berries in close clusters.) 

Plants 3 or 4 ft. high ; leaves mostly 1 in. long, entire or lobed 

1. »S'. racemosus. 
Plants low, about 1 ft. high; leaves mostly % in. long, commonly entire . . 

2. S. mollis. 



472 CAPRIFOLIACEiE. 



1. S. racemosus Michx. Snow Berry. Erect or spreading, 
with slender branches, commonly 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves round-oval 
to ovate or oblong, entire or on the same branchlet sinuately few- 
toothed or saliently lobed, glabrous or the lower surface pubescent, 
commonly 1 (less commonly as much as 2) in. long, short-petioled; 
calyx-lobes ciliate; corolla pinkish, 2 lines long, 5-lobed above the 
middle, densely villous-hirsute within; beriy globose, 4 to G lines in 
diameter; pulp snowy, nearly tasteless; seeds 2, oblong, flat on one 
side, low-convex on the other, nearly or quite 2 lines long. 

Very common throughout California in the hill country. 

2. S. mollis Nutt. Low diffuse shrub about 1 ft. high, of some- 
what more delicate habit than the preceding and with thinner leaves; 
leaves oval or elliptic, mostly \ in. long, seldom other than entire, 
pubescent on both surfaces or more so on the lower surface; corolla 
rose-red, barely pubescent within, otherwise like the last. 

Coast Kanges, not common (Mt. Diablo, Monterey, San Luis 
Obispo Co.); Sierra Nevada. Apr.-May. 

S. oreophilus Gray. Corolla tubular-funnelform, 5 or 6 lines 
long. — High Sierras. 

3. LONICERA L. Honeysuckle. 
Erect or twining shrubs with simple entire leaves, one or two pairs 
beneath the inflorescence often connate-perfoliate. Flowers spicate at 
the ends of the branches or in small axillary clusters. Calyx-tube 
ovoid or almost globose, the limb o-toothed or truncate, deciduous or 
persistent, mostly small, sometimes none. Corolla with an elongated 
tube more or less gibbous at base; limb bilabiate with the upper lip 
4-lobed or -toothed, or regular and the 5 lobes scarcely unequal. 
Stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla. Ovary 2 or 3-celled. 
becoming a few- to several-seeded berry. (Named for Adam Lonitzer, 
a German herbalist of the 16th century.) 

Erect shrub; flowers in pairs on an axillary peduncle; corolla nearly 

regular .' 1. L. involucrata. 

Twining shrub; flower-whorls in terminal spikes. 
Flowers pink; leaves, except the lowest, with stipule-like appendages; 
corolla hispidulous-glandular without: var. Californiea of 

2. L. hispidula. 
Flowers yellow; leaves mostly without stipule-like appendages; corolla 
glabrous without .....* 3. L. interrupta. 

1. L. involucrata (Kichards) Banks. Black Twin-berry. 
Erect shrub; stems with shreddy bark, 4 to 7 ft. high, or much 
longer and reclining on other shrubs; leaves opposite (or, on the 
lower portion of the season's shoot, ternate), oblong, varying to ovate 
or lanceolate, usually acute or acuminate. \\ to 3£ in. long, on very 
short petioles; flowers sessile, borne in pairs, side by side on axillary 
peduncles and subtended by conspicuous bracts; peduncles solitary in 
the axils, 2 or 3 from each node, about 7 lines long, in fruit twice as 
long; bracts in 2 sets, 2 outer and 4 inner or these commonly united 
in pairs; outer bracts round-ovate, cordate at base, £ in. long; inner f 
in. broad, broader than long; corolla saccate-gibbous on the upper 



HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. 473 

side at base and with o equal or scarcely unequal .spreading lobes, 8 
lines long, yellow within and without, or somewhat crimson tinged 
exteriorly, viscid-pubescent; filaments coalescent with the tube about 
midway; berry 3 to 5 lines in diameter, disagreeable to the taste. 
Throughout California. Mar.-May. 

2. L. hispidula Dougl. var. Californica Greene. California 
Honeysuckle. Climbing bushes or trees 6 to 20 ft. high, the woody 
trunk sometimes 1 in. in diameter and the ultimate branches often 3 
or 4 ft. long and drooping; leaves ciliate or not ciliate, glabrous 
above or glaucescent. minutely pubescent and very glaucous beneath, 
oblong, some ovate, or some upper elliptic-oblong, truncate or subcor- 
date at base, 2 to 3 in. long, 1J to 1| in. wide, short-petioled and all 
except the lowest with conspicuous rounded connate-perfoliate 
stipule-like appendages; corolla pink, 6 to 7 lines long, glandular- 
hispidulous without, the tube within and the lower portion of the 
filaments very hairy; anthers exserted, narrowly linear, 3 lines long; 
berries red. — (L. Californica T. & G.) 

Frequent in canons and along streams of the Coast Kanges: Santa 
Cruz; Berkeley; Napa Valley. Also Sierra Nevada. Apparently 
not in the inner Coast Kanges. June. Young plants beneath the 
shade of pines or other trees show vegetative shoots with the following 
characters: branchlets hirsute with spreading hairs and with a fine 
often glandular indument; leaves all distinct and rarely with a 
stipule-like appendage between the petioles on each side, green above, 
paler beneath, hirsute with short hairs, oblong-ovate or elliptic, 
mostly obtuse, truncate or subcordate at base, | to H in- long, short- 
petioled. — Such plants found at Niles, Mill Valley and Howell 
Mountain are very typical of the species rather than of the variety. 

3. L. interrupta Benth. Chaparral Honeysuckle. Stems 
with a rigid woody trunk 1 ft. or so high, the branches climbing or 
reclining on bushes; leaves orbicular to elliptic-oblong or -ovate, 
green above, glaucous beneath, f to 1 in. long, on petioles | in. long, 
mostly without interfoliar appendages; flowers yellow, in whorls in 
an interrupted spike; spikes 2 to 5 in. long, peduncled. terminal and 
solitary or with several additional from the axils of the uppermost 
leaves, 1 to 3 pairs of which are connate-perfoliate; corolla 4 or 5 
lines long, glabrous exteriorly, and nearly so within; filaments hairy 
towards the base; anthers less than 2 lines long. — (L. hispidula var. 
interrupta Gray.) 

Dry ^slopes and ridges of the middle and inner Coast Kanges, 
climbing 2 to 4 ft. high on bushes of the chaparral: Siskiyou Co.; 
Vaca Mountains; Howell Mt. , and southward to Santa Monica. 
First collected by Hartweg in a mountain defile leading to the 
Mission of San Antonio. Also found in the Sierra Nevada. June- 
July. An ecological form of only subspecific value. 

On the lower slopes of Howell Mountain an interesting plant of this 
species was noticed by the author in Dec, 1897. The branches, which 
had been borne down to the ground by the falling of other shrubs, 
were found to have given rise to numerous vertically descending 



474 VALERIANA CEiE. 

fleshy rootstocks. These were 1 to 4 in. long, nearly the si/A- of a 
lead-pencil, very scaly and somewhat 4-sided; scales short and broad, 
acute, opposite, distinctly connate by a narrow margin, decussate. 
Examination of other shrubs of the same species fail, thus far, to 
reveal repetitions of these remarkable structures. 

Var. subspicata (Gray). Moronel. Uppermost leaves distinct 
and often very narrow; inflorescence paniculate. — Corral Hollow. 
Brewer; southward to San Diego. 

97. VALERIANACE>E. Valerian Family. 

Ours annual herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers mostly perfect, 
borne in a cymose inflorescence. Corolla epigynous, bilabiate to 
regularly 5-lobed, the stamens borne on its tube. Calyx-tube adnate 
to the ovary, its limb obsolete (in ours) or in one species pappus-like. 
Ovary commonty 3-celled, the two lateral cells reduced to mere 
nerves, or enlarged and forming wings to the central cell which is 
1 -seeded and indehiscent. 

Valeriana sylvatica Banks. Perennial; stems erect, simple, 
from rootstocks: radical leaves mainly undivided, obovate; cauiine 
leaves pinnate or pinnately divided, with 3 to 11 or 13 leaflets; calyx- 
limb of -3 t<» 10 bristle-shaped calyx-lobes which are coiled up and 
inconspicuous until the fruiting stage when they unroll and form a 
conspicuous plumose and pappus-like crown to the fruit. — High 
Sierra>. 

1. PLECTRITIS DC. 

Annual herbs. Stems simple or rarely with very slender branches. 
Leaves entire or sparingly toothed, the cauiine commonly sessile. 
Flowers borne in glomerules at the end of the stem or branches, or the 
glomerules in interrupted or dense spikes. Wings of the fruit com- 
monly incurved and forming a circular hollow or cavity on the side. 
(From Latin plecto, to plait or interweave, on account of the 
involved inflorescence. Species similar in habit, size, leaves, and 
inflorescence; our forms little known. The following account is 
tentative and probably does not include all the species which grow in 
our region. It is very needful that further and abundant material 
be collected; this should be accompanied by fleld notes concerning 
form and color of corolla and by mature fruit.) 

Fruits wingless 1. P. samolifoUa. 

Fruit conspicuously winged. 

Fruit woolly . . 2. P. Jemonii. 

Fruit not woolly. 

Fruit wholly glabrous 3. P. glabra. 

Fruit more or less hispid. 
Cavity of fruit without subulate appendages. 
Wings of fruit meeting above, open below; fruit glabrous externally. 

1. P. magna. 
Wings of fruit spreading or incurved; fruit more or less hispid 

externally 5. P. macrocera. 

Cavity of fruit with two stout subulate appendages . . 6. P. Davgana. 



DIPSACE^E. 475 

1. P. samolifolia (DC.) Hceck. Corolla obscurely bilabiate; 
spur short; fruit wingless, resembling a buckwheat fruit. 

Near the coast northward. Not seen by us. 

2. P. Jepsonii (Suksdorf) Davy. Simple, about 10 in. high; 
leaves spatulate-obovate and narrowed to a winged petiole; upper 
leaves ovate-lanceolate, sessile, acute; fruit conspicuously covered 
with woolly hairs; incurved margin of wing thickish, marked length- 
wise on the outside by a groove. — (Valerianella samolifolia Gray.) 

Vaca Mountains, May 17, 1892. 

3. P. glabra. About 1 ft. high, the leaf axils bearing some 
slender branches; leaves ovate, acute or the lower broadly oblong, all 
more or less erose or with some few serrulations; spur of corolla 
broad, almost as broad as the throat; fruit wholly glabrous; margins 
of the fruit thickish, spreading or equally incurved. 

Antioch, Davy, no. 951, Apr. 7, 1895." 

4. P. magna (Greene) Suksdorf. Stems stoutish, often 2 to 2£ 
ft. high, the remote nodes with 1 or 2 very slender branches; leaves 
oblong-obovate, obtuse, 1 to 2\ in. long, the uppermost smaller, 
ovate and often acute; ''corolla white, its spur short and thick;'' 
fruit smooth and somewhat flattened laterally or narrow dorsally, 
glabrous outside or the margins of the wings ciliate, the cavity with 
a hispid line; wings with thin margins, not lobed at apex, incurved, 
meeting above and leaving a small circular opening below, or closed 
below and open above. — (Valerianella magna Greene.) 

North Coast Kanges: Vaca Mountains; Napa Mountains; origi- 
nally collected in Knight's Valley by Greene. 

5. P. macrocera Torr. & Gray. Slender, mostly simple, 3 or 4 
to 8 in. high; leaves linear or narrowly oblong; spur of corolla longer 
than tube; fruit more or less hispid, dorsally carinate, the carina 
2-grooved; lateral wings broad, each with a more or less obvious lobe 
at apex, spreading or incurved. 

Coast Eanges: Napa Mountains and elsewhere. 

Var. ciliosa (V. ciliosa Greene). Carina of fruit ribbon-like, bor- 
dered on each side with a rather dense row of short equal bristles 
perpendicular to it. — Marin Co. 

6. P. Davyana. Simple, about 1 ft. high; leaves mostly narrowly 
oblong; flowers in a dense and mostly uninterrupted spike; spur of 
corolla much shorter than throat; fruit with broadish back, more or 
less hispid, the carina bordered with many hispid hairs; wings not 
lobed at apex, incurved, and merging gradually into the beak; cavity 
of fruit with a small depression on each side from which arises a 
single stout subulate body. 

Antioch, Davy, no. 953, Apr. 7, 1895. 

98. DIPSACE>E. Teasel Family. 

Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers in dense heads or short spikes 
surrounded by an involucre. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its 



476 CAMPANCLACE.E. 

limb cup-shaped or divided into bristles. Corolla borne on the calyx- 
limb, with 4 or 5-lobed limb. Stamens 2 to 4, inserted on the throat 
of the corolla. Ovary 1-celled; style filiform; ovule 1. Fruit an 
achene, crowned with the persistent calyx. 

Bracts of the spike or head conspicuous, rigid, prickly-pointed, exceeding 

the flowers 1. Dipsacus. 

Bracts of the head herbaceous, inconspicuous, concealed among the flowers. 

2. SCABIOSA. 

1. DIPSACUS L. 

Stout coarse and prickly biennial herbs. Cauline leaves united at 
base. Flowers pinkish white, in a dense oblong head or short spike, 
surrounded by an involucre of elongated bracts much surpassing the 
pointed bracts subtending the flowers. Bracts in fruit very rigid and 
spine-like. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 4-toothed. Corolla 4-lobed. Sta- 
mens 4. Achene surrounded by a 4 to 8-ribbed involucel. (Greek 
name of the Teasel.) 

1. D. fullonum L. Fuller's Teasel. Four or 5 ft. high: 
radical leaves broadly oblong, arcuate, 1] in. long or less; upper 
cauline connate-perfoliate; spikes 3 or 4 in. long; bracts of the 
involucre narrowly linear, tapering to the acute apex, 1 to 4 in. long: 
bracts of the spike with recurved tips; stamens 2 to 4, exserted. 

Abundant in low and waste lands about San Francisco Bay: Berke- 
ley; Alameda; San Jose; Marin Co. D. sylvestris Huds., Common 
Teasel, has been found wild at the Presidio, San Francisco; tin- 
bracts of its spikes have straight tips. 

2. SCABIOSA L. 

Large herbs with opposite leaves and the flowers in hemispherical 
heads on long peduncles. Involucre of many distinct bracts. In- 
volucel cylindrical, not lobed. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, pro- 
duced slightly beyond it and bearing 5 long slender awns. Corolla 
inserted on the summit of the calyx-tube, slender-funnelform or sal- 
verform, with 5 short equal lobes, the marginal ones very much 
larger with the upper lobes much smaller than the lower. (Latin 
scabiosa, meaning scurfy, the plant used for affections of the skin.) 

1. S. atropurpurea L. Mourning Bride. Stems branching, 
2 or 3 ft. high; lowest leaves lyrate; upper leaves pinnately divided 
or the uppermost oblong-lanceolate and coarsely serrate or the nar- 
rower ones disposed to he entire; peduncles 8 to 12 in. long; head- 
1J in. broad; flower black-purple to pinkish white, the regular 
corollas 5 or 6 lines long; calyx-awns 3 lines long; fruit an 
achene, enclosed in the persistent involucre and bearing the exserted 
calyx-awns. 

An escape from the gardens, naturalized by waysides: Berkeley; 
Solano Co., etc. Called "Pin Cushion" by children at East Oak- 
land. 

99. CAMPANULACE/E. Bell-flower Family. 

Herbs with milky juice and alternate simple leaves. Flowers regu- 



BELL-FLOWER FAMILY. 477 

lar unci complete, o-merous except in the pistil. Tube of the calyx 
adnate to the ovary, its limb persistent, usually divided down to the 
ovary. Corolla arid stamens epigynous or semi-epigynous (inserted 
where the cah^x becomes free), or the stamens on the base of the 
corolla. Style single, long, with 2 to 5 stigmas. Ovary 2 to 5-celled. 
Fruit a many-seeded capsule. 

Capsule dehiscent on the side by small valves or circular perforations. 
Flowers usually alike; corolla more or less campanulate . 1. Campanula. 

Flowers of two'kiuds; corolla rotate 2. Spectjlaria. 

Capsule irregularly iudehiscent ; flowers of 2 kinds on the one plant 

3. Heteeocodon. 
Capsule dehiscent at the apex within the calyx; calyx clavate and strongly 
10-ribbed; corolla tubular-campanulate 4. Githopsis. 

1. CAMPANULA L. Bell-flower. 
Annual or perennial herbs. Calyx with 5 narrow lobes, its tube 
short and broad. Corolla campanulate or nearly so, with 5 lobes. 
Filaments dilated at base. Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3 to 5. 
Capsule mostly short, opening laterally by 3 to 5 small valve-like 
perforations. (Diminutive of Latin campana, a bell.) 

Perennials; style filiform, long-exserted; capsule hemispherical or short- 
turbinate, the openings near the middle or base. 

Style exceeding the corolla 1. C. linnxifolia. 

Style shorter than the corolla. 
Leaves sessile; corolla-lobes narroAvly lanceolate. . . 2. C. prenanthoides. 

Leaves petioled; corolla-lobes ovate-oblong 3. C. Scouleri. 

Annuals; style included in the corolla; capsule urn-shaped, the opening 
just above the middle; flowers dimorphic 4. C. exigua. 

1. C. linnaeifolia Gray. About 1 ft. high, slender, simple or 
sparing]} 7 branched at summit; leaves ovate-oblong, crenulate except 
at base, sessile or subsessile, \ to | in. long, the margins retrorsely 
scabrous, as also the angles of the stem; peduncles one or several 
towards the summit; corolla pale blue, campanulate, 5-cleft, \ in. 
long; calyx-lobes lanceolate. 

Point Reyes, Davy, northward to Mendocino Co. June-July. 

2. C. prenanthoides Durand. California Hare-bell. Peren- 
nial, slender, erect, 1% to 2 ft. high, often much branched; herbage 
minutely rough-puberulent or almost glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate 
or lanceolate, sessile, 1 in. long or less, sharply serrate; flowers mostly 
in clusters on short pedicels; clusters axillary, or the upper leaves 
reduced and the inflorescence racemose; corolla cylindrical in the 
bud, 4 or 5 lines long. 2 or 3 times the length of the subulate calyx- 
lobes, parted into linear-lanceolate lobes; capsule hemispherical or 
short-turbinate, the openings near the middle or base. 

Wooded hills, near the coast from Monterey northward; Sierra 
Nevada from Placer Co. to Mt. Shasta. July. 

3. C. Scouleri Hook. Glabrous perennial; stem slender, erect, 
or decumbent at base, mostly simple, 6 to 12 in. high; leaves ovate to 
lanceolate, sharply serrate, f to 1£ in. long, tapering at base into a 
margined petiole; flowers on filiform peduncles, solitary in the axils 
or terminal, or the upper leaves reduced to minute bracts and the 



478 CAMPANULACE^. 

inflorescence paniculate; corolla exceeding or twice as long as the 
subulate calyx-lobes, deeply 5-cleft into ovate-oblong lobes. 

Redwood region from Marin Co. northward. 

4. C. exigua Rattan. Branching from the base and diffuse, 2 
to 4 or 6 in. high, short-hispid, especially at base; leaves obovate, 
linear, or the uppermost subulate; flowers erect, lateral or terminal 
on the branchlets, two kinds on the same plant: — one with slender 
and rather short style having 3 revolute stigmas at apex and with the 
dilated bases of the filaments not ciliolate; the other kind with the 
style longer, conspicuously club-shaped and merely notched at apex, 
the dilated bases of the filaments ciliolate; corolla of both kinds light 
blue, 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-lobes subulate-linear, nearly twice the 
length of the turbinate tube; capsule somewhat urn-shaped, with 3 
valvular openings just above the middle. — (C. angustifkn-a Eastwood.) 

Summits of peaks or on the higher, ridges of the Coast Ranges: Mt. 
Hamilton; Mt. Diablo (where first collected by Rattan); Mt. Tamal- 
pais; A tlt. St. Helena. The above description chiefly from Mt. Diablo 
plants collected by Greene, whence in particular the characterization 
of the two kinds of styles and stamens which answer to the description 
and figures of Miss Eastwood's C. angustiflora and C. exigua respect- 
ively. (Cf. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. Bot. i. 132, Pi. xi.) Our 
material is scanty but in all probability individual plants will be 
found possessing only one sort of flowers and this may commonly be 
the case. The corollas are also of two kinds, oblong-cam panulate and 
tubular. The oblong-campanuiate corolla is associated with both 
sorts of styles in our Mt. Diablo material; Miss Eastwood's figure 
shows a tubular corolla associated with the slender-styled form 
(C. angustiflora). This note, it is hoped, will inspire field-studies 
of this species along the lines suggested. 

2. SPECULARIA Heister. Venus Looking-*. lass. 

Annuals with leafy slender stems. Flowers in the axils of the 
leaves, blue or purplish, 1 or 2-bracteolate. Our species with two 
kinds of flowers: the earlier fertilized in the bud. with undeveloped 
corolla and 3 or 4 calyx-lobes; the latter with ordinary flowers and 
5-lobed calyx. Corolla rotate or nearly so, 5-lobed or -parted. 
Stigmas and cells of the ovary 3, sometimes 2 or 4. Capsule pris- 
matic or cylindraceous, dehiscent by small valvular openings on the 
sides at the middle or near the summit. (Latin speculum, a looking- 
glass.) 

1. S. biflora (R. & P.) Gray. Stems erect, simple or with many 
branches from the base, 8 to 15 in. high, retrorsely scabrous-hispidu- 
lous on the angles; leaves ovate, mucronate, sessile, entire, or some- 
what crenate, 3 to 6 (or the lowermost 8 or 9) lines long; flowers 
solitary or in pairs in the axils; corolla blue, exceeding the linear- 
lanceolate calvx-lobes; capsule 4 lines long, sessile. — (Legouzia biflora 
Britton.) 

Low open hills of the inner Coast Ranges, grain fields of the 



LOBELIACL.1 . 479 



Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and southwestward to Pajaro 
(H. P. Chandler). Apr. -May. 

3. HETEROCODON Nutt. 

Annuals. Like Speeularia in habit and the flowers of two kinds, 
the earlier with 3 or 4, the later with 5 calyx-lobes which are large 
and leaf-like and much longer than the obpyramidal tube. Corolla 
open-campanulate, 5-lobed. Capsule 3-celled, 3-angled, bursting by 
mostly irregular longitudinal fissures in the thin spaces between the 
angles or ribs. (Greek heteros, different, and kodon, bell, the flowers 
campanulate and of two different kinds.) 

1. H. rariflorum Nutt. Very slender, with filiform stems 1J to 
9 in. high; leaves roundish, 1J to 5 lines long, sessile, truncate or 
subcordate at base, sharply toothed, the teeth bristle-pointed and the 
margin between the teeth frequently ciliate-bristly: flower solitary; 
calyx sparsely hispid, its lobes 3 to 5, mostly 3 or 4, when 4 or 5 one 
or two smaller; flowers solitary; calyx-lobes ovate, foliaceous and 
sparingly toothed, 1 to 3 lines long; corolla scarcely evident, or the 
later flowers with well developed light blue corolla (the short lobes 
darker), the tube 1£ to 2 lines long; style apparently short-puberulent. 

Coast Ranges (Berkeley, Napa Valley, Lake Co. and northward); 
Sierra Nevada; Southern California. Apr., or as late as July in the 
higher mountains. 

4. GITHOPSIS Nutt. 

Annual herbs. Calyx-tube cuneate, strongly 10-ribbed. adnate up 
to the summit of the ovary, with 5 linear foliaceous lobes. Corolla 
tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed. Filaments short, dilated at the base; 
anthers long and linear. Ovary 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule 
coriaceous, crowned with the rigid caLyx-lobes of its own length, 
strongly striate-ribbed, many-seeded, dehiscing by a perforation at 
the apex in the place where the persistent style falls away. (Name 
from Githago, the calyx resembling that of the Corn-Cockle.) 

1. G. specularioides Nutt. Stems simple or with 1 or 2 prolif- 
erous branches, these in turn sometimes proliferous, 4 to 7 in. high; 
herbage retrorsely rough-pubescent or glabrous; upper leaves oblong, 
or narrower, 3 to 5 lines long, the lowermost obovate, 1 or 2 lines 
long, all sharply few- toothed; calyx-lobes 3 to 8 lines long, eventually 
callous-ribbed, shorter than or 3 or 4 times as long as the corolla; 
corolla purplish, its lobes shorter than the tube'; capsule rigid, 
tapering into a short and stout peduncle. 

Open ground in the hill country of the Coast Ranges (Round 
Valley, Napa Valley, Sonoma); Sierra Nevada. The var. diffusa 
(G. diffusa Gray) is nearly glabrous; sinuses of the calyx hispidulous. 
— Vaca Mountains; Southern California. 

100. LOBELIACE/E. Lobelia Family. 

Herbs with alternate leaves. Flowers in racemes, complete. 
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its free border with 5 distinct lobes or 



480 LOBELIACE.E. 

teeth. Corolla epigynous, bilabiate, 2 lobes in the upper lip and 3 in 
the lower. Stamens 5, inserted with the corolla, but generally free 
from it and alternate with its lobes; anthers and filaments usually 
united into a tube about the style. Ovary 2-celled; style 1; stigma 
capitate and girt with a rim of hairs. Juice mostly milky and acrid. 
Fruit in ours a many-seeded 1 or 2-celled capsule. 

Stems erect or ascending; corolla conspicuously bilabiate; capsule com- 
monly 1 to 2 in. long 1. Bolelia. 

Stems procumbent; corolla-segments only slightly unequal; capsule % in. 
long 2. Howellia. 

1. BOLELIA Raf. 

Dwarf herbs of low plains, margins of vernal pools, sometimes in 
the mountains or in saline marshes. Calyx-tube (adnate to the ovary> 
very long and stalk-like. Corolla with a short tube and ample bila- 
biate limb; lips spreading, the larger 3-lobed, the smaller 2-cleft with 
narrow divisions. Anther-tube incurved, one or two of the anthers 
tipped with a bristle-like point. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a 1-celled 
capsule with 2 parietal filiform placenta?. Capsule long and linear, 
crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, dehiscent below the apex by 
1 to 3 long fissures. (Anagram of Lobelia.) 

The chief character used in the discrimination of species in this 
genus is that of color, but it is to be said that extended field investi- 
gations on the part of the author show this character to be exceed- 
ingly variable. It is, therefore, doubtful if most of the species here 
listed are more than color forms. B. elegans is, however, by the 
structure of its corolla, quite distinct from all the other species, which 
form a separate group of which B. pulchella is taken as the natural 
type. Typical B. pulchella as here closely circumscribed, has a very 
bright and. characteristic corolla, which when once seen is readily 
recognized a second time. This species has two diverging lines of 
variation, one reaching towards B. concolor with disappearance of 
yellow in the corolla; the other extending to B. ornatissima through 
B. bicornuta (not within our limits) and ending in B. humilis. 

Anther-tube much incurved, nearly hook-shaped 1. B. elegant. 

Anther-tube straight or only slightly curved. 
Corolla conspicuously bilabiate. 

Lower lip with a central maroon spot 2. B. concolor. 

Lower lip with a central yellow spot. 

Tube shorter than calyx-lobes .... 3. B. pulchella. 

Tube much longer than calyx-lobes 4. B. cuapiclata. 

Corolla small and pale 5. B. ornatisxima. 

Corolla obscurely bilabiate, the lobes similar 6. B. humilis. 

1. B. elegans (Lindl.) Greene. Commonly simple, 4 to 7 in. 
high; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, I in. long; corolla-tube 
campanulate; the upper lip cut f the way down, the segments 
ascending and parallel; lower lip 3-lobed at apex, the lobes and 
lateral parts of the body sky-blue marked with darker veinlets, main 
portion white and bearing 2 oblong parallel green or greenish yellow 
spots; side of throat next to lower lip frequently with purple spots 
and yellow lines; stamen-column long-exserted, about equaling the 
upper segments. — (Downingia elegans Torr. B. insignis Greene.) 



LOBELIA FAMILY. 481 

Beds of vernal pools (where water has recently stood), on the 
plains of the Sacramento Valley. May. Lower lip somewhat 
concave. 

2. B. concolor Greene. Branched from the base and somewhat 
tufted or nearly simple, 4 to 5 in. high, minutely puberulent; corolla 
light blue; base of lower lip or all of it below the lobes or divided 
part with a well-defined spot or area of dark maroon; upper lip cleft 
to the middle only; lobes of lower lip slightly unequal; stamen- 
column little exserted. 

. Low fields near Suisun. May-June. 

Var. tricolor (B. tricolor Greene). Lower lip with the transverse 
somewhat quadrate spot of dark maroon bordered by white, this color 
sometimes extending to the bases of the violet lobes; throat often 
with yellow folds. Varying into the next. 

3. B. pulchella (Lindl.) Greene. Erect or ascending, 2 to 10 
in. high, usually simple; leaves oblong-ovate or narrower, J in. long; 
lower lip of corolla cleft into 3 roundish apiculate lobes; upper lip 
deeply 2-cleft, the oblong-lanceolate lobes divergent and spreading; 
corolla deep blue, the center of the lower lip yellow with a white 
border, this somewhat irregular in outline out sharply defined 
against the violet; side of throat next to the lower lip with three 
dark violet spots either side of and in the interval between a pair of 
narrow yellow folds or lines which join the yellow field; corolla-tube 
1 line long, the limb ample, 6 lines broad and 4 lines deep, the lower 
lip plane and at a right angle to the tube; stamen-column nearly or 
quite equaling the lobes of the upper lip. — (Downingia pulchella 
Torr. ) 

The most common and most beautiful species: plains of the Lower 
Sacramento in Solano Co.; abundant and of rank growth in salt 
marshes near Alvarado; low places in fields between Gilroy and 
San Felipe. May-June. 

4. B. cuspidata Greene. Stems very slender and leaves scarcely 
exceeding 1 line; flowers few; lower lip of the corolla broadly trefoil- 
shaped, broader than long; lobes broadly ovate, retuse or somewhat 
obcordate, cuspidately pointed, the terminal half violet, the lower 
portion white; undivided part of lower lip yellow, plane or nearly 
so, that is, without protuberances or folds; lobes of the upper lip 1\ 
lines long- spatulate-obovate, cuspidately acute, slightly divergent, 
deep violet; anther-tube scarcely exserted from the comparatively 
long (1J lines) and narrow corolla- tube. 

North Coast Kanges: Los Guilicos and Napa Valleys. May-June. 

5. B. ornatissima Greene. Erect, slender, 2 to 6 in. high, simple 
or branched from the base; tube of corolla raised into a protuberance 
at base of upper lip, the segments of which are coiled backward into 
a ring; basal portion of lower lip with 4 short folds, the center white 
with greenish yellow spots, the lobes blue, all the colors very pale; 
stamen-column exserted beyond the tube. 

Plains of the Lower Sacramento between Elmira and Cannon. 



482 composite. 

May. This is, doubtless, a reduced form of B. bicornuta (Gray) 
while the next is a still further reduction. 

6. B. humilis Greene. Very dwarf, 1 in. high; calyx-segments 
unequal; corolla minute, white, 1 line long, obscurely bilabiate, the 
ovate-oblong acute segments not very unlike. 

Sonoma Co. 

2. HOWELL I A Gray. 

Either aquatic or of muddy margins of pools. Flowers more or 
less cleistogamous. Calyx-tube united for its whole length to the 
ovary, the limb with slender segments. Corolla not surpassing the 
calyx, its very short tube divided nearly to the base on the 
(apparently) upper side; lobes oblong, nearly equal, three united 
higher. Ovary 1-celled, the filiform parietal placentae each with 3 to 
5 ovules. Capsule membranaceous, bursting irregularly on one side. 
(In honor of Thos. Howell of Portland, now author of a pioneer 
nV>ra of Oregon, Washington and Idaho.) 

1. H. limosa Greene. Weak and procumbent, the branches 1 ft. 
long, sometimes matted; leaves lanceolate, sessile, entire, 1 in. long; 
flowers cleistogamous; capsule clavate-oblong, £ in. long, crowned by 
the 5 triangular calyx-teeth. 

Muddy shores: Suisun. May. This may be simply a terrestrial 
form of H. aquatilis Gray. 

101. COMPOSIT/E. Sunflower Family. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate or opposite 
leaves. Flowers in heads, borne on the enlarged summit of the 
peduncle (receptacle) and surrounded by the bracts of the involucre. 
Receptacle with bracts subtending the flowers, or with bristles among 
the flowers, or without bracts or bristles (naked). Corollas tubular 
and 5-toothed or -lobed, or the limb strap-shaped (or ligulate) and 
toothed at apex, those of a head all tubular or all ligulate or of 
both kinds. When both kinds are present the flowers with the 
ligulate corollas occupy the margin of the head and are called ray- 
flowers, and the ligulate corollas, rays; the flowers with the tubular 
corollas occupy the center and are called disk-flowers. Ray-flowers 
commonly pistillate, sometimes perfect or neutral; disk-flowers com- 
monly perfect, often staminate or pistillate. Heads with both ray- and 
disk-flowers are called radiate; with disk-flowers only, discoid. Calyx- 
tube united with the ovary, the limb when present called a pappus 
and greatly varied in structure, consisting of awns, hairs, bristles, 
scales or paleye, or in many cases appearing as a mere crown or ring or 
wholly obsolete. Stamens 5; filaments free; anthers united and 
forming a tube, or nearly or quite free in Ambrosiea?. Style divided 
above into 2 long branches which bear stigmatic lines on the inside. 
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, maturing into an achene, crowned by the 
pappus when that is present. Pappus commonly persistent and 
assisting in the dispersion of the l-.seeded fruit. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 483 



KEY TO THE TKIBES. 

Heads composed wholly of perfect flowers with ligulate corollas; ligule 
5-toothea at apex; herbs with milky juice; leaves alternate or radical. 

1. CICHORIE.E. 

Heads composed of ray- and of disk-flowers or of disk-flowers only. 
Receptacle covered with bristles; heads large; flowers conspicuous; 
corollas cleft into long narrow lobes; rays none; very spiny thistles 

or thistle-like plants; leaves alternate 2. Cynare^e. 

Receptacle with chaffy bracts (see also nos. 28 and 29). 
Rays always present, conspicuous or inconspicuous; disk-flowers perfect; 
'bracts of the involucre foliaceous or herbaceous, not scarious; pappus 
of palese or awns, never capillary. 
Involucre of 1 series of equal bracts, each embracing or enfolding a 
ray-achene; bracts of receptacle often in a single series between 
ray and disk; leaves alternate or opposite; (annuals except two). 

6. Madie^e. 
Involucre of 1 to several series of bracts, none enfolding ray-achenes; 

receptacle very chaffy; leaves mostly opposite or radical 

7. HELI ANTHER. 

Rays none; leaves alternate (except no. 69). 
Heads unisexual (except no. 63), small, greenish or white; corolla of 
pistillate flowers none or a rudiment; anthers nearly or quite 
distinct; pappus none; fruit usually a bur; leaves alternate (the 

lower opposite in no. 63) 8. Ambrosie^e. 

Heads composed of both pistillate and staminate (or perfect) flowers; 
corolla of pistillate flowers filiform ; bracts of the involucre few 
or none; leaves alternate (except no. 69); white-woolly annuals. 

9. Inule^e. 
Receptacle naked (without bristles or chaffy bracts, except nos. 28 and 
29); leaves alternate (except nos. 26, 36, 37, 38, and 91). 
Bracts of involucre in 1 or 2 series; pappus of soft capillary bristles; 

both disk- and ray-flowers yellow (except no. 23). . . 3. Senecione^e. 
Bracts of involucre imbricated, dry and scarious; pappus none or 
reduced to a mere crown or ring; flowers white, yellow or greenish; 
rays present or absent; leaves usually much divided 

4. ANTHEMIDE.E. 

Bracts of involucre in few series, little imbricated; pappus paleaceous, 
awn-like, bristly or none; flowers yellow; rays present (except in 
no. 42) 5. Helenie^e. 

Bracts of the involucre many and imbricated, often dry or scarious; 
pappus of capillary bristles; rays none; pistillate corollas mostly 
filiform; (pappus none and bracts few in no. 75) . 9. Intjle^e. 

Bracts of involucre well imbricated; disk-flowers commonly yellow, the 
rays of the same or different color or none; pappus of awns or 
bristles (or of short scales in no. 76) 10. Astere^;. 

Bracts of the involucre equal or imbricated ; flowers perfect, white or 
whitish; rays none 11. Eupatorie^:. 

Tribe 1. Cichorieae. Chicory Tribe. 

Herbs with milky juice and alternate or radical leaves. Eeceptacle 
naked or with chaff-like bracts. Flowers all perfect and all with 
ligulate corolla, the ligule 5-toothed at apex. Anthers sagittate or 
auricled at base, commonly appendaged at summit. Style-branches 
stigmatic on their inner side for their whole length. 

A. Pappus paleaceous or of rigid bristles. 

Pappus paleaceous, the paleae without awns; achenes neither ribbed nor 
beaked. 
Flowers blue; receptacle naked; herbage soft . . . 1. Cichorittm, p. 490. 
Flowers yellow; receptacle with chaff -like bracts; thistle-like plant . . . 

2. Scolymtjs, p. 490. 



484 • composite. 

Pappus-bristles (or some of them) plumose. 
Receptacle naked. 
Achenes not beaked nor ribbed; tall annuals, paniculately branching 

above 3. Ptiloria, p. 491. 

Achenes (at least the inner) with a slender beak. 
Flowers yellow; achenes 5 to 10-ribbed; low branching thistle-like 

biennial 4. Picris, p. 491. 

Flowers purple; achenes ribbed; perennial or biennial with grass-like 

leaves 5. Tragopogon, p. 492. 

Flowers white; achenes obscurely ribbed; stem branching above; 

annual 6. Rafinesquia, p. 492. 

Receptacle with chaff-like bracts; at least the inner achenes beaked; 

flowers yellow; stems naked; leaves radical . 7. Hypoch^eris, p. 493. 

Pappus paleaceous, the paleaceous portion short or often very long, tipped 

with a long or short bristle or awn which is either naked or barbellate, 

or rarely subplumose. 

Ligules short, the head in anthesis small; bracts of the involucre equal 

but with shorter ones at base, all membranous; pappus-bristles 5. 

Palese of the pappus elongated, cleft at tip, the short bristle or awn 

proceeding from the cleft; peduncle enlarged at summit; heads erect. 

8. Uropappus, p. 493. 
Paleae of the pappus mostly short, abruptly or gradually passing into the 

awn; peduncles not enlarged at summit; heads nodding in the bud. 

9. Microseris, p. 494. 
Ligules elongated, the heads in anthesis showy; bracts of the involucre 

imbricated in several series ; pappus-bristles 10 or more, barbellate or 
subplumose, the paleaceous base short and firm 

10. RCORZONELLA, p. 496. 

B. Pappus of fine soft capillary bristles, scabrous but never plumose; 

achenes ribbed or nerved. 

Achenes not flattened; receptacle naked, or bristly in some species of no. 11. 

Achenes beakless; stems commonly branching or the plants acaulescent. 

Pappus mostly soft and deciduous; achenes terete, truncate 

11. Malacothrix, p. 497. 
Pappus dull white or tawny; achenes linear . . 12. Hieracium, p. 498. 
Pappus white; achenes columnar or fusiform . . 13. Crepis, p. 499. 
Achenes with a slender beak; acaulescent plants, the peduncles 

1-flowered 14. Agoseris, p. 499. 

Achenes flattened; receptacle naked ; leafy-stemmed plants. 

Achenes beaked ; heads in a panicle 15. Lactuca, p. 501. 

Achenes not beaked; heads corymbed or umbellate 16. Sonchus, p. 501. 

Tribe 2. Cynareae. Thistle Tribe. 

Thistles or thistle-like herbs with alternate prickly leaves. Heads 
large. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, usually prolonged into a 
spine or bristle, or provided with a membranous edge. Receptacle 
bristly or hairy. Flowers all perfect. Rays none. Corollas tubular, 
cleft into long narrow lobes. Anthers long-tailed at the base, with 
elongated appendages at the tip. Pappus bristly or plumose, rarely 
paleaceous. 

A. Achenes obliquely or somewhat laterally inserted on the receptacle. 

Heads not leafy-involucrate ; pappus-bristles or -scales in 2 or 3 rows or 

none 17. Centaurea, p. 502. 

Heads leafy-involucrate; pappus-awns in 2 series . . .18. Cnicus, p. 503. 

B. Achenes inserted on the receptacle by their very base. 

Filaments distinct. 
Pappus paleaceous and double (in 2 different sets). 19. Carthamus, p. 503. 
Pappus of plumose bristles, united' at base and deciduous in a ring. 



SIN FLOWER FAMILY. 485 



Bristles of the pappus in several series; achenes somewhat 4-angled . 

20. Cynara, p. 504. 
Bristles of the pappus in a single series; achenes not angled 

21. Cirsitjm, p. 504. 
Filaments united below; pappus of narrow barbellate palese 

22. Silybum, p. 509. 



Tribe 3. Senecioneae. Groundsill Tribe. 

Herbs, or two species suffrutescent. Leaves alternate or radical. 
Bracts of the involucre little or not at all imbricated, mostly in 1 or 2 
rows. Receptacle naked. Flowers of both disk and ray ycllow r , 
except Petasites. Anthers not caudate. Pappus-bristles soft, com- 
monly copious, most often white. 

A. Radical leaves broad, palmately cleft or parted. 

Cauline leaves scale-like; flowers subdioecious, whitish; pistillate corollas 
distinctly ligulate 23. Petasites, p. 509. 

Cauline leaves similar to the radical; flowers all perfect and fertile, 
yellow; rays none 24. Cacaliopsis, p. 510. 

B. Leaves not palmately parted; flowers yellow. 

Bracts of the involucre linear, rigid; heads rayless; leaves entire, sessile, 

white-woolly beneath 25. Luina, p. 510. 

Bracts of the involucre thin-herbaceous; heads radiate or rayless; leaves 
various . 

Leaves chiefly opposite; heads large 26. Arnica, p. 511. 

Leaves alternate ; heads large or small 27. Senecio, p. 511. 

Tribe 4. Anthemideae. Mayweed Tribe. 

Strong-scented or aromatic plants. Leaves alternate, all or some of 
them finely dissected, pinnately parted or pinnatifid, except one 
species. Bracts of the involucre imbricated, commonly dry and 
scarious or with scarious margins. Receptacle naked or with chaff- 
like bracts. Flowers white, yellow or greenish. Rays present or 
none. Anthers not caudate. Pappus none or a short scarious 
crown. 

A. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts. 
Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches or peduncles; rays 14 to 20; 

annual 28. Anthemis, p. 514. 

Heads in a terminal corymb; rays 4 or 5; perennial ... 

29. Achillea, p. 514. 

B. Receptacle naked. 
All of the flowers with a corolla. 
Heads solitary, terminating leafy branches or peduncles. 

Rays many, conspicuous . . 30. Chrysanthemum, p. 515. 

Rays none; flowers all alike, perfect, greenish; annual 

31. Matricaria, p. 515. 
Heads corymbose ; rays none; flowers yellow; perennial 

32. Tanacettjm, p. 515. 
Heads in panicled racemes or spikes, small; rays none; flowers yellow 

or purplish; shrubs or herbs 33. Artemisia, p. 516. 

Marginal flowers without a corolla; heads discoid. 
Heads peduncled; mature achenes borne on pedicels; style deciduous . . 

34. COTULA, p. 517. 
Heads sessile; achenes pointed with the spine-like persistent style .... 

35. Soliva, p. 518. 



486 composite. 

Tribe 5. Helenieae. Sneeze weed Tribe. 

Herbs or some Eriophyllums suffruticose. Leaves alternate or 
opposite. Flowers in all our species yellow. Kays present in all our 
species except Chsenactis. Anthers not caudate. Eeceptacle naked. 
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2, sometimes in 3 or 4(?) series. Pappus 
of palete, awns or bristles, or often wanting. 

A. Leaves opposite; herbage glabrous, pubescent or slightly tomentose, 

never white-woolly. 

Bracts of the involucre imbricated, in more than 1 series; pappus none; 

succulent perennial . . 36. Jatjmea, p. 518. 

Bracts of the involucre in a single series and 
United into a toothed cup; pappus paleaceous or none; annuals 

37. Lasthenia, p. 519. 
Distinct; pappus of palese or bristles, or both, or none; annuals except one. 

38. BiERlA, p. 519. 

B. Leaves alternate; herbage glabrous or in several genera white-woolly. 

Ray-corollas with a toothed appendage at base opposite the ligule ; pappus 

none; leaves entire or denticulate; annuals. .39. Monolopia, p. 522. 
Ray-corollas without appendage at base. 
Pappus present. 
Bracts of the involucre erect. 
Rays conspicuous; paleae firm, blunt; leaves divided or incised; peren- 
nial herbs or suffruticose plants 40. Eriophylltjm, p.522. 

Rays very inconspicuous; paleae subulate; leaves narrowly linear and 

entire; slender annual 41. Rigiopapptjs, p. 524. 

Rays none or the marginal corollas palmately enlarged; leaves 

divided; annuals 42. Chsenactis, p. 524. 

Bracts of the involucre reflexed; rays usually drooping; paleae short- 
pointed; leaves often decurrent; perennial herbs 

43. Helenitjm, p. 525. 
Pappus none; leaves pinnately parted; low annual 

44. BLENNOSPERMA, p. 526. 

Tribe 6. Madieae. Tarweed Tribe. 

Ours annuals (except one species of no. 45 and no. 54). Herbage 
glandular, viscid or heavy-scented (except nos. 53, 54, and 55). 
Leaves alternate or opposite. Bracts of the involucre in a single 
series, each partly or completely enclosing an achene. Bracts of the 
receptacle commonly in a single series between disk- and ray-flowers 
and often united into a cup, or sometimes scattered among the disk- 
flowers. Kays always present, showy or inconspicuous. Anthers not 
caudate. Kay-achenes always fertile, without pappus (except nos. 51 
and 54); disk-achenes fertile or sterile, their pappus paleaceous, awn- 
like or none. 

A. Ray-achenes laterally compressed, completely enfolded by the deeply 
sulcate bracts of the involucre which are strongly carinate on the back. 

Rays showy or inconspicuous; disk-flowers few to many; mostly tall plants. 

45. Madia, p. 527. 

Rays inconspicuous; disk-flowers one; low slender plants 

46. HARP.ECARPTJS, p. 528. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 487 



B. Ray-achenes turgid or somewhat obcompressed, half enclosed by the 

bracts of the involucre which are rounded on the back. 

Achenes of ray without pappus. 
Rays 5 to 40, 2 or 3-lobed or -toothed; disk-achenes with or without pappus ; 
leaves, at least at base, not entire. 
Leaves not spiny, commonly viscid and glandular. 
Receptacle flat; rays 5 to 25, always (?) 3-lobed; bracts of involucre and 

of receptacle at length deciduous 47. Hemizonia, p. 52!>. 

Receptacle convex; rays about 15, 3-lobed; bracts of involucre and of 
receptacle persistent, the outer beset with clavate processes .... 

48. Holocarpha, p. 531. 

Leaves (at least the upper) spinose and rigid, little viscid or glandular; 

rays 25 to 40, 2-lobed ; bracts of involucre and of receptacle persistent. 

or deciduous, not beset with processes . . 49. Centromadia, p. 532. 

Rays 1 to 5 (or 8), broad and palmately 3-lobed; achenes with paleaceous 

pappus; leaves all narrowly linear and entire 

50. Calycadenia, p. 533. 
Achenes of ray with pappus; disk-achenes with plumose pappus 

51. Blepharizonia, p. 534. 

C. Ray-achenes obcompressed or clavate, completely enfolded by the 

bracts of the involucre, which at base have thin margins 
and flattish backs. 
Achenes in fruit not expanding; pappus present or none. 
Vernal annuals ; rays 8 to 20, commonly showy, yellow, white, or yellow 

tipped with white 52. Blepharipapptjs, p. 535. 

Summer plants ; rays 5, comparatively inconspicuous. 
Annuals; heads clustered; bracts of receptacle distinct ; rays pale yel- 
low; pappus none 53. Lagophylla, p. 538. 

Perennial; heads solitary; bracts of receptacle connate; flowers white 

or rose-tinged; pappus present 54. Holozonia, p. 539. 

Achenes in fruit expanding into an open globose head; pappus silvery- 
scarious, the longer set of palese longer than the achenes 

55. ACHYRACHiENA, p. 539. 

Tribe 7. Heliantheae. Sunflower Tribe. 

Herbs with mostly opposite or radical leaves. Herbage commonly 
with balsamic-resinous juice. Kays present, almost always showy. 
Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or foliaceous, or at least not 
scarious. Receptacle with chaff-like bracts, each subtending a flower. 
Anthers not caudate. Pappus paleaceous, of rigid awns, or cup-like, 
never of capillary bristles. Achenes thick or flattened contrary to 
the subtending chaffy bract, never parallel with it. 

A. Bracts of the involucre in 2 to several series. 

Involucre of 2 series of similar bracts; flowers white; leaves opposite 

56. Eclipta, p. 540. 
Involucre imbricated, its bracts in several series; flowers yellow. 
Ray-flowers maturing achenes; low perennials with broad radical leaves. 

Pappus none 57. Balsamorrhiza, p. 540. 

Pappus present 58. Wyethia, p. 541. 

Ray-flowers not maturing achenes. 
Pappus persistent; achenes thick, not notched at summit; leaves alter- 
nate, except the lowest; tall annuals or perennials 

59. Helianthtjs, p. 542. 
Pappus caducous ; achenes compressed, notched at apex ; leaves chiefly 
or all radical ; perennial 60. Helianthella, p. 543. 



488 COMPOSITE 

B. Bracts of the involucre in 2 dissimilar series ("double"); flowers yellow. 

Leaves opposite, simple or pinnately parted; pappus of persistent barbed 

r awns 61. Bidens, p. 543. 

Leaves chiefly radical, or alternate, dissected into narrowly linear or fili- 
form lobes ; pappus not of barbed awns. . . . 62. Leptosyne, p. 544. 

Tribe 8. Ambrosieae. Ragweed Tribe. 

Coarse homely weeds with small greenish or white heads. Leaves 
alternate or the lowest opposite in no. 03. Flowers unisexual, the 
staminate and the pistillate in separate heads (the staminate in a 
raceme or cluster above the pistillate, which are few and axillary) or 
in the same head (solitary in the axils). Receptacle of the staminate 
or of the perfect heads with chaff-like bracts. Rays none. Corolla of 
pistillate flowers none or a mere rudiment. Anthers distinct or 
scarcely coherent, not caudate. Pappus none. Fruit commonly a 
bur. 
Heads containing both staminate and pistillate flowers, the latter at the 

margin; involucre of 4 or 5 rounded united bracts . 63. Iva, p. 545. 
Heads unisexual, both pistillate and staminate on the same plant; involucre 
of pistillate heads closed and bur-like, only the style-branches exserted; 
staminate heads in a raceme or spike, their involucres open. 
Involucral bracts of the staminate heads united. 
Pistillate involucre beaked at apex and armed near the beak with a 

single row of short prickles 64. Ambrosia, p. 545. 

Pistillate involucre with 1 to 4 beaks and armed with several rows of 

prickles 65. Franseria, p. 546. 

Involucral bracts of staminate heads distinct ; involucre of pistillate heads 
maturing into a stout bur 66. XANTHTUM, p. 546. 

Tribe 9. Inuleae. Everlasting Tribe. 

Annual or perennial herbs. Herbage mostly white- woolly (except 
Pluchea). Leaves alternate (opposite in Psilocarphus), entire, or more 
or less dentate in Pluchea and Adenocaulon. Heads small; rays none. 
Bracts of the involucre frequently white or scarious. Pistillate 
flowers mostly with filiform corollas. Sterile flowers either perfect or 
staminate. Anthers caudate at base. Style-branches stigmatic to the 
unappendaged summit, Pappus capillary or none. 

A. Receptacle with bracts (chaffy); involucral bracts few or none; woolly 

annuals. 

Fruit-bearing bracts each enclosing its achene and falling away with it. 
Achenes gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally; pappus none. . . . 

67. Micropus, p. 547. 
Achenes straight or only slightly curved, the corolla and style borne at 

its apex; pappus none. 
Receptacle slender or columnar; leaves alternate . . 

68. Stylocline. p. 548. 
Receptacle globose; leaves opposite 69. Psilocarphus, p. 548. 

Fruit-bearing bracts open, merely subtending the achenes, persistent; 
pappus none 70. Evax, p. 549. 

Bracts of 2 kinds, the lower loosely enclosing the pistillate (fertile) flowers, 
the others chaff-like and surrounding a central cluster of both pistil- 
late and sterile flowers whose achenes bear pappus 

71. Filago, p. 549. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 489 



B. Receptacle without bracts (not chaffy); involucral bracts many (except 

no. 75); perennials or annuals. 
Pappus present; achenes naked. 
Bracts of the involucre scarious; herbage woolly. 

Flowers all fertile, perfect and pistillate in the same head 

72. Gnaphalium, p. 550. 

Flowers dioecious 73. Anaphalis, p. 552. 

Bracts of the involucre dry but not scarious; herbage not woolly 

74. Pltjchea, p. 552. 
Pappus none; achenes bearing stipitate glands; leaves broad, woolly 
beneath 75. Adenocatjlon, p 553. 

Tribe 10. Astereae. Aster Tribe. 

Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, with bland watery juice, 
scentless herbage (the foliage sometimes gummy or resinous) and 
alternate leaves. Receptacle naked. Bracts of the involucre com- 
monly well imbricated. Disk-flowers yellow (except in some 
Lessingias and Pentachaetas), perfect in all ours except Baccharis. 
Rays present or absent. Anthers not caudate at base. Pappus of 
awns or bristles (except Bellis). 

A. Flowers of both disk and ray yellow (except in Pentachseta); rays present 

(except in no. 83 and one species of nos. 78, 80 and 82). 

Pappus of several short scales; heads very small . . .76. Gutierrezia, p. 553. 

Pappus of several caducous awns or bristles; heads large and very 

gummy; involucral bracts often squarrose; leaves not narrow, mostly 

serrate; perennial herbs 77. Grindelia, p. 554. 

Pappus of persistent bristles. 
Bristles 3 to 5 (sometimes obsolete); low annuals with filiform stems and 

leaves 78. Pentach^eta, p. 556. 

Bristles many. 

Ray-achenes without pappus or the pappus a reduced crown 

79. Heterotheca, p.5 56. 
Ray-achenes (when present) with pappus like that of disk. 
Pappus often of 2 kinds; the inner capillary, the outer very short 

and scale-like or obsolete 80. Chrysopsis, p. 557. 

Pappus of one kind. 
Evergreen shrubs. 
Heads solitary at the ends of the branches; pappus permanently 

white 81. Stenottjs, p. 558. 

Heads in cymose or corymbose clusters; pappus in age reddish. . . 

82. Ericameria, p. 559. 
Suffrutescent or herbaceous plants; heads in corymbs or panicles. 
Rays none; corolla throat ventricose . . . .83. Isocoma, p. 559. 
Rays present; corolla not ventricose . . . 84. Solidago, p. 560. 

B. Flowers yellow, white, or purple; rays none, but the outer corollas often 

enlarged and more deeply cleft on the inner side. 

Heads small, turbinate or campanulate ; pappus present, its bristles com- 
monly numerous and reddish brown in age ; annuals 

85. Lessingia, p. 561. 

C. Flowers of the disk yellow (sometimes changing to purple); rays never 

yellow, always present (but so inconspicuous as to appear wanting 
in one species of Aster and of Erigeron). 

Pappus none; heads on scape-like peduncles; rays white or pink-tinged; 
ours perennial herb 86. Bellis, p. 564. 



490 COMPOSITE. 



Pappus of disk-achenes of numerous capillary bristles. 
Pappus reddish or rusty brown; pappus of ray scanty or none; perennial 

herbs 87. Corethrogyne, p. 564. 

Pappus dull white; pappus of ray similar to disk. 
Bracts of the involucre mostly in 2 or more series, usually with her- 
baceous tips ; rays usually numerous; perennial or annual herbs. . . 

88. Aster, p. 565. 
Bracts of the involucre in 1 or 2 series, without distinctly herbaceous 

tips; rays very numerous and narrow; perennial or biennial herbs. 

89. Erigeron, p. 567. 

D. Flowers whitish or yellowish, dicecions; rays none. 
Ours shrubs except one 90. Baocharis, p. 569. 

Tribe 11. Eupatorieae. Eupatory Tribe. 

Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with white or flesh-colored 
perfect disk-flowers and no rays. Receptacle naked. Anthers not 
caudate at base. Style-branches stigmatic only below the middle. 

Leaves opposite; pappus of awns and palese . . . 91. Trichocoronis, p. 570. 
Leaves alternate ; pappus of bristles only 92. Coleosantihjs, p. 571. 

Tribe 1. Cichorieae. Chicory Tribe. 

1. CICHORIUM L. 

Perennial herb, the leaves mostly radical, those of the stiff branch- 
ing stem reduced and bract-like. Flowers blue, in .-essile heads. 
Receptacle without bracts. Bracts of the oblong involucres herba- 
ceous, in 2 series, the outer 4 or 5, somewhat spreading, the inner 
about 8, erect. Achenes 5-angled, truncate, beakless. Pappus of 2 
or 3 series of short blunt palea?. (Altered from the Arabic name.) 

1. C. Intybus L. Chicory. Steins erect from a deep taproot, 2 
to 4 ft. high; radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; heads in sessile 
clusters along the nearly naked branches; flowers rarely white. 

Waste fields, escaped from gardens: Berkeley, Oakland, etc. 
Root used as a substitute for coffee. 

2. SCOLYMUS L. 

Erect glabrous thistle-like herb. Leaves alternate, rigid, sinuate- 
dentate or pinnatifid, decurrent, the lobes spinescent. Heads rather 
large, terminal and lateral, sessile. Flowers yellow. Bracts of the 
involucre in few rows, scarious-margined and spinescent-tipped, 
subtended by foliaceous bracts. Receptacle chaffy, the chaff more 
or less embracing the beakless achenes. Pappus a crown of 
scarious unequal paleae. (Old Greek name.) 

1. S. Hispanicus L. Golden Thistle. Native of the Medit- 
erranean Region, naturalized at Los Gatos. Leaves and stalks used 
as food in Spain. 

Rhagadiolus Juss. Annual herbs with yellow flowers. Bracts 
of the involucre in a single row, narrow, rigid, incurved, enfolding 
the marginal achenes, stellately spreading in age, sparingly hispid. 



.-TXFLOWER FAMILY. 49l 

Receptacle naked. Aehenes 5 to 10-ribbed, the ribs barbellate. 
Pappus of outer aehenes a crown of denticulate or fimbriate scales; 
pappus of inner aehenes double, the inner set consisting of bristles 
paleaceous-dilated towards the base, the outer set consisting of short 
scales or none. 

R. Hedypxois All. At first nearly simple and about 10 in. high, 
later becoming more or less widely branched and 2 or 3 ft. high; 
leaves variable in shape, the radical petioled and often lobed, the 
cauline sessile, entire, serrate, or with a few coarse salient teeth; 
flowering heads £ in. in diameter or less, on naked or sparingly leafy 
peduncles. — European weed, becoming naturalized in Sonoma Co., 
Miss Eastwood, and Mariposa Co., Cong don, ace. to Robinson. 

Scorzonera L. Ours a perennial herb. Heads borne on very 
long peduncles. Flowers yellow. Bracts imbricated in several series, 
the outer ovate, the inner lanceolate, all acuminate. Receptacle 
naked. Aehenes many-ribbed, beakless. Pappus-bristles in several 
series, unequal, serrulate or more or less soft-hairy, some often 
longer and naked at the apex. 

S. Hispanica L. VipeVs Grass. Plants 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage 
glabrous and glaucous; leaves oblong, serrulate, tapering to a petiole 
at base, 1£ ft. long or less; heads in anthesis 2 in. in diameter, nodding 
in the bud. — Garden plant, native of Europe, cultivated for the sake 
of its carrot-like roots, becoming naturalized in Knight's Valley and 
around Calistoga, Miss Eastwood. 

3. PTILORIA Nutt. 

Tall and rather slender annual herbs, paniculately branching- 
above. Leaves runcinate, reduced above to herbaceous bracts. 
Heads small, 3 to 12-flowered. Flowers pink or flesh-color, open in 
the early morning, the ligules all equal. Involucre cylindrical or 
rarely campanulate, its inner bracts linear and equal, with some short 
calyculate outer ones. Receptacle flat, naked. Aehenes oblong or 
short-linear, strongly angled, glabrous, often rugose, truncate at both 
ends, the broad base hollowed at the insertion. Pappus-bristles 
white, plumose. (Greek ptilon, feathers or down, referring to the 
pappus.) 

1. P. virgata (Benth.) Greene. Herbage glabrous; stem rigid, 
virgate or with virgate branches, 1 to 4 ft. high; upper leaves linear, 
small and entire; lower oblong or spatul ate, often sinuate or pinnat- 
ifid; heads 3 to 4 lines long, subsessile along the naked virgate 
branches, 4 to 8-flowered; aehenes subclavate or oblong, rugose- 
tuberculate between the ribs; pappus clear white, plumose almost 
throughout. — (Stephanomeria virgata Benth.) 

Common on open canon sides. Aug. -Sept. P. canescens Greene 
is a form of the Bay Region characterized as " hoary tomentose when 
young, aehenes larger and less tuberculate, pappus slightly longer 
and of fewer bristles." This needs comparative study. 

4. PICRIS L. 

Coarse rough-bristly branching biennial with leafy stems. Heads 



492 coUPositM. 

short-peduncled, terminal or along the branches. Flowers yellow. 
Receptacle without bracts. Outer bracts of involucre loose and 
spreading, ovate, bristly-margined and spinescent at tip; inner bracts 
erect, linear-lanceolate. Achene somewhat flattened, transversely 
rugose, ours with a long and slender beak and bearing a pappus of 
densely plumose bristles. (Greek pikros, bitter.) 

1. P. echioides L. Bristly Ox-tongue. Two to 3 ft. high; 
stem hispid with barbed hairs; leaves narrowly oblong or the lower 
oblanceolate, sessile, rough-hispid; bracts of the outer involucre 5, 
subcordate at base; inner bracts long-acuminate, bearing just below 
the tip a pinnatifid bristle or appendage; achenes reddish, the body 
1J lines long, the beak as long or longer; pappus copious, white. 

Wayside summer weed, naturalized from Europe: abundant in the 
Suscol Hills and at West Berkeley; Mowry's, Alameda Co., Davy; 
Santa Clara Valley (?). 

5. TRAGOPOGON L. 

Stout glabrous biennial or perennial herbs, somewhat succulent. 
Leaves grass-like, entire, clasping. Heads large, long-peduncled, 
opening in the early morning, usually closed by midday. Flowers 
in ours purple. Involucre narrowly campanulate. Involucral bracts 
in 1 series, nearly equal, lanceolate, acuminate, united at the very 
base. Receptacle naked. Achenes muricate, 5 to 10-ribbed, long- 
beaked or the outermost beakless. Pappus ample, its bristles long- 
plumose. (Greek tragos, a goat, and pogon, a beard.) 

1. T. porrifolius L. Salsify. Stems from a stout root, very 
leafy at base, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate; 
peduncle thickened and hollow below the head; heads in fruit 2 in. 
high; flowers deep purple; achenes cylindric, £ in. long, the beak 
nearly twice as long. 

Waste places, escaped from gardens: Berkeley. June-July. 

6. RAFINESQUIA Nutt. 

Stout leafy glabrous branching annuals. Leaves toothed or pin- 
natifid. Panicle more or less corymbosely branching. Heads 15 to 
30-flowered. Involucre in anthesis conical-cylindraceous. Flowers 
white, the ligules unequal. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes terete, 
with a few obscure ribs, tapering into a slender beak, excavated at 
the insertion, but without callous thickening. Pappus-bristles cap- 
illary, 10 to 15, long-plumose from the base to near the tip. (C. S. 
Rafinesque, 1783-1840, American naturalist, celebrated for his genius 
and eccentricity.) 

1. R. Californica Nutt. Stem robust, sometimes almost fistulous 
below, branching above, 1£ to 5$ ft. high; leaves oblong in outline, 
pinnatifid to denticulate or almost entire, sessile and auriculate- 
clasping or the lowermost narrowed to a winged petiole, 6 in. long 
or less, those of the inflorescence reduced to herbaceous bracts; heads 
high; main involucral bracts 11 to 16, linear or 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 493 

lanceolate-acuminate, and with some loose subulate ones at base; 
beak of achene as long as the body; pappus dull white. — (Nemoseris 
Californica Greene.) 

Shady or moist places in the hill country of the Coast Ranges: 
Pt. Arena; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; Santa Cruz Mountains; 
Monterey Co. and southward to Southern California. June. 

7. HYPOCH/ERIS L. 

Herbs. Stems naked, bearing a solitary head or a somewhat corym- 
bose cluster of long-peduncled heads. Flowers yellow. Leaves in a 
radical cluster or rosette, toothed or pinnatifid. Involucre campan- 
ulate or cylindrical, its bracts rather few, lanceolate, imbricated, 
appressed, the outer ones successively shorter. Receptacle flat, its 
scarious chaffy bracts thin and narrow. Achenes glabrous, upwardly 
scabrous, the body 10-ribbed, narrowly oblong or fusiform, tapering 
upward into a slender beak, or the outermost truncate. Pappus of 
plumose bristles, some of the outer often shorter and naked. (Greek 
name used by Theophrastus for some cichoriaceous plant.) 

1. H. glabra L. Glabrous annual; stems several, erect, simple or 
mostly corymbosely branched, 9 to 18 in. high; leaves broadest above, 
denticulate, broadly toothed with triangular sinuses, or saliently lobed; 
heads campanulate; ligules scarcely longer than the involucre; outer- 
most achenes truncate at summit, the others all beaked. 

Naturalized weed, not uncommon in cultivated fields. May-June. 

H. radicata L. Gosmore. Stems several from a fleshy perennial 
root; leaves hispid with spreading hairs, pinnatifid below the large 
terminal lobe into oblong obtuse lobes; rays longer than the involucre, 
which is disposed to twist slightly after anthesis; achenes all beaked. 
— Lawns at Berkeley, flowering in summer and autumn. Leafy 
bulblets or rosettes often form in the axils of the inflorescence, 
particularly late in the season. 

8. UROPAPPUS Nutt. 

Nearly acaulescent annuals. Leaves pinnatifid with mostly sub- 
ulate or acuminate lobes or entire. Peduncles enlarged at summit, 
naked, each bearing a single head. Heads oblong, erect; ligules 
short, the heads in anthesis small. Main bracts of the involucre 
about equal, but with shorter ones at base, all membranous. Achenes 
10 to 12-ribbed. Pappus-paleye 5, elongated, tipped with a very 
short awn or bristle which proceeds from the cleft summit. (Greek 
oura, a tail, and pappos, pappus, on account of the bristle-like append- 
age to the palese.) 

Pappus clear white, soft, deciduous from the black achenes.l. U. linearifolius. 
Pappus dull brown or sordid, of firm texture, persistent on the light colored 



achenes. 
alea long 
Palea much shorter than the awn of "the pappus . . . .3. U. macrochsetus . 



Palea longer than the awn of the pappus 2. U. Lindleyi. 

* th( 



1. U. linearifolius (DC.) Nutt. Stems or peduncles often several 
from the base, erect, 9 to 18 in. high, in robust plants thickened or 



494 composite. 

fistulous under the oblong head; leaves linear (3 to 6 in. long and 1 
to 2 lines wide) and with 2 or 3 to several pairs of more or less remote 
salient lobes; head at maturity (after the achenes have spread) 1£ to 
If in. broad; achenes attenuate above into a beak, 5 lines long; 
pappus silvery white, 6 or 7 lines long, the very delicate awn about 
\ the length of the deeply notched pale*. — (Microseris linearifolia 
Gray.) 

Open ground, low hills or sometimes on higher slopes, throughout 
California. Apr. -May. 

2. U. Lindleyi (DC.) Nutt. Stout, 10 to 14 in. high, the peduncle 
scarcely thickened under the head; leaves as in the preceding, but 
rather broader; achene brownish, 5 lines long, slightly narrowed 
toward the summit; pappus dull brown or sordid, 6 to 7 lines long, 
the awn from a shallow notch and very little shorter than the palea. 
— (Microseris Lindleyi DC.) 

Oakland and San Mateo Co., southward to Southern California. 

Var. Clevelandi (Uropappus Clevelandi Greene). Scurfy-puber- 
ulent; achenes not at all attenuate; awn less than half as long as the 
palea. — Plains east of Mt. Diablo. 

3. U. macrochaetus (Gray) Greene. One to 2 ft. high; involucre 
in anthesis narrow, 8 or 10 lines high; achenes 3 to 4 lines long, 
decidedly attenuate at summit; palea short, only \ of the length of 
the awn, cleft to the middle. — (Microseris maerochreta Gray.) 

San Francisco, Bigelorv (ace. to Gray), to San Diego. 

Var. Kelloggii (Calais Kelloggii Greene). Achenes attenuate at 
each end and the palea with a shallow notch. — San Bruno Hills and 
Marin Co. 

9. MICROSERIS Don. 

Acaulescent annuals, glabrous or only slightly puberulent. Leaves 
in a radical tuft, pinnatifid with mostly linear and often falcate lobes, 
or entire. Peduncles scape-like, leafless, one-headed. Heads in 
anthesis narrowly oblong to ovoid or subglobose, nodding in the 
bud, mostly erect in fruit. Ligules short. Achenes slender- 
fusiform or cylindric, ribbed, mostly truncate. Pappus-palese 5, 
mosth 7 short, abruptly or gradually passing into the scabrous awn. 
(Greek micros, small, and Seris, Lettuce.) 

Achenes attenuate toward the apex, the upper half not filled by the seed. . 

1. M. attenuata. 
Achenes tapering slightly from base to summit or even almost turbinate, 
the whole cell filled by the seed. 
Palese reduced to a triangular base or almost none, the awns fragile and 

deciduous 2. M. aphantocarpha. 

Palese of the pappus conspicuous, the awns less brittle and more persistent. 
Heads less than % in. high; achenes little more than 1 line long .... 

3. M. elegans. 
Heads more than y 2 in. high. 
Heads hemispherical in mature fruit, or nearly so; palese and awns 
rather sharply defined, the palea % to % the length of the awn. 
Achenes obviously contracted under the summit, the outermost 

commonly white-villous 4. M. Douglasii. 

Achenes not contracted under the truncate summit, the outermost 
sometimes villous -. 5. M. Bigelovii. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 495 



Heads turbinate in mature fruit; paleae narrowly lanceolate, tapering 
into and longer than the awn 6. M. acuminata. 

1. M. attenuata Greene. Scapes rather few, suberect, 11 to 15 in. 
high; leaves in the radical cluster few, mostly pinnately parted into 
narrow linear lobes; involucre £ in. high, barely calyculate at base; 
pappus 8 to oh lines long, equaling or a trifle longer than the achenes; 
palea? oblong or ovate, ^ to £ the length of the awn, externally either 
lightly or conspicuously villous. 

Solano Co. to Alameda Co. Apr. -May. 

2. M. aphantocarpha Gray. Scapes decumbent at base or wholly 
erect, 10 to 16 in. high; leaves subentire or pinnatifid; involucre 
merely calyculate; achenes slender, 2 to 2\ lines long; pappus-bristles 
3 to 4 lines long, not obviously dilated at base, slender, fragile or 
deciduous. 

Contra Costa Co. to Southern California. First collected by 
Brewer, no. 1206, on Bushy Knob, southeast of Mt. Diablo. 

Var. ten el I a Gray. Pappus-bristles commonly but 2 or 3, with 
a manifestly ovate palea at base. — Napa Valley; Lower Sacramento 
Valley and southward. Occasionally destitute of pappus (ace. to 
Greene). 

Var. indivisa (M. indivisa Greene). Scapes strictly erect; leaves 
oblanceolate, entire, or a few toothed or pinnatifid; outer row of 
achenes silvery-silky; pappus-bristles 4 to 5 lines long, the paleae 
triangular. — Plains of Solano Co. about Elmira. Last of Apr.-May. 

3. M. elegans Greene. Scapes slender, decumbent at base, com- 
monly 4 to 7 in. high; head in fruit less than £ in. high; achenes 
little more than 1 line long, tapering gradually from the summit to 
the base; palea? of the pappus ovate-deltoid, either obscurely emargi- 
nate or more attenuate into a slender awn about 4 times as long, 
the palea and the summit of the achene sometimes minutely villous. 

Solano Co., where it is very common on the plains, to Contra 
Costa Co. 

4. M. Douglasii Gray. Scapes 8 to 17 in. high; leaves in the 
rosulate radical cluster many, pinnatifid; heads broadly ovoid, or in 
age hemispherical, 9 or 10 lines high; achenes oblong-turbinate, 
thickish, obviously contracted under the summit, nearly 2£ lines 
long, the outermost usually white-villous; paleae of the pappus ovate 
to orbicular, 2 lines long and nearly as broad, scarious, commonly 
imbricated or convolutely overlapping, abruptly acute or retuse at the 
apex, \ to \ as long as the awn, glabrous or villous externally. 

Common from Solano Co. and Napa Valley to Berkeley and south- 
ward. Apr.-May. Specimens from the Montezuma Hills show r 
central achenes with only 1 or 2 paleaceous awns. 

5. M. Bigelovii Gray. Often 1 ft. high or more; leaves entire or 
pinnatifid; head broadly ovate, \ in. high; involucre disposed to be 
somewhat imbricated; achenes oblong-turbinate, 2 lines long, not 
contracted under the truncate summit, the outermost sometimes 
villous; pappus brownish or almost rusty, the paleae oblong- to ovate- 



496 composite. 

lanceolate, commonly glabrous, varying in size, only £ to £ as long 
as the awn. — (M. intermedia Greene.) 

Oakland, San Francisco and northward along the coast in sandy 
soil. 

6. M. acuminata Greene. Scapes few, decumbent at base, 9 to 
12 in. high; leaves deeply pinnatifid into slender lobes; heads nar- 
rowly oblong, in maturity turbinate, about 1 in. high; achenes 
glabrous, slenderly fusiform and widest above the middle, 3 lines 
long; pappus 7 or 8 lines long; palea? narrowly lanceolate, gradually 
attenuate into an awn which is shorter than the palea. 

Valleys and hills of the North Coast Ranges: Santa Rosa; Calis- 
toga; Conn Valley; Gordon Valley (Solano Co.). Also Sierra Foot- 
hills. Well marked species. 

10. SCORZONELLA Nutt. 

Perennial herbs, with the leaves mainly in a radical tuft, the stems 
naked above, 1-headcd, and more or less scape-like. Root fusiform. 
Leaves pinnatifid with linear and mostly salient lobes, or entire. 
Heads large, ovoid-cylindric, nodding in the bud, showy as compared 
with the two preceding genera, the flowers yellow and ligules 
elongated. Bracts of the involucre mostly thin-herbaceous, imbri- 
cated in several series. Achenes cylindric or slightly tapering down- 
ward, ribbed and obscurely angled. Palea? 10 or more, firm, tipped 
with a rather long subplumose or barbellate awn. (So named 
because of its general aspect to Scorzonera.) 

Pappus-bristles subplumose, the palese about 3 lines long; leaves laciniate- 

pinnatifid 1. S. sylvatica. 

Pappus-bristles barbellate or naked. 
Leaves subentire to laciniate-parted; palea? about 1 line long 

2. S. paludosa. 
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or saliently lobed; palea? % line long . . . 

3. S. Bolanderi. 
Leaves entire or toothed, palese 1 to V/^ lines long 4. S. procera. 

1. S. sylvatica Benth. Stem commonly simple and 1-headed, 1£ 
to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, laciniate- 
pinnatifid, the radical 5 to 8 in. long; heads 1 in. high or somewhat 
less; involucral bracts in 3 series, the outer ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 
the inner linear-oblong, all acuminate; achene 4 lines long; pappus 
7 lines long; palea? about 3 lines long, tapering into the subplumose 
awn which is somewhat longer. — (Microseris sylvatica Benth.) 

Wooded hills bordering the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys 
from Yuba and Colusa Cos. southward to the eastern base of the Mt. 
Diablo range. Last of Apr.-May. 

2. S. paludosa Greene. Stems several from the base, slender, 2 
ft. high or more; leaves 1 ft. long, subentire to laciniate-parted into 
long linear lobes; head 50 to 75-flowered; involucral bracts with a 
lanceolate base, tapering into a long slender acumi nation; achene 2 
lines long; pappus brownish, the palea? little more than 1, the bar- 
bellulate awn 4 or 5 lines long. — (Microseris sylvatica Benth. var. 
Stillmani Gray.) 



SUNFtOWEK FAMILY. 497 

Low moist ground: Corte Madera, Marin Co. (the type locality) to 
Solano Co. (ace. to Greene). 

3. S. Bolanderi (Gray) Greene. Slender plants, 1 to 1£ ft. high; 
stems several, decumoent, leafy at base only; leaves linear-lanceolate, 
entire or with a few salient linear lobes, the radical 9 to 12 in. long, 
including the margined petiole; bracts attenuate from a broad ish base 
or some outer ovate, rather regularly imbricated; pappus 5 lines long, 
the ovate palea -|- line long, abruptly tipped with the long slender 
awn. — (Microseris Bolanderi Gray.) 

Swampy places in the North Coast Ranges: Marin Co. northward 
to Mendocino and Humboldt Cos. 

4. S. procera (Gray) Greene. Stem robust, 2 to 3^ ft. high, 
leafy-stemmed, the branches long and erect; leaves entire or denticu- 
late, the radical and lower cauline f to 1 : | ft. long and 1 to 2 in. wide, 
the upper cauline smaller, all acuminate and tipped with a short 
rigid point; involucre 1 in. high and as broad or broader; outer 
bracts broadly ovate and abruptly short-pointed, the inner ovate to 
lanceolate and attenuate; achenes 2\ lines long; pappus 5 or 6 lines 
long; paleie 1 to 1^ lines long; awn minutely scabrous. — (S. maxima 
Bioletti. Microseris procera Gray.) 

North Coast Ranges: Sonoma Valley, Torrey, Bioletti; Knight's 
Valley, Davy; Cloverdale; Ukiah, Kellogg. June-July. 

11. MALACOTHRIX DC. 

Ours annual caulescent or acaulescent herbs, commonly with a 
radical cluster of leaves, the stems either leafy or almost naked. 
Heads peduncled, commonly nodding in the bud. Flowers yellow, 
white, or pinkish. Receptacle bristly or naked. Achenes short, 
glabrous, terete, 10 to 15-ribbed, or 4 or 5 of the ribs stronger than 
the others, truncate at apex and with an entire or denticulate border. 
Pappus-bristles soft, scabrous, more or less united at base and 
falling away together, or with 1 to 8 stronger ones which are more 
persistent and smoother. (Greek malakos, soft, and thrix, hair, in 
reference to the long wool on M. Californica, type of the genus.) 

Bracts of involucre linear to subulate, narrowly or not obviously scarious- 
margined, little imbricated. 
Branching, mostly glabrous; heads 3 to 4 lines high. 
Flowers white or pinkish ; pappus not persistent .... 1. M. obtusa. 

Flowers yellow; one pappus-bristle persistent 2. M. Cleveland i. 

Acaulescent, long-woolly when young; heads 6 to 8 lines high 

3. M. Californica. 
Bracts of involucre scarious, with green midrib, distinctly imbricated, the 
outer orbicular; branching and glabrous plant 4. M. Coulteri. 

1. M. obtusa Benth. Stem paniculately branching above the 
base, 4 to 16 in. high, nearly naked; radical leaves dentate or pin- 
natifld, the margin often bearing scattered tufts of wool; heads small, 
numerous; involucre about 3 lines high, its main bracts linear, 
acuminate and nearly equal, with a few short ones at base, the tips 
usually purplish (as also in the next); achenes obovate-oblong, the 
summit entire, none of the pappus-bristles persistent. 

34 



498 composite. 

Higher mountain slopes of the Coast Kanges; also in the Sierra 
Nevada. May-July. 

2. M. Cleveland"! Gray. One-half to 1£ ft. high, glabrous 
throughout; radical leaves pinnatifid, the cauline scattered and more 
nearly entire; panicle narrow; heads 3 lines high, few-flowered; 
achenes oblong-linear, minutely striate-costate; outer pappus of one 
persistent bristle and a circle of white setulose teeth. — (M. parvittora 
Greene, not Benth.) 

Antioch and plains bordering the eastern base of the Mt. Diablo 
range. Apr.-May. Bentham's type of M. parvi flora was collected 
in woods near Santa Cruz. 

3. M. Californica DC. Acaulescent; herbage conspicuously 
woolly when young with very long and soft hairs; leaves laciniately 
pinnatifid into narrowly linear or almost filiform lobes; scapes 4 to 6 
in. high, each bearing one head, the heads rather large; involucre 4 
to 6 lines high, its bracts narrowly linear or subulate, in about 3 
ranks; bristles of the receptacle delicate, usually present; achenes 
narrow, lightly striate; outer pappus of 2 persistent bristles and 
some intervening minute teeth. 

Sandy soil: Antioch to Montere} 1 - Co. and southward. Apr.-May. 

4. M. Coulteri Gray. Snake's Head. Simple or branching 
from the base, 5 to 16 in. high, the herbage glabrous and glaucescent; 
cauline leaves sinuately pinnatifid, broad or somewhat auriculate at 
the sessile base and with an elongated terminal lobe; heads sub- 
globose, | to 1 in. broad; bracts of involucre silvery-scarious with a 
linear central portion green, regularly imbricated in several ranks, 
the short outer ones orbicular, the inner oval to lanceolate or linear; 
achenes 15-ribbed and 4 or 5-angled, the summit obscurely denticu- 
late by projection of the ribs; 1 or 2 stouter pappus-bristles persistent. 

Frequent in the Lower San Joaquin Valley and southward to 
Southern California. Apr. 

12. HIERACIUM L. Hawkweed. 

Ours rough-hairy perennial herbs with entire or nearly entire leaves 
and the heads in a panicle. Involucre cylindric or campanulate, its 
main bracts in 1 to 3 ranks with shorter ones at base. Achenes linear, 
striatelv ribbed, not beaked. Pappus a single row of tawny or dull 
white fragile capillary bristles. (Greek hierax, a hawk.) 

1. H. albiflorum Hook. Stem nearly naked above, ending in 
a panicle of white-flowered heads, 1£ to 3 ft. high; leaves and lower 
portion of stem thickly beset with tawny bristly hairs; leaves mostly 
radical, oblong, narrowed at base to a winged petiole, or the upper 
cauline sessile and often lanceolate and linear; involucre 3 or 4 lines 
high, its bracts linear-subulate; achenes 1£ lines long; pappus dull 
white. 

Dry woods in the mountains: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. 
June-Aug. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 499 

13. CREPIS L. 

Annuals, biennials, or perennials, similar to Hieracium, but tomen- 
tulous or glabrous, not pilose. Involucre of a single row of equal 
scales, or often with smaller ones at base. Flowers yellow. Achenes 
columnar or fusiform, 10 to 20-ribbed. Pappus copious, white and 
soft. (Greek krepis, a sandal, the ancient name of some plant.) 

Plants glabrous; heads % in. high 1. C. virens. 

Plants tomentose; heads % in. high 2. C. occidentalis. 

1. C. virens L. Smooth Hawksbeard. Annual or biennial; 
stem one, slender, simple below, paniculate above, 1 to 2| ft. high; 
herbage green and glabrous; leaves thinnish, mostly radical, broadly 
oblanceolate, toothed (the teeth inclined to be salient) or shallowly 
pinnatifid, narrowed at base into a petiole; upper cauline lanceolate, 
with sessile subsagittate base; heads many, small (£■ in. high); involu- 
cre somewhat calyculate, its bracts linear, acuminate; achenes linear- 
oblong, narrowed equally to each end, 10-costate, 1 line long. 

Introduced weed: spontaneous at Berkele}^. 

2. C. occidentalis Nutt. Gray Hawksbeard. Perennial; 
sterns stout, one or several, branching above, 4 to 10 in. high; 
herbage thinly tomentose and often glandular-hirsute above, especially 
on the peduncles; leaves thickish, runcinately toothed, or deeply pin- 
natifid into linear or lanceolate lobes, the uppermost portion entire, 
acuminate; involucre 6 to 8 lines high, calyculate, its bracts oblong- 
lanceolate; achenes brown, oblong, 10 to 18-costate, 3 lines long. 

Mt. Hamilton, Brewer] no. 1304; seldom collected in California. 

14. AGOSERIS Kaf. 

Perennial herbs with strong and often deep taproots, or annuals. 
Stems naked and scape-like, bearing single large heads. Leaves in a 
radical tuft, elongated. Flowers yellow. Bracts of the campanulate 
involucre imbricated, the outer ovate, passing into the linear or lan- 
ceolate inner ones. Achenes terete, oblong or fusiform, 10-ribbed, pro- 
longed into a slender or filiform beak. Pappus-bristles fine, copious, 
white or nearly white, inserted on the dilated apex of the beak. 
Achenes in fruit expanding and forming a globose head, the bracts of 
the involucre reflexed. (Greek agos, chief, and Seris, Lettuce.) 

Annuals. 

Ligules conspicuous 1. A. major. 

Ligules inconspicuous 2. A. htterophylla. 

Perennials. 
Achenes tapering into the beak. 
Ligules elongated, much surpassing the involucre. 
Coast species. 

Beak not longer than body of achene. 3. A. apargioiden. 

Beak about twice as long as body of achene 4. A. hirsuta. 

Interior species; beak about 3 times as long as body of achene 

» 5. A. grandiflora. 

Ligules very short, scarcely surpassing the involucre; bases of the Bay 

hills 6. A. pltbeia. 

Achenes abruptly beaked; montane 7. A. rttrorsa. 

1. A. major Jepson. Six to 18 in. high; leaves frequently pinnat- 



500 COMPOSITE. 

ifid; ligules elongated and conspicuous; achenes toothed at the apex 
of the body and abruptly beaked; pappus dull white. 
Interior districts. Apr.-May. 

2. A. heterophylla (Nutt.) Greene. Peduncles slender, 5 to 12 in. 
high, often numerous; leaves linear to spatulate or oblong, entire, den- 
ticulate, or sinuate-pinnatifid, villous-pubescent; ligules short, incon- 
spicuous; involucre campanulate; bracts lanceolate-acuminate, the 
inner glabrous; achenes ribbed or the inner smoothish or merely 
nerved, 2 lines long or less, tapering into a filiform beak 1$ to 3 
times as long, and commonly longer than the whitish pappus; fruit- 
ing heads about f in. high. — (Troximon heterophyllum Nutt.) 

Common in the hilly districts and on the plains of the Sacramento. 
Surface of achenes and length of beak often exceedingly variable, even 
in the same head. May. 

3. A. apargioides (Less.) Greene. Low and tufted, the steins 
erect or ascending from a woody caudex, 7 to 14 in. high; leaves 
narrow, pinnatifid into slender or remote lobes or sometimes entire; 
heads 6 or 7 lines high; achenes 1^ to 2 lines long, the beak not 
longer than the body; pappus dull white. — (Troximon apargioides 
Less.) 

Sand hills of the San Francisco Peninsula. 

4. A. hirsuta (Hook.) Greene. About 1 ft. high, the herbage 
short-pubescent; leaves pinnately parted into linear lobes or spatulate 
and merely toothed; peduncles reddish; flowers bright yellow, fading 
reddish; achenes 1£ to 2 lines long; pappus commonly dull or yellow- 
ish white. — (Leontodon hirsutum Hook.) 

Grassy hills about San Francisco Bay. June-Aug. 

5. A. grandiflora (Nutt.) Greene. About H ft. high; herbage 
hirsutely pubescent or glabrate; leaves spatulate-lanceolate, sinuate- 
dentate to laciniate, or with salient subfalcate lobes; flowers light 
yellow; bracts of the involucre lanate or tomentose when young; 
expanded fruiting head 2 to 2f in. broad; achenes 2£ to 3 lines long, 
the beak 10 lines. — (Troximon grandiflorum Gray.) 

Plains of the Sacramento Valley. 

Var. intermedium (A. intermedia Greene). Herbage woolly- 
pubescent when young; leaves pinnately parted, segments narrowly 
linear, rachis linear and with a linear-lanceolate terminal lobe; 
achenes sharply carinate-ribbed, 2 to 2\ lines long, the beak 6 to 10 
lines long; ribs along their sides more or less short-setulose. — Inner 
Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains. June. 

6. A. plebeia Greene. Robust, \\ to 2 ft. high; leaves narrowly 
oblanceolate, pinnatifid into slender upcurving lobes, the apex dis- 
posed to be entire and slenderly acuminate; ligules short, deep yellow, 
scarcely or not surpassing the bracts of the involucre, which are 
woolly at base; body of achene 2 to 2£ lines long, the beak 5 or 6 
lines long; pappus soft and white. 

Western base of the Oakland Hills. 

7. A. retrorsa (Benth.) Greene. Very woolly-pubescent when 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 501 

young, the wool more or less deciduous in age; peduncles 3 to 8 in. 
or even 2 ft. high; leaves not rarely as long as the peduncles, pin- 
nately parted into narrowly linear or lanceolate retrorse segments, the 
rachis linear and the lobes more or less remote; outer bracts of involu- 
cre broad; inner linear and narrowly acuminate, as long as the 
pappus; ligules short; achenes 2\ to 3 lines long, passing abruptly 
into the slender (9 or 10 line's long) beak. — (Troximon retrorsum 
Gray.) 

Mountain summits from Mendocino Co. southward to Mt. Diablo 
and the ranges at the head of the San Joaquin Valley. May-June. 

15. LACTUCA Tourn. Lettuce. 

Tall leafy-stemmed annuals or biennials with panicled heads of 
yellow flowers. Leaves alternate. Involucre cylindrical or in fruit 
conical, its bracts imbricated in 2 or more series of unequal lengths. 
Rays 5-toothed at summit. Achenes obcompressed, i. e., flattened 
parallel to the bracts, ribbed on each side, abruptly contracted into a 
beak, which bears at its dilated summit a copious very soft and white 
capillary pappus, the hairs of which fall separately. (Ancient Latin, 
from lac, milk, referring to the milky juice.) 

1. L. Scariola L. Prickly Lettuce. Stem paniculately 
branched above, glabrous throughout, or hirsute or prickly below, 
2 to 5 ft. high; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, denticulate or 
pinnatifid, sessile or sagittate-clasping, with a row of soft prickles on 
the midrib; heads numerous in an open panicle, 9 to 14-flowered; 
involucre cylindrical, its outer bracts about J the length of the inner; 
rays cream-yellow; achenes narrowly obovate, about as long as the 
filiform beak; pappus white. 

Roadsides and waste places in the Bay Region: common grain-field 
weed of the upper Sacramento Valley. June-July. 

L. sattva L., Common Lettuce, may be distinguished by the un- 
armed midrib of the thin foliage.— An escape by roadsides at Santa 
Clara. Davy, and in Napa Valley fields, ace. to Greene. 

16. SONCHUS L. Sow-thistle. 
Leafy-stemmed coarse annual weeds, chiefly smooth and glaucous. 
Heads corymbed or umbellate, swollen at base, or jug-shaped. In- 
volucral bracts few, thin, with many shorter ones at base; these be- 
coming callous-thickened. Achenes obcompressed, ribbed, not 
beaked. Pappus copious, of cottony-white exceedingly soft and fine 
hairs, mainly falling together. (Greek name of the Sow-thistle.) 

Leaves when sessile usually sagittate-clasping; peduncles smooth; achenes 
longitudinally ribbed and transversely rugose 1.8. oleraceus. 

Leaves when sessile usually auriculate-clasping; peduncles hispid with 
short spreading gland-tipped hairs; achenes with 3 ribs on each side, 
the intervals smooth 2. S. asper. 

1. S. oleraceus L. Common Sow-thistle. Stem erect, nearly 
simple, 1 to 3 or 4 ft. high; leaves lyratelyor runcinately pinnatifid, 
the terminal segment commonly large and triangular, denticulate or 



502 COMPOSITE. 

toothed, sagittately clasping at base, with acute lobes; lower leaves 
petioled; uppermost sessile and commonly lanceolate; heads about f 
in. broad when expanded; achenes longitudinally ribbed and trans- 
versely rugose. 

Naturalized European weed: old fields and waste places, flowering 
at all seasons. 

2. S. asper L. Prickly Sow-thistle. Very similar to the 
preceding, but the leaves sometimes undivided and commonly clasp- 
ing by an auricled base, the auricles rounded; achenes flat, margined 
with a narrow wing and marked on each side with 3 longitudinal 
ribs; intervals between the ribs smooth, but the ribs as well as the 
marginal wing rugulose or serrulate; peduncles conspicuously hirsute 
with spreading gland-tipped hairs. 

Naturalized European weed: with the preceding but apparently 
not so common. There are hybrid-like intermediates. 

Tribe 2. Cynareae. Thistle Tribe. 

17. CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle. 
Erect or diffuse usually rigid annual or biennial herbs with alter- 
nate leaves which are not prickly, and medium-sized heads. Involu- 
cre ovoid or globose, the bracts imbricated and ending in a needle- 
like prickle, or at least fringed or toothed (rarely entire) appendage. 
Keceptacle densely bristly, the bristles persistent. Flowers yellow or 
purple, all tubular, the marginal much larger and neutral. Achenes 
notched just above the base, indicating the oblique or lateral attach- 
ment. Pappus of 2 or 3 rows of bristles or short scales or none. All 
our species naturalized from Europe. (Named for one of the Centaurs 
who used it in healing.) 

Flowers yellow; leaves decurrent on the stem; achenes light gray. 
Plants erect, branching mostly above the base; spines 2 to 4 lines long. . 

1. C. Melitensi8. 
Plants diffuse, branching from the base; spines % to 1 in. long 

2. C. solstitialis. 
Flowers purple; leaves not decurrent; achenes brown. 

Middle bracts ending in a very stout spine ; pappus none . 3. C. Calcitrapa. 
Bracts devoid of spine; pappus present 4. C. Salmantica. 

1. C. Melitensis L. Napa Thistle. Tocalote. Erect com- 
monly much-branched annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, with a roughish 
indument, the stems winged by the decurrent leaves; lowest leaves 
pinnatifid, the upper narrow and mostly entire; heads mostly terminal 
and solitary, or 2 or 3 together, \ in. high; bracts rigid, the outer 
with palmatifid spine, the intermediate and inner ones with a rigid 
spine 2 to 4 lines long which is either simple or with divaricate short 
spines at base; flowers yellow; pappus bristles in about 3 rows, the 
middle row long, the outer and inner very short. 

Abundant everywhere in agricultural lands and pastured hills. 
Probably first introduced at Napa and diffused over the state in seed 
grain, hence commonly known as Napa Thistle. May-June, or the 
dead plants persisting through the autumn into early winter, the 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 503 

white bristly chaff shining in the brownish or blackish involucral 
cups. 

2. C. solstitialis L. Yellow Star Thistle. Diffuse, branch- 
ing from the base, 1 ft. high, cottony-pubescent; radical leaves pin- 
natifid, the cauline linear, entire, rather closely ascending, decurrent 
into long narrow wings; heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 
ovoid-globular; bracts much like the preceding except that the spines 
of the intermediate bracts are 1 in. long or less, and the innermost 
bracts end in a small shining appendage; flowers very bright yellow; 
achenes with pappus. 

Become common in recent years in the Bay Region: roadsides and 
vacant lots at Vacaville (first noted in 1887); low cultivated fields, 
Napa Valley; Shellville, Sonoma Co.; Oakland. Aug. -Sept. 

3. C. Calcitrapa L. Purple Star Thistle. Coarse and rigid, 
forming dense bushy plants 3 ft. high, nearly glabrous; leaves pin- 
nateW divided into few linear or lanceolate lobes, or the uppermost 
undivided, all serrulate, not decurrent; heads large, 1 in. high, on 
short peduncles scattered along the branches, or in the forks, or 
terminal; involucral spines very stout, J to I in. long; flowers purple; 
achenes brownish, over 1 line long, destitute of pappus. 

Naturalized in but a few places: San Mateo; well established about 
Vacaville (first noted in 1887). Aug. -Sept. 

4. C. Salmantica L. Escobilla. Roughish-hispidulous, the 
stems nearly glabrous; leaves sinuately divided into triangular lobes 
below the large terminal ovate- or oblong-lanceolate lobe, not decur- 
rent; heads on long slender peduncles, under 1 in. high; involucral 
bracts ovate, obtuse, not spine-tipped, the innermost with lanceolate 
scarious appendage; flowers purple; achenes with 2 or 3 rows of 
unequal bristles. 

Introduced European species: Healdsburg, Miss Alice King, July, 
1897. 

18. CNICUS L. 

Annual herb with pinnatifid or mostly sinuate-dentate leaves with 
spiny or prickly teeth. Heads solitary at the ends of the branches, 
subtended and almost concealed by the upper leaves. Bracts of the 
involucre imbricated in several series, the outer ovate and tipped by 
a simple spine, the inner lanceolate and ending in a strong pinnately 
branched spine. Flowers yellow. Achenes many-nerved, 10-toothed 
at the summit, and bearing a pappus of awns in 2 series; outer series 
long, naked, yellow; inner hispidulous, white. (Latin name of the 
Safllower, applied to thistles.) 

1. C. benedictus L. Blessed Thistle. Pubescent, branch- 
ing, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, thin, upper 
clasping, lower petioled; heads 1 in. long. 

Plains of the San Joaquin (Lathrop) and of the Sacramento. 

19. CARTHAMUS L. 

Ours an annual with rigid prickly pinnatifid clasping leaves. 



504 COMPOSITE. 

Flowers yellow. Receptacle with linear bristle-like palese. Outer 
bracts of the involucre terminating in foliaceous appendages like the 
stem-leaves; inner bracts more rigid, appressed, ending in a spines- 
cent tip. Achenes obpyramidal, with a crenulate margin at the 
truncate summit. Pappus-palese of 2 kinds, the outer unequal, 
ciliate, in several series, the inner in one series and much shorter; or 
pappus quite wanting in the outer row of achenes. 

1. C. lanatum DC. The outer and inner involucral bracts differ 
very much. 

Native of the Mediterranean Region: spontaneous at San Fran- 
cisco. 

20. CYNARA Vaill. 

Stout perennial herb with ample pinnatifid or bipinnatifid leaves 
with spine-tipped segments. Flowers blue. Heads very large, soli- 
tary on the ends of the branches. Bracts of the involucre broadly 
ovate, obtuse or emarginate, coriaceous. Receptacle fleshy, fimbril- 
late. Pappus of many series of plumose bristles. Achenes obovate, 
somewhat 4-angled. (From the Greek kuon, a dog, the spines of the 
involucre being likened to dog's teeth.) 

1. C. Scolymus L. Artichokk. One to 2£ ft. high; herbage 
more or less tomentose. 

Garden-plant, found by waysides at Napa and Alameda and in old 
fields near Benicia. 

21. CIRSIUM Scop. Thistle. 

Stout mostly biennial herbs. Leaves alternate, prickly or spiny, 
commonly toothed or pinnatifid. Heads with numerous crimson, 
white or yellowish flowers, perfect and all alike. Corolla tubular, its 
segments linear-filiform. Involucre spherical to campanulate, ovoid 
or cylindrical, its bracts imbricated in many ranks, at least the outer 
tipped with a spine or prickle, rarely innocuous. Receptacle thickly 
clothed with soft bristles or hairs. Achenes obovate or oblong, com- 
pressed, not ribbed, smooth and glabrous. Pappus of a single series of 
bristles, plumose or barbellate to the middle, clavellate-dilated at tip, 
united into a ring at the base and deciduous as a whole. (Kirsion, 
Greek name of a kind of thistle.) 

Stems conspicuously winged by the decurrent leaves, the wings rigid, spiny 
and interrupted; naturalized species 1. C. lanceolatum. 

Stems not decurrently winged, or' if decurrent, the wing not rigid or spiny; 
native species (except no. 2?). 

A. Involucral bracts herbaceous, very broad from the appressed base to 
the squarrose-spreading or recurved abruptly acute apex; narrower 
innocuous inner ones comparatively few; heads nodding 

2. C. foiitinale. 

B. Involucral bracts not appressed-imbricated; heads leafy-bracted, clus- 

tered or not conspicuously long-peduncled, erect as in all the follow- 
ing. 
Leaves thin, sinuately lobed, very prickly but the prickles weak; invo- 
lucre somewhat cobwebby; stems succulent; common 

3. C. edule. 



si X FLOWER FAMILY. 505 

Leaves thickish, pinnately parted into 3-lobed segments, ending in very- 
stout spines; uppermost leaves lanceolate but as stoutly spinose ; 
involucre arachnoid-woolly, its bracts cartilaginous at base; rare . . 

4. C. Andrewsii. 

Similar to the last, but the involucres glabrous; leafy bracts few, very 
similar to the proper bracts and pectinate-spinescent; lower San 
Joaquin 5. C. crassicaule. 

C. Involucral bracts appressed-imbricate in many ranks, the outer suc- 
cessively shorter, the slender short spine at their tip more or less 
abruptly spreading, the innermost erect, devoid of spine; heads naked 
as in ail the following. 

Bracts linear-lanceolate, entire, with needle-like termination. 
Heads campanulate to ovate, 1 to V/ 2 in. high; tall glabrate plant of 

salt marshes . . . 6. C. hydrophilum. 

Heads small, cylindric, 1 in. or less high ; slender plant, 4 to 7 ft. high, 

commonly white-woolly 7. C. Brtweri. 

Bracts very broad and comparatively short, entire; heads iy 2 to 2 in. 

high; plants low, commonly y 2 ft. high 8. V. quercetorum. 

Bracts roundish and dilated at'apex, the margin lacerate-f ringed; heads 
1 to 1^4 in. high ; plant 1 to 2 ft. high 9. C. callilepe. 

D. Involucral bracts not appressed-imbricated; heads naked, not leafy- 

bracted, on long peduncles. 
Involucre broadly turbinate, its bracts elongated-oblong or linear or 
subulate, cuspidate or scarious at apex, lacerately fringed or 
entire, erect or little spreading, not squarrose, glabrate'or nearly so. 

10. C. remotifolium. 
Involucre campanulate and its base depressed about the summit of the 

peduncle; outer involucral bracts prickle-tipped, stout and squarrose- 

spreading. 
Bracts slender, spreading, straight or incurved, appressed at the very 
base ; corollas cream-color or white, the segments shorter than the 
throat; Mt. Diablo range and southern Sierra Nevada 

11. C. CaUJornicum. 
Bracts with closely appressed base and long-lanceolate widely spread- 
ing portion, this straight, or incurved and hook-like; middle and 
inner Coast Ranges 12. C. Coulteri. 

Bracts straight, densely festooned with cobwebby hairs; sand hills 
along the coast 13. C. occidentale. 

1. C. lanceolatum (L.) Scop. Bull Thistle. Plant spreading, 
2 to 3J ft. high; herbage villous and green; leaves- lanceolate, deeply 
pinnatifid into lanceolate lobes, the callous midribs and veins excur- 
rent as rigid spines, the base decurrent on the stem into interrupted 
prickly wings; upper surface strigose-setulose; heads large, almost 2 
in. high, terminating leaf}' branchlets; bracts of involucre lightly 
arachnoid-lanceolate, attenuate into slender and rigid prickly pointed 
spreading tips; flowers rose-purple. 

European species, introduced in recent years in the Bay Region: 
Berkeley; "Lower San Joaquin, etc. 

2. C. fontinale (Greene). Stout, about 2 ft. high, the branches 
widely spreading; stems and upper surface of leaves more or less 
glandular-pubescent; heads mostly clustered, nodding; bracts of the 
involucre very broad, almost 3 lines in width from the base to the 
abruptly acute apex, spreading or recurved from near the middle, 
prickle-pointed; flowers dull white; anther-tips acute. — (Carduus 
fontinalis Greene.) 

Confined to a single locality near Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., 
having the aspect of an introduced plant. Bracts similar to C. 
quercetorum, but the long-attenuate innocuous inner ones compara- 
tivelv few. 



506 COMPOSITE. 

3. C. edule Nutt. Stem simple, robust but tender and succulent, 
3-J to nearly 6 ft. high, pubescent and leafy to the top, the leaves 
thin; radical leaves 8 to 10 in. long, narrowly oblanceolate, shallowly 
(rarely deeply) sinuate-pinnatifid, very prickly-ciliate but the prickles 
weak; cauline leaves similar or oblong or narrower; heads depressed- 
globose, 1 to 1^ in. high, few in a terminal cluster, leafy -bracted at 
base; involucre conspicuously arachnoid-woolly when young, nearly 
glabrate in age; bracts lanceolate-subulate, setaceous; flowers dull 
purple or whitish, segments of the corolla shorter than throat and 
with callous thickening at apex. — (Cnicus edulis Gray.) 

Common along creeks and gulches in the Coast Ranges: San Fran- 
cisco Peninsula; Oakland Hills; Marin Co. and northward. June. 

4. C. Andrewsii (Gray). Doubtless tall and slender, branching 
at summit, the loose wool deciduous except from the heads; stem 
strongly striate; radical leaves 16 in. long, deeply sinuate-pinnatifid 
into 3-cleft lobes terminating in a stout spine, the outline oblong but 
the lobes toward the base obsolete, resulting in a prickly-margined 
petiole about 4 in. long; upper leaves laciniate-pinnatifid and with 
narrowly lanceolate prickly lobes; heads somewhat clustered or 
pedunculate, hemispherical, 1 to 1£ in. high, leafy -bracted at base; 
involucre arachnoid-woolly, becoming flocculent; bracts with coria- 
ceous oblong-ovate base, the short upper part greenish, and abruptly 
contracted into an awn-like spine; corolla apparently whitish, its 
segments longer than the throat. — (Cnicus Andrewsii Gray.) 

Collected at some now unknown station in California by Dr. 
Andrews and named by Dr. Gray in 1874; collected since only by 
Miss Eastwood in a marsh near Tennessee Bay, May 31, 1896 
(apparentl} 7 also at Lake Merced) and distributed by her as Carduus 
amplifolius Greene; if her identification be correct Greene's name is a 
synonym. The radical leaves in Miss Eastwood's specimen are 
white-tomentose beneath, green and glabrate above. 

5. C. crassicaule (Greene). Stems 3 or 4 ft. high, very stout 
below, hollow, 1 in. thick, striate, branching above, and bearing a 
panicle of 6 to 9 subsessile or short-ped uncled heads; herbage in the 
mature plant gray-pubescent, especially the under surface of the 
leaves; leaves similar to the preceding; heads 1£ to rather less than 1 
in. high; involucre turbinate-campanulate, perfectly glabrous in age; 
proper bracts linear-lanceolate to lanceolate-acuminate, entire and 
tipped with a rather long slender prickle; leafy bracts with a few 
strong prickles or pectinate-spinescent, the inner sometimes apparently 
passing into the proper bracts; flowers whitish or pinkish; segments 
about as long as the throat. — (Carduus crassicaulis Greene.) 

Roadsides and low fields of the San Joaquin between Banta and 
Lathrop. July. The glabrous involucre and the lanceolate-acuminate 
bracts will distinguish this species from the at present known forms 
of C. Andrewsii, the bracts of which are abruptly attenuate. It is 
not unreasonable to question this plant as a native, the Lower San 
Joaquin being notorious as a region furnishing alien plants which 
have been described as "new species." 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 507 

6. C. hydrophilum (Greene). Tall, freely branching above, 3£ to 
ft. high, thinly pubescent, in maturity green and glabrate; leaves 
deeply pinnatiiid into mostly 8-lobed segments; heads 1 to 1£ in. 
high, paniculate or clustered at the ends of the branches; involucre 
ovate to campanulate, the bracts appressed-imbrieated, narrowly 

■lanceolate with a glutinous ridge toward the summit, tipped with a 
diverging prickle, perhaps the uppermost portion of the very slender 
bracts also diverging. — (Carduus hydrophilus Greene.) 

Suisun Marshes; probably no more than a salt marsh form of the 
next. 

7. C. Breweri (Gray). Commonly white-tomentose, sometimes 
nearly green, slender and tall, 5 to 8 ft. high; lower leaves ample, 
rather narrowly oblong, irregularly and shallowly sinuate, almost 
devoid of prickles; upper leaves mostly elongated-lanceolate, con- 
spicuously prickly; heads numerous, paniculate, often rather densely 
so, at summit of the stem, less than 1 in. high, or oblong or oblong- 
ovate; bracts of the globular involucre lanceolate, much appressed, 
firm-coriaceous, bearing towards the apex a glandular or viscid spot 
or ridge; outer and middle bracts abruptly tipped with a mostly 
spreading weak prickle; corollas pale purple or whitish, the lobes 
shorter than the throat; anther-tips deltoid, merely acute. — (Cnicus 
Breweri Gray.) 

Wet places in the Coast Ranges, not common: San Juan; Napa 
Valley; Ft. Bragg and northward to Mt. Shasta. July- Aug. Seed- 
lings collected by the author near Sisson's, Shasta Co., have oblong- 
lanceolate leaves over 2 ft. long, the lower third narrowed to a 
winged petiole; prickles so sparse and small that the blades appear 
quite innocuous. 

Carduus cymosus Greene. Stem 3 to 4 ft. high, leaves white- 
floccose on both faces; heads 1^ in. high; outer bracts ovate and 
lanceolate, closely appressed except at the stoutly spinescent tip; 
corolla dull white. — Alameda and Contra Costa Cos. Not seen by us. 

8. C. quercetorum (Gray). Perennial by branching horizontal 
rootstocks; stem short, 4 to 6 in. (rarely 1 ft.) high, bearing a few 
large heads; herbage arachnoid-tomentose when young, especially on 
the under surface of the leaves, eventually glabrate; heads H to 2 in. 
high, sometimes as thick; leaves mostly petiolate, 4 to 9 in. long, 
pinnately 'parted and the oblong or lanceolate divisions often 3 to 
5-cleft or -divided, strongly or weakly prickly; involucral bracts 
thickish, coriaceous, closely imbricated in many ranks, the outermost 
ovate (about 3 lines long), the inner becoming lanceolate, all with a 
short cusp rather less than 1 line long or sometimes blunt; innermost 
bracts obscurely scarious at tip; flowers purplish or whitish; four of 
the corolla-lobes united higher, the other longer than the throat. — 
(Cnicus quercetorum Gray.) 

Coast Ranges: Fort Ross, Setchell; Napa, Jepson; Marin Co.; Oak- 
land Hills, Bolander; San Juan, Brewer, and southward to San 
Diego Co. June-Aug. 

9. C. callilepe (Greene). Stems several from the crown of the 



508 COMPOSITE. 

perennial root, about 2 ft. high; leaves oblong-oblanceolate in out- 
line, pinnately lobed, moderately prickly, bright green above, ligbtly 
arachnoid-tomentose beneath, 4 to 7 in. long; heads medium, in 
flower 1 to 1|- in. high, commonly borne in pairs on longish but 
rather unequal peduncles; bracts of the involucre oblong, scariously 
margined and dilated at apex, cuspidate and lacerately fringed; 
innermost bracts elongated-oblong or lanceolate, ending in a scarious 
innocuous point; lobes of the corolla as long as the throat. — (Carduus 
callilepis Greene.) 

San Francisco; Berkeley Hills; Tocaloma, Marin Co. Last of 
May to early July. Rather uncommon. 

10. C. remotifolium (Gray). Plants 3 to 8 ft. high; herbage 
nearly glabra te, loosely arachnoid or minutely flocculent; leaves 
pinnately lobed to divided, the divisions of at least the lower diver- 
gently 3-lobed, more or less whitened by the loose tomentum beneath 
even in age; heads in flower 1 in. or at most 1£ in. high, rather 
long-peduncled, naked or nearly so at base; involucre broadly tur- 
binate, lightly arachnoid and glabrate; bracts elongated-oblong or 
linear or subulate, scariously margined and commonly somewhat 
fimbriate towards the cuspidate tip; corolla yellowish white, its 
segments much shorter than the throat; pappus of coarse bristles, 
the strongest with club-shaped tips. — (Cnicus remotifolius Gray.) 

Dry mountain ridges from Knoxville, Napa Co., northward. Aug. 
In plants from Lake Co. the bracts of the involucre are frequently 
not lacerate nor scarcely scarious-margined. Plants from Howell 
Mountain referred to this species have clustered instead of solitary 
heads on long peduncles, and campanulate involucres. 

11. C. Californicum (Gray). Tall and paniculately branching, 
often 4 to 6 ft. high, very leafy toward the base, the white wool 
more or less deciduous; leaves narrow, mostly about Gin. long, from 
sinuately to deeply pinnatifid, moderately prickly; heads solitary on 
long peduncles, If to 2 in. high, naked; involucres hemispherical, 
somewhat woolly; bracts with coriaceous base and lanceolate spread- 
ing but incurved upper portion, the terminal prickle short; corollas 
cream-color, white or rarely purple; lobes shorter than the throat; 
anther-tips deltoid. — (Cnicus Californicus Gray.) 

Mt. Diablo range (ace. to Greene): common in the Sierra Nevada 
from the Stanislaus (where first collected by Bigelow) and the Coulter- 
ville Grade to Yosemite and southward. 

12. C. Coulteri (Gray). Stems freely branching above, 3£ to 7 ft. 
high; herbage white-tomentose or becoming green; radical leaves 
pinnately parted into lanceolate divisions, 10 to 15 in. long; lower 
cauline leaves oblong, shallow^ sinuate, with sparse and weak 
prickles, 8 in. long, decurrent for about £ in.; uppermost leaves 
lanceolate; heads large, nearly 2 in. high, on almost naked peduncles 
1 ft. or more long; involucre hemispherical, less woolly than the next 
or nearly glabrous; bracts of involucre with appressed subcoriaceous 
base and the long lanceolate prickle-tipped upper portion spreading, 
either straight or incurved, or sometimes the outermost deflexed; inner- 



SIN FLOWER FAMILY. 509 

most bracts erect; flowers bright crimson; corolla-segments longer 
than the throat; pappus-bristles barbellate above, the tips scarcely 
dilated. — (Carduus venustus Greene.) 

Higher hills and mountains of the Coast llanges from Ukiah and 
the Vaca Mountains to Berkeley, Mt. Diablo and southward to 
Forest Grove and Skj'land in the Santa Cruz Mountains. June- 
July. A strikingly handsome species passing by numerous gradations 
into C. occidentale. The spreading bracts are frequently developed 
into grappling-hook-like appendages nearly 1 in. long. 

13. C. occidentale (Nutt). Stout, 1£ to 3 ft. high, very white 
with thick coating of cottony wool; leaves from sinuate-dentate to 
pinnatifid, not very prickly, glabrate above, canescent beneath; heads 
subglobose, 1J to If in. high on nearly naked peduncles; involucral 
bracts straight and subulate-lanceolate, with short spines, not widely 
spreading, densely festooned with cobwebby hairs; flowers red or 
purple; corolla-segments longer than the throat; anther- tips narrow 
and acuminate; pappus rather scanty. — (Carduus occidentalis Nutt.) 

Common on sandy hills near the coast, from San Francisco south- 
ward. The bracts, excepting their spiny tips, are quite concealed by 
the dense wool. Even at a short distance from the sea the characters 
are, however, less pronounced, the involucres being less arachnoid- 
woolly and the bracts somewhat curved or diverging from the 
appressed base; proceeding inland to the middle Coast Eanges, one 
comes to typical C. Coulteri, with nearly or quite glabrous involucres 
and characteristic bracts. This form is repeated about Mt. Shasta 
and in the northern Sierra Nevada but the heads and whole plant are 
almost snow-white woolly, when it is Carduus candidissimus Greene. 

22. SILYBUM Gsertn. 

Annual or biennial herb with very ample sinuate-pi nnatifid prickly 
clasping leaves, smooth and shining above and very conspicuously 
blotched with white along the veins. Heads very large, solitary at 
the ends of the branches. Flowers purple. Corollas with filiform 
tube conspicuously dilated below the narrowly linear lobes. Bracts 
of the involucre broad, appressed, bearing an abruptly speading spine 
which is broadly lanceolate or ovate and ciliate-prickly toward the 
base. Pappus-bristles in several series, flattish, minutely barbellate. 
(Old Greek name applied to thistle-like plants.) 

1. S. Marianum Gsertn. Milk Thistle. Branching, 3 to 6 ft. 
high; leaves 1J to 2^ ft. long, 6 to 12 in. wide, strongly undulate at 
the sinuses; heads about 2 to 2£ in. broad; spines of the middle in- 
volucral bracts 1 to 1^ in. long. 

Common in abandoned fields and by roadsides throughout Califor- 
nia. Naturalized from the Mediterranean Kegion. May-Aug. 

Tribe 3. Senecioneae. Groundsel Tribe. 

23. PETASITES Gaertn. Sweet Coltsfoot. 
Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks from which arise in early 



510 COMPOSITE. 

spring scape-like flowering stems (with many scales or bract-like 
leaves) and later ample radical leaves. Heads in a racemose corymb, 
subdicecious, i. e., the flowers on one plant perfect but mostly sterile, 
the sterile flowers with tubular 5-cleft corolla and undivided style; 
the flowers on another plant mostly fertile, the fertile flowers of two 
kinds, perfect ones with tubular 2 to 5-cleft corolla and pistillate ones 
with ligulate corolla, in both with st}ie slightly cleft at apex. 
Flowers whitish or pinkish. Achenes 5 to 10-ribbed. Pappus .elongat- 
ing in age, very soft and white. (Greek petasos, a broad-brimmed 
hat, in allusion to the large leaves.) 

1. P. palmata (Ait.) Gray. Stem 7 to 10 in. high, glandular- 
pubescent, its bract-like scales 1£ to 2£ in. long; leaves roundish in 
outline, green and nearly glabrous above, densely white-tomentose 
beneath, at least when young, 12 in. broad or less, palmately cleft to 
below the middle into 7 to 10 lobes; lobes denticulate, sinuately 
toothed or 3-lobed at apex; petioles 4 to 7 in. long; heads 7 lines high; 
bracts of the involucre rather loose; marginal flowers of fertile head 
ligulate, the style slender and perfectly glabrous; disk-flowers often 
very unequal, with slender tube abruptly dilated at the throat, and 
the style strongly thickened above and minutely roughened or papil- 
late; flowers of substerile head not well known to us. 

Deep shades of wooded canons from the Santa Cruz Mountains 
(Loma Prieta, Forest Grove, Saratoga) to Sonoma Co., Ukiah, and 
northward. Mar. 

24. CACALIOPSIS Gray. 

Floccose-woolly perennials with mostly radical palmately cleft or 
parted leaves and few large rayless heads of numerous flowers ter- 
minating the stoutish stems. Involucre broadly campanulate, its 
bracts many, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, rigid rather than herba- 
ceous. Keceptacle naked. Anthers entire at base. Style puberulent 
below the slightly flattened branches. Achenes 10-nerved. Pappus 
copious, soft and white, equaling the corolla. (Greek kakalia, ancient 
Greek name of some plant, and opsis, likeness.) 

1. C. Nardosmia Gray. One to 1£ ft. high; leaves palmately 
parted or cleft, the divisions broad, cleft or toothed, the radical 2£ to 
3£ in. broad on petioles 2£ to 4 in. long, the cauline few, similar to 
the radical but smaller; heads about 1 in. high, coryrnbosely disposed 
at the nearly naked summit of the stem; flowers yellow, honey- 
scented. — (Adenostyles Nardosmia Gray.) 

Near the Geysers, Sonoma Co. ("in a pine grove; not common," 
Bolander, 1864); Mendocino and Humboldt Cos. and northward. 
Apr.-Mav. 

25. LUINA Bentham. 

Cottony-pubescent low plants with many erect simple stems. 
Leaves alternate, entire, sessile. Heads rayless, about 10-flowered, 
disposed in terminal corymbs. Flowers yellow. Involucre oblong- 
campanulate, its bracts 8 to 10 or 12, linear, rigid, carinately 1-nerved, 
equal. Pteceptacle naked. Corolla funnelform. Anthers sagittate 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 511 

at base. Style glabrous, its flattened branches papillose on the back. 
Pappus soft and white. (Anagram of Inula.) 

1. L. hypoleuca Benth. Stems nearly 1 ft. high from a woody 
rootstock, white-tomentose; leaves ovate-oblong to elliptic, 1 in. long, 
white with wool beneath, becoming glabrous and green on the veiny 
upper surface; heads 5 or 6 lines high, several in an open cluster. 

Plant of the coast region: Chimney Rock, Mendocino Co.; Santa 
Cruz Mountains, Kellogg, July 2, 1868, seen by the author in the 
Gray Herbarium, Harvard University. 

26. ARNICA L. 

Perennial montane herbs, somewhat glandular or aromatic. Leaves 
all opposite or the upper alternate. Heads single or several, large, at 
the summit of the single stem. Involucre broadly campanulate, not 
calyculate at base; bracts lanceolate, equal, somewhat in 2 ranks. 
Receptacle flat, naked. Disk-flowers many, yellow; ray-flowers pistil- 
late when present, yellow. Achenes slender and somewhat spindle- 
shaped, with a callous knob at base. Pappus a single row of rather 
rigid and strongly roughened denticulate white bristles. (Origin of 
name obscure.) 

Rays none; leaves more or less coarsely dentate 1. A. discoidea. 

Rays present; leaves more or less serrate 2. A. latifolia. 

1. A. discoidea Benth. Coast Arnica. One and one-half 
to 2\ ft. high, glandular- or viscid-pubescent especially above; leaves 
ovate or oblong, irregularly and often coarsely dentate, rounded or 
truncate or cordate at base, 4 in. long or less, on petioles nearly their 
own length; cauline sessile, reduced, often with salient teeth, the 
upper sometimes alternate; heads f in. high or nearly so; rays none; 
involucre villous-glandular; achenes sparsely bispidulous, 2 to 3 lines 
long. 

Dry open woods: frequent in the Coast Range Mountains from San 
Luis Obispo to Monterey, Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. Diablo and northward 
beyond our limits. May-Sept. 

2. A. latifolia Bong. Ten to 18 in. high, more or less glandular 
but seemingly glabrous; leaves opposite, with 3 or 4 cauline pairs, the 
lower ovate or roundish and petioled, the upper narrower and sessile, 
sharply serrate (especially the middle ones) or some entire; heads 7 to 
9 lines high; rays 7 lines long. 

Mt. Hamilton, W. W. Price, ace. to Zoe; Sierra Nevada. 

27. SENECIO L. Groundsel. 
Herbs with alternate leaves and heads in terminal corymbs, rarely 
solitary. Heads many-flowered. Flowers yellow in both disk and 
ray, the latter pisti late or none. Involucre cylindrical to campanu- 
late, with 1 or 2 rows of bracts of equal length, naked or with a few 
small short bracts at base; bracts erect or connivent. Receptacle flat, 
naked. Achenes terete. Pappus of abundant white and soft hairs. 
Style branches truncate. (From the Latin senex, an old man, on 
account of the white hair-like pappus.) 



512 COMPOSITE. 



A. Annuals. 

Rays none; heads disposed to be sessile in clusters; involucre with small 

black bracts at base 1. S. vulgaris. 

Rays inconspicuous and recurved; flower heads stalked in loose" corymbs; 

involucre naked at base 2. S. sylvaticus. 

B. Perennials. 
Herbs. 
Heads with rays. x 

Leaves more or less bipinnately dissected or incised; heads many . . . 

3. S. eurycephaltt*. 

Leaves coarsely dentate; heads 1 to 3 4. S. Greener. 

Leaves entire; heads many to numerous 5. N. Cleveland!. 

Heads rayless. 
Herbage more or less woolly at least when young: montane plants. . . 

6. S. aronicoidcs. 
Herbage glabrous; -plants of brackish marshes. . . . 7. S. hydrophilus. 
Suffrutescent plants; heads with rays; leaves divided into 3 to 7 or 9 linear 

lobes S. S. Douglasii. 

Climbing plants; heads rayless; leaves with reniform stipules . .' 

9. S. mikanioides. 

1. S. vulgaris L. Common GROUNDSEL. Slender erect branch- 
ing annual, (5 to 12 in. high, glabrous or with a little loose tomen- 
tum; leaves pinnatirid with oblong lobes and dentate margin, sessile, 
anricled; heads in terminal corymbs or clusters; involucre 4 lines 
long, of about 20 equal black-tipped bracts (often penicillate at tip), 
with several small black ones at base; achenes slightly hairy. 

Very common, naturalized weed. Fob. -Apr. Sometimes called 
"Old Man of Spring." 

2. S. sylvaticus L. Very similar to the preceding but the leaves 
mostly linear to oblong, less pinnatifid, dentate, or nearly entire; 
herbage nearly glabrous; heads commonly looser in the corymb; 
bracts of involucre not black-tipped, the small ones at base wanting 
or minute; rays about 5, minute, recurved, or sometimes wanting; 
achenes appressed-pubescent. — (S. aphanactis Greene.) 

Seldom seen or passed over for S. vulgaris: San Luis Obispo, 
Brewer, 1861; Mare Island, Greene, 1874. 

3. S. eurycephalus T. & G. Stem leafy, often much branched at 
the summit, 1 to 2f ft. high; herbage floccose- woolly when young, 
and either glabrate or not glabrate at flowering time; leaves deeply 
pinnatitid, the lobes cuneate-obovate, entire, coarsely serrate or 
incisely cleft, or the terminal portion unsegmented; heads 5 lines 
high, many in an ample corymb; involucre campanulate at base, 
somewhat contracted above, its bracts linear-oblong, somewhat acute, 
scarious-margined; rays 7 to 12, the ligules 6 lines long. 

Open woods bordering the bases of low hills in the Coast Ranges: 
Palo Alto; Mt. Diablo; Geysers, Sonoma Co., Bolander, 1864; 
Atascadero Ranch, Santa Margarita Valley, Brewer, no. 512 ( = type 
of S. Breweri Davy). 

4. S. Greene i Gray. Stem seldom 1 ft. high, bearing 1 to 3 
short-peduncled heads; herbage .lightly floccose-tomentose; radical 
leaves roundish with abrupt "or somewhat cuneate base, coarsely 
dentate, barely 1 or 2 in. long, on slender petioles; cauline leaves 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 513 

few, sessile, uppermost lanceolate and entire, sometimes bract-like; 
heads | in. long; bracts of involucre linear, none calyculate; rays 
deep orange, £ in. or more long-; style-tips of disk-flowers conspicu- 
ously penicillate-margined and with a central cusp; achenes glabrous. 

Mountain side near the Geysers, growing under bushes of Picker- 
ingia and Ceanothus, E. L. Greene, June 17, 1874. Collected since 
only on Alt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., Rattan, in whose specimens 
the lower cauline leaves are oblong, tapering to both apex and base, 
the petiole longer than the blade. 

5! S. Clevelandi Greene. Stems commonly 2 ft. high, corym- 
bosely branched at summit, but the inflorescence rather strict; 
herbage glaucous and glabrous, except the small floes of white 
(omentum in the axils of the upper leaves and bracts; leaves jnostly 
in a radical tuft, oblong, mostly 3 in. long, tapering to both ends 
from the middle or broadest above the middle, entire, obtuse, on 
petioles 3 to 5 in. long; uppermost leaves similar but smaller; heads 
numerous in a compound corymb, 3 lines high; rays deep orange, 2 
lines long; achenes glabrous. 

Northern Napa Co. (Samuels Springs to Pope Valley and north to 
Butt's Canon, common in canon bottoms and dry beds of rivulets, 
mostly in moist spots, July, 1897); Lake Co. 

6. S. aronicoides DC. Stem robust, 1 to 3 ft. high, leafy chiefly 
at the base or below the middle; younger parts loosely woolly, soon 
glabrate; heads 5 lines high, many in a compound terminal cyme, or 
the inflorescence much reduced and the heads few; basal leaves ovate 
to oblong, 3 to 8 in. long, on petioles 5 in. long or less, irregularly 
and coarsely toothed, denticulate or almost entire; cauline leaves 
similar or mostly lanceolate, reduced and aurioled at base, the upper- 
most bract-like; involucral bracts lanceolate, either with or without 
purple tips; flowers 15 to 2(3 or only 10 or 12; rays none, rarely 1 
or 2; achenes 1J lines long, glabrous. 

Thickets or sparsely chaparral-covered country: Mission Hills, San 
Francisco, Kellogg and Harford, 1868; Mt. Tamalpais; Angel Island; 
Grizzly Peak; Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains; Calistoga, etc. Com- 
mon and widely distributed in the Bay Region, but variable in 
aspect and not abundant in any one locality. Cauline leaves often 
more irregularly or saliently toothed than the basal ones. 

7. S. hydrophilus Nutt. Stem purplish, 2 to 4 ft. high, strict, 
few-leaved; herbage somewhat succulent, glabrous, more or less glau- 
cous; leaves fleshy-coriaceous, entire or barely denticulate; the radical 
and lowest cauline oblanceolate and stout-petioled, 8 to 11 in. long, 1^ 
in. wide, the upper cauline sessile or partly clasping; heads often very 
numerous, cymose-corymbose, small (5 lines high), short-pediceled; 
involucre campanulate, slightly calyculate; rays none or rarely few. 

Abundant in the Suisun Marshes and found in other marshes about 
San Prancisco Bay; thence northward. May-July. 

8. S. Douglasii DC. Branching from the suffrutescent base and 
forming a bushy plant 3 ft. high, leafy up to the inflorescence; 

35 



514 COMPOSITE. 

herbage at first whitish-tomentose, later more or less glabrate; lower 
leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9 narrowly linear revolute lobes, 
the upper with only 3 lobes (the middle one several times larger), or 
the uppermost entire; heads 7 lines high; involucre broadly turbinate, 
the bracts linear with attenuate tips, dorsally carinate below; rays 
about 13, the ligules 5 lines long; achenes linear, canescent, 2 lines 
long. 

Dry stream beds, in late summer or autumn: Putah Creek; Conn 
Creek (Napa Co.); and southward to the Mt. Diablo Region and 
Southern California. 

9. S. mikanioides Otto. Ivy Senecio. Climbing by twining 
stems over shrubs and trees to a height of 5 to 20 ft.; leaves ivy-like, 
roundish-cordate, shai'ply 5 to 7-angled; petioles as long or longer; 
stipules reniform, present except on the uppermost leaves; corymbs 
more or less paniculate; heads linear-oblong, 5 to 7 lines long, the 
involucre about £ the length of the corollas. 

Along streams at the western base of the Oakland Hills: Berkeley; 
Temescal Creek; Mills College. Jan. Introduced from South Africa, 

Tribe 4. Anthemideae. Mayweed Tribe. 

28. ANTHEM IS L. Chamomile. 

Branching ill-scented herbs with finely dissected alternate leaves. 
Heads solitary, on terminal peduncles. Ray-flowers white, pistillate, 
in ours sterile; disk-flowers yellow. Involucre hemispherical, its 
bracts scarious, margined with a greenish nerve, at length dry, 
imbricated in several series, shorter than the disk. Receptacle 
conical, chaffy toward- the summit, the chaff slender, keeled and 
scarious-margined below. Achenes striate, not hairy, truncate. 
Pappus none. (Ancient Greek name of the Chamomile.) 

1. A. Cotula L. Mayweed. Branching from the base, 1 to 2 or 
rarely 3 ft. high, nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately dissected; heads 
on long naked peduncles, f in. broad, including the rays; rays 14 to 
20, at length reflexed; achenes rugose, the truncate summit with a 
very short epigynous disk. 

Very common late spring or summer weed in pastures and neg- 
lected lands throughout California. Often called "Dog-fennel;" 
odor strong and fetid. 

29. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow. 

Perennials herbs with alternate leaves, in ours pinnately divided 
into many fine segments. Heads in a terminal corymb, radiate; rays 
few, white; disk-flowers yellow; both disk and ray fertile. Involucre 
oblong or ovoid, its bracts imbricated, with scarious margins. 
Receptacle chaffy, nearly flat. Achenes strongly obcompressed, 
callous-margined, destitute of pappus. 

1. A. millefolium L. Common Yarrow. Milfoil. Stems sim- 
ple, erect or ascending at the very base, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 515 

pubescent; leaves linear-lanceolate in outline, the multifid divisions 
crowded on the rachis; corymb compound, flat-topped; rays 4 or 5, 
white. 

Common throughout California: along the coast, on low interior 
hills, and even in the most remote mountain ranges; appearing as if 
native. Mar.-July. 

30. CHRYSANTHEMUM L. 

Annual or perennial herbs, ours with toothed or incised leaves. 
Heads large, solitary on leafy-bracted peduncles. Disk-flowers 
yellow; rays yellow or white. Receptacle flat or hemispherical, 
naked. Achenes glabrous, at least those of the disk 5 to 10-ribbed all 
around. (Greek chrusos, gold, and anthemon, a flower.) 

1. C. segetum L. Corn Chrysanthemum. Annual, erect, 1 
to 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous; lower leaves pinnatifid or incised; 
upper merely denticulate, sessile by a clasping base; heads (including 
the yellow rays) 2 in. wide; ray achenes 3-sided. 

Fields at West Berkeley; Mendocino City. May-June. 

C. Leucanthemum L. Ox-eye Daisy. Involucral bracts with 
dark red margins; rays white. — Sierra Nevada; reported from Santa 
Cruz. 

31. MATRICARIA L. 

Ours glabrous annuals with pinnately dissected leaves. Heads 
solitary or somewhat corymbose, with many greenish yellow flowers. 
Receptacle slender-conical, naked. Bracts of the involucre imbri- 
cated, with scarious margins, persistent. Corollas tubular, without 
limb. Rays none. Pappus reduced to a membranous crown or border, 
or none. Achenes glabrous, 3 to 5-nerved on the sides, rounded on 
the back. (Latin matrix, because used medicinally.) 

Heads 2 to 4 lines high; achenes with an obscure margin at summit .... 

1. M. discoidea. 
Heads mostly 4 to 6 lines high; achenes with a broad crown, or a lobed 1- 
sided pappus 2. M. occidentalis. 

1. M. discoidea DC. Branching, 2 or 3 to 10 in. high; herbage 
sweet-scented; heads short-peduncled, 2 to 3 or 4 lines high; bracts of 
the involucre broadly oblong. 

Common in beaten roadways, about old farm buildings and in 
pasture lands throughout California. Apr.-May. 

2. M. occidentalis Greene. Either branching or unbranched 
below the corymbose summit, 1% to 2 ft. high; herbage not so strongly 
scented; heads as much as J in. high; achenes sharply angled, with a 
broad crown-like margin, or lobed and 1-sided. 

Rich soil of fields: Sacramento Valley; San Francisco and south- 
ward to Southern California. 

32. TANACETUM L. 

Strong-scented perennial herbs. Leaves 2 or 3 times pinnately 
divided into numerous small lobes. Heads discoid, many-flowered, 



516 COMPOSITE. 

in a corymb-like peduncled cluster. Flowers yellow. Involucre of 
numerous scale-like bracts. Receptacle flat or low, naked. Achenes 
5-ribbed or 3 to 5-angular, with broad truncate summit bearing a low 
crown-like pappus or none. 

1. T. camphoratum Less. Dune Tansy. Villous-tomentose 
when young, the wool more or less deciduous in age; herbage with 
the aroma of camphor; stems robust, decumbent or ascending, 1 to ( 1\ 
ft. long; primary and secondary divisions of the leaves much crowded, 
the latter oval or oblong, the margin more or less revolute; achenes 
glandular. 

Sand-dunes at San Francisco. Aug. -Nov. 

33. ARTEMISIA L. Sage Brush. 
Herbs or shrubby plants, mostly bitter and aromatic, with alternate 
leaves. Heads small, nodding or erect, in panicled spikes or racemes. 
Flowers yellow or purplish, all tubular; disk-flowers perfect and mar- 
ginal ones pistillate or all perfect. Rays none. Corolla of the pis- 
tillate flowers 2 or 3-toothed, of the perfect flowers 5-toothed. Involu- 
cre imbricated, dry and scarious. Receptacle nearly flat, naked. 
Achenes obovoid or oblong, glabrous, with a small terminal areola. 
Pappus none. (Named for Artemisia, wife of ]Mausolus, king of 
Caria.) 

Shrub; herbage grayish-puberulent; leaves linear-filiform and entire or 
with linear filiform divisions; involucre hemispherical 

3. A. Calif ornica. 
Herbaceous or somewhat woody at base. 

Involucre oblong; leaves green above, commonly white-tomentose 

beneath, broad, often pinnatifid ... 1. A. helerophylla. 

Involucre hemispherical. 
Herbage green, glabrous; leaves bipinnately divided, the divisions 

serrulate or incised \ . . 2. A. biennis. 

Herbage green and nearly glabrous; leaves linear, entire 

4. A. dracunculoides. 
Herbage densely silky-villous all over; leaves once to twice pinnately 

divided into linear entire segments 5. A. pycnocephala. 

1. A. heterophylla Nutt. California Mugwort. Stems 
erect, woody at base, strict, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaves lanceolate to 
oblong, ovate or elliptic, sparingly pinnatifid (with downward inci- 
sions), cleft or often entire (especially the upper), green above, white- 
tomentose beneath, sometimes glabrous; heads mostly erect, in dense 
spikes in an open or more commonly dense terminal panicle, the 
main axis leafy; involucre oblong, glabrous; marginal flowers pistil- 
late, disk-flowers perfect, all fertile, as also in the next two species. 

Common along stream-banks and elsewhere throughout California. 
Leaves usually large, often 6 in. long and 2£ in. broad, exceedingly 
polymorphic as to the margin. Treated (and perhaps more wisely) 
as A. vulgaris L. var. Californica Bess, in the Botany of California. 

2. A. biennis Willd. Glabrous inodorous tasteless biennial, 
erect, virgate, 1J to 3 ft. high; leaves bipinnately divided into lan- 
ceolate or broadly linear incised or serrulate divisions, or the upper- 
most only pinnatifid; heads crowded on the short branchlets, the 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 517 

whole inflorescence spike-like and more or less leafy; achenes with 
small epigynous disk. 

. Introduced weed: West Berkeley, Greene^ 1888; Lower Sacra- 
mento, Jepson, 1893. 

3. A. Californica Less. Hill Brush. Gray shrub, 2£ to 4 ft. 
high; leaves with a minutely appressed pubescence, the lowest pal- 
mat ely once or twice parted into linear-filiform segments, the upper 
entire and more or less fascicled; heads many, nodding in long race- 
mose panicles; involucre 1| or 2 lines broad; achenes with a minute 
squamellate crown-shaped pappus. 

Exposed slopes of hills: Berkeley, and through the Mt. Diablo 
range southward. Called " Old Man " in some regions. 

4. A. dracunculoides Pursh. Glabrous, not aromatic, perennial; 
stems 2 to 4| ft. high, either virgately or paniculately branched; 
leaves linear, less than 1 to 2 lines broad, entire or the lowermost 
3-toothed or -cleft; heads numerous, nodding on very slender short 
peduncles in a close or open panicle, the clusters sometimes secund on 
the slender branches; marginal flowers fertile, disk-flowers perfect but 
sterile, as also in the next. 

San Leandro Creek, Bolander, ace. to Bot. Cal.; common in the 
Sierra Nevada. 

5. A. pycnocephala DC. Stems stout, simple, 1£ to 2\ ft. high, 
somewhat woody at base, crowded with leaves up to the inflores- 
cence; herbage densely silky; leaves once to thrice pinnately divided 
into linear lobes; heads erect, in spikes, the spikes crowded in a dense 
virgate panicle; heads almost or quite 2 lines in diameter; involucre 
densely villous. 

Sand hills along the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co. 

34. COTULA L. 

Low strong-scented herbs. Leaves alternate, dissected or lobed, or 
with some entire on the same plant. Flowers yellow. Heads slender- 
peduncled, discoid, low-hemispherical. Bracts of involucre greenish, 
in about 2 ranks. Keceptacle flat or nearly so, naked. Outer series 
of flowers pistillate only and apetalous. Disk-flowers with 4-toothed 
corolla, fertile or infertile. Mature achenes raised on pedicels, com- 
pressed, spongy-margined or narrowly winged, destitute of pappus. 
(Greek kotule, small cup or low vessel.) 

Annual; leaves pinnately dissected; pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows .... 

1. C. australis. 
Perennial; leaves some pinnatifld and some entire, sheathing at base; 
pistillate flowers in a single row 2. C. coronopifolia. 

1. C. australis Hook f. Slender, branching, 2 to 5 in. high; 
herbage with scattered soft spreading hairs; leaves pinnately or bipin- 
nately dissected into linear lobes; heads very small, 1 to 1| lines 
broad; bracts of involucre brownish-tipped and with scarious edges; 
pistillate flowers in 2 or 3 rows, pediceled; disk-flowers nearly or 
quite sessile; marginal achenes somewhat compressed, minutely hispid 
on both faces but the margin glabrous. 



518 COMPOSITE. 

Streets of towns and cities: Berkeley, Davy; Oakland; San Fran- 
cisco. Jan. -Mar. 

2. C. coronopifolia L. Perennial, somewhat succulent, often 
subaquatic; stems commonly many and clustered, decumbent, £ to 
1 ft. long; leaves linear, lanceolate, or oblong, entire, coarsely toothed 
or pinnatiiid on the same plant, dilated at base into a short sheath 
round the stem; heads depressed, 4 to 5 lines broad; pistillate flowers 
in a single row, on pedicels i as long as the involucre, without corolla; 
disk-flowers on much shorter pedicels. 

Saline localities everywhere and in springy places in the hills, most 
abundant in salt marshes about San Francisco Bay and flowering 
from Mar. to Dec. 

35. SOLIVA R. & P. 

Small depressed annual with rigid short branches, petioled and 
pinnately dissected leaves, and discoid heads of greenish flowers sessile 
in the forks. Involucre of 7 or 8 greenish nearly equal bracts. 
Receptacle flat. Outer series of flowers pistillate and apetalous; 
innermost flowers perfect but sterile, the corolla 4-toothed. Achenes 
obcompressed, callous-margined or winged and pointed with the 
hardened persistent style. Pappus none. (Named in honor of Dr. 
Salvador Soli v a.) 

1. S. sessilis R. & P. Plants 2 to 4 in. across, minutely pubes- 
cent or rusty villous; one, two, or three heads sessile at the very base. 
the somewhat tortuous stems radiating from under these; involucral 
bracts 7 or 8, oblong, acute, pilose-pubescent; pistillate flowers 9 to 
12; each wing of the achene terminating above in an incurved tooth; 
staminate flowers fewer than the pistillate, 7 to 9; styles stout, subu- 
late, conspicuously exserted beyond the disk-corolla. 

Moist ground, Mendocino Co., Bolander; Howell Mountain, 
Jepson; Angel Island; Oakland, Davy; Forest Grove and southward 
to Santa Barbara. Probably naturalized from Chile. Mar.-May. 

Tribe 5. Helenieae. Sneezeweed Tribe. 

36. JAUMEA Pers. 

Perenni-al glabrous herbs. Leaves linear, entire, fleshy, opposite 
and connate at base. Heads middle-sized, many-flowered, solitary, 
terminating the branches, the peduncles thickened at apex. Flowers 
yellow, the rays pistillate, all fertile. Involucre cylindraceous- 
campanulate, its bracts broad and imbricated, the outermost short 
and fleshy. Receptacle naked, conical. Corolla glabrous. Style- 
branches of the disk-flowers thickened upward and papillose. 
Achenes linear, striately 10-nerved. Pappus (in ours) none. 
(Named for I. H. Jaume St. Hilaire, French botanist.) 

1. J. carnosa (Less.) Gray. Stems slender but rather rigid, many 
from the fleshy crown of the taproot, mostly simple, 4 to 6 in. long, 
decumbent at base and rooting at the nodes; leaves semi-terete, f to 
1 in. long; heads £ in. high; rays about 6. 



-IN FLOWER FAMILY. 519 

Salt marshes about San Francisco and Suisun Bays; beaches along 
the California coast. Summer and autumn. 

37. LASTHENIA Cass. 

Glabrous slightly succulent annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, 
sessile and more or less connate at base. Heads on slender peduncles. 
Flowers yellow, with 5 to 15 rays. Bracts of the involucre more or 
less united into a hemispherical or campanulate toothed cup. Recep- 
tacle conical or subulate, covered with projecting points which bear 
the linear or linear-oblong flattened achenes. Pappus of 5 to 10 
palese or none. (Named for a Greek girl who attended the lectures 
of Plato in the garb of a man.) 

Pappus none; rays conspicuous. 
Bracts united only below the middle; tube of corolla short-hirsutulous . . 

1. L. conjugens. 
Bracts united above the middle; tube of corolla nearly glabrous 

2. L. glabrata. 
Pappus of 5 to 10 palese, 2 or 3 awn-pointed; rays very inconspicuous; bracts 

united above the middle 3~ L. glaberrima. 

1. L. conjugens Greene. Succulent or sometimes slender, 5 to 12 
in. high, pubescent with short scattered hail's; leaves narrowly linear, 
with linear segments, or merely toothed, or the lowest entire; invo- 
lucral bracts united only toward the base; corolla-tube usually 
hirsutulous; achenes polished, less than 1 line long. 

Subsaline fields: near Antioch; Newark, etc. Apr. 

2. L. glabrata Lincll. Usually branching above the base, 11 to 
16 in. high; leaves linear and entire or sometimes the upper pair 
broadly lanceolate and toothed, conspicuously connate and sheath- 
like at base; peduncles elongated, erect; involucres broadly hemi- 
spherical; ligules about 5 lines long, the entire head f to 1 in. wide. 

Borders of salt marshes. 

Yar. Californica (L. Californica DC). Leaves less or scarcely 
at all connate; peduncles corymbose. — Plains and low hills. May. 

L. chrysantha Greene has the obovate-oval compressed achenes 
surrounded by a border of short closely packed clavate hairs. — Upper 
San Joaquin Valley. 

3. L. glaberrima DC. Stems ascending, simple, 5 to 14 in. long; 
leaves linear, entire; heads on short peduncles, nodding in the bud, 
about 3 lines broad, seemingly rayless, the rays very small and incon- 
spicuous; involucre with about 15 short teeth; corollas all shorter 
than their achenes; achenes minutely puberulent; pappus of 5 to 10 
rigid paleee, 2 or 3 of them subulate-pointed or short-awned, the 
others erose or laciniate; achenes with short stiff hairs. 

Half-aquatic in winter pools or in wet fields: near the coast and 
eastward to Alvarado and Mt. Diablo. May-June. 

38. B>£RIA F. & M. Gold Fields. 
Low and mostly slender annuals (B. macrantha is perennial). 
Herbage commonly pubescent but never hoary. Leaves opposite, 



520 COMPOSITE. 

linear and entire, or laciniate-pinnatifid. Flowers yellow, the heads 
on slender peduncles. Kays 5 to 15, showy for the size of the heads, 
or sometimes very short. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, 
its hracts as many as the rays, ovate or oblong and becoming more 
or less carinate below the middle. Receptacle subulate-conical. 
Achenes linear but somewhat broadened upward. Pappus of palea- 
or awns or both or none. (Dedicated to the Russian zoologist, Ban-.) 

A. Pappus of one or more awns and several blunt palese, usually alternat- 
ing, sometimes wholly wanting in the same species; pubescence soft- 
hairy or none; at least some of the leaves pinnatifid or toothed. 

Insular species 1. B. maritima. 

Mainland species. 
Plants slender. 

Pappus-awns usually 4 2. B. Fremonti. 

Pappu«-awns usually 2 3. B. tenella. 

Plants stoutish; leaves broadly lignlate with few or several salient 
linear lobes 4. B. uliginosa. 

B. Pappus uniform, paleaceous; pubescence as in the last section; leaves 
entire or pinnatifid. 

Involucre campanulate or hemispherical; rays conspicuous. 

Leaves filiform and entire; salt marsh species , ... 5. B. carnosa. 

Some leaves pinnatifid; alkaline plains 6. B. platycarpha. 

Involucres very narrowly cylindrical; rays so short that the heads are 
seemingly rayless; leaves very narrow," entire ... 7. B. microglossa. 

C. Pappus uniform, of awn-like palese or bristles; pubescence hirsutulous; 

leaves entire or often serrate in no. 10. 
Annuals. 

Pappus none 8. H. chrysostoma. 

Pappus usually present. 

Pappus of awn-like bristles 9. B. gracilis. 

Pappus with the awns paleaceous at base 10. B. nirsutula. 

Perennial; nearly simple; peduncles 4 to 8 in. long; pappus none or 
present ..." 11. B. macrantha. 

1. B. maritima Gray. Stoutish, branching, 3 or 4 in. high, 
slightly villous, especially on the margins of the involucral bracts; 
leaves linear or oblong-linear, entire or some sparingly toothed; rays 
6 to 8, short and broad; pappus of 3 to 5 slender awns, with interven- 
ing laciniate palea; achenes appressed-pubescent with short hairs. 

Farallone Islands. 

2. B. Fremonti (Benth.) Gray. Erect, slender, 7 to 13 in. high; 
herbage nearly glabrous below, rather finely pubescent on the pedun- 
cles and involucres, or the involucres nearly canescent; leaves narrowly 
linear and entire, or mostly parted into linear lobes; involucre broad, 
its bracts 10 to 12, broadly ovate; ra}*s as many or fewer, with oval 
ligules shorter than the width of the disk; pappus of about 4 slender 
awns and as many or more numerous very small palere, or seldom 
none. 

Plains from Solano Co. southward. Mar.-Apr. Involucres 
nearly canescent. 

3. B. tenella (Nutt.) Gray. Erect, sparingly branching, 5 to 8 
in. high, somewhat canescent; leaves linear and entire or some of the 
lowest laciniate; rays 6 to 8, oval or oblong, little or not at all 
exceeding the disk; palea? and awns each usually 2 or often wanting. 

Plains of eastern Contra Costa Co. Apr. -May. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 521 

4. B. uliginosa (Xutt.) Gray. Nine to 12 in. high, at length 
Loosely branched and diffuse, villous-tomentose when young, com- 
monly glabrate; leaves linear-ligulate, laciniate-pinnatifid (especially 
above the middle) or the upper sometimes entire, the larger 4 to 10 
in. long, the undivided (or ligulate portion) often 4 lines broad and 
conspicuously nerved; involucral bracts and oblong exserted rays 10 
to 13; awns 3 or 4, with about 6 short intervening pale re, or. pappus 
sometimes none. 

Low grounds, San Francisco Peninsula. Apr.-June. Perhaps but 
a variety of B. tenella. 

•3. B. carnosa Greene. Stems about 9 in. high, simple or 
branched from the base, slender and wiry, very sparsely clothed with 
a fine deciduous wool; leaves somewhat succulent, all filiform and 
entire; bracts of involucre fleshy, about 7, with a single strongly 
carinate midrib; pappus of 4 or 5 ovate palere, each bearing a subulate 
awn; achenes roughish. 

Salt marshes at Vallejo, Greene, Apr. 15, 1883. 

6. B. platycarpha Gray. Stems purplish and wiry, branching, 
5 to 8 in. high; leaves narrowly linear, some pinnatirid into filiform 
divisions; bracts of the involucre 6 or 7, manifestly 3-nerved at base, 
the middle nerve at length carinately thickened; pappus-palere bright 
white, 5 to 7, slender-awned, the awn as long as the achene. 

Alkaline plains of the interior: Byron, etc. Apr. 

7. B. microglossa (DC.) Greene. Very slender and but a few 
in. high; leaves scarcely 1 line wide, entire; heads few-flowered, very 
narrowly cylindrical, the rays very short and inconspicuous and thus 
apparently rayless; bracts of the involucre 3 or 4. narrowly oblong, 
achenes fusiform-linear; pappus-palea? 2 to 4, attenuate-subulate. 

South Coast Kange valleys: Mt. Diablo; San Francisco Bay and 
southward to Southern California. 

8. B. chrysostoma F. & M. Stems slender, freely branching. 7 
to 11 in. high; herbage hirsutulous; leaves narrowly linear, 1 line 
wide or less, entire; heads 3 or 4 lines high; rays and bracts of the 
broad involucre 7 to 12, or in depauperate plants often fewer; ligules 
3 or 4 lines long; pappus none. 

Coast Range hills and valleys. Apr. -May. 

9. B. gracilis (DC.) Gray. Slender, 5 to 7 in. high; leaves 
narrowly linear, entire; bracts and rays 10 to 12, when depauperate 
5 or 6; ligules 2 or 3 lines long; achenes linear-cuneate; pappus of 3 
or 4 awns from small lanceolate pale*, almost as long as the achene, 
or the pappus none. 

Common in the Coast Range hills. Apr. -May. 

10. B. hirsutula Greene. Often branching very freely, 3 to 4 in. 
high, hirsute-pubescent; leaves broadly linear, often with saliently 
projecting teeth, the lower connate, sheathing the stem; involucral 
bracts obovoid, acutish; rays oblong; achenes compressed, scabrous 
with short sharp points; pappus of 2 to 5 brownish awn-like bristles 
or none. 



522 COM POSIT JE. 

Open hills near the sea: Point Lobos; Point Reyes, etc. May. 
Very similar in appearance to B. maritima. 

11. B. macrantha Gray. Perennial, simple or nearly so, 7 to 18 
in. high, the peduncles 4 to 8 in. long; leaves 2 to 6 in. long, 2 lines 
wide, more or less 3-nerved and obtuse, hispidly ciliate, at least 
toward the base, entire; head about J in. high and 1 to 1£ in. broad; 
involucre of about 12 hirsute-pubescent thickish herbaceous bracts; 
rays 5 to 8 lines long; pappus none or of 1 to 4 bristles. 

Along the coast from Marin Co. (Point Reyes) to Mendocino Co. 
(Ft. Bragg, etc.). Last of May-June. Specimens from Point 
Reyes, Davy, collected within the space of a few square feet show the 
following variations as to the pappus: Plant no. 1. — Pappus none. 
Plant no. 2. — Only one flower found with a single pappus bristle. 
Plant no. 3. — Pappus none, rudimentary (reduced to a minute scale) 
or with one good bristle. Plant no. 4. — Pappus of 2 or 3 or 4 
(mostly 4) bristles. Other specimens show corresponding varia- 
tions. 

39. MONOLOPIA DC. 

White-woolly annuals with alternate sessile entire or low- 
denticulate leaves and large peduncled heads of golden yellow 
flowers. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts united into a cup with 
broad or triangular teeth, or distinct to the base. Receptacle conical T 
naked. Rays with 3 or 4-toothed ligules and bearing at base and 
opposite the ligule an oblong or roundish denticulate appendage. 
Lobes of disk-corollas somewhat hairy. Achenes angular, black. 
Pappus none. (Greek mono, single, and lopos, husk, on account of 
the bracts of the involucre in one series.) 

Bracts united into a toothed cup 1. M. major. 

Bracts distinct to the base 2. Jf . gracilens. 

1. M. major DC. Stoutish, simple or branching, 8 to 20 in. high; 
tomentum floccose and tardily deciduous; leaves mostly oblong- 
lanceolate, low-denticulate, or commonly entire, 4 in. long or less; 
bracts of the involucre united into a broadly campanulate cup (6 to 
7 lines broad) with triangular teeth; rays 3 or G to 10 lines long. 

Petaluma and the loAver Sacramento Valley, and southward 
through the South Coast Ranges and the San Joaquin Valley to 
Southern California. 

2. M. gracilens Gray. Slender, paniculately branched, 10 to 15 
in. high; leaves narrowly oblong to linear-lanceolate, low-denticulate 
or entire; involucre 3 or 4 lines broad, its bracts distinct to the base: 
rays 2 or 3 lines long; achenes less than 1 line long. 

Santa Cruz Mountains. June. 

40. ERIOPHYLLUM Lag. 
Annual or perennial herbs or suffruticose plants. Herbage white- 
woolly, deciduous or floccose. Leaves alternate, divided or incised. 
Involucre oblong to hemispherical, its bracts distinctly rigid and per- 
manently erect. Receptacle flat or convex. Rays 4 to 13 or 15, 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 523 

broad. Tube of disk-corolla commonly glandular and hairy. Achenes 
linear or cuneate-linear. Pappus of firm pointless paleaa. (Greek 
erion, wool, and phullon, leaf, the herbage woolly.) 

Suffruticose; heads small except no. 3. 
Heads in close terminal clusters ; involucres obovoid to oblong. 

Rays 6 to 8 1. E. stsechadifolium. 

Rays 4 or 5 2. E. conferliflorum. 

Heads peduncled in a loose corymb; involucres campanulate-hemispher- 

ical; rays 6 to 8 3. E. Jepsonii. 

Herbaceous; "heads larger, scattered on rather long peduncles; involucres 
hemispherical. 

Leaves broadish ; coast species 4. E. arachnoideum. 

Leaves narrower; interior species. 

Annual 5. E. idoneum. 

Perennial : var. grandiflorum of 6. E. lanatum. 

1. E. staechadifolium Lag. Lizard Tail. Two or 3 ft. high; 
leaves pinnately parted into 5 or 7 lobes, these again pinnately parted 
or toothed or entire, the margins revolute and the under surface 
white with a dense felt-like tomentum; upper surface of leaves green 
and the tomentum of the stems deciduous; heads 4 or 5 lines high, 
disposed in close compact corymbs; involucres broadly oblong or 
somewhat turbinate, bracts linear; rays 6 to 8; pappus-palese 9 to 12, 
those at the angle of the achene longer. 

Sandy hills and fields near the ocean. July-Sept. 

2. E. confertiflorum (DC.) G-ray. Stems 1^ to 2 ft. high, often 
unbranched, with a close dense (at length deciduous) tomentum; flower- 
ing branches very leafy but the leaves small and ternately or pin- 
nately parted into 3 to 7 narrowly linear divisions; heads 1^ to 2 
lines high, many in compact terminal clusters; involucre obovoid- 
oblong, its bracts about 5, ovate; rays 4 or 5, 1J to 2 lines long; 
paleae 8 to 10, nearly equal, about £ as long as the achene. 

Hill and mountain summits of the Coast Kanges. June-July. 
Greene's var. discoideum from Sonoma Co. is rayless. 

3. E. Jepsonii Greene. Bushy, 2 ft. high; stems white with 
tomentum, the leaves soon green or greenish; leaves pinnately divided 
into 5 to 7 narrowly linear lobes; heads 3 to 4 lines high, peduncled 
in a loose corymb; involucre broadly campanulate-hemispherical, its 
bracts 6 to 8, ovate; rays elliptical or oblong, 4 lines long, ovate; 
achenes hispidulous; pappus-palese in two unequal series, those of the 
inner set exceeding the outer. 

Mountains between Arroyo Mocho and Arroyo Valle south of 
Livermore. May. 

4. E. arachnoideum (F. & M.) Greene. Much branched, de- 
cumbent at base, 1 ft. high or more; tomentum deciduous or becom- 
ing thin on the under surface of the leaves; leaves broadish (at 
least some of them 1 in. broad), cleft into 3 to 5 triangular or oblong 
lobes or variously incised or toothed; involucre hemispherical, its 
bracts oblong or oblong-ovate, acute; rays 10 to 13, 4 or 5 lines long; 
pappus-paleee short. 

Mountains towards the coast: Marin Co. May-June. 



524 composite. 

5. E. idoneum. Branching- from the base, 12 to 16 or 30 in. high, 
the herbage at first woolly, later deciduous and floccose; leaves 
mostly basal, linear-spatulate or obovate in outline, laciniate or pin- 
natifid, green above, the tomentum mostly persistent on the under 
surface; heads solitary on long naked peduncles or the head- 
somewhat corymbosely clustered and the peduncles shorter; involucre 
hemispherical, 3 or 4 lines high, its bracts broadly lanceolate, appear- 
ing as if united or connivent by reason of the dense felt-like tomen- 
tum; rays 9 to 12; ligules elliptic, 5 to 6 lines long, sharply notched 
at summit, with a small tooth in the notch; pappus-palea? about 9, 
very short. 

Vaca Mountains (where it is undoubtedly annual); Napa Co. hills. 
May.-June. 

6. E. lanatum (Pursh.) var. grandiflorum Gray. Whole plant 
white-woolly, the tomentum tardily deciduous, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves 
ovate or obovate in outline, pinnately divided into narrow toothed or 
pinnatifid segments; peduncles long and naked; involucres broadly 
hemispherical (8 lines broad); rays about 11, ^ in. long and over one- 
half as wide. 

Hillsides, Peaceful Glen Valley, Solano Co.; Sierra Foothills. 
May-June. 

41. RIGIOPAPPUS Gray. 

Slender annual with alternate very narrowly linear entire leaves. 
Heads small, solitary on the simple stems or on the branches, which 
are often proliferous. Receptacle flat, naked. Bracts subulate, 
similar to the upper leaves. Flowers yellow. Ray-corollas not ex- 
ceeding the disk, the ligule not longer than the tube. Disk-corollas 
small, with 3 to 5 short erect teeth. Pappus in disk and ray of 3 to 
-") subulate awns. Achenes linear. (Greek rigios, stiff, and pappos, 
pappus.) 

1. R. leptocladus Gray. Three or 4 to 10 in. high, the herbage 
short-hair}- or nearly glabrous; branches filiform; heads 3 lines high; 
achenes hispidulous. 

Wooded hills: North Coast Ranges; Tehama Co.; Sierra Foothills. 
June. 

42. CH/ENACTIS DC. 

Ours annuals with alternate pinnately parted or dissected leaves 
and yellow flowers. Heads peduncled, solitary or cymosely arranged. 
Bracts of the campanulate involucre herbaceous, linear, equal, in one 
series. Receptacle flat, naked. Corollas with short tube and long 
throat, or the marginal corollas in some species with the limb pal- 
mately enlarged, forming a kind of ray. Pappus of hyaline palea", 
the paleae in the outer flowers commonly shorter and fewer. (Greek 
chaino, to gape, and aktis, ray, in reference to the marginal flowers of 
one section of the genus.) 

Stems short, leafy mostly at base, the peduncles long and scape-like; palese 
commonly 4, equal or nearly so 1. C. lanosa. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 525 



Stems taller, more Leafy, and peduncles shorter. 

Palea? of the disk-flowers 4, equal 2. C. glabriuscula. 

Pale?e of the disk-flowers unequal. 
Pappus of 5 palese much shorter than the corolla and of 2 minute outer 

ones 3. C. gracilenta. 

Pappus of 4 palea? as long as the corolla and of 2 very short ones 

4. C. heterocarpha. 

1. C. lanosa DC. Herbage whitish with floccose wool which is 
later deciduous; stems leafy only at the branching base, bearing many 
long peduncles which are naked and scape-like; leaves thickish, 
simply pinnate with few narrowly linear and mostly short lobes or 
the upper entire; pappus-palece 4, sometimes 5, equal or nearly equal, 
narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acutish. 

Monterey Co.; reported from the Lower San Joaquin; not seen 
within our limits. 

2. C. glabriuscula DC. Thinly floccose, at length glabrous, 5 to 
11 or 19 in. high; leaves pinnateh T parted into narrowly linear lobes 
or the uppermost linear and merely toothed or entire; heads 5 to 7 
lines high; bracts of the involucre thickish; marginal corollas ample, 
much longer than those of the disk; pappus-paleae 4, oblong-lanceo- 
late, those of the disk equal, of the marginal achenes with 1 long and 
3 short ones; short palese of the ray relatively broader or even 
elliptical. 

Antioch; Sierra Foothills; Coast Kange foothills west of Eed 
Bluff. Apr. 

3. C. gracilenta Greene. Simple below, corymbosely branching 
above, 7 or 8 In. high; leaves 1 or 2 in. long, with narrowly linear 
rachis bearing oblong lobes (1 line long) or short teeth; heads 3 or 4 
lines high; marginal corollas little ampliate; achenes black, sparingly 
hispidulous with white hairs; pappus-paleae commonly 5, unequal, 
oblong-oblanceolate, J to I as long as the achene, with 2 very small 
roundish outer ones. 

Dry ridges east of Napa Valley. June. 

4. C. heterocarpha Gray. Three-fourths to 1| ft. high, with 
corymbose peduncles or often simple and 1-headed; herbage hoary- 
tomentose but soon glabrous. Leaves pinnately or bipinnately 
parted, the lobes short, unequal, crowded; heads 6 lines high on long 
peduncles; marginal corollas conspicuously enlarged, surpassing the 
disk; pappus of disk-achenes of 4 elliptic-oblong palese equaling the 
corolla and of two or more roundish and shorter outer ones; palese of 
marginal flowers much shorter. 

Lake Co. (ace. to Gray); Upper Sacramento Valley and southward 
in the Sierra Nevada. 

C. Douglasii H. & A. Corollas whitish or flesh-colored, the mar- 
ginal not larger; palese 8 to 14, narrowly oblong. — Sierra Nevada. 

C. Nevadensis Gray. Low tufted perennial, 2 to 4 in. high; 
peduncles 1 in. or less long, 1-headed. — High Sierras. 

43. HELENIUM L. Sneezeweed. 
Erect perennial herbs with resinous-dotted herbage. Leaves alter- 
nate, sessile except the lower, and often decurrent on the stem. 



526 composite. 

Heads solitary or corymbose, borne on long naked peduncles. 
Flowers yellow, or the lobes of the disk-corolla turning yellowish or 
brownish. Rays several, usually drooping. Bracts of the involu- 
cre linear, reflexed. Receptacle globose or hemispherical, naked. 
Achenes turbinate, ribbed. Pappus of 5 to 12 thin or hyaline palea?, 
in ours short-pointed. (Greek name of some plant, perhaps named 
after Helenus, son of Priam.) 

Rays shorter than the disk, 3 to 5 lines long 1. H. puberulum. 

Rays as long or longer than the disk, 7 to 9 lines long . . . 2. H. Bigelovii. 

1. H. puberulum DC. Rosilla. Puberulent, paniculately 
branched, 2 to 5 ft. high, the branches ending in long slender pedun- 
cles; leaves lanceolate or narrowly linear or the longest oblong, sessile 
and strongly decurrent on the stem; globose disk of flowers 5 to 7 
lines broad; rays and bracts of the involucre reflexed, short and in- 
conspicuous; disk-flowers red-brown; scales of pappus ovate, short- 
awned. 

Creek beds, stream banks and about springy places: Humboldt Co.; 
Vaca Valley; San Francisco; San Jose; Loma Prieta; Monterey and 
southward to Southern California. July-Nov. 

2. H. Bigelovii Gray. Bigelow's Sneezeweed. Stem 2 to 

4 ft. high, branching above into several erect peduncle-like branches; 
leaves lanceolate, thickish, 9 in. long or less, minutely tomentose, 
not so conspicuously decurrent as in the preceding; rays showy, 
golden yellow, 7 to 9 lines long; disk brownish yellow; pappus-palea? 

5 to 8, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a slender* awn; achenes hairy. 
Marshy ground in the North Coast Ranges; first collected by J. M. 

Bigelow at Santa Rosa Creek. 

44. BLENNOSPERMA Less. 

Low annual herbs with alternate pinnately parted leaves and 
peduncle-like branches bearing solitary yellow flowers. Involucre 
simple, parted into broadly oblong bracts. Receptacle naked. Heads 
many-flowered. Ray-flowers fertile; disk-flowers perfect but sterile. 
Achenes obovate, not compressed or angled, densely covered with 
minute papilla?. Pappus none. (Greek blenna, mucus, and sperma, 
seed, the surface of the achene becoming conspicuously mucilaginous 
when moistened.) 

1. B. Californicum (DC.) T. & G. Stems branching from near 
the base, becoming diffuse, 4 to 6 in. high, often naked above; herbage 
glabrous, slightly succulent; leaves parted into narrowly linear 
remote lobes; involucre greenish with purple markings; ray-flowers 
8 to 11, the ligule of the corolla 2 to 3 lines long, or the alternate 
pistils destitute of corolla; style-branches of ray-flowers broad; disk- 
flowers 20 to 45, shorter than the involucre, their styles undivided, 
capitate at summit; achenes obscurely 8 to 10-ribbed. 

Not infrequent in moist ground, from the upper Sacramento Valley 
to Southern California; Ukiah; Kenwood, Sonoma Co.; Vanden, 
Solano Co.: Antioch; Danville; Livermore Pass. Feb.-Mar. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 527 

Tribe 6. Madieae. Tarweed Tribe. 

45. MADIA Mol, Tarweed. 
Glandular-viscid heavy-scented erect annual or perennial herbs. 
Leaves, at least the upper, alternate, entire or serrate. Heads axillary 
and terminal. Flowers yellow, opening in the evening and closing 
before noon of the next day. Involucre angled by the salient cari- 
nate or almost conduplicate bracts; bracts in 1 series, completely 
enfolding the laterally compressed ray-achenes, and with free mod- 
erately long or short tips. Keceptacle flat or convex, bearing a 
single row of chaffy bracts between ray- and disk-flowers and often 
united and forming a cup. Disk-corollas in ours pubescent. Kays 
few to many, 3-lobed. Bracts of involucre deciduous with the 
mature ray-achenes, these beakless (except in no. 5). Disk-achenes 
fertile or abortive. (Madi, the Chilian name.) 

A. Receptacle glabrous. 

Achenes beakless. 
Rays very short and inconspicuous; achenes of ray curved; pappus none. 
Plants stoutish and viscid-glandular; heads in clusters. 

Herbage ill-scented 1. If. sativa. 

Herbage honey-scented 2. If. capitata. 

Plants slender and moderately glandular; heads scattered 

3. If. dissiti flora. 
Rays showy; achenes of ray incurved; leaves some or mostly opposite; 

pappus present 4. If. madioides. 

Achenes with a minute reflexed beak; rays V£ in. long; pappus none .... 

5. M. radiata. 
B. Receptacle fimbrillate-hirsute. 

Achenes beakless, those of the ray not incurved; pappus none; rays showy. 

6. M. elegans. 

1, M. sativa Molina. Chile Tarweed. Robust, 1 to 4 ft. high, 
pubescent with slender hairs and beset with pedicellate very viscid 
glands; ill-scented; leaves from broadly lanceolate to linear; heads 5 
to 6 lines high, short-peduncled or sessile, disposed in the upper axils 
and at the ends of short branches; bracts.of involucre hispid; rays 5 
to 12, with pale yellow ligules about 2 lines long; cup of receptacle 
campanulate and enclosing many disk-achenes, these cuneate-oblong 
and 4-angled, prominently 1-nerved on the sides and 2 lines long; 
ray-achenes somewhat falcaie-obovate, either with or without an 
obvious nerve on the sides. 

Common in vacant lots, waysides, etc., about San Francisco. 
Doubtless naturalized from Chile. July-Aug. 

2. M. capitata Nutt. Erect, 1J to 2J ft. high; simple or branch- 
ing; herbage very viscid-glandular, honey-scented; leaves linear; 
heads somewhat longer than in the preceding, capitate-congested at 
the ends of the branches; bracts of involucre short-bristly; cup of 
receptacle narrow and nearly closed, containing very few achenes; 
bracts of involucre and achenes semi-persistent. 

North Coast Ranges; Gilroy; Santa Cruz. 

Var. anomala (M. anomala Greene). Chaffy bracts of receptacle' 



528 composite. 

not joined into a cup, enclosing 3 flowers only; achenes all gibbously 
obovate, those of the rays 3 to 5. — Marin Co. 

3. M. dissitiflora (Nutt.) T. & G. Very slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, 
simple or loosely branching, moderately or scarcely at all viscid, at 
least below; flowers sulphur-yellow; heads 3 (or barely 4) lines high, 
scattered or loosely paniculate; cup of receptacle ovoid but not closed, 
containing few disk-flowers; rays 5 to 8, 1| to 2 lines long; achenes 
short and broad (1 to 2 lines long). 

Stream banks, open bushy places or wooded slopes in the moun- 
tains: North Coast Ranges to the Santa Cruz Mountains (where very 
slender forms pass into coarser forms, as much as 3^ ft. high, by 
every gradation). 

4. M. madioides (Nutt.) Greene. Woodland Madia. Peren- 
nial (or sometimes biennial ?); stem or stems from the base simple, 
bearing a terminal corymbose panicle of long slender and nearly 
naked branches, 1£ to 2\ ft. high; some or most of the leaves oppo- 
site, linear, a few varying to lanceolate, 4 in. long or less, entire or 
sparingly denticulate; bracts of the involucre 8 to 12, with short 
tips; rays acutely 3-lobed, 3 or 4 lines long; only ray-achenes fertile, 
these much flattened, curved and somewhat obovate, the surface 
covered with minute muriculations and the sides with many striae; 
pappus of very short fimbriate or hairy paleie. — (M. Nuttallii Gray.) 

Wooded country near the coast from Monterey to Bolinas Ridge, 
Setchelly and northward. June. 

5. M. radiata Kellogg. Stem stout, 2 to 3 ft. high; hirsute and 
viscid; larger leaves broadly lanceolate, denticulate; bracts of the 
involucre 10 to 20, with short tips; rays light yellow, £ to f in. long, 
obtusely 3-toothed; chaffy bracts between ray and disk united; disk- 
flowers very numerous on a nearly flat glabrous receptacle, fertile, 
except the central ones, somewhat clavate and 4-angular; ray-achenes 
narrowly obovate-falcate, flat, tipped with a minute reflexed beak. 

Near the mouth of the San Joaquin River. 

i). M. elegans Don. Common Madia. Stem 1 to 3 ft. high; 
lower leaves linear, 3 to 8 in. long, short-hirsute, often densely so; 
upper leaves much reduced in size, linear-lanceolate; herbage, par- 
ticularly above, viscid with short gland-tipped hairs, the involucres 
and peduncles more or less hirsute with white hairs; heads many in a 
corymbose panicle; receptacle convex, flmbrillate-hirsute; rays 12 to 
15, £ to nearly 1 in. long, yellow or with a red spot at base; achenes 
flatfish, light brown or blackish, smooth. 

Variable and abundant species found on dry hillsides and in valley 
fields. July-Oct. The var. densifolia (M. densifolia Greene) has 
the leaves crowded toward the base or tufted. 

46. HARP/ECARPUS Nutt. 

Small slender viscid-glandular annual with sweet-scented herbage 
and narrow entire mostly alternate leaves. Head small, few-flowered, 
borne on naked filiform peduncles. Flowers yellow; corolla glabrous. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 529 

Ray-flowers 4 to 8, the ligules minute. Disk-flower 1, the bracts of 
the receptacle united and forming an enclosing cup, the receptacle 
otherwise naked. Achenes slender, laterally compressed. Pappus 
none. (Greek harpe, a sickle, and karpos, fruit, on account of the 
shape of the ray-achenes.) 

1. H. exiguus (Gray) Greene. Paniculately branched, commonly 
4 to 6 in. high, the leaves narrowly linear; heads 1£ to 2 lines long; 
bracts of the involucre 4 to 8, lunate and strongly carinate, the free 
tip scarcely any, very hispid-glandular; ray-achenes obovate-lunate, 
pointed by a small disk. — (Madia filipes Gray.) 

Open brush or woods in the mountains of the Coast Ranges: north- 
ern California; Napa Mountains; Cazadero, Setchell; Oakland Hills; 
Pajaro Hills and southward to Southern California. 

Hemizoxella Gray. Near ^Harpaecarpus but the leaves mainly 
opposite; disk-flowers solitary 'or rarely 2 to 4; rays minute. H. 
parvula Gray. Much branched, 2 or 3 in. high; heads subsessile or 
on slender peduncles; achenes tipped with an incurved beak. — Sierra 
Nevada; Chamiso Mountain, Mendocino Co., Rattan (seen in the 
Gray Herbarium, Harvard University). H. minima Gray. One in. 
high; achenes beakless. — Sierra Nevada. 

47. HEMIZONIA DC. Tarweed. 
Viscid-glandular and ill-scented annuals with alternate (or the 
lowest sometimes opposite) narrow leaves. Flowers yellow or white, 
in mostly numerous heads. Disk-flowers surrounded by a circle of 
chaffy and often slightly united bracts or the disk chaffy throughout. 
Receptacle flat, its bracts deciduous. Ray-achenes thick, short, 
turgid, half enclosed by the lower part of the bract of the involucre 
which falls with it or is at least deciduous. Disk-achenes sterile, with 
or without pappus. This and the two following genera were perhaps 
better received as one. (Greek hemi, half, and zonia, zone, the 
bracts but half enclosing the fruit.) 

A. Ray-achenes not beaked. 

Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout ; areola of ray-achenes nearly or 

quite central at the summit of the achene; disk-achenes without 

pappus. 
Rays scarcely surpassing the bracts of the involucre . . . 1. H. congesta. 
Rays showy, much surpassing the bracts of the involucre. 

Heads paniculate or corymbose 2. H. luzulxfolia. 

Heads racemosely disposed along simple branches . . . 3. H. Clevelandi. 

B. Ray-achenes beaked. 

Receptacle with a circle of bracts surrounding disk-flowers, otherwise 
naked; leaves without truncate glands. 

Rays 12 to 25; pappus minute or none; heads hemispherical 

4. H. corymbosa. 
Rays 5; pappus of linear palese; heads very narrow. 

Heads on slender pedicels 5. if. Kelloggii. 

Heads fascicled in small clusters 6. H. fasciculata. 

Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout; leaves of the branchlets with 
small truncate glands at tip; pappus none. 

Rays 4 or 5; leaves crowded on the branchlets 7. IT. virgata. 

Rays 5 to 8; leaves scattered on the branchlets 8. H. Heermanni. 

36 



530 COMPOSITE. 

1. H. congesta DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, the inflorescence 
slightly glandular; lowest leaves commonly opposite, oblanceolate, 
sparsely serrulate, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate and entire; 
heads terminating paniculate or corymbose branches; bracts of the 
involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, which are little surpassed by 
the rays; outer bracts of the receptacle either lightly connate or nearly 
distinct; achenes with conspicuous inflexed stipe. 

First collected by Douglas "in California," doubtless between 
Monterey and Sonoma; not known to us; attributed by Greene to 
Marin Co. , etc. 

2. H. luzulaefolia DC. Hay-field Tarweed. Whole plant 
excepting the lowest leaves very glandular and ill-scented; stems erect, 
1 to 2 ft. high, corymbosely or paniculately branched at summit, or 
branching more freely and diffuse; lower leaves crowded and more or 
less tufted, narrowly linear, mostly tapering somewhat to the apex, 3 
to 5 in. long, 1 or 3-nerved, canescent with appressed soft silky hairs 
which are more or less floccose-deciduous; upper leaves much reduced; 
heads numerous, on short peduncles, which are nearly naked or bear 
very much reduced leaves; tips of the involucral bracts acute or 
obtuse; outer bracts of the receptacle united into a cup; rays 6 to 10, 
white or pink-tinged; achenes with very short stipe. 

Abundant in mowed hay fields and pasture lands: Sacramento and 
San Joaquin Valleys and westward through the Coast Range hills 
and valleys to the ocean. July-Oct. 

Var. lutescens Greene. Flowers yellow. — Fields near the Bay, 
in Contra Costa, Napa, and Marin Cos. 

Var. citrina (H. citrina Greene). Lowest leaves glandular-pubes- 
cent, without appressed woolly hairs; flowers lemon-yellow. — 
Northern Marin Co. Apr. -May. 

3. H. Clevelandi Greene. General habit of the preceding, but 
the herbage much less glandular; involucres white-hairy toward the 
base; heads disposed to be racemose on the branches as well as 
terminal. 

Lake Co.; to be expected in eastern Napa Co.; rarely collected. 

4. H. corymbosa(DC.)T. & G. Coast Tarweeb. Corymbosely 
and widely branching, 1 to 1£ ft. high, hirsute-pubescent and glandu- 
lar; radical and often some lower leaves pinnately divided into 
linear lobes, the upper and those of the flowering branches linear and 
entire; heads £ in. high, 7 to 10 lines broad; rays 12 to 25, oblong- 
cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long, 3 or 4-toothed; pappus of the sterile disk- 
achenes of minute fimbriate-bristly scales, or of entire scales, or none; 
ray-achenes with a short upturned beak on the inner side at apex. — 
(H. angustifolia DC.) 

Abundant ijn valley fields and on hillsides: Berkeley to Santa 
Cruz and Monterey Co. June-Juty. 

5. H. Kelloggii Greene. Erect, paniculately branching, 1J to 
2 ? } ft. high, the heads on slender pedicels; herbage mostly hispid 
below and glandular above; leaves linear and entire, those of the 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 531 

filiform flowering branchlets very short; lower leaves pinnately 
parted; heads narrow; disk-flowers about 6 or 7; ray-flowers 5, the 
ligules 2 to 2£ lines long; ray-achenes slightly curved, roughened on 
the beak and sides, and with a curved or upturned beak at the 
summit on the inner side; pappus of about 9 linear palea? which are 
irregularly lacerate at summit and almost or quite as long as the tube 
of the corolla, united only at base or almost to the summit. 

Antioch to the San Joaquin Valley where it is abundant in low- 
grain fields near the river. July-Aug. 

6. H. fasciculata (DC.) T. & G. Paniculately branched above the 
base, f to 2 ft. high, sparsely hirsute and hispid, or disposed to be 
nearly glabrous above; radical leaves pinnately parted; stem leaves 
linear, either laciniate-pinnatifid, few-toothed or entire, those of the 
branchlets shorter and mostly entire; heads usually fascicled in rather 
dense small clusters; bracts of the involucre glabrous or glandular- 
hispidulous, those of the involucre slightly united; disk-achenes with 
a pappus of 6 to 10 linear palea? lacerate at tip; ray-achenes smoothish 
or transversely rugose, with a very short beak. 

Mt. Diablo Range southward to Monterey Co. and Southern 
California. 

7. H. virgata Gray. Stem commonly branching at the middle 
into several virgate branches bearing numerous racemosely disposed 
heads on short lateral branchlets; herbage glabrous or nearly so; 
branchlets crowded with linear leaves about 1 line long, those (partic- 
ularly of the flowering branchlets) ending in a truncate or somewhat 
saucer-shaped gland; involucre oblong, its bracts 5, with involute tip 
ending in a truncate gland and stipitate-glandular on the back; ray- 
flowers 4 or 5; disk-flowers 7 to 10. 

Common on the plains of the Sacramento Valley (Suisun, Vanden, 
Gait, etc.) and the San Joaquin Valley and in the valleys of the 
inner South Coast Ranges. Aug. -Oct. 

8. H. Heermanni Greene. Stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 ft. 
high; herbage viscid, pubescent, heavy-scented; leaves of the flower- 
ing branchlets minute, scattered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts 
beset 'with stalked glands; ray-flowers 5 to 8, disk-flowers 10 to 15; 
ray-achenes with a somewhat conspicuous beak and stipe. 

Mt. Diablo Range southward to Kern Co. and Southern California. 

48. HOLOCARPHA Greene. 
Corymbosely branching annual with very viscid-glandular herbage. 
Leaves of the axillary fascicles and those about the heads narrowly 
linear, beset with stipitate glands and tipped with a truncate gland. 
Heads solitary or commonly glomerate at the ends of the branches. 
Bracts of the convex receptacle each subtending a flower, the outer 
and those of the involucre abundantly covered with slender or clavate 
colorless gland-tipped processes. Ray-flowers many, with short yellow 
ligules; achenes 4-ridged on back, the ventral angle ending in a beak. 
Disk-flowers with sterile achenes. Pappus none. (Greek holos, 
whole, and karphos, chaff, the whole receptacle chaffy.) 



532 composite. 

1. H. macradenia (DC.) Greene. Adeline Tarweed. Branch- 
ing from above the base, about 1 ft. high; herbage unpleasantly 
odorous; lower leaves linear-oblong, laciniate; heads \ in. broad. 

Low dry fields about San Francisco Bay. Aug. -Sept. Connects 
Hemizonia with Centromadia too intimately. 

49. CENTROMADIA Greene. Spikeweed. 
Rigidly branching annuals with alternate spinescent leaves and 
involucral bracts, the lower pinnatifid, the upper entire. Herbage 
more or less glandular and scented. Flowers yellow, with 25 to 40 
small bifid rays. Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout, none of 
the outer united or connate. Disk-achenes chiefly sterile, with or 
without narrowly linear or bristle-like paleie. Ray-achenes more or 
less triangular, smooth or roughish on the back, the inner terminated 
by an erect beak-like apiculation. (Greek kentron, a prickle, and 
Madia, an allied genus.) 

Herbage yellowish green, sparsely hirsute, sweet- or honey-scented; floral 
leaves little or not at all surpassing the heads 1.0. pungens. 

Herbage dark, rather densely villous-hirsute, ill-scented; floral leaves often 
conspicuously surpassing the heads 2. C. Fitchii. 

1. C. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Common Spikeweed. Herb- 
age sparsely hirsute or hispid with spreading hairs, hardly viscid or 
glandular; stems rigidly and freely branching, commonly from near 
the base, sometimes only above, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves (especially 
of the flowering branches) linear-subulate, spinose, entire, the lower 
and lowest pinnately parted into oblong lobes, or pinnatifid, the lobes 
or teeth spinosely or pungently tipped; bracts of the receptacle cus- 
pidate; pappus of disk none; ray-achenes roughish, somewhat laterally 
2-nerved on back. — (Hemizonia pungens T. & G. ) 

Abundant on the plains of the Lower San Joaquin, southward to 
Southern California and westward to Walnut Creek and Alameda 
(whence Greene's C. maritima). On the alkaline plains of the Upper 
San Joaquin this species covers tens of thousands of acres and often 
forms thickets 4 or 5 ft. high. It is a valued bee plant; "car-loads of 
Spikeweed honey are shipped annually from Fresno Co.; the. honey 
is of amber color, good quality and granulates quickly," 0. L. Abbott. 

Var. Parryi (C. Parryi Greene). Minutely glandular; bracts of 
receptacle thin, not pungent; disk-achenes with 3 to 5 slender almost 
bristle-like palea* as long as the corolla; ray-achenes semi-obcordate in 
outline. — Calistoga; Vacaville ( = C. rudis Greene, the achenes either 
smooth or rough warty). It is abundant in low more or less alkaline 
lands on the plains of Solano Co. and forms extensive colonies in 
summer fields; extermination is often accomplished by means of 
bands of sheep which leave the fields perfectly clean and destitute of 
this Spikeweed pest. 

2. C. Fitchii (Gray) Greene. Fitch's Spikeweed. Diffusely 
branched from above or at the base, 9 to 16 in. high, the herbage 
hirsute or villous with spreading hairs; leaves of the radical tuft 
pinnately parted into remote narrowly linear pungent lobes; cauline 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 533 

leaves linear and entire, tapering into a subulate or pungent tip, those 
about the head spreading and star-like, mostly all bearing stipitate 
glands; bracts of the involucre subulate, those of the receptacle 
pointless, soft, hairy; ray-achenes flattened laterally, nearly semi- 
circular in outline, smooth; pappus of disk-achenes of 9 to 11 linear 
palea? as long as the corolla and hairy or fimbriate at the tip. — (Hemi- 
zonia Fitchii Gray.) 

High sandy land in the valleys and foothills: Sierra Foothills and 
the Lower San Joaquin northward through the Sacramento Valley 
and westward to Napa and Sonoma Cos. Aug. -Sept. 

50. CALYCADENIA DC. Rosin Weed. 
Erect annuals, hirsute or hispid or almost glabrous. Stems simple, 
or with virgate branches, or repeatedly branched. Leaves all entire, 
narrowly linear, becoming filiform by revolution of the margins, at 
least those near the heads and those of the fascicles in the axils 
bearing at apex tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands. Heads oblong 
or narrow. Flowers white or yellow. Ray-flowers few (1 to 5 or 8), 
the ligules broad and palmately 3-lobed or -parted; ray-achenes 
obovoid-triangular, the areola at summit quite or nearly in the center; 
pappus none. Disk-flowers surrounded by a circle of bracts connate 
into a cup, or at length separating; disk-achenes with conspicuous 
paleaceous pappus. (Greek kalux, covering, and adenos, a gland, 
on account of the glands on the involucre.) 

Rays 5 to 8; flowers yellow; plants for the most part very glabrous 

1. C. truncata. 
Rays 1 to 5. 
Flowers white or reddish-tinged. 
Stems repeatedly branched ; branches filiform . . . 2. C. pauciflora. 
Stems simple or with virgate branches. 
Pappus-palese unequal; floral leaves not truncate. 3. C. multiglandulosa. 
Pappus-palese subequal; floral leaves truncate . . 4. C. spicata. 
Flowers yellow; stems simple 5. C.hispida. 

1. C. truncata DC. Rosin Weed. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, 
reddish brown, simple below, branching above into a panicle of long 
straight slender branches along which the heads are scattered; herbage 
glabrous or the linear and entire leaves somewhat hirsute-ciliate; 
smaller leaves with subsessile glands at apex; heads oval, 4 or 5 lines 
long; rays 5 to 8, broad, 4 to 5 lines long; ray-achenes glabrous, tri- 
angular, roughish and enclosed in boat-shaped bracts; bracts of the 
receptacle lightly cohering to the top into a cup, separating in age; 
disk-flowers 10 to 20; pappus of 7 to 10 unequal oblong fimbriate 
palea? shorter than the achene, or rarely obsolete. — (Hemizonia 
truncata Gray.) 

Dry hills in the North Coast Ranges: Napa Valley; Sonoma and 
northward. Sept. 

2. C. pauciflora Gray. Branching freely, 10 to 18 in. high, the 
branches diverging or zigzag and filiform; herbage sparingly hairy 
and leaves (particularly about the heads or of the axillary fascicles) 
stipitate-glandular; heads oblong, scattered along the branches (sub- 



534 composite. 

sessile in the axils or forks, as well as terminal), always solitary; 
flowers white or rose-tinged; rays 1 or 2, 3-parted; disk-flowers 8, 
contained in a 3-lobed cup; pappus of 5 subulate-awned paleae and 5 
small truncate palese; ray-achene glabrous. — (Hemizonia pauciflora 
Gray.) 

Mountain sides of the inner North Coast Kanges from the Yaca 
Mountains northward to the Clear Lake region. July. -Aug. 

3. C. multiglandulosa DC. Sparingly hirsute or hispid, espe- 
cially toward the base of the leaves, 6 to 11 (or 16) in. high; herbage 
with a pleasant balsamic odor, the floral leaves and involucre gland- 
ular with stipitate glands; leaves filiform-linear, mostly straight and 
rigid but brittle, the upper somewhat divaricately spreading and 
mostly 2 or 3 times longer than the heads and floral leaves in the 
axils; heads solitary in the axils or crowded towards or near the 
summit and spicate or capitate; pappus-paleaa commonly 10, some 
(commonly 5) subulate, others (commonly 5) shorter and blunt. — (C. 
cephalotes Greene.) 

Dry hills and mountain slopes: Marin Co., southward to the Santa 
Cruz Mountains. July-Sept. 

4. C. spicata Greene. Slender, simple, rigidly erect, about 1 ft. 
high; floral leaves terete, truncate at apex anoT tipped with a stipitate 
gland, ciliate with white hairs; heads subsessile in the axils of all the 
leaves from below the middle and thus spicate; ray-flowers 1 or 2; 
achenes canescent with appressed hairs, those of the ray scarcely 
angled; pappus brownish, the palea? 10 or 11, subulate, 1£ times as 
long as the achene; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers hispidulous. 

Common on the plains of the San Joaquin Valley between Oak- 
dale and La Grange. June. 

5. C. hispida Greene. Erect, simple, 2 ft. high; leaves 2 to 2\ 
in. long, or the fascicled ones much shorter, all hispid, at least 
towards the base; heads rather large (\ in. long) on short axillary 
branchlets; flowers yellow; rays about 4; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers 
densely covered on the outside with many short glandular processes 
or slender papilla?; achenes hispid with short brownish appressed 
hairs; pappus of about 11 subequal palea? tapering to a point. 

Lower San Joaquin Valley near Lathrop. June. 

•51. BLEPHARIZONIA Gray. 
Stout somewhat coarse and hirsute annuals with glandular-viscid 
ill-scented herbage. Cauline leaves linear and entire, those of the 
branches oblong to oval. Flowers yellow, the heads arranged in 
panicles. Kay-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules; disk-flowers 10 
to 25, the outer ones subtended by 1 or 2 series of linear bracts. 
Achenes silky-hirsute, 10-striate; those of the disk more or less fertile, 
crowned by a pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose 
awns; those of the ray fertile, elongated-turbinate, the pappus like 
that of the disk or dissimilar and minute. (Greek blepharis, an eye- 
lash, and zonia, a girdle, in reference to the circle of pappus-awns.) 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 535 

Pappus of disk and ray unlike 1. B. plumosa. 

Fappus of disk and ray similar 2. B. laxa. 

1. B. plumosa (Kell.) Greene. Two to 3 ft. high, copiously beset 
above with tack-shaped glands; leaves on the branchlets small and 
bract-like; heads 15 to 20-flowered, racemosely disposed on the 
branches; bracts of the involucre short and very glandular; ray- 
achenes with a minute crown of short scales; disk-achenes with nearly 
erect plumose bristles as long as the achene. — (Hemizonia plumosa 
Gray.) 

Antioch and Stockton. 

2. B. laxa Greene. Three to 6 ft. high; heads larger, borne singly 
at the ends of the branches, 20 to 25-flowered; pappus of disk-achenes 
short and spreading, less plumose than in the preceding, only | as 
long as the achene; ray-achenes similar. — (Hemizonia plumosa var. 
subplumosa Gray.) 

Stockton to Stanislaus Co. Perhaps not specifically distinct from 
the preceding. 

52. BLEPHAR I PAPPUS Hook. Layia. 

Vernal annuals with alternate leaves (or the lowest opposite in one 
species) and usually showy heads of flowers terminating the branches. 
Disk-corollas yellow. Ray-flowers 8 to 20, yellow, white, or yellow 
tipped with white. Bracts herbaceous, the thin margins at base 
enfolding the achene and usually deciduous with it. Receptacle broad 
and flat, with a row of thin bracts between ray- and disk-flowers, and 
sometimes with additional ones among the disk-flowers. Ray-achenes 
flattened, without pappus, almost always glabrous. Disk-achenes 
commonly pubescent, with a pappus of 5 to 20 palese or bristles or 
rarely none. (Greek blepharis, eye-lash, and pappos, the modified 
calyx being likened to the fringe of hairs on an eye-lid.) 

We have here in this West American genus series of forms simu- 
lating each other exactly in habit, foliage, and heads of flowers, 
differing only in technical character of the pappus or color of the 
ray. This situation is paralleled in Cryptanthe of the Borraginaceae 
and in other genera. The acquisition of more abundant material and 
of field notes will be valuable aids to a more satisfying study of the 
forms here tentatively listed. 

- A. Pappus-bristles hairy or long-plumose below. 

Bracts of the involucre hirsute or hispid (the basal margin where folded 
around the achene not denticulate-ciliate). 
Inner hairs of pappus-bristles woolly and interlaced. 
Rays white and 

Inconspicuous; leaves all entire 1. B. hispidus. 

Showy; lower leaves incised or toothed 2. B. glandulosus. 

Rays yellow (rarely white-edged) 3. B. ^elegans. 

Hairs of pappus-bristles straight (no woolly inner ones). 
Rays wholly white. 
Rays conspicuous, much exceeding the disk; interior plains: var. 

heterotrichus of 2. B. glandulosus. 

Rays inconspicuous, scarcely exceeding the disk; seashore 

4. B. carnostis. 



536 composite. 



Rays yellow, or yellow and white (herbage hispid, the stems brown- 
spotted at the base of the bristles). 

Rays short (1 to 2 or 3 lines long) 5. B. hieracioides. 

Rays showy (5 lines long or more) and 

Yellow; pappus-bristles twice as long as the soft basal hairs 

6. B. gaillardioides. 
White, yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles scarcely exceeding 
the soft hairs 1. B. nemorosus. 

B. Pappus consisting of naked bristles. 

Bracts of involucre denticulate-ciliatc on the margin at base; rays yellow, 
white-tipped 8. B. plat y gloss ux. 

C Pappus, when present, consisting of flattened awns or paleae instead of 

bristles. 

Bracts of the involucre denticulate or ciliate on the basal margins where 
folded around the achene. 
Heads erect; rays yellow, white or whitish at summit. 

Achenes of both disk and ray glabrous; pappus none 

9. B. chryxanthemokltx. 
Achenes of disk pubescent or hairy; pappus present. 

Leaves ciliate; pappus-palea? unequal 10. if. Douglasii. 

Leaves not ciliate; pappus-paleae about equal . 11. B. Fremonti. 
Heads nodding in bud and fruit; rays yellow. . .12. B. nutans. 

1. B. hispid us Greene. Diffusely branched from the base, 1 ft. 
high or less; herbage densely hispidulous throughout; leaves narrow, 
all entire; heads small; rays white, inconspicuous; pappus bristles 10, 
slender, bearing copious short interlaced hairs. 

Alt. Diablo and Kern Co., ace. to Greene. Possibly no more than 
a variety of the next. 

2. B. glandulosus Hook. Commonly branching from the base, 
8 to 12 or 14 in. high; leaves and stems (particularly near the heads) 
with scattered or abundant stipitate dark glands; leaves lanceolate or 
linear, the lower pinnatifid or toothed, the upper entire; involucre 4£ 
lines broad; rays 8 to 10, pure white, (5 or 7 lines long; pappus bright 
white, the bristles 10 to 12, with straight hairs towards the base out- 
side and woolly tangled hairs inside; achenes 1£ to 2\ lines long. — 
(Layia glandulosa H. ct A.) 

Antioch; Southern California. Apr. 

Var. heterotrichus (Layia heterotricha H. & A.). Often rough- 
hispid; rays 10 to 18; inner woolly hairs of pappus wanting. — Sandy 
fields: Lake Co. (ace. to Greene); San Joaquin Valley. 

3. B. elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Simple or diffuse, 8 to 11 in. high; 
herbage short-hispid, the stems often brown-dotted; stipitate glands 
small and scattered; leaves linear, the lower pinnately toothed or 
parted; rays yellow, 6 to 8 lines long, sometimes white-edged; pappus 
white, the villous hairs copious but much shorter than the awn-like 
bristles. — (Layia elegans T. & G. ) 

Ukiah, ace. to Gray; mountain summits east of Calistoga; Southern 
California. 

4. B. carnosus (T. & G.) Greene. Beach Layia. Five to 9 
in. high, diffusely branched from the base, somewhat pubescent, 
scarcely at all glandular; leaves succulent, spatulate to linear-oblong, 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 537 

rarely toothed, about £ in. long; pappus-bristles 23 to 28, sparsely 
plumose with straight soft hairs; disk-achenes thickly covered with 
short hairs. 

Seabeach sands from Humboldt Co. to Monterey and southward. 
Ray-achenes pubescent, ace. to Gray; glabrous in Point Reyes speci- 
mens collected by Parry. 

5. B. hieracioides (DC.) Greene. Coarse erect plant, 2 to 3 ft. 
high; stem mostly simple below and branching above, hispid with 
hairs arising from dark spots; lower leaves oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, 
3 to 9 lines wide, laciniate-dentate, usually somewhat narrowed at 
base; upper leaves broadest at the sessile base, the teeth fewer and 
mostly towards the apex; heads £ in. broad or rather less; rays yellow, 
short, little exceeding the disk; pappus-bristles about 15. — (Layia 
hieracioides H. & A.) 

Oakland Hills, on wooded slopes. 

6. B. gaillardioides (H. & A.) Greene. Rather freely branch- 
ing, 8 in. high or more, hispid, the stems dark-dotted; leaves more or 
less laciniate-pinnatifld, or the upper entire; heads larger than in 
B. hieracioides; rays orange-yellow, 5 to 9 lines long; pappus dull 
white or rusty, the bristles 15 to 20. 

Mendocino Co. to the upper San Joaquin Valley. 

7. B. nemorosus Greene. Slender, usually sparingly branched 
above, 1 to 2 ft. high, hispidulous; leaves narrowly or broadly linear, 
entire or sparingly dentate; heads the size of »the preceding; rays 
white, pale yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles short, little or 
not at all surpassing the abundant soft brown hairs. 

Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo. May-June. 

8. B. platyglossus (Gray) Greene. Tidy Tips. Stem simple or 
more commonly branching below, erect or sometimes diffuse, 9 to 16 
in. high; herbage short-hirsute and stipitate-glandular; leaves linear 
and nearly all entire or the lower commonly pinnatifid into short 
linear or oblong lobes; peduncles turbinate-thickened beneath the 
head; involucral bracts linear, denticulate-ciliate on the lower half; 
rays 13, 5 to 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow, the tips white; disk- 
achenes somewhat flattened, 1 J lines long, densely clothed with 
upwardly pointing silky hairs; pappus-bristles 15 to 20, nearly as 
long as the corolla. — (Layia platyglossa Gray.) 

Valleys and plains, common in the Coast Ranges and in the Sac- 
ramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Apr. -May. 

B. pentach.-etus (Gray) Greene. The only other species with 
naked bristles; rays golden yellow; bristles 5, sometimes fewer. — 
Sierra Foothills. 

9. B. chrysanthemoides (DC.) Greene. Habit and aspect of 
B. platyglossus or of B. Douglasii; flowers and heads the same; 
achenes entirely glabrous, broader, without a disk at summit, the 
corolla covering the top of the ovary; pappus none.— (Layia chrysan- 
themoides Gray.) 

Common about San Francisco Bay. 



538 composite. 

10. B. Douglasii (H. & A.) Greene. Comparatively glabrous, 
the stems for the most part puberulent only above and the leaves 
merely finely ciliate; lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed, upper 
entire; achenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate; chaffy bracts to 
most of the disk-flowers as also in the next; pappus of about 10 to 18 
unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or 
slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather 
shorter than the corolla, the smaller hardly half as long. — (Layia calli- 
glossa Gray.) 

Common around San Francisco Bay. 

Var. oligochaetus (Gray). Leaves less lobed; pappus of only 2 
slender (and often short) marginal awns or with some intervening 
rudiments. — Conn Valley, Napa Co.; Santa Rosa. May. 

11. B. Fremonti (T. & G-.) Greene. About 1 ft. high, minutely 
pubescent; leaves mostly pinnately parted, not ciliate; pappus-pale* 
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly 
equaling the corolla, the margin entire, accompanied by some long- 
villous free hairs. — (Layia Fremonti Gray.) 

Upper Sacramento Valley southward to the San Joaquin. 

12. B. nutans Greene. Low, 5 to 7 in. high, the branches slender 
and divergent; herbage hirsute, especially the leaves, the stems 
reddish brown; leaves linear, all entire, the lower pairs opposite; 
peduncles somewhat stipitate-glandular; heads erect in flower, nod- 
ding in bud and fruity rays 5 to 7, yellow, 2£ to 3£ lines long; achenes 
1% lines long, hispidulous; pappus-bristles narrowly lanceolate, 
acuminate, 8 to 10, unequal, with barbellate margins. — (Callichroa 
nutans Greene.) 

Higher mountain slopes on the east side of Napa Valley; Hood's 
Peak, Sonoma Co. May. Excellent species. 

33. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. 

S<»ft-villous or hirsute annuals with rigid and brittle stems, in ours 
usually becoming naked below by the early falling of the lower 
leaves. Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, mostly entire. 
Flowers pale yellow. Heads small, subtended by foliaceous bracts. 
Bracts of the involucre 5, thin-herbaceous; flat on the back, with 
margins at base infolded and completely enclosing an obcompressed 
achene, with which it is deciduous. Receptacle small and flat, bear- 
ing about 5 perfect disk-flowers, these surrounded by a single row of 
distinct chaffy bracts. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft. Ray- 
achenes obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straight, 
pointless; disk-achenes slender, sterile. Pappus none. Bracts and 
glabrous achenes all deciduous at maturity. (Greek lagos, a hare, 
and phullon, leaf, the upper leaves sometimes copiously villous on the 
margin.) 

1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Stem simple, at length paniculately 
very much branched; leaves (especially the upper) silky-hirsute with 
soft hairs, the short ones subtending the heads densely villous-ciliate; 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 539 

lower leaves oblaneeolate or linear-lanceolate, often narrowed at base 
to a slender petiole, 1 to 2£ in. long, often becoming concave or 
involute when dry; heads almost sessile, crowded on the leafy branch- 
lets; rays barely exserted, pale yellow; fertile achenes carinately 
1-nerved down the inner face. 

Common on dry hills and plains in the Coast Ranges (Solano Co., 
Napa Valley, Healdsburg, Alameda Co.), and Sierra Foothills. 

Var. congesta (L. congesta Greene). Robust, nearly simple, 
with short branches, 1 to 1£ ft. high or much branched and nearly 
3 ft. high; heads larger, in thick glomerules. — North Coast Ranges: 
Mt. Tamalpais, collected "by that most diligent gatherer of rare 
Californian plants, Mrs. Kate Curran," Greene; Pleasant Valley, 
Solano Co.; Lake Co. 

54. HOLOZONIA H. & A. 

Perennial by creeping rootstocks. Stems slender and branches 
almost filiform. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. Heads soli- 
tary, on slender or filiform peduncles, without leafy bracts. Flowers 
white or rose-tinged; rays 5. Bracts of the involucre 5, completely 
enclosing and deciduous with the obcompressed ray-achenes. Bracts 
of the receptacle 9 to 12, connate into a cup surrounding the few disk- 
flowers. Ray-achenes crowned with a small saucer-shaped pappus; 
disk-achenes with a pappus of 2 slender deciduous paleae. (Greek 
holos, whole, and zonia, zone, the bracts completely enclosing the 
ray-achenes. ) 

1. H. filipes (H. & A.) Greene. Stems often paniculately branch- 
ing, 1£ to.2f ft. high; leaves linear, canescent or villous, those of the 
filiform branchlets oblong with marginal short-stipitate glands; invo- 
lucre loosely villous; bracts of receptacle chaffy. — (Lagophylla filipes 
Gray.) 

North Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoma Co.; Napa Soda 
Springs; Howell Mt. Sierra Nevada: Mariposa Co.; Calaveras Co.; 
El Dorado Co. July-Aug. Lowest leaves linear or somewhat lan- 
ceolate, commonly with 1 to 8 small teeth on each side, 1 to 4 in. 
long; upper entire, glabrate in age. 

55. ACHYRACH/ENA Schauer. 

Soft-pubescent annual with narrow leaves, the lower opposite. 
Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each 
enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the receptacle membranous, in a 
single outer series. Receptacle low-convex, naked. Flowers reddish 
brown. Ray-flowers 5 to 8, little exceeding the disk, their ligules 
short and broad, palmately 3-cleft. Achenes linear-clavate, all the 
ribs or the alternate scabrous. Disk-achenes with a pappus of 
about. 10 silvery scales, the outer as long as the achene, the inner 
nearly twice as long. (Greek achuron, chaff, and Latin achaenium, 
an achene, on account of the very chaffy pappus borne on the fruit.) 

1. A. mollis Schauer. Erect, simple or branching, 9 to 18 in. 



540 COMPOSITE. 

high, pilose-pubescent; "branches more or less peduncle-like, each 
1-headed; leaves linear, entire or serrulate, 5 in. long or less; heads in 
flower f in. high, in fruit expanding and forming a globose cluster 1£ 
in. broad; paleae of the achenes also expanding or diverging rotately. 
Abundant in adobe soil of the plains and valleys: Sierra Foothills 
(Amador Co., Knights Ferry); San Joaquin Valley; Sacramento 
Valley; North Coast Eanges; South Coast Ranges (Contra Costa 
Co., Berkeley, Li verm ore, San Francisco, Santa Clara Valley and 
southward to Arroyo Grande and Southern California). Readily rec- 
ognized in fruit by its expanded heads of black achenes with their 
silvery pappus. Mr. Geo. B. Grant sends us specimens from Sunol 
Glen in which the ray-flowers are entirely absent. 

Tribe 7. Heliantheae. Sunflower Tribe. 
56. ECLIPTA L. 

Low weak riparian herb with opposite leaves and white flowers. 
Heads solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles long or very short. 
Involucre broad, its bracts herbaceous and in about 2 series. Bracts 
of the receptacle awn-like. Rays short. Disk-flowers perfect and 
fertile, their corollas 4-toothed. Achenes thick, those of the ray 
3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none or of a few short 
teeth. (Greek ekleipta, wanting, on account of the absence of the 
pappus.) 

1. E. alba Hassk. Eclipta. Decumbent, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves 
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sparingly serrulate, sessile or the 
lower short-petioled, roughish with a strigose pubescence; disk- 
achenes at length corky-margined. 

Shores of islands in the lower Sacramento River. Sept. 

57. BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Balsam Root. 

Low perennials with thick terebinthine-scented roots, crowned by a 
tuft of radical leaves and several naked or few-leaved stems, bearing 
solitary heads of yellow flowers. Outer bracts of the broad involucre 
foliaceous. Ligules with a distinct tube. Achenes destitute of 
pappus, those of the disk 4-sided. (Greek balsamon, balsam, and 
rhiza, root.) 

1. B. Hookeri ISTutt. Herbage canescent with fine short hairs; 
leaves 7 to 10 in. long, pinnately divided, the divisions serrate or 
again pinnately divided; scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves, 
bearing solitary heads; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate; 
bracts of the receptacle linear, acuminate, the outer with green tips; 
heads 2 to 1\ in. broad, including the ample rays. 

A rare plant of the hilly districts from the Oakland Hills north- 
ward through the Coast Ranges to Tehama Co. May. 

Two other species of the Sierra Nevada have entire or merely 
serrate leaves, the radical ones cordate: B. deltoidea Nutt. 
Flowering stems with small lanceolate leaves. B. Bolandeki Gray. 
Flowering stems with 2 or 3 large subcordate leaves. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 541 

58. WYETHIA Nutt. 
Perennial herbs. Root very stout, crowned by a short caudex 
which bears a tuft of ample leaves and several simple 1-headed stems. 
Leaves mostly entire, the cauline mostly few and smaller. Heads 
large. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, its bracts in 2 or 3 
series, the outermost often foliaceous and much enlarged, the inner- 
most small and bract-like. Receptacle flat or nearly so, its bracts 
rigid, linear or lanceolate, either flattish or partially folded around 
the achenes. Flowers yellow, both raj r and disk fertile, the latter 
perfect; ligule of ray-corollas elongated and very conspicuous. 
Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate- 
filiform hispid appendages. Achene prismatic-quadrangular. Pappus 
firm and persistent, consisting of a crown of unequal scales, or with 
rigid awns at the angles. (In honor of Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth, with 
whom Nuttall crossed the continent in the early part of the 19th 
Century. 

Leaves elongated-lanceolate, the cauline sessile; outer bracts of the involu- 
cre not foliaceous, little or not at all surpassing the disk 

1. W. angustifolia. 
Leaves elongated-oblong or ovate, the cauline short-petioled; involucre 
foliaceous, the outer bracts spreading and commonly much surpassing 
the disk. 

Herbage minutely or even floccose tomentose 2. W. helenioides. 

Herbage perfectly glabrous, glandular-pubescent and roughish .... 

3. W. glabra. 

1. W. angustifolia Nutt. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, hirsute; herbage 
green; leaves elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, occa- 
sionally serrulate, the radical and lower ones J to 1 ft. long, the upper 
sessile and smaller; heads naked, i. e., not leafy at the base, the bracts 
of the involucre numerous, broadly linear or lanceolate, loose, ciliate 
with villous or hirsute hairs; achenes minutely pubescent at summit, 
3 lines long, bearing 1 or 2 (or those of the ray 3 or 4) stout minutely 
hirsute awns, with some very short intervening chaffy scales, all more 
or less united at base, rarely awnless. 

Common on the plains and low hills: Montere} 7, Co.; San Mateo 
Co.; San Francisco Co.; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; Solano Co. and 
northward to Shasta Co. 

2. W. helenioides Nutt. One to 2 ft. high, soft-tomentose, 
almost glabrous in age; radical leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, 4 to 6 in. wide, 
acute at base and apex, often undulate, long-petioled; cauline leaves 
much smaller, more commonly oblong-ovate; heads 3 in. broad, 
including rays, mostly leafy at base; outer scales of the involucre 
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed; pappus and upper por- 
tion of achenes slightly pubescent, at least when young. 

Common in the Coast Range hills: San Luis Obispo Co.; Oakland 
Hills; Antioch; Vaca Mountains, etc. Apr. -May. 

3. W. glabra Gray. Mule's Ears. Green and glabrous 
throughout, minutely resinous-glandular or viscid, and scabrous, at 
least when dry; leaves as in the preceding, or broader and obtuse, 
sometimes toothed, rarely undulate; achenes and pappus glabrous. 



542 composite. 

Marin Co.; San Mateo; Antioch; San Joaquin Valley. Less 
common than no. 2 and scarcely differing except in surface character 
of the leaves and stems. 

59. HELIANTHUS L. Sunflower. 
Stout coarse herbs with petioled simple leaves, yellow mostly entire 
rays and brownish or purplish disk. Leaves (all but the lower or 
lowest) alternate. Heads large, solitary on the ends of the branches 
or in terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Kecep- 
tacle flat or convex, its bracts persistent and embracing the 4-sided 
achenes. Pappus of pointed palese borne at the angle of the achene, 
often with very small intervening scales, all caducous. (Greek 
helios, sun, and anthos, flower, the heads turning toward the sun.) 

Annuals; heads terminal on the branches. 

Bracts of the involucre ovate 1. H. annum. 

Bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. 
Stems scabrous; awn of the chaffy bract equaling the disk-flowers . 

2. //. Bolanderi. 
Stems often hirsute, particularly near the heads; awn of the chaffy bract 

surpassing the disk-flowers 3. II. exilis. 

Perennial; heads corymbose-paniculate at the summit of the simple stem; 
bracts with long spreading tail-like tips 4. H. Caiifomicus. 

1. H. annuus L. Common Sunflower. Stems erect and simple 
or more or less branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; herbage rough-hispid; 
leaves deltoid-ovate, serrate, the uppermost narrow and often entire; 
bracts, of the involucre ovate, slenderly acuminate; disk 1 in. in 
diameter, more or less; rays 1 to 1£ in. long. 

Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valley, first appearing 
in low places along country roads. July-Sept. 

2. H. Bolanderi Gray. Stems erect or diffusely branching, 1 to 

3 ft. high, scabrous-hispid; leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, serrate 
or entire; rays 8 lines long, toothed at apex; disk purple, 9 or 10 
lines broad; bracts of the involucre hirsute, oblong-lanceolate, atten- 
uate or acuminate; bracts of receptacle chaffy, 3-toothed, the middle 
tooth much longer and awn-like. 

Abundant in low grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, thence 
westward to the coast. Aug. -Sept. First collected at Bodega by 
Hinds, botanist of the British exploring ship Sulphur. 

3. H. exilis Gray. Slender, often unbranched, 1 to 2 ft. high; 
leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; peduncles often hirsute- 
villous beneath the heads; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hairy on 
the lower half; rays 6 or 7 lines long; awn-tip of the chaffy bract 
surpassing the disk-flowers. 

Common in valleys about Clear Lake (where first collected by 
Bolander); Sacramento Valley plains (ace. to Greene). Aug. Per- 
haps better a variety of the preceding. 

4. H. Californicus DC. Stems from somewhat tuber-like roots, 

4 to 11 ft. high; leaves from oblong to narrowly lanceolate, some of 
the lower ovate, minutely hispidulous, 5 to 9 in. long including the 
petiole, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the larger 3-ribbed; 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 543 

heads f in. high, in a terminal corymbose panicle; chaffy bracts of 
the receptacle obtuse; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tapering 
into long spreading tail-like tips; rays about 15 to 20, 1 in. long or 
more; achenes flattish, glabrous; pappus of 2 or 3 lanceolate chaffy 
palese. 

Stream beds and banks: Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain, Vaca 
Valley, Suisun Marshes, Alameda, San Jose); Sierra Nevada. Sept. 

60. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. 

Low nearly acaulescent perennial herbs. Leaves entire, chiefly 
radical, the cauline mostly opposite. Flowers yellow. Heads 
large, solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts 
linear-lanceolate and loosely imbricated, the outer mostly foliaceous 
and attenuate-acuminate, the innermost shorter and chaff-like. 
Receptacle flat or convex, its bracts embracing the achenes. Achenes 
commonly compressed, with thin or margined edges and emarginate 
summit. Pappus an awn or chaffy tooth from each margin, and 
usually with very small intermediate scales. (Diminutive of 
Helianthus.) 

1. H. Calif ornica Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, occasion- 
ally branched; herbage minutely scabrous; leaves ovate to oblong- 
lanceolate, tapering into petioles; rays little or not at all longer than 
the involucre; bracts of receptacle obtuse; achenes obovate, smooth, 
glabrous and narrowly margined, minutely ciliate when young only 
near the summit; pappus of two short triangular or subulate teeth, 
and a crown of minute scales nearly obsolete at maturity. 

Higher mountain ridges: Coast Ranges (Contra Costa, Marin, Napa 
and Solano Cos. and northward to Mt. Shasta); Sierra Nevada. May. 

H. castanea Greene. Stems less than 1 ft. high, hispid with short 
spreading hairs; achenes cuneate-obovate, not strongly compressed or 
thin-edged, dull black at base, chestnut-brown above the middle, the 
apical notch short and deep. — Mt. Diablo. Fruiting heads not seen 
by us. 

61. B I DENS L. Bur Marigold. 
Herbs (ours annuals), with opposite leaves and yellow flowers. 
Heads many-flowered; rays 3 to 9, neutral. Involucre double, the 
outer bracts linear-oblong, foliaceous, the inner elliptic to ovate, 
membranous. Achenes somewhat flattened parallel with the scales 
of the involucre or slender and 4-sided, those of the disk crowned 
with 2, 3, or 4 rigid persistent retrorsely barbed awns. (Latin bidens, 
2-toothed.) 

Leaves simple; rays 3 to 9, conspicuous; achenes downwardly barbed on 
the margin; rays showy. 
Outer involucre little or not at all surpassing the disk ; rays very showy, 

golden yellow 1. B. chrysanthemoides. 

Outer involucre foliaceous and surpassing the disk; rays usually light 

yellow, smaller . 2. B. cernua. 

Leaves pinnately 3 to 5-divided; rays 1 to 5, inconspicuous; achenes 
upwardly barbed . 3. B.frondosa. 



544 composite. 

1. B. chrysanthemoides Michx. Bur Marigold. Often de- 
cumbent at base, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, 
usually tapering at the base, evenly serrate, more or less connate at 
base, 7 in. long or less; outer involucre rather longer than the inner, 
much surpassed by the oval golden brown rays, these 1 in. long or 
more; disk brownish; heads in fruit erect, seldom slightly nodding; 
achenes flat or flattish, cuneate, distinctly carinate on the sides and 
retrorsely hispid on the marginal angles; awns 2 or 3, retrorsely 
barbed.— (B. hevis B.S.P.) 

Low wet ground: Alvarado marshes: lower Sacramento River. 
Sept. -Oct. 

Var. Nashii (B. Nashii Small). Leaves minutely serrate or almost 
entire, somewhat fleshy, some of the upper often very broad at base 
but rarely clasping; achenes slightly contracted at summit. — San 
Francisco, ace. to Wiegand. 

2. B. cernua L. Smaller Bur Marigold. Stems 8 to 20 in. 
high, glabrous or setulose-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather 
irregularly serrate, mostly not connate; outer involucral bracts 
exceeding the disk, spreading, foliaceous; rays 6 to 10, mostly light 
yellow, 3 to 6 lines long, sometimes none; heads strongly nodding in 
fruit; achenes 4-angled and usually 4-awned. 

Less common than the last. 

3. B. frondosa L. Beggar-ticks. Erect, 3 or 4 ft. high, gla- 
brous or slightly pubescent; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the divisions or 
leaflets petiolulate, lanceolate, coarsely toothed; rays 1 to 5, incon- 
spicuous, usually shorter than the greenish yellow disk; achenes very 
flat, cuneate-oblong, 4 to 5 lines long, dentate on the margin with 
barbs upwardly pointed (except at the summit), 2-awned; heads erect 
in fruit, surpassed by the outer foliaceous bracts. 

Lower Sacramento River; very common. Sept. 

62. LEPTOSYNE DC. 

Perennials with thickened fleshy stems or ours annuals and almost 
acaulescent. Leaves dissected into narrowly linear or filiform lobes. 
Fowers yellow, in showy heads on long naked peduncles. Rays 
several or numerous, oblong or obovate, 3-toothed at apex. Involu- 
cre double; bracts of the inner series 8 to 12, erect, membranous; 
bracts of the outer series 5 to 8, narrow, loose and foliaceous. Recep- 
tacle nearly flat, its bracts thin, scarious, linear or lanceolate, falling 
with the fruit. Achenes flattened, more or less wing-margined, alike 
in disk and ray. Pappus a minute ring or cup. or consisting of 
linear palere. (Greek leptosune, slenderness.) 

Achenes alike in ray and disk; pappus eup-shaped ; corolla-tube without a 
hairy ring 1. L. Stillmani. 

Achenes of 2 different shapes, those of the disk long-villous; pappus palea- 
ceous; corolla-tube with a hairy ring towards the summit 

2. L. calliopsidea. 

1. L. Stillmani Gray. Nine to 12 in. high, stoutish, leafy below 
and with manifest branches; leaf-divisions 1 line broad; involucre 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 545 

commonly somewhat hairy at base; disk-corollas beardless; achenes 
surrounded by a thick and corky rugose wing, smooth and glabrous 
on the back, the inner face sparsely papillose, or with a row of 
tubercles on the median ridge; pappus-cup either entire or 2-lobed. 

Sacramento Valley. 

2. L. calliopsidea Gray. Leafy, with less scape-like peduncles, 
1 to 2 ft. high; bracts of the outer series of the involucre broadly 
ovate, a little snorter than the narrowly ovate inner ones, commonly 
1 in. long, f in. wide and 15 to 20-nerved; ring of the disk-corolla 
pubescent; achenes of the ray- and outer disk-flowers oval, flat and 
glabrous; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong, long-villous on the margins 
and inner face; pappus-palese 2, linear. — (Pugiopappus calliopsideus 
Gray.) 

Moist hillsides in the South Coast Eanges. 

Tribe 8. Ambrosieae. Ragweed Tribe. 

63. IVA L. 

Ours coarse herbs with thickish alternate (or the lower opposite) 
leaves and small nodding heads of greenish white flowers. Involucre 
hemispherical, its bracts few and rounded. Receptacle with chaff- 
like linear or spatulate bracts. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate, 
1 to 5 in number, their corollas tubular or none. Disk -flowers per- 
fect, with 5-lobed funnelform corolla and undivided style. Anthers 
almost distinct. Achenes flattened, glabrous. Pappus none. (Said 
to be named after Ajuga Iva of the Mint Family, on account of the 
similar odor.) 

]. I. axillaris Pursh. Poverty Weed. Stems many, erect 
from a decumbent or prostrate base, 6 to 10 in. high; leaves narrowly 
obovate, varying to lanceolate or linear, entire, sessile; heads solitary 
in the axils, short-peduncled, surpassed by the leaves; bracts of the 
involucre united into a lobed or merely toothed cup. 

Alkaline plains and borders of salt marshes: Sacramento Valley; 
San Joaquin Valley; Livermore Valley and southward. Aug.-Sept. 

64. AMBROSIA L. Ragweed. 

Ours a coarse homely but aromatic perennial herb with alternate 
pinnatifid leaves and inconspicuous greenish unisexual flowers. 
Heads of staminate flowers disposed in erect ament-like racemes: — 
involucres broadly turbinate; receptacle of at least the outer flowers 
with slender bracts; corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. Heads of pistillate 
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves at the base of the staminate 
racemes: — involucres oblong or turbinate, closed, containing but a 
single flower; corolla none; pappus none; fruit an achene-like bur 
which is beaked or pointed and is armed near the top with a single 
row of prickles. (Ancient Greek name.) 

1. A. psilostachya DC. Western Ragweed. Stems simple, 
erect, 1, 2 or more ft. high, from slender running rootstocks; herbage 



37 



546 composite. 

pubescent and somewhat strigose; leaves once or the lower twice 
pinnatifid; fruit an obovoid turgid bur, mostly solitary in the axils, 
bearing 4 protuberances or sometimes unarmed. 

Uncultivated lands in the Sacramento Valley and southward: 
common about San Francisco Bay. Sept. -Oct. 

65. FRANSERIA Cav. 
Branching herbs, ours perennial, sometimes woody at the base. 
Leaves chiefly alternate. Habit, flowers and inflorescence as in 
Ambrosia. Involucre of the pistillate heads closed, 1 to 4-celled, 1 
to 4-beaked or pointed, armed with several rows of prickles and in 
fruit becoming a bur. (Named for Ant. Franser, Spanish botanist.) 

Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid or pinnately parted . . . 1. F. bipinnatiflda. 
Leaves (at least the upper) undivided and merely serrate . 2. F. C'hamissonis. 

1. F. bipinnatiflda Nutt. Herbaceous; stems procumbent, 2 or 
3 ft. long, somewhat hirsute; leaves twice or thrice pinnately parted 
into oblong lobes, canescent or almost silky; spikes dense; bur nar- 
rowly ovate, armed with thick somewhat flattened spines, some of 
which are curved at the tip. 

Common on sandy seabeaches along the coast, and also at Alameda 
and West Berkeley. Aug. -Oct. 

2. F. Chamissonis Less. Habit of the preceding; leaves nar- 
rowly ovate or obovate, with cuneate base, serrate, or the lower 
laciniate or incised; bur thicker, sparsely hirsute, the spines broader 
and channeled. 

Seabeaches along the coast; less common. 

66. XANTHIUM L. 

Coarse (by some called vile) annual weeds with widely branching 
and very stout stems. Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, petioled. 
Heads unisexual, composed of greenish flowers. Staminate heads 
subglobose, in a terminal cluster: — involucre of several distinct nar- 
row bracts in a single row; receptacle cylindrical; flowers many, 
separated by the bracts of the receptacle; corolla tubular. Pistillate 
heads axillary, below the staminate: — involucre closed, forming in 
fruit an ovoid or oblong indurated bur covered all over with hooked 
prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 flower; 
corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted through 
the beaks. (Greek xanthion, yellow, from its yielding a hair-dye of 
that color.) 

Leaves deltoid-ovate; stems not spiny 1. X. Canadense. 

Leaves lanceolate; stems bearing spines by the sides of the leaves 

2. X. spinosum. 

1. X. Canadense Mill. Cockle Bur. Stems about 2 ft. high, 
not prickly; leaves deltoid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly 
serrate, or somewhat incised, often distinctly 3-lobed, rough, hispidu- 
lous and green both sides, 3 to 4 in. long, on petioles nearly as long; 
bur f to 1 in. long, thick, pubescent or glandular between and on the 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 547 

lower part of the crowded prickles and bearing at apex a pair of 
strong beaks hooked or incurved at tip. 

Naturalized weed, native of the Eastern U. S., exceedingly abun- 
dant in low lands, often covering hundreds or thousands of acres. 
Flowering in summer and fruiting in autumn. 

2. X. spinosum L. Spiny Clotbuk. Stems puberulent, much 
branched; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 
2 or 3-lobed or -cut, or the upper entire, narrowed at base into a short 
petiole, green above, white-pubescent beneath, 2 to 5 in. long; by 
the sides" of the leaves are borne yellowish 3-pronged spines 1 in. 
long; corolla pubescent with short rusty hairs; bur narrowly oblong, 
^ in. long, sparsely prickly; beaks inconspicuous, only one spinose. 

Naturalized European weed, a common summer tenant of barn- 
yards and neglected fields: Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Coast 
'Range valleys and Sierra Foothills. 

Tribe 9. Inuleae. Everlasting Tribe. 

67. MICROPUS L. 

Small floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and scattered 
several-flowered discoid heads. Bracts of the involucre open, scari- 
ous, surrounding the flower-bearing bracts of the receptacle. Bracts 
of the receptacle conduplicate, tipped with a scarious appendage and 
almost concealed by the clothing of long loose wool, each one en- 
closing a pistillate flower; sterile flowers in the center mostly naked. 
Achenes gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally, without 
pappus, remaining enclosed in the cucullate bracts which finally fall 
away from the receptacle. (Greek micros, small, and pous, foot, in 
allusion to the soft-woolly heads.) 

Beak-like tip to the fruiting bract largely scarious, erect, short 

1. M. Californieus. 
Beak of the fruiting bract wholly hyaline, in anthesis as long as the body. 

2. M. amphibolus. 

1. M. Californicus F. & M. Slender, erect, 4 to 8 in. high, 
commonly branched only at the very summit; leaves linear-oblong, 
acuminate; receptacle low, with several scale-like processes; fruit- 
bearing bracts 4 to 6, at length indurated, the surrounding bracts of 
the involucre commonly 5; these orbicular or ovate, scarious, with a 
green spot in the center; staminate flowers about 3, the corolla 
filiform, but expanding somewhat toward the throat. 

Very common on low hills or valley land through the Coast 
Ranges and Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to Southern 
California. Last of Apr. -May. 

2. M. amphibolus Gray. Resembling the preceding but the 
fruiting bracts 9 or 10 and comparatively thin and soft; receptacle 
elevated or oblong; staminate flowers subtended by linear thin chaflf- 
like bracts and with a pappus of few bristles. 

Walnut Creek, Breioer, no. 1015, 1862; too little known species. 



548 composite. 

68. STYLOCLINE Nutt. 
Low floccose- woolly annuals with entire leaves and terminal discoid 
heads in small clusters. Pistillate flowers with filiform corolla, their 
bracts ovate, boat-shaped, borne on a slender column-like receptacle, 
with erect hyaline tip and the conduplicate body loosely enclosing 
the achene; pappus none. Sterile flowers few in the center, their 
bracts plane or barely concave and their pappus caducous or none. 
(Greek stulos, a column, and kline, a bed, on account of the form of 
the receptacle. ) 

Bracts of the sterile flowers inconspicuous, oblanceolate, acute; pappus 
present 1. S. gnaphalioides. 

Bracts about sterile flowers ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a conspicuous 
rigid hooked cusp; pappus none 2. S. fllaginea. 

1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Loosely white-woolly, diffusely 
branched, the stems 4 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly linear or the 
upper oblong, obtuse, barely 3 lines long; pistillate (or fertile) 
flowers numerous, their bracts ovate, nearly plane on the upper sur- 
face, a central portion at the base produced on the lower side into a 
sac enclosing the achene, this portion firm, the remainder hyaline; 
sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts, with rudimentary ovary 
and a pappus of few caducous bristles. 

Stanislaus Co. to Monterey, doubtless within our limits. Sac 
woolly on lower side. Sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts. 

2. S. fllaginea Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 2 to 8 in. 
high, canescent with fine appressed wool which is later flocculent; 
cauline leaves narrowly linear (£ line wide), those involucrate to the 
heads much broader; fertile flowers 5 to 9, their bracts boat-shaped, 
firm except at the hyaline tip, smaller than the 5 empty bracts which 
surround the sterile flowers in the center; empty bracts somewhat 
coriaceous, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent, 
and at length stellately spreading. 

Mendocino Co. (first coll. by Bolander in Kound Valley); Tehama 
Co., Je]oso?i; Mt. St. Helena, Greene; southward to Southern Cali- 
fornia. Last of Apr.-May. Very suggestive in aspect of Filago 
Gallica. 

69. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. 

Depressed or prostrate white- woolly annuals. Leaves opposite, 
entire, the uppermost involucrate around the small sessile globose 
heads, which are solitary in the forks or at the ends of the branches, 
or some clustered. Heads discoid. Bracts clothed with soft wool, 
crowded on the low receptacle and forming a globose head; each bract 
sac-like, half-obcordate or obovate in side view, hooded and rounded 
at the top with the apex introrse (turned downward and inward) and 
beaked by a hyaline appendage or scale. Flowers unisexual; pistil- 
late flowers loosely enclosed in the sac-like bracts, with filiform 
corollas; staminate flowers few, occupying the center of the head and 
naked, i. e., destitute of enclosing or other bracts, Achenes straight 
or slightly curved. Pappus none. (Greek psilos, bare, and karphos. 
chaff. ) 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 549 



Involucrate leaves obspatulate, 3 or 4 times longer than the head 

1. P. tenelliis. 
Involucrate leaves oblong to lanceolate, 1 to 2 times as long as the head: 
var. brevissimus of 1. P. Oreganus. 

1. P. tenellus Nutt. Prostrate, the forking stems forming a 
dense mat 3 to 10 in. broad; leaves obspatulate, mucronate, 4 to 8 
lines long; heads numerous, 2 lines wide; achene about ^ line long, 
oblong or slightly broader toward the summit. 

Valleys and low hills: Coast Kanges; Sacramento Valley; San 
Joaquin Valley(?). June. 

2. P. Oreganus Nutt. var. brevissimus. Dwarfish, the stems 
prostrate, several to many from the base but mostly simple, 1 to 5 in. 
long; leaves oblong or some obspatulate, obtuse or merely acute, the 
involucrate ones partly concealing the heads; heads comparatively 
few, 4 to 5 lines broad, more loosely woolly than in the preceding; 
staminate flowers about 7 or 8; achene cylindrical or slightly clavate, 
less than 1 line long. — (P. brevissimus Nutt.) 

Dry beds of vernal pools: Elmira (Solano Co.) to Madrone (Santa 
Clara Co.). May-June. 

70. EVAX Ga?rtn. 
Dwarf rigid densely woolly annuals with entire leaves. Heads 
with disk-flowers only; pistillate flowers at base of slender columnar 
receptacle, the male flowers above, all subtended but not enclosed by 
bracts. Bracts of the pistillate flowers and bracts of the involucre 
becoming hardened, persistent. 

Heads mostly scattered 1. E. sparsiflora. 

Heads in terminal clusters 2. E. caulescens. 

1. E. sparsiflora. Erect, 1 to 4 in. high, sometimes simple, 
commonly branching from the base, the heads in the axils, scattered 
along the branches or slightly glomerate at the ends of the branches; 
leaves spatulate, narrowed to a very slender petiole, 4 to 7 lines long; 
bracts of the receptacle woolly on back and rather densely long- 
hirsute at base, especially the upper; staminate flowers in center 
about 4. — (Hesperevax sparsiflora Greene.) 

Dry sterile soil: Healdsburg; Napa Valley. 

2. E. caulescens Benth. Stem simple or with few long branches 
from the base, 2 to 8 in. high; heads all in a terminal hemispherical 
cluster, f in. broad and surrounded by a whorl of many leaves; 
leaves spatulate-obovate, 1 to 1J in. long, the cauline similar but 
smaller. 

Sacramento Valley. 

Var. humilis (Hesperevax humilis Greene. Evax acaulis Greene.) 
One or 2 in. high, the heads crowded on the short central stem or at 
the ends of the very short horizontal branches (none in the axils), the 
close clusters subtended by rosulately arranged leaves. — Antioch. 

71. FILAGO L. 

Low woollv annuals with entire leaves and small discoid heads in 



550 COMPOSITE. 

capitate clusters. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, its summit or 
center bearing a cluster of fertile and sterile flowers with rather 
copious capillar}- pappus and surrounded by a series of scarious or 
chaff-like bracts. Base of receptacle bearing several pistillate flowers 
with filiform tubular corollas, the achenes of each enfolded in a con- 
cave or boat-shaped bract, and destitute of pappus. (Latin filum, a 
thread, in allusion to the cottony pubescence.) 

Leaves oblong, tapering toward the base, abruptly acute at apex, the upper- 
most subtending and often not surpassing the heads . 1. F. Calif ornica. 

Leaves subulate with broadish base, the uppermost subtending and conspic- 
uously surpassing the heads 2. F. Gallica. 

1. F. Californica Nutt. Erect, 4 to 9 (or sometimes 15) in. high, 
leafy throughout, the leaves \ to f in. long; heads ovate, 2 lines 
long; receptacle convex, rough or somewhat bur-like: marginal 
bracts 8 to 10, very woolly, deeply boat-shaped and somewhat 
incurved at apex, spreading stellately at maturity; inner bracts 
oblong, plane or merely concave; marginal achenes smooth; central 
achenes dotted with shining papillae. 

Dry hills: St. Helena; Mt. Tamalpais and elsewhere in the western 
part of the state. May-June. 

2. F. Gallica L. Five or 6 in. high; leaves mostly exceeding 
2 in., those involucrate to the heads soft but straight and, in appear- 
ance, rigid; receptacle nearly flat; heads conical and somewhat 
5-angled; marginal achenes completely enclosed in the at length 
indurated base of the bract. 

St. Helena. Jepson, June, 1896. Introduced from Europe. 

72. GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed. 
Woolly herbs with entire sessile or decurrent leaves. Heads dis- 
coid, white, yellowish, or rose-tinted, disposed in panicles, corymbs, 
or spikes. Receptacle flat or convex, not chaffy. Bracts of involucre 
scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers in several series with filiform 
corollas. Central flowers perfect, with tubular o-lobed corollas. 
Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. (Greek gnaphalon, a 
lock of wool, these plants floccose-woolly.) 

A. Pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring. 
Inflorescence spike-like; leaves white- woolly beneath, green above 

1. G. purpureum. 

B. Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately. 

Involucre imbedded in loose wool, its scarious-tipped bracts rather incon- 
spicuous and dull colored; low branching annual . 2. G. palustre. 
Involucre woollv only at base, its bracts mainly scarious or silvery. 
Herbage in age becoming green (at least theupper surface of the leaves), 
more or less glandular. 
Inflorescence corymbose; bracts pearly white; herbage balsamic- 
scented: var Calif or nicura of 3. G. decurrens. 

Inflorescence paniculate; bracts white or rose-tinged; herbage sweet- 
scented 4. G. ramosissimum. 

Herbage persistently woolly, not glandular or scarcely so. 
Involucre bright white; inflorescence paniculate . .5. G. microcephalum. 
Involucre greenish-yellowish, becoming rusty; heads in capitate clus- 
ters or the clusters somewhat open-paniculate . 6. G. Chilense. 



BUNFEiOWER FAMILY. "j5L 

1. G. purpureum L. Purple Cudweed. Stems commonly 
simple and erect from a slightly decumbent base, 4 to 12 in. high; 
herbage canescent with a close dense coating of white wool, the 
upper surface of the leaves usually early glabrate; leaves broadly 
spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long and 7 lines wide or less; heads 
crowded in a spike-like inflorescence which is dense and oblong, or 
more elongated and more or less interrupted; heads 2 lines long; 
involucre brownish or purplish; achenes sparsely scabrous. 

Open ground, frequent: Napa City; Sausalito; Fish Kanch, Contra 
Costa Co.; Berkeley; San Francisco; Sierra Nevada. 

2. G. palustre Nutt. Lowland Cudweed. Annual, branching 
from the base, 3 to 8 in. high, erect or ascending; herbage loosely 
floccose with long wool, more or less deciduous from the leaves; leaves 
nearly all spatulate, or a few about the clusters of heads oblong or 
lanceolate, less than J in. to 1 in. long; heads in small clusters at the 
ends of the branches, 1 to 1£ lines high; bracts of the involucre 
linear, with white obtuse often denticulate tips. 

Common in stream beds and low lands: Lake Co.; Kussian River; 
Sonoma; Napa River; Howell Mountain; San Francisco; Oakland; 
Mt. Diablo; Sacramento Valley; San Joaquin Valley; Sierra Nevada; 
Southern California. 

Var. nanum. Dwarf, 1 to 2^ in. high; bracts acute. — Dry wooded 
hills, in open places: St. Helena, June 2, 1896. 

3. G. decurrens Ives var. CaMfornicum Gray. California 
Everlasting. Biennial; stem stoutish, 2 or 3 ft. high, corymbosely 
branched at summit, the branches bearing glomerules of large heads 
and forming a broad and somewhat flat-topped inflorescence; herbage 
soon becoming green and more or less glabrate (except on the under 
surface of the leaves), at maturity glandular and balsamic-scented; 
lower leaves oblong (^ to 1 in. broad, and 2 to 5 in. long), diminishing 
in size upwards and becoming lanceolate, all obviously decurrent; 
heads roundish or broad, 3 lines high or slightly more, the involu- 
cral bracts white or in age rusty-tinged. 

Dry wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Lake Co.; Howell Moun- 
tain; Oakland Hills and southward to Southern California. May- 
July. 

4. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Pink Everlasting. Biennial, 2 
to 5 ft. high, the stems one to several from the base, ending above in 
a much branched panicle which is often narrow and sometimes 
virgate and frequently more than 1 ft. long; herbage glandular and 
very sweet-scented; leaves at length green on both faces, the stem 
more or less arachnoid; heads narrowly ovate or turbinate, 2 lines 
high, reddish or pinkish. 

Wooded hills near the coast: Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills and 
southward to Southern California, also in the Sierra Nevada. July- 
Sept. 

5. G. microcephalum Nutt. Small-headed Everlasting. 
Stems often several from the base (1J to 2\ feet high) branching above 



552 COMPOSITiE. 

into an elongated or sometimes broad panicle; herbage very bright 
white woolly, especially when young, the wool persistent; panicle 
often 1 ft. long; heads small, narrow, 2 lines long, disposed in rather 
small glomerules or clusters at the ends of the branches of the 
panicle; bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong and obtuse at apex, 
or the very innermost linear, bright white. 

Wooded mountain slopes: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Aug.- 
Sept. 

6. G. Chilense Spreng. Cotton-batting Plant. Annual or 
biennial; stems several, erect from a decumbent base (or single and 
wholly erect), stout, £ to 1\ ft. high, often densely clothed with 
leaves; leaves narrowly spatulate (2 to 6 lines broad) or the upper- 
most linear or lanceolate, the short decurrent bases rather broad and 
somewhat auricle-like; heads 3 lines wide and high, numerous in a 
large close glomerule terminating the main stem, or in several 
glomerules at the ends of the branches of the more or less open 
panicle: involucres with a greenish-vellowish tinge. — (G. Sprengelii 
H. & A.) 

Open ground in valleys or on low hills: San Francisco; Monterey 
and southward to Southern California. 

73. ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting. 

Perennial herbs with simple erect equably leafy stems. Leaves 
green above, closely woolly beneath. Heads disposed in a com- 
pound corymb. Bracts of the involucre numerous, pearly white and 
scarious, imbricated in several series, radiating in age. Flowers 
yellow, dioecious: — staminate flowers with slender corolla and undi- 
vided style; pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla and 
2-cleft style. Pappus as in Gnaphalium. (Ancient Greek name of 
some "Everlasting.") 

1. A. margaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly Eveklastixi;. Stems 
several from the base, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly to narrowly 
lanceolate, sessile, with revolute margin, 3 to 5 in. long; corymb \\ 
to 6 in. broad. 

Fields and open woods: Coast Ranges (Monterey, Mt. Tamalpais 
and northward); Sierra Nevada. July-Sept. Var. occidentalis 
Greene. Leaves sessile by a broad auriculate-clasping base. — Oakland 
Hills; San Francisco, etc. 

74. PLUCHEA Cass. 
Leafy herbs with a strong odor of camphor. Heads numerous, 
clustered in corymb-like cymes, consisting of many purplish disk- 
flowers and no ray-flowers. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate 
and perfect, with tubular-filiform truncate corollas; central flowers 
few, perfect, but sterile, with tubular 5-cleft corollas. Involucre 
imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes grooved. Pappus a 
single series of capillary bristles. (Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, 
amateur naturalist, of Paris.) 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 553 

1. P. camphorata (L.) DC. Salt-marsh Flea bane. Annual: 

stems stoutish, erect, branching above, l\ to 2.] ft. high; herbage 
glandular-puberulent; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, glandular- 
dentate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, the larger 3 to 5 in. long; 
heads 2£ lines high, rarely leafy-bracted, in corymb-like cymes; 
bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate; achenes pubescent. 

Common in the salt marshes about Suisun (Brewer, Jepson) and 
San Francisco Bays, southward to Kern Lake (Dnri/) and Southern 
California. 

75. ADENOCAULON Hook. 
Perennial herbs. Stems slender, leafy only at the base, bearing 
above a panicle of small and few heads of whitish flowers, the upper 
portion ot the stem and the panicle beset with small glands. Leaves 
alternate, broad, petioled, green and glabrous above, white-w T oolly 
beneath. Heads of few disk-flowers; ray-flowers none. Marginal 
flowers of the head pistillate and fertile, the central perfect, sterile 
and with undivided style; corollas of both sorts, tubular and alike. 
Bracts of the involucre 5, equal, in a single row, not scarious, reflexed 
in fruit, at length deciduous. Keceptacle flat, naked. Mature 
achenes much elongated and clavate, covered above with stalked 
glands. Pappus none. (Greek adenos, a gland, and kaulon, a 
stem.) 

1. A. bicolor Hook. Stems 1J to 2\ ft. high, the lower portion 
floccose- woolly; leaves deltoid-ovate, cordate at the base, sinuate- 
dentate, l^to mostly 3 or 4 in. long and as broad or broader; petioles 
margined; achenes 3 to 3^ lines long, much longer than bracts of 
the involucre. 

Woods of the seaward and middle Coast Banges and of the Sierra 
Nevada. June. 

Tribe 10. Astereae. Aster Tribe. 

76. GUTIERREZ I A Lag. 

Herbaceous or suffrutescent, the herbage resin-bearing, nearly 
glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, alternate. Heads very 
small, turbinate-oblong to campanulate, numerous and corymbosely 
arranged at the summit of the stems and branches. Bracts of the 
involucre coriaceous, the outer shorter. Keceptacle in ours flat. 
Flowers yellow; rays short, in ours 8 to 10. Achenes angled or 
striate, mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous. (Name of a noble 
Spanish family.) 

1. G. California (DC.) T. & G. Plants 1 to 1| ft. high, the woody 
base much branched; leaves scabrous; heads fastigiately corymbose, 
2 to 3 lines high; rays 8 to 10; disk-flowers 6 to 11; achenes densely 
silky; pappus of about 12 unequal paleae. 

Dry hills of the South Coast Ranges towards the coast. 



554 composite. 

77. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum Plant. 

Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants. Leaves obovate or 
spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, commonly serrate. Heads gummy, 
medium-sized or large, solitary on the branches, ours with rays. 
Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, the bracts many-ranked, 
firm-herbaceous, often with attenuate squarrose points. Achenes 
short, truncate, compressed or turgid, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 
very readily deciduous awns or small scales. Involucral cups of the 
budding heads completely filled with the white or cream-like gummy 
exudation. (Hieronymus Grindel, Russian botanist, professor at 
Riga and Dorpat.) 

Species of the Coast Range hills and valleys and interior plains; rays light 
orange or yellow. 
Involucre mostly hemispherical, about % to % in. in diameter. 
Its bracts linear-lanceolate, closely compacted, as in all the following 
except the next, and with few or several accessory foliaceous bracts; 
these unequal and often deflexed: var. maritima of . 1. Q. robusta. 
Involucre wholly or largely foliaceous, of loose broad erect subequal 

bracts, not glutinous-compacted: var. patens of . . .1. G. robusla. 
Involucre without accessory foliaceous bracts, very glutinous, the bracts 

with spreading tips: var. Davyi of 1. G.robusta. 

Involucre urnshaped-campanulate, about % m - in diameter; bracts 
linear-lanceolate or subulate, outer or all squarrose. .2. G. camporant. 

Involucre small; bracts lanceolate, erect 3. G.rubrieaulis. 

Species of salt marshes ; rays golden yellow 4. G. cuneifolia. 

1. G. robusta Nutt. var. maritima. Stems ascending or erect, 
about 1 to lj ft. high; herbage lightly pubescent; leaves narrowly or 
broadly oblong, in a few cases wider above, obtuse, or mostly acute, 
more or less serrulate; involucre f in. broad or more, the broadly 
lanceolate bracts with erect or spreading tips; foliaceous bracts ovate 
to lanceolate or linear. 

Along the seaboard: Olema; Sao Francisco; Pilarcitos. June- 
July. Foliaceous bracts very variable in shape and size, even on the 
same plant, always more numerous on the head terminating the main 
axis, few or sometimes none on the heads terminating branches. 
Includes G. rubricaulis DC. var. maritima Greene. There are tran- 
sition forms to the next variety from the Santa Cruz Mountains and 
elsewhere. 

Var. patens (G. patens Greene). Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, mostly 
simple or with few strict 1-headed branches; herbage glabrous or 
finely puberulent; leaves oblong, the radical narrowed to a petiole, 
3£ in. long or less, the cauline sessile, narrowed toward the base, 
serrate or often entire below the middle; bracts of the involucre 
wholly foliaceous, erect, nearly equal, linear or lanceolate, 1 or 2 
lines broad, sometimes with an inner involucre of subulate or fili- 
form bract* which are glutinous-compacted. — Hill tops, not common: 
Wild Cat Hills (near Berkeley) to the Santa Cruz Mountains west of 
Gilroy. There are many transitional forms to the next, but in its 
typical state this is an exceedingly well marked variety. 

Var. Davyi. Stems commonly clustered, erect, 2 ft. high, rarely 
simple, mostly with long one-headed branches; herbage glabrous, 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 555 



rarely puberulent; darker green than in the next species; radical 
leaves oblong or even obovate, narrowed to a rather long, often 
winged petiole, serrate or coarsely and saliently toothed, 2 to 8 in. 
long, the cauline similar or sessile; heads naked; involucre f to 1 in. 
broad, very gummy, its lanceolate bracts with subulate or filiform 
squarrose tips; achenes with 2 awns or in the periphery of the disk 
with 3 (2 at the exterior angle and closely approximate). — Valley 
lands about San Francisco Bay. Peduncles commonly less leafy 
than in the preceding variety. Heads typically naked, but frequently 
with a few loose outer and slightly larger bracts simulating the folia- 
ceous bracts in the var. patens; or again, we may have still more 
pronounced intermediate forms closely connecting these two varieties, 
which in their typical states are very clearly marked. On the other 
hand, the var. Davyi presents perfectly naked (non-foliaceous) heads 
in such diversity that a complete chain may be had showing every 
gradation to G. camporum. G. robusta and its varieties in their 
extreme forms are more unlike each other than are the species G. 
camporum and G. rubricaulis. This is an excellent illustration of 
the principle that, in a highly variable group, varieties of a species 
may be more unlike than a species is unlike another species. 

2. G. camporum Greene. Plants commonly 1J or 2 ft. high, 
glabrous, the foliage light green; leaves mostly oblong, serrulate or 
denticulate, 1 to 2 in. long; heads paniculate-corymbose, never soli- 
tary; involucre urnshaped-campanulate, the short outer bracts linear- 
subulate, squarrose-deflexed, the inner lanceolate-subulate, with 
spreading tips or erect. 

Abundant on the plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento 
Valleys and the dry inner Coast Ranges; also (apparently) Knoxville 
grade to Lower Lake. June-Aug. or continuing into the winter. 
Stems usually white, in no. 1 darker or reddish. 

G. procera Greene. Five ft. high; rays very short. — Flooded 
lands of the Lower San Joaquin; Greene also refers to this no. 2426, 
Bolande/'i °f the State Survey, probably collected in marshes about 
San Francisco Bay, the citation, "Oakland Hills," in the State 
Survey Field Book doubtless an error. 

3. G. rubricaulis DC. Stems commonly 2 ft. high, tufted, 
reddish or brownish, ending in a small corymb of about 3 or 4 heads 
or one-headed; herbage scantily soft-pubescent when young, in sge 
mostl} r glabrous; leaves 2 to 5| in. long, oblong, serrate and sessile 
especially toward the apex, or disposed to be entire, attenuate into a 
petiole as long as the blade, the cauline similar or sessile; heads small, 
| in. in diameter (not including the rays); involucral scales lanceolate, 
not squarrose, very slightly or not at all glutinous, sometimes 
tomentose. 

Ridges and hillsides of the Coast Ranges, in openly wooded coun- 
try: near Mt. Tamalpais, Setchell; Sonoma, Bioletti; St. Helena, 
Greene; Howell Mountain, Jepson. 

4. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Stems 2 to 3£ ft. high (commonly with a 



556 composite. 

foot or so wood 3* at base), ending in a corymbose panicle of several 
heads or the simple sterile shoots densely leafy at summit; leave- 
thick, oblong or cuneate-oblong, 2 to 5 in. long, with broadly sessile 
or clasping base, those of the flowering branches much reduced, 
oblong-ovate, entire or serrulate; involucral bracts lanceolate without 
spreading tips. 

Salt marshes about San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays. 
Aug. -Nov. Stems sometimes flexuous. 

Var. paludosa (G. paludosa Greene). Five ft. high, with sufl'ru- 
tescent stems 1 to 2 ft. high lasting through the winter; cauline 
leaves sometimes triangular-oblong, with subauriculate clasping 
base. — Heart of the Suisun Marshes. 

78. PENTACH>ETA Nutt. 

Low and very slender annuals with narrowly linear and entire 
alternate leaves. Heads small, solitary, or somewhat clustered at 
the ends of more or less naked branches, nodding in the bud. Recep- 
tacle convex. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, 
narrowly oblong, thin or membranous, scarious-margined, mucronu- 
late, appressed. Disk-corollas yellow or rose-red, very slender; rays 
white, pink or yellow, or none. Achenes oblong, flattened, hirsute- 
pubescent. Pappus of 5 slender bristles, often with 2 reduced or 
wanting, or all obsolete. (Greek pente, five, and chaite, a bristle, in 
allusion to the pappus.) 

Simple or with simple branches from the base, erect; peduncles white- 

villous beneath the head 1. P. exilis. 

Dichotomous, and disposed to be diffuse; peduncles with scattered hairs . 

2. P. alsinoides. 

1. P. exilis Gray. Simple or mostly branched from the base, 
erect, commonly 3 or 4 in. high; herbage purplish; branches or 
stems terminated b\ r a single head (1£ to 2 lines high); involucre 
broads campanulate; ra3 T s 8 to 14, 2 lines long; outer disk-corollas 
rose-red, widening upward, the throat abruptty contracted beneath 
the minute teeth; achenes oblong-turbinate, villous; pappus-bristles 
3 or 5, sometimes abortive. 

Coast Range hillsides: San Mateo Co., Oakland Hills; Marin Co., 
Napa Valley. Apr.-May. 

2. P. alsinoides Greene. Dichotomously branching, 2 to 5 in. 
high; involucres narrowly or broadly turbinate, its bracts 5 to 7 or 
and containing 3 to 7 flowers; disk-corollas filiform, with minute 
teeth; rays none; achenes obovate-clavate; pappus-bristles 3, very 
slender. 

Coast Ranges: Berkeley Hills, Greene; Vallejo; Sonoma. Also in 
the Sierra Nevada ace. to Gray. Apr.-May. 

79. HETEROTHECA Cass. 

Tall hairy herbs with alternate leaves and heads of yellow flowers 
in a terminal corymbose panicle. Involucre hemispherical or broadly 
campanulate, its narrow bracts closely imbricated in many series, 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 557 

without spreading tips. Both ray- and disk-flowers numerous and 

fertile. Kay-achenes triangular-compressed; pappus none or cadu- 
cous. Disk-achenes compressed, silky-hirsute; pappus double, the 
copious inner bristles long, capillary and scabrous, the outer of short 
and stout bristles or scales. (Greek heteros, different, and theke. a 
►r ovary, the achenes of disk and ray dissimilar.) 

1. H. grand iflora Nutt. Mostly simple below, 2 to 5 ft. high; 
peduncles with gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, varying to elliptic 
or oblong, serrate, the lower and radical long-petioled, the upper 
sessile by a rather broad base; heads rather large (4 or 5 lines high)} 
rays about 30; pappus as long or longer than the achene. in age 
brick-red; outer pappus of disk-flowers inconspicuous. 

Immigrant from Southern California: San Jose. etc. Aug. -Oct. 

80. CHRYSOPSIS Ell. 
Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, with entire leave-. 
Heads medium-sized, solitary or paniculate. Kays present or none. 
Involucre campanulate to hemispherical, its bracts narrow and regu- 
larly imbricated. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages linear-filiform 
to subujate. Achenes compressed or turgid. Pappus brownish or 
ferruginous, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short 
outer row of little scales. % (Greek chrusos, golden, and opsis, aspect, 
from the color of the blossom.) 

Heads with rays; corolla glabrous; outer pappus linear-squamellate : vars. 

of 1. C. villosa. 

Heads ray less; corolla sparingly hirsute; outer pappus none . 2. C. Oregana. 

1. C. villosa Nutt. var. Bolanderi Gray. Stems low, 3 to 12 
in. high, rather stout, several from the woody base; herbage villous- 
pubescent and often scabrous, greenish or sometimes silky; leaves 
oblong-spatulate, mucronate, narrowed below to a distinct petiole or 
the upper sessile and less spatulate, or widest at the middle and 
tapering to both ends, mostly 1 in. long; heads 5 to 7 lines high, 
leafy -bracted. solitary or few in a corymbose cluster; involucre cam- 
panulate or cylindric-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or subulate, 
villous-pubescent, in few ranks; rays 4 to 6 lines long; pappus- 
bristles minutely scabrous, in a single row; outer pappus of little 
scales; achene silky, f line long. 

Dry hillsides or rocky hilltops near the coast: San Bruno Hills; 
San Francisco; hills above Wild Cat Creek and northward to the 
ocean bluffs of Mendocino Co., where it occurs in tvpical form. 
Sept. 

Var. echioides Gray (C. echioides Benth.). Stems rigid, erect, 10 
to 16 in. or even 1\ ft. high, usually suffrutescent at base; herbage 
dense, hirsute-canescent; leaves rigidulous, \ in. long, the lowermost 
longer; involucral bracts hispid-pubescent, the foliose bracts often 
hispid-ciliolate; pappus-bristles in a single row; outer pappus consist- 
ing of very short little scales, not concealed by the pubescence of the 
achene. — Dry ground: Weldon Canon (Yaca Mountains), Jepson, 



558 composite. 

1887, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley and inner 
South Coast Ranges to San Diego Co.; also west to Saratoga (Santa 
Clara Co.), Davy, 1893. Sept. 

Var. sessiliflora Gray (C. sessiliflora Nutt.). Stems few or several 
from a woody root, 1^- to 2 ft. high, freely branching above, the 
heads 4 to 5 lines high and solitary, or 2 or 3 together at the ends of 
long branchlets; herbage hispid or villous-canescent or greenish, 
somewhat viscid; bracts sparsely hirsute, granulose-glandular; rays 3 
or 4 lines long, corolla-tube 4-angled toward the base; slender little 
scales of the outer pappus often concealed by the densely villous 
hairs clothing the achene. — South Coast Ranges: Saratoga, Davy; 
rare within our limits, common southward. 

2. C. Oregana Gray. About 2 ft. high, of low bushy habit, 
branching freely but the branchlets often long; herbage hirsute with 
spreading white hairs but the aspect green; leaves oblong to lanceo- 
late, ascending, f in. long, the netted veins purple under a lens; 
heads few or numerous, naked, the peduncles with 1 or 2 subulate 
bracts; bracts linear-lanceolate, in several series; corolla very slender, 
sparingly hirsute about the middle or on the lobes only; outer pappus 
none; achenes oblong. >. 

Gravelly beds of streams in the Coast Ranges: Los Gatos, East- 
wood; Sonoma, Bioletti; Putah Creek, Woolsey and Jepso?i, the plants 
hispid-scabrous, more densely branched, leaves on the branchlets 
mostly 3 lines long (doubtless var. scaberrima Gray); South Fork of 
Eel River, Lake Co. (in typical form), and northward, the northern 
plants typical. Aug. -Sept. 

Var. rudis. (C. rudis Greene). Stems 8 to 12 in. high, arising 
from a stolon-like rootstock, simple below and bearing above a sub- 
co^nnbose or paniculate cluster of heads; herbage hispid-pubescent 
or even canescent; leaves narrowly oblong, varying to lanceolate, 
acute or acuminate, cuspidate, the lower more often widest above the 
middle, f in. long; involucre nearly or quite equaling the flowers, its 
bracts somewhat carinate or 1-nerved. — Sandstone beds of dry 
streams: Sulphur Spring Creek, Napa Valley. Sept. -Oct. 

81. STENOTUS Nutt. 

Suffruticose or shrubby plants with glabrous herbage and evergreen 
foliage. Leaves alternate, narrow and entire. Heads large and 
broad, on solitary peduncles. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts 
little imbricated (in 2 or 3 series), membranous with scarious margins, 
closely appressed. Flowers yellow; rays several to many. Achenes 
oblong, somewhat compressed, densely villous. Pappus of slender 
bristles, permanently white. (Greek stenotes, narrowness, in refer- 
ence to the leaves.) 

1. S. linearifolius (DC.) Greene. Shrub 2 to 4 ft. high, with 
sticky herbage and stout woody branches; branchlets more or less 
fastigiate, leafy below, nearly naked above and bearing solitary 
heads; heads hemispherical, 1£ to 2 in. broad, including the rays; 
leaves much crowded or fascicled, linear, narrowed toward the base, 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 559 

| to 1| in. long, 1 to U lines wide; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 
3 rows, all nearly equaling the disk, oblong, acute, greenish, the 
inner with broad scarious fimbriolate margins; rays 13 to 18, oblong- 
lanceolate; disk-flowers numerous; achenes white-silky; pappus white, 
soft and deciduous. — (Aplopappus linearifolius DC.) 

Mountain peaks and slopes: South Coast Kanges (Mt. Diablo 
southward to San Diego Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar.-May. 

Pyrrocoma el ata Greene. Rigid perennial, with mostly radical 
leaves; heads in an interrupted spike or narrow panicle; bracts of the 
hemispherical involucre with squarrose green tips; achenes closely 
costate. — Saline soils, Calistoga and San Jose. Not seen hy us. 

82. ERICAMERIA Nutt. 
Ours low evergreen shrubs or bush-like plants with narrowly 
linear or terete often heath-like leaves. Foliage punctate, resin- 
bearing. Flowers yellow, the heads in terminal co^mbose or cymose 
clusters. Rays present or none. Involucre turbinate, its bracts 
chartaceous or coriaceous, regularly imbricated. Achenes more or 
less prismatic. Pappus-bristles slender, scabrous, dull white or yel- 
lowish, in age reddish. (Name from the resemblance of the minute 
evergreen leaves of the first species to Erica.) 

Leaves terete, not viscid, imbricated on the short axillary branchlets; rays 

5; coast plant 1. E. ericoides. 

Leaves narrowly linear, becoming filiform ; rays none; montane plant. . . 

2. E. arborescens. 

1. E. ericoides (Less.) Nutt. Low heather-like shrub (1 to 2 ft. 
high) with decumbent or ascending main stems and numerous erect 
branchlets; leaves linear-terete, 1 to 2 lines long, crowded or fascicled; 
heads 3 to 4 lines high, numerous, corymbose-paniculate; bracts of 
involucre tomentose-ciliolate, the inner narrowly oblong, acute, the 
outermost lanceolate, acuminate; corolla with dilated throat; rays 
about 5, 2 lines long; achenes cylindric, striate, glabrous; pappus 
dull white, aging slightly brownish. — (Aplopappus ericoides H. & A.) 

Sand dunes along the coast: Bolinas Bay; San Francisco; Santa 
Cruz and southward. Aug. -Sept. 

2. E. arborescens (Gray) Greene. Erect, with fastigiate 
branches, 3 to 5 ft. high; leaves numerous on the branches, narrowly 
linear, or closely revolute and becoming filiform, resinous-punctate, 
1J to 2 in. long; heads 2£ to 3£ lines high; bracts of the involucre 
lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long or less; rays none or rarely present; 
achenes canescent, somewhat quadrangular; pappus permanently dull 
white, its bristles unequal. — (Bigelovia arborescens Gray.) 

Higher Coast Range hills, mostly from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. altitude, 
often occurring in chaparral or chamisal: Napa, Sonoma, Marin, and 
Contra Costa Cos., southward to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Also in 
the Sierra Nevada. Sept. -Nov. 

83. ISOCOMA Nutt. 
Rigid plants, somewhat woody at base, with thickish leaves. 



560 COMPOSITE. 

Heads ray less, in a terminal corymbose cluster. Involucral bracts 
coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous, but appressed. 
Flowers yellow. Corolla-tube slender, the throat ventricose or 
obliquely dilated, its segments erect or more or less connivent about 
the style. Achenes longitudinally striate or ribbed, the intervals 
silky-pubescent or -hirsute. Pappus of numerous unequal bristles, 
the inner longest and often distinctly flattened. (Greek isos, equal, 
and koma, a tuft, the florets equal, not unequal as in Lessingia.) 

1. I. veneta (Gray) var. arguta. Herbage with a rather close and 
somewhat glandular indument, the stems villous-tomentose below, 
tufted, erect and suifrutescent, 7 to 15 in. high; leaves broadly oblong 
in outline, serrate at apex, more deeply toothed at base, sessile, 1 in. 
long or less; heads in a dense terminal corymb, 4 to 5 lines high; 
bract6 of the involucre obtusely acute; achenes 3-angled or somewhat 
flattened, pointed at base, rather less than 2 lines long; pappus of 
rather rigid and unequal bristles. — (I. arguta Greene. Bigelovia 
veneta Gray.) 

Subsaline plains of the Lower Sacramento: Morning Light and 
base of the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co. 

Var. vernonioides (I. vernonioides Nutt). Leaves entire, or 
serrulate at apex, and commonly with fascicled ones in the axils: 
Southern California; Upper San Joaquin Valley; introduced at 
Black Point, San Francisco. 

84. SOLI DAGO L. Golden Kod. 
Perennial herbs with alternate leaves. Heads small, the raceme- 
like clusters aggregated in a pyramidal or spike-like panicle or 
thyrsus, or in one of our species the head's corymbose. Bracts of the 
involucre narrow, thin or chartaceous, imbricated in 2 or more series. 
Both ray- and disk-flowers yellow. Pappus a single series of scabrous 
and mostly equal capillary bristles, usually dull white. Achenes 
terete or angular, 5 to 10-nerved. (Latin solidus and ago, to unite 
firmly, certain species reputed to have wound-healing properties.) 

Stems freely branching, the flower-clusters more or less distinctly corym- 
bose; leaves linear, entire 1. S. occidentalis . 

Stems simple; the flowers disposed in a terminal panicle. 
Heads small (1% to 3 lines high). 
Panicle mostly pyramidal; leaves serrate or entire. 

Herbage grayish 2. 8. Calif ornica. 

Herbage nearly glabrous 3. S. elongata. 

Panicle narrow and virgate; herbage glabrous ; leaves entire 

4. S. semper virens. 
Heads larger (4 lines high); heads in a spike-like thyrsus; lower leaves 
spatulate, serrate towards the apex 5. S. spathulata. 

1. S. occidentalis Nutt. Western Golden Kod. Stems 3 to 
.") ft. high, very leafy, freely and paniculately branching, the branches 
terminated by more or less distinctly corymbose clusters of small 
heads; herbage glabrous; leaves linear or nearly so, entire, sprinkled 
with clear dots; heads 2 to 2J lines high; bracts of involucre charta- 
ceous, linear-lanceolate; rays 16 to 20; disk-flowers 8 to 14; achenes 
turbinate. — (Euthamia occidentalis Nutt.) 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 561 

Marshes, stream beds and river banks: Sierra Nevada; Sacra- 
mento and San Joaquin Valley; Coast Ranges; Southern California. 
Aug. -Oct. 

2. S. Californica Xutt. Common Golden Rod. Stem simple 
below the terminal panicle, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage grayish with a 
minute rough pubescence; leaves oblong, acute at apex and tapering 
below into a short petiole, the lower varying to oblong-obovate and 
serrate, the upper smaller, narrow and entire; panicle usually com- 
pact, dense, not leafy, 4 to 13 in. long, made up of raceme-like clus- 
ters (or when elongated, secund), seldom recurved at tip, sometimes 
spreading in age; heads 2J to 3^ lines long; bracts of the involucre 
oblong-linear or lanceolate, somewhat pubescent; rays 7 to 12, pale 
yellow, about as many as the disk-flowers; achenes pubescent. 

Common on dry plains and hillsides or in the mountains through- 
out California. Sept. -Nov.* " Orojo de Leabre " of the Spanish- 
Californians. 

3. S. elongata Nutt. Stem about 3 ft. high; very leafy; leaves 
almost or quite glabrous, often bright green, oblanceolate, narrowed 
to a distinct petiole, broadly oblanceolate, sharply serrate, except at 
base, or entire; panicle dense, thyrse-like, the heads little if at all 
secund in the raceme-like clusters; heads small, 2 lines high or less; 
bracts of the involucre thin, linear; rays 10 to 16, narrow, usually 
more numerous than the disk-flowers. 

San Francisco, Monterey, and doubtless elsewhere near the coast; 
Sierra Nevada. July-Aug. 

4. S. sempervirens L. One to 3 ft. high or more, leafy to the 
top; herbage bright green, completely glabrous; leaves lanceolate or 
linear, somewhat firm and fleshy, the lowest varying to oblong- 
spatulate, all entire; heads 2 to 3 lines high, the raceme-like clusters 
collected in a dense narrow virgate panicle; bracts of involucre lan- 
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, scabrous-ciliolate; rays 
7 to 10, large; achenes minutely pubescent. 

Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay, Bolander. Rarely collected. 

5. S. spathulata DC. Coast Golden Rod. Stems 15 to 18 in. 
high, branched at base, decumbent, thickly clothed with broad leaf 
bases; herbage glabrous, slightly glutinous; leaves mostly basal, 
spatulate, rounded at apex, narrowed to a long marginal petiole, more 
or less serrate above the middle; heads- 4 lines high, almost or quite 
as broad, the clusters aggregated in a single spike-like thyrsus ter- 
minating the simple stems; b.racts of the involucre linear-oblong to 
oblong; rays about 7 or 8, inconspicuous, shorter than the disk; disk- 
flowers about 14 to 16. 

Sandy hills near the coast: Point Reyes; Point Lobos; Mission 
Hills; Pajaro Hills and southward to Monterey where first collected 
by Hsenke in 1791. 

85. LESSINGIA Cham. 
Annuals with alternate leaves, branching stems and commonly 



562 composite. 

panicled heads of yellow, purplish, lilac or white flowers. Heads 
rather small, campanulate to turbinate, usually narrow, 5 to 25- 
flowered. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several appressed 
ranks. Receptacle flat. Flowers perfect. Corollas with linear 
lobes, or those of the marginal rows enlarged, more deeply cleft 
on the inside, and simulating a palmately lobed ligule. Achenes 
all fertile, turbinate or cuneate, more or less flattened, silky-villous. 
Pappus commonly of numerous unequal scabrous bristles, usuall} r 
turning reddish brown. (Named for the Lessings, German family 
of scientists and authors.) 

A. Flowers yellow; marginal corollas conspicuously larger; achenes 
flattened, 2 to 3-nerved. 

Leaves of the branchlets scattered, not gland-bearing; seaboard species . . 

1. L. Germanorum. 

Leaves of the branchlets small and crowded, the margin gland-bearing; 

mainly interior species, as all the following 2. L. glandulifera. 

B. Flowers purplish, lilac or white; corollas all alike or nearly so; achenes 
less flattened, 4 to 5-nerved. 

Erect slender freely branching plants. 
Pappus of slender bristles. 
Wool deciduous in age. 
Corollas short. 

Heads terminating slender branchlets 3. L. ramulosa. 

Heads more or less spicately sessile .' 4. L. virgata. 

Corollas conspicuously exserted 5. L. leptoclada. 

Wool more persistent in age 6. L. hololeuca. 

Pappus of paleaceous bristles, some commonly more or less united; upper 

leaves ciliate-glandular 7. L. adenophora. 

Depressed dwarfish plants; inner bracts of involucre pearly white and 
conspicuously awn-pointed . . 8. L. nana. 

1. L. Germanorum Cham. Low, diffusely branched, 4 to 8 in. 
high; herbage with appressed white tomentum, wholly glabrate in 
age, at least on the branches; lowest leaves pinnatifid, those of the 
branchlets scattered, oblanceolate or linear and mostly entire; heads 
21 to 25-flowered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts not glandular, 
with greenish tips or the outer wholly greenish; pappus-bristles about 
35, 1 to 1£ times as long as the achene. 

Sandy hills along the coast: San Francisco, etc. Sept. -Oct. 

2. L. glandulifera Gray. Stem erect, stoutish, paniculately very 
much branched, 1£ to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or oblanceolate, toothed 
or cleft, persistently woolly, . those of the branchlets numerous and 
even crowded, green, minute, with the margin bearing yellowish 
glands; involucre campanulate, its bracts more or less gland-bearing; 
heads 18 to 38-flowered; pappus-bristles of disk-flowers as long as 
corolla, about 35; pappus-bristles of ray shorter than corolla. 

Plains of the lower San Joaquin Valley (Lathrop) to Southern 
California. Aug. -Sept. 

3. L. ramulosa Gray. Stems slender, 1 to l.£ ft. high, loosely 
branching, granulose-glandular above or with minute tack-shaped 
glands; lowest leaves spatulate or oblong, denticulate or entire; upper 
lanceolate, mostly entire, those of the branchlets with partly clasp- 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 563 

ing base; heads 7 to 8-flowered, 3 or 4 lines long, terminating diffuse 
slender branchlets; involucre turbinate or campanulate, 10 to 20 or 
25-flowered; corollas short, purple; pappus-bristles longer than the 
achene, 20 or more, sometimes more or less coalescent at base into sets. 
Dry hills of the North Coast Eanges: Mt. Tamalpais; Cordelia; 
Howell Mountain and northward. Sept. 

4. L. virgata Gray. Stem and virgate branches rigid; herbage 
more densely woolly; upper leaves appressed, concave, carinately 
nerved; heads solitary and sessile in the axil of a leaf of nearly the 
same length, thus forming a somewhat spicate inflorescence; involucre 
cylindrical, woolly, 5 to 7-flowered. 

Plains of the Sacramento. 

5. L. leptoclada Gray. Simple below, branching above, 2 ft. 
high; lower leaves denticulate, those of the branchlets ovate or 
lanceolate with somewhat sagittately adnate base; branchlets virgate 
and almost filiform, bearing few or solitary heads; involucre turbinate; 
bracts in many ranks, greenish at tip and cuspidate; corollas con- 
spicuously exserted. 

San Mateo Co., and northward. 

6. L. hololeuca Greene. Stem erect, with rigidly ascending 
branches, nearly 2 ft. high, the whole plant even to the involucres 
white-tomentose; leaves all entire, the basal ones spatulate and 
narrowed to a long petiole; cauline leaves oblong or ovate, sessile 
and almost cordately clasping; rameal ones small; all the leaves and 
the bracts of the involucre ending in a short spinescent tip; heads 
turbinate; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles rufous. 

Low hills of Sonoma Co., Greene. Too near L. ramulosa. 

7. L. adenophora Greene. Repeatedly branched from the base, 
forming a densely bushy plant 1 ft. high or a little more; lower 
leaves round-ovate to oblong, somewhat cordately sessile, densely 
woolly above, glabrate beneath; margins of the leaves (particularly 
of the upper) densely beset with small stipitate glands; heads numer- 
ous, 7 to 10-flowered, on filiform branchlets; bracts of the narrowly 
campanulate or almost cylindrical involucres very acute, suberect, 
more or less glandular like the leaves, the inner chartaceous, purplish, 
bristle-pointed; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles united into 4 to 7 
paleaceous sets, each set composed of a single stout bristle or of 2 or 3 
bristles, united for nearly their whole length, or only at base. 

Mountains of the North Coast Ranges: northern Napa Co.; Lake 
Co.; Colusa Co., ace. to Gray. July-Aug. 

8. L. nana Gray. Depressed, dwarfish, the whole plant densely 
tomentose with thick wool; stems 2 to 4 in. long, flowering from near 
the ground; heads 10 to 12-flowered and nearly \ in. long, subtended 
by oblong or lanceolate leaves; outer bracts of involucre linear- 
lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous; inner bracts pearly white, tapering 
into a long awn which conspicuously equals or exceeds the flowers 
and the dark red pappus; achenes very short and turgid. 

Sandy plains and foothills on the eastern side of the Sacramento 
and San Joaquin Valleys. Aug. 



564 composite:. 

8(3. BELLIS L. Daisy. 

Low herbs with (in ours) radical leaves and solitary heads on scape- 
like peduncles. Disk yellow. Rays white, or tinged with pink. In- 
volucre hemispherical, its bracts wholly herbaceous and green, equal, 
in 2 rows. Receptacle conical, destitute of bracts. Achenes flat- 
tened, without pappus. (Latin bellus, pretty.) 

1. B. perennis L. Tufted perennial; leaves obovate, sparingly 
toothed, narrowed at base to a margined petiole, 1 to If in. long; 
peduncle about 4 in. high; rays about 50. 

An occasional escape from gardens: Berkeley; Mill Valley. 

87. CORETHROGYNE DC. 

Perennial herbs, some resembling Lessingia, others Aster, but 
flowering in late spring or summer. Herbage whitened when young 
with a cotton-like tomentum, which is often deciduous in age. 
Heads solitary or corymbose or paniculate. Involucre hemispherical 
to turbinate, imbricated. Receptacle pitted. Ray-corollas ligulate, 
neutral. Style-appendages comose or with a bearded tuft. Achenes 
silky or pubescent. Pappus reddish brown, of rigid capillary bristles, 
present in the disk, reduced or none in the ray. (Greek korethron, 
besom, and gune, style, on account of the brush-like tuft of hairs on 
the style tips.) 

Stem erect or ascending. 

Heads in a panicle 1. C fllaginifolia. 

Heads on long corymbosely disposed peduncles 2. C. 'viscid u la. 

Stems decumbent or prostrate; heads mostly solitary . . . 3. C. Californica. 

1. C. fllaginifolia Nutt. Two ft. high or more; tomentum 
floccose-deciduous; lower leaves 2\ in. long, oblong-spatulate, nar- 
rowed to a slender petiole, passing into the upper small bract-like 
sessile ones, sparingly serrate towards the apex; heads turbinate- 
campanulate, 4 lines high, solitary and terminal on the branches or 
more numerous and loosely paniculate; rays violet. 

Common at Monterey. 

C. leucophylla Menzies. Small depressed persistently white- 
woolly plant; leaves numerous on the stems, £ in. long or less. — 
Sand "dunes at Monterey. 

2. C. viscidula Greene. Slender, loosely corymbose-panicled, 
13 to 17 in. high; herbage hoary when young, becoming green and 
more or less glabrate; stems and both surfaces of the leaves glandular- 
scabrous; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrulate, reticulate-venulose; 
heads 5 or 6 lines high, on rather long corymbosely disposed pedun- 
cles, these with short-stipitate glands; involucre hemispherical, its 
bracts rather strongly imbricated and also viscid-glandular; pappus 
light brown. 

Monterey, Parry, 1888; Corallitos (Santa Cruz Co.), Jepson, 1896. 

Var. Greenei (C. Californica Greene not DC). Lanate or floccose 
tomentose, in age more or less glabrate, the peduncles and involucres 
glandular, the former with some stipitate glands as in the type; stems 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 565 

tufted, erect or ascending, 1 ft. high; leaves spatulate-oblong or above 
linear, entire or serrate towards the apex, 1 to 1£ in. long; rays 
violet-purple; pappus rusty -brown. 

Dry canons of Contra Costa and Alameda Cos.: Niles, etc. June- 
Aug.' The species is greener and more obviously "glandular- 
scabrous.'* The "reticulate-venulose " character assigned to the 
species can be made out beneath the tomentum in some specimens 
of the variety. 

3. C. Californica DC. Plant white-woolly, with solitary heads 
on scape-like peduncles from prostrate or decumbent almost matted 
stems; involucre and summit of peduncle viscidulous-glandular; 
leaves spatulate or obovate, narrowed to a distinct petiole, entire or 
serrate towards the apex, 2 in. long or less; heads 4 or 5 lines high, 
6 or 7 lines broad; rays deep purple; involucres and rays similar to 
the last. — (C. ca?spitosa Greene.) 

Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., the only locality known to us. 
Apr. 15- June. 

Var. obovata (C. obovata Benth.). Stems decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. 
long; herbage tomentose; leaves obovate-spatulate, toothed near the 
apex; heads 6 to 7 lines high, sometimes nearly 1 in. broad, inclined 
to be solitary; involucres glandular; rays purple; pappus of ray of 
1 or 2 to 6 bristles; pappus of disk-flowers about 85 bristles, the 
longest 3J lines long. — Near the sea from Pt. Reyes and Bodega 
(Marin Co.) to Mendocino. July-Aug. 

88. ASTER L. Aster. 
Late-sestival or autumnal herbs, with paniculate, corymbose, or 
racemose heads. Heads usually numerous. Involucres turbinate or 
campanulate to hemispherical, the bracts imbricated in several ranks, 
with green tips. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple or brown. 
Receptacle flat, pitted. Pappus copious, of simple capillary bristles. 
(Greek astere, a star, from the star-like heads of flowers.) 

Perennial; rays conspicuous. 

Inflorescence corymbose; leaves (at least some) elliptic-obovate 

1. A. radulinus. 

Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; leaves linear to lanceolate. 

Inflorescence mostly condensed, the heads on very short branchlets; 

herbage cinerous (and the pubescence harsher than in the next) or 

almost glabrous; leaves purple-veined beneath. . . 2. A. Menziesii. 

Inflorescence mostly loose, the heads or clusters of heads on long 

branchlets ; herbage hirsute or villous-pubescent, or glabrous . 

3. A. Chilensis. 
Annual or biennial; inflorescence paniculate; rays inconspicuous 

4. A. exilis. 

1. A. radulinus Gray. Broad-leaved Aster. Five to 18 in., 
seldom 2 ft. high, scabrous-pubescent; leaves oval-obovate to oblong, 4 
in. long or less, sharply serrate above the entire (often attenuate) base; 
heads mostly numerous (sometimes very few), corymbose, 5 to 6 lines 
high; involucre turbinate; bracts imbricated, the outer shorter, 
villous-puberulent; rays whitish, 3 to 5 lines long. 

Dry hills, rather common: Monterey, ace. to Gray; Saratoga; Oak- 



566 composite. 

land Hills; Petrified Forest; Yaca Mountains; Blue Lakes, Lake Co.; 
Sierra Nevada. July-Sept. 

2. A. Menziesii Lindl. Purple Aster. Stems simple, com- 
monly several from the woody root, 1£ to 2 ft. high; herbage cinerous 
or almost glabrous, the foliage rough-pubescent; leaves linear to 
lanceolate, 1 to 2^ in. long, purple-veined beneath, remotely serrate 
or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, those of the raceme or thyreoid 
panicle much reduced, so that the inflorescence seems almost naked; 
heads 3 to 5 lines high on rigid erect branchlets; involucre hemis- 
pherical or broadly turbinate, the bracts linear-spatulate in several 
closely imbricated ranks, the green tips obtuse; rays violet or purple. 

Low dry ground: Vacaville and southward to Southern California. 
Sept. -Nov. Apparently rare in our region. 

3. A. Chilensis Nees. Common Aster. Two to 3£ ft. high, 
villous-pubescent or more or less glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 
5 in. long or less, entire, above passing gradually into the bract-like 
ones of the inflorescence, the radical oblong-spatulate, remotely 
serrate and attenuate into a petiole, all commonly with scabrous- 
ciliolate margins; panicle of loose leafy racemes 6 in. long or more; 
heads 4 to 5 lines high; involucral bracts in several series, somewhat 
carinate, with green tips; rays white, lavender, or bluish, 4 to 6 
lines long. 

Wooded hillsides, dry banks of gulches or streams, or in moist 
situations in fields: the most common species of the Bay Region. 
Sept. -Nov. Passing on the one hand into the 

Var. lentus (A. lentus Greene). Slender, 4 to 6 ft. high, slightly 
succulent, mostly glabrous; heads few and large; rays 7 to 9 lines 
long. — Very common and conspicuous in the Suisun Marshes. 

A form abundant on the Lower Sacramento River has linear-falcate 
leaves (9 in. long or less), and mostly solitary rather large heads. 
Referred provisionally to A. Douglasii Lindl. in Erythea, i. 244. On 
the other hand the following varieties have smaller and fewer (some- 
times solitary) heads with shorter rays than in the type, with the 
inflorescence disposed to be more cymose; leaves of the inflorescence 
mainly much reduced and the transition to the ordinary leaves more 
abrupt. 

Var. media. Branchlets of the inflorescence rather divaricate, 
with many spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate spreading leaves 2 
to 3 lines long; heads few, those on the same branchlets maturing at 
very unequal periods. — Lower Sacramento, Jepso>i, and Saratoga, 
Davy. A form from Evergreen, Santa Clara Co., Davy, Sept. 26, 
1893, in fl., doubtfully referred here, has a very leafy stem, similar 
branchlets, leaves 6 to 7 in. long, large solitary heads, and the bracts 
of the involucre in few ranks. 

Var. invenustus (A. invenustus Greene). Herbage cinereous- 
pubescent; upper leaves and those of the inflorescence small; involu- 
cral bracts spatulate-linear, thickish, obtuse, in rather few ranks, 
almost wholly herbaceous; rays dull purplish. — Local form at Calis- 
toga, Greene. 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 567 

Var. Sonomensis (A. Sonomensis Greene). Scarcely distinct 
from the preceding variety; slender, 1 ft. high, more glabrous; leaves 
mainly radical, oblong-spatulate, attenuate into a petiole % to as long 
as the blade, remotely serrate; cauline much reduced, sometimes 
petioled, linear to lanceolate, those of the cymose panicle subulate- 
lanceolate and closely ascending; heads solitary or few at the ends of 
the strict branchlets; rays light pink to bright purple. — Subsaline 
lands: Petaluma, Davy; Napa, Jepson. 

4. A. exilis Ell. Slender Aster. Erect, slender, glabrous, 
mostly with a rather narrow panicle; leaves linear, 2 to 4 in. long 
and 1 to 2 lines wide, or rarely some of the lower oblanceolate or 
oblong and 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, rarely serrate, those of the inflo- 
rescence lanceolate-subulate; heads 2 to 3 lines high; bracts linear, 
acute, herbaceous, scarious-margined; rays light pinkish purple, 2 
lines long; pappus line and soft. 

Saline soil, not common: Tyler Island and New Town Landing 
(Lower Sacramento); Stockton; Alvarado. Sept.-Oct. 

89. ERIGERON L. Fleabane. 
Perennial or biennial herbs with entire or toothed generally sessile 
leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads. Disk-flowers yellow; ray- 
flowers exceedingly numerous, pistillate, white or purple, the ligules 
almost filiform, or in some species wholly destitute of rays. Involu- 
cral bracts narrow, equal, little imbricated, seldom coriaceous or 
green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, 
usually pubescent and nerved. Pappus more scanty and fragile than 
in Aster, often with a distinct short outer, series. (Greek eri, early, 
and geron, an old man, "old man in spring.") 

A. Rays present. 

Annual; heads with inconspicuous rays not surpassing the disk 

1. E. Canadensis. 
Perennials. 
Rays numerous, often 100 or more. 
Leaves mostly entire; stem very leafy at base, the cauline leaves much 

reduced ; maritime 2. E. glaucus. 

Leaves serrate, the cauline less reduced 3. E. Philadelphicus. 

Rays conspicuous, about 30 to 40; stems very leafy; leaves linear or nar- 
rowly oblanceolate 4. E. foliosus. 

Rays filiform, comparatively few and inconspicuous; sparsely leafy; leaves 
filiform 5. E. Setchellii. 

B. Rays none. 

Perennials; leaves narrow and less than 1 (or 2) in. long. 
Stems decumbent; heads large, 6 to 8 lines broad. . . . 6. E. supplex. 
Stems erect; heads smaller, 4 to 6 lines broad. 

Herbage glabrous; leaves filiform or narrowly linear 

7. E. angustatus. 

Herbage yellowish green; leaves linear 8. E. inornatus. 

Herbage canescent or rough-pubescent; leaves linear to oblong, often 
narrowed at base 9. E. 



1. E. Canadensis L. Horseweed. Stems simple, erect, 2 to 5 
ft. high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous, 



568 composite. 

especially above; leaves linear to lanceolate, the lowest spatulate or 
narrowed to a petiole, 2 to 3 in. long; heads small (1J to 2 lines high), 
very numerous in a dense panicle; rays very short and inconspicuous, 
white. 

A naturalized weed very common in waste or half-cultivated lands, 
in late summer or autumn: North Coast Ranges and the Sacramento 
Valley southward to Southern California. 

2. E. glaucus Ker. Seaside Daisy. Flowering stems erect, 4 
to 8 (or 10) in. high, commonly one-headed, arising from a radical 
tuft of leaves crowning the fleshy caudex and often, also, from 
rosulate offsets terminating prostrate woody branches; stems pilose- 
pubescent, leaves finely puberulent, heads somewhat tomentose; 
leaves spatulate. obovate, entire, rarely with a small tooth on either 
side below the apex, 1 to 4 in. long; upper cauline small and scat- 
tered; heads large, 1£ in. in diameter including the numerous rather 
broad lilac and violet rays. 

Common on cliffs or sandy shores, near the sea only: coast of Cali- 
fornia. July-Aug. 

3. E. Philadelphicus L. Skevish. Stem simple, 2 to 3 ft. high, 
branched only at or near the summit; herbage hispidly pubescent; 
leaves spatulate or obovate, serrate or coarsely few-toothed, the radical 
(including the long margined petioles) 5 to 11 in. long, the cauline 
with auriculate clasping base, 3 in. long, more or less; heads corym- 
bose, commonly on rather long peduncles, | to 1 in. in diameter; rays 
white or pink, numerous, narrow. 

Along streamlets and by springy places in the hills and valleys: 
Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Apr. -May. 

4. E. folios us Nutt. Stems many from the base, erect, simple, 
corymbosely branching above, 1 to If ft. high; leaves crowded on the 
stems, conspicuously reduced only on the branches of the inflores- 
cence, scabrous-hispidulous, linear or lanceolate, f to 1J in. long, 1 to 
2 lines wide; heads rather few in an open terminal corymb, hemis- 
pherical, 10 to 11 lines broad, including the violet rays; rays about 
30 to 40, 1 line wide; pappus coarse and rather short. 

Common in the hill country: Marin Co. to the San Francisco 
Peninsula, Leona (Alameda Co.), Mt. Diablo and southward. June- 
Aug. 

5. E. Setchellii. Stems smooth, 1£ to 2 ft. high; herbage bright 
green, very brittle; leaves filiform, less than 1 in. long, muriculate- 
scabrous; heads hemispherical, 4 lines high, disposed in a rather 
broad proliferous corymb with a few subulate bracts at base; involucre 
inconspicuous, the subulate or lanceolate bracts unequal, the outer 
rough-hispid; rays light blue, about 25, filiform, 2 lines long; achenes 
glabrous. 

Arid plains of the Lower San Joaquin, June 27, 1896, Setchell and 
Jepson. 

6. E. supplex Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4 to 8 in. 
nigh, terminated by a single broad short-peduncled head 4 to f> lines 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 569 

high; herbage sparingly hirsute-pubescent or almost glabrous, the 
involucre canescently hirsute; leaves oblong-spatulate to linear- 
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts of involucre equal, linear-lanceolate. 
North Coast Ranges, rarely collected and apparently maritime: 
Gualala, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Mendocino City, Bolander, no. 6484. 

7. E. angustatus Greene. Stems several or many from a woody 
crown, 13 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves nar- 
rowly linear or filiform; heads solitary or in a corymbose panicle, 
subtended by a few subulate bracts; involucres turbinate, slightly 
glandular; achenes somewhat pubescent, much compressed and with 
a reddish thickened callous-margin. — (E. inornatus Gray var. angus- 
tatus Gray.) 

Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Mt. St. Helena (whence Greene's 
type); Epperson's, Lake Co.; first collected by Harford in Calaveras 
Valley, Alameda Co., 1878; depauperate forms 4 to 6 in. high with 
one-headed stems occur in Marin Co. on Mt. Tamalpais and at El 
Campo. 

8. E. inornatus Gray. Pixe Erigeron. Stems simple, more or 
less clustered, 2 ft. high; herbage yellowish green, hispidly pubescent 
or glabrous; leaves linear, 1 to 2\ in. long; heads 3 to 4 lines high, 
10 to 20 in a depressed corymb; involucre campanulate; bracts une- 
qual and somewhat imbricated. 

Mountain ridges, common under Yellow Pine: North Coast Eanges 
(Cobb Mt., Lake Co., within a few miles of the Sonoma line); Sierra 
Nevada. July-Aug. Var. viscidulus Gray. Lower, minutely 
and densely viscid-glandular; heads large and few. — Specimens from 
Gualala, Sonoma Co., are said to be this. 

Var. Biolettii. Two ft. high, scabrous-puberulent; leaves oblan- 
ceolate, the margins obscurely hispid-ciliate. — E. Biolettii Greene, as 
to plants of Howell Mt.; the Hood's Peak plant not seen by us. 
Forms grading into the next are to be expected. 

9. E. miser Gray. Stems in a rather close tuft on a short woody 
caudex, very leafy; herbage canescently hirsute; leaves linear-oblong, 
or cuneately narrowed towards the base, less than 1 in. long; heads 4 
lines high, few in a rather close corymb; involucre campanulate, the 
bracts imbricated. 

Rocky summits of the Coast Ranges from Mt. Hamilton and Wild 
Cat Creek to Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. St. Helena. July-Aug. 

90. BACCHARIS L. 

Perennials, ours shrubs excepting one, commonly resinous or gluti- 
nous. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Flowers 
whitish or yellowish, dioecious. Staminate flowers with tubular 
corolla slightly dilated at the throat, the limb cleft into 5 linear 
lobes; ovary abortive; style present. Corolla of the pistillate flowers 
very slender and thread-like, obscurely toothed at apex, the teeth 
erect, not spreading. Pappus of capillary bristles in the sterile plant 
scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious. (The god 
Bacchus.) 



570 COMPOSITE. 

Evergreen shrubs. 

Leaves obovate or cuneiform 1. B. pilalaris. 

Leaves lanceolate, willow-like 2. B. viminea. 

Herbaceous perennial: herbage very glutinous 3. B. Douglasii. 

1. B. pilularis DC. Shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high; branchlets angular; 
leaves sessile; obovate or cuneiform. \ to 1 in. long, coarsely or 
sinuately few-tootbed, or occasionally entire; beads 2 or 3 in the axils 
or several in a terminal cluster, short-cylindrical or ovoid, 2 or 3 
lines long, the outer bracts broadly, the inner narrowly oblong, some- 
times denticulate at apex; pappus of tbe pistillate flowers becoming 
4 or 5 lines long, that of the staminate flowers dilated at apex into a 
lanceolate appendage. 

Common in the Coast Ranges on low hills, high mountain slopes, or 
on the coast sand dunes (especially in a prostrate form), frequently 
gregarious: Southern California; Monterey; San Francisco; Alameda; 
Oakland Hills; Vaca Mountains. 

2. B. viminea DC. Mule Fat. Distinctly shrubby, the stems 
loosely branching, very leafy, 5 to 7 ft. high; branches striate-angled; 
herbage scarcely glutinous; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, 
entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 3 in. long, very willow-like; 
heads 2 to 3 lines high, rather numerous in terminal corymbs or the 
clusters on short lateral branches and somewhat racemose; bracts of 
the involucre very thin, chartaceous, broadly lanceolate or the outer 
ones ovate, with scarious margins, erose and mostly villous-ciliate; 
receptacle flat; pappus of the fertile flowers of smooth bristles. 

Stream-beds from the Feather River and Putah Creek to Napa 
Valley and southward through the Coast Ranges. July-Aug. 

3. B. Douglasii DC. Stems suffrutescent at base, 4 to 5 ft. high, 
simple up to the terminal corymb; herbage very glutinous; leaves 
lanceolate and very acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 3 to 4 in. 
long, serrulate, almost entire; heads numerous in a terminal com- 
pound almost naked corymb; bracts of the involucre linear or lanceo- 
late-linear with greenish center, the scarious margins erose-ciliate; 
receptacle broadly conical; pappus of pistillate flower short and soft, 
of the staminate clavellate at summit. 

Moist lowlands: abundant in the salt marshes about San Francisco 
Bay, thence southward to Southern California. 

Tribe 11. Eupatorieae. Eupatory Tribe. 

91. TRICHOCORONIS Gray. 

Slender herb, the stems branching, weak or at base creeping. 
Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers flesh-color, in slender peduncled 
heads terminating the branches. Receptacle convex, naked. Bracts 
of the involucre herbaceous or somewhat membranous, equal and 
nerveless, 12 to 18. Corolla abruptly much dilated above the narrow 
tube. Pappus of many small or minute paleae and awns, forming a 
sort of crown. (Greek trichos, hair, and koronis, top.) 



SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 571 

1. T. Wrightii Gray. Annual; stems assurgent, 6 to 9 in. high; 
leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate or entire, auricled 
at base, f in. long or less; heads 2 to 2^ lines broad; achenes 4-angled, 
the angles hispidulous toward the summit; pappus of 4 barbellate 
bristles with an equal number of intervening but very small fimbriate 
palea?. — (Biolettia riparia Greene.) 

Lower San Joaquin Kiver. Sept. 

92. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. Brickellia. 

Perennial herbs or suflrutescent plants with alternate petioled 
leaves and white or whitish flowers in terminal or subterminal 
clusters of narrow heads. Involucre imbricated, its bracts striately 
nerved. Keceptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes 
with 10 nerves or ribs. Pappus of numerous scabrous or barbellate 
capillary bristles mostly in a single series. (Greek koleos, sheath, 
and ant'hos, flower.) 

1. C. Californicus (T. & G.) 0. Ktze. Stems many from the 
shrubby base, virgate or paniculately branching, 2 to 3 ft. high; 
leaves roundish or triangular-ovate, 3-ribbed and roughish, somewhat 
irregularly serrate, 2\ in. long or less; heads spicate or racemose 
along the leafy branches, 5 or 6 lines long, 10 to 15-flowered, often 
more or less nodding; bracts of the involucre, especially the inner, 
with thin obtuse straight tips. — (Brickellia Californica T. & G.) 

Gravelly stream beds of the Coast Eanges, especially toward the 
interior: Mendocino Co.; Calistoga; Vaca Mountains and southward 
to Southern California. 



GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL, TOPOGRAPH 
ICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL TERMS. 



Acaulescent, apparently stemless, 
the leaves borne at the surface 
of the ground and the flowers 
sessile or borne on a scape. 
(See Caulescent.) 

Accessory, something additional. 

Accrescent, increasing in size or 
length with age, as the calyx 
or pedicel after flowering. 

Acerose, needle-shaped, like Pine 
leaves. 

Achene, a dry indehiscent 1 -seeded 
fruit. 

Acorn, nut of the Oak. 

Acuminate, tapering gradually to 
the apex. 

Acute, with a sharp point. 

Adherent, growing fast to or 
united with another body. 

Adnate, growing fast to; literally, 
born united to another body. 

Alternate leaves or branches, only 
one from each node. 

Ament, a catkin or scaly spike, 
as in the Oaks or Alders. 

Amplexicaul leaf, a sessile • leaf 
with the base of the blade clasp- 
ing the stem. 

Anastomosing, said of veins, 
nerves or similar structures 
which run into each other or 
branch and tend to form a net- 
work. 

Andro-diozcious, having flowers 
on one plant staminate, on 
another perfect. 

Andrceeiion, name for the whorl 
of stamens of a flower. 

Androgynous, having both stami- 
nate and pistillate flowers in 
the same cluster. 

(572) 



Andro-tnonozcious, having perfect 
and staminate flowers on the 
same plant. 

Annual, flowering and fruiting in 
the first year or season and 
then dying. 

Anterior, the side in front; in an 
axillary flower, the side away 
from the axis; inferior. 

Anther, the sac or sacs containing 
the pollen, the essential part of 
the stamen. 

Antheroid, having something of 
the nature of an anther. 

Anthesis, the period during which 
a flower is expanded, the 
stigma receptive and the an- 
thers shedding pollen. 

Apetalous, without petals. 

Apicidate, ending in a short- 
pointed tip. 

Appendage, any supplementary 
or superadded part. 

Appressed, flattened or pressed 
against another body but not 
united with it; hairs lying 
flat on leaves are appressed. 

Aquatic, living or growing in 
water; an "aquatic plant" 
may be wholly submersed or 
with only the base in water. 

Areola, an area with a distinct or 
raised boundary, the spaces be- 
tween the reticulations or veins: 
in Composite the disk or circle 
at the summit of the achene 
where sat the corolla. 

Aril, an appendage of a seed 
growing at or about the hilum 
or summit of the funiculus. 

Arillate, furnished with an aril. 



GLOSSARY. 



573 



Aristate, furnished with an arista 
or awn, like the beard or 
bristle of Barley. 

Articulated, jointed or furnished 
with joints, where the stem 
separates or is inclined to do so. 

Ascending, rising gradually up- 
wards. 

Aurieulate, with ear-like lobes at 
the base. 

Awn, bristle or beard of Barley. 

Atoned, provided with a Barley- 
like bristle. 

Axil, the angle between a leaf 
and stem. 

Axile placenta, a placenta borne 
on the axis of the ovary or 
fruit. 

Axillary, borne or occurring in 
an axil. 

Axis, the stem or longitudinal or 
central support on which parts 
or organs are arranged; a cen- 
tral line. 

Baccate, of the nature of a berry, 
berry-like or pulpy. 

Banner, the upper petal in a 
papilionaceous, or pea, flower. 

Barbellate, bearing minute barb- 
like protuberances. 

Bay Region, the area embraced 
by the counties bordering on 
San Francisco, San Pablo and 
Suisun Bays. 

Berry, a fleshy indehiscent fruit, 
formed from a single superior 
or inferior ovary. 

Bi-, a prefix to Latin words, 
tw T o or twice. 

Bifid, 2-cleft to the middle or 
thereabouts. 

Bilabiate, a synsepalous calyx 
or sympetalous corolla cleft 
into two divisions: an upper 
(superior or posterior) lip; and 
a lower (inferior or anterior) 
lip; 2-lipped as the corolla of 
Sage or of Mimulus. 

Bipinnate, twice pinnate. 



Bladdery, thin and inflated. 

Blade, the flat expanded portion 
of a leaf; said also of the broad 
portion of a petal, especially 
when it possesses a petiole-like 
base or claw. 

Bloom, said when leaves and 
fruit are whitened with a fine 
powder or dust. 

Bract, the modified leaves of a 
flow T er-cluster; in Graminese, the 
modified leaves subtending a 
spikelet; leafy-bracted, in Com- 
posite, with accessory or foliose 
bracts to the head outside the 
involucre. 

Bracteal, of the nature of a 
bract. 

Bracteate, possessing or bearing- 
bracts. 

Bractlet, the small modified leaf 
subtending a flower or inserted 
on the pedicel; in G-raminea? 
the lower of the two modified 
leaves subtending an individ- 
ual flower. 

Caducous, dropping off very early 
as compared with other parts; 
the calyx in the California 
Poppy falls when the flower 
opens. 

Ccespitose, said of stems when 
borne on the same stock in a 
close tuft. 

Calicine, simulating a calyx or 
whorl of sepals. 

Calyculate, said of the short 
bracts at the base of the proper 
bracts of the involucre in Com- 
posite imitating an exterior in- 
volucre. 

Calyx, the outer, usually green, 
whorl of the flower. 

Campamdate, bell-shaped. 

Canescent, grayish white or hoary, 
the surface covered with fine 
white hairs. 

Capillary, like a hair. 



574 



GLOSSARY. 



Capitate, gathered or collected 
into a head, or head-like. 

Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed- 
vessel composed of more than 
one carpel. 

Carpel, a simple pistil (which is 
typically 1-celled, with one 
placenta, one style, and one 
stigma), or one of the elements 
of a compound pistil; also ap- 
plied to a simple pistil when 
mature or to one of the parts of 
a compound pistil which splits 
up when it is ripe. 

Carpophore, the slender prolonga- 
tion of the receptacle between 
the carpels in the Parsley 
Family. 

Cartilaginous, firm and tough 
like cartilage. 

Catkin, a scaly spike or anient, 
as in the Willow. 

Caudate, bearing a slender tail- 
like body or appendage. 

Caulescent, having a distinct stem 
above ground; plants with rad- 
ical leaves and flowers on . a 
scape are not called caulescent. 

Cauline leaves, leaves borne on a 
stem. 

Cha mi sal, or Chamiso (pro- 
nounced Shameez), collective 
term, including the gregarious 
individuals of Adenostoma and 
(strictly speaking) only Ade- 
nostoma. 

Chaparral, collective term refer- 
ring to the low shrubs which 
cover mountain slopes, pla- 
teaus, ridges or canon sides, 
including particularly the 
Manzanitas, various species of 
Ceanothus, Scrub Oak and 
other species with rigid or 
thorny "branches. See Cham- 
isal. 

Chartaceous, having the thickness 
or texture of writing paper; 
most leaves are chartaceous. 



Choripetalous, petals distinct and 
free from each other; not 
united even at base. 

Chorisepalous, sepals distinct and 
free from each other. 

Ciliate, having the margin bor- 
dered with a row or rows of 
hairs. 

Circiniate, rolled into a coil from 
the tip. 

Ciroonscissile, splitting at the 
middle with the upper part 
falling away like a lid. 

Claw, the narrow or petiole-like 
base of a petal, as in the Pinks. 

Cleft, with sharp lobes. 

Coast Ranges, the chains of 
mountains with north and 
south trend lying between the 
Pacific Ocean and the Sacra- 
mento and San Joaquin Val- 
leys; North Coast Kanges, the 
ranges lying north of San 
Francisco Bay; South Coast 
Ranges, the ranges lying south 
of San Francisco Bay; inner 
Coast Ranges, the ranges 
bounding the great valleys on 
the west; inner North Coast 
Range, the Vaca Mountains 
and their northerly prolonga- 
tion; inner South Coast Ranges, 
Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton 
Ranges and southward; outer 
Coast Ranges, the ranges lying 
next to the Pacific Ocean; 
middle North Coast Ranges, 
the ranges lying between the 
inner and outer ranges, partic- 
ularly the Napa Mountains 
and their northerly prolonga- 
tion, the Mayacamas Range. 

Cochleate, shell-shaped or spiral. 

Commissure, the plane by which 
the flattened faces of the two 
carpels in Umbelliferae cohere. 

Commonly, a species commonly 
has a certain character when 
the great majority of the indi- 



GLOSSARY. 



575 



viduals met with displaj' such 
a character. See Mostly. 

Complete flower, one which has 
all the four circles, sepals, 
petals, stamens, and pistils. 

Compressed, flattened on the 
sides or laterally: compressed 
pod in Crucifera?, flattened 
parallel to the partition; com- 
pressed achenes in Composita\ 
flattened contrary to the plane 
of the bract; compressed fruit 
in Umbellifera?, flattened par- 
allel to the plane of the com- 
missure. See Obcompressed. 

Concolorous, of one color. 

Conduplicate, folded flat, so that 
the folds or sides lie face to 
face. 

Convolute, rolled inwards from 
one side to the other. 

Cordate, heart-shaped with the 
notch at the base. 

Coriaceous, leathery in texture 
and stiffness. 

Corolla, the circle of petals in a 
flower, found outside the sta- 
mens and within the calyx. 

Corymb, pedicels of unequal 
length, the lower longer so as 
to form a flat cluster. 

Cremocarp, the fruit of Umbellif- 
era?, composed of two achene- 
like carpels joined together by 
their flattened faces but which 
at maturity separate. 

Crenate, with rounded or blunt 
teeth. 

Cuspidate, tipped with a cusp or 
short hard point. 

Deciduous, falling when ripe or 
after the function has been 
performed; a corolla is decidu- 
ous when it falls after anthe- 
sis; deciduous trees shed their 
leaves in autumn. 

Decompound, several times com- 
pounded. 

Decumbent, lying on the ground 



but tending to rise at the 
summit. 

Decurrent, where the edge of the 
leaf runs down on the stem 
forming lines or wings. 

Decussate leaves or branches, op- 
posite but each pair placed at 
right angles or over the inter- 
vals of the pair above or below. 

Dentate, toothed with the teeth 
standing directly outward. 

Denticulate, dentate with fine 
teeth. 

Di-, a prefix to Greek words, 
two or twice. 

Diadelphous, stamens united into 
two sets. 

Dichotomous, branching or fork- 
ing with the two divisions 
nearly equal. 

Dilated, widened or broadened, 
applied to flattened or wing- 
like structures. 

Dimorphic, of two kinds differ- 
ing in structure. 

Dioecious, with stamens and pis- 
tils in different flowers on dif- 
ferent plants. 

Dissected, several times cleft into 
small segments. 

Distichous, in 2 ranks or rows. 

Distinct, parts in the same circle, 
not united; as "stamens dis- 
tinct," separate from each 
other. 
Divided, cleft quite to the base, 
or to midrib. 

Dorsal, relating to or borne along 
the back. 

Emarginate, with a sharp notch. 

Emersed,, growing up out of or 
raised above the water. 

Endosperm, starch or other re- 
served food stored with the 
embryo in the seed. 

Entire, margin not toothed or 
indented. 

Equilateral, equal sided, or with 
the same number of parts on 



576 



GLOSSARY. 



a side; a pinnate leaf is equilat- 
eral when it has the same 
number of leaflets on each side 
of the rachis. 

Equitavd, astride, as if riding, 
like the leaves of Iris. 

Evanescent, disappearing or fall- 
ing away very early. 

Exserted, protruding beyond the 
surrounding organ; exserted 
stamens protrude beyond the 
corolla. 

Extrorse, turned outward. 

Falcate, sickle-shaped. 

Fascicle, a close cluster or bun- 
dle of roots, stems, leaves or 
flowers. 

Fenestrate, with transparent 
areas or window-like open- 
ings. 

Fertile flower, one which sets 
fruit containing good seed; 
fertile stamen, the anther con- 
taining pollen. 

Fid or Jidus, terminations mean- 
ing cleft or lobed, as 3-fid= 
3-cleft. 

Filament, a thread, in case of a 
stamen the stalk supporting 
the anther. 

Fimbriate, fringed. 

Fimhrillate, diminutive of fim- 
briate. 

Fistulous, hollow. 

Flabellate, fan-shaped. 

Flections, more or less zigzag. 

Floccose, bearing locks or tufts of 
hair or wool. 

Foliaceous, leaf-like. 

Foliolate, having leaflets; 3-foli- 
olate, with 3 leaflets, etc. 

Follicle, a dehiscent seed-vessel 
derived from a single carpel, 
as a pod of the Larkspur. 

Free, not united to another 
organ, especially when one 
circle of the flower is not 
united to another circle. 

Fruitj the matured or ripened 



ovary with all its appendages 
or accessory parts as well as 
contents. 

Fugacious, very promptly falling 
off or lasting but a short time. 

Funiculus, the stalk on which the 
ovule is borne in the ovary. 

Fusiform, thickest at or above or 
below the middle and tapering- 
more or less to each end. 

Galea, the long or helmet-like 
upper lip in the Mint and Fig- 
wort Families. 

Galeate, having a galea. 

Geminate, twin, in pairs, two 
side by side. 

Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a 
knee. 

Gibbous, swollen or distended on 
one side. 

Glabrate, becoming glabrous. 

Glabrous, bald, not hairy. 

Glandular, bearing glands, or 
having a surface which ex- 
udes a sticky or viscid liquid. 

Glaucescent, somewhat glaucous 
or becoming so. 

Glaucous, whitened with a bloom. 

Glochidiate, bearing bristles 
barbed at the tip. 

Glomerate, compacted into a 
close cluster. 

Glomerule, a compacted or con- 
densed head-like cyme. 

Glumaceous, like the glume 
(bract) of grasses. 

Glutinous, with a sticky exuda- 
tion. 

Granulate, bearing granules or 
grain-like bodies. 

Great Valley, local name of the 
central Californian valley, in- 
cluding the Sacramento and 
San Joaquin. 

Gyno-duedous, having flowers on 
one plant pistillate, on another 
perfect. 

Gyncecium, the name for a pistil 
or whorl of pistils of a flower. 



GLOSSARY. 



577 



Qyno-moncecious, having perfect 
and pistillate flowers on the 
same plant. 
Habit, general aspect or hue of a 

plant, mode of growth. 
Halophyte, a plant growing in 
salty soils or alkaline soils, 
mostly succulent plants with 
thick or small leaves; the 
Pickle weed, Atriplex and 
Kern Greasewood are typical 
halophytes. 

Head of flotoers, flowers in a glo- 
bose cluster, being sessile and 
collected at the same point on 
the peduncle. 

Herb, a plant without woody 
stem or parts, at least above- 
ground. 

Herbaceous, like an herb in ap- 
pearance or habit, or in tex- 
ture or color, as herbaceous 
sepals, meaning green and leaf- 
like. 

Herbage, the vegetative parts 
(stems and leaves) produced in 
the season, not including the 
flowers or fruit. 

Hermaphrodite, having both pis- 
tils and stamens in the same 
flower. 

Heteromorphic, of 2 or more 
different kinds. 

Hispid, with stiff or rigid hairs. 

Hispidulous, minutely hispid. 

Hooded, said of an organ which 
is curved or concave at the 
top Hke a hood. 

Hyaline, transparent, translu- 
cent. 

Hydrophyte, a plant adapted to 
live in water or very wet soil, 
chiefly characterized by a thin 
epidermis, reduction or ab- 
sence of roots and reduction of 
the vascular system as in the 
Pond Lilies, Pond Weeds and 
Duck Weeds, or by succulence 
as in Arrow Head, or by tall 



unbranched stems with nar- 
rowly linear leaves, or leafless 
as in the Bulrushes and Sedges. 

Hypogynous, with the parts of the 
flower under or free from the 
pistil, inserted on the recepta- 
cle. 

Imbricate, overlapping like the 
shingles on a roof so as to 
cover or break joints. 

Immersed, growing wholly under 
water. 

Incised, cleft or cut irregularly 
and sharply. 

Included, not protruding beyond 
the surrounding organ; in- 
cluded stamens do not protrude 
beyond the corolla. 

Incomplete flower, one which has 
not all of the four circles. 

Indefinite (number), variable or 
uncertain in number, or nu- 
merous. 

Indehiscent, said of fruits or 
pods which do not split by 
valves or pores. 

Indigenous, native to the region. 

Indument, with a close pubes- 
cence or coat of hairs. 

Indurated, hardened or becoming 
tough. 

Inequilateral, not equilateral. 

Inequilaterally distributed leaflets, 
the number on the two sides of 
the rachis not equal. 

Inferior, growing or placed be- 
low; inferior ovary, one more 
or less attached to or united 
with the calyx; inferior sta- 
mens or lip of corolla, i.e. with 
the stamens or lip on the 
lower side of the flower. 

Inflated, distended or bladdery. 

Inflexed, bent or turned abruptly 
inward. 

Inflorescence, a flower-cluster, or 
in particular the mode of ar- 
rangement of the flowers. 



39 



578 



GLOSSARY. 



Innovations, in Graminew, barren 
shoots. 

Inserted, attached to or growing 
upon. 

Interior, the region of the Great 
Californian Valley (Sacramento 
and San Joaquin); interior 
plains, the plains of the Sac- 
ramento and San Joaquin Val- 
lej^s; interior hills, the foothills 
on the eastern and western 
sides of the Great Valley. 

Interior plants, found away from 
the sea; usually meaning the 
great Californian Valley or 
further inland, or at least the 
inner Coast Ranges. 

Inter-node, the portion of the 
stem between two nodes. 

Interrupted, not continuous and 
regular. 

Introrse, turned inward. 

Involucel, a secondary involucre, 
as that of an umbellet; a 
circle of bractlets. 

Involucrate, provided with an 
involucre. 

Trwolucre, a circle of bracts sub- 
tending a flower cluster. 

Involute, rolled inwards from 
both sides. 

Irregular^ the parts not of the 
same size and shape. 

Keel, a longitudinal central ridge 
on the back of an organ, like 
the jjeel of a boat; the two 
lower petals of a pea-like 
flower which are joined into 
a keel-like body. 

Lacerated, irregularly but not 
necessarily deeply cleft or torn. 

Laciniate, cut or slashed into 
narrow divisions. 

Lamellate, composed of thin 
plates. 

Lax, loose. 

Leaflet, one of the divisions of 
a compound leaf. 

Legume, a 1 -eel led seed vessel, 



composed of a single carpel, 
which dehisces by both the 
ventral and dorsal suture into 
two valves. 

Lenticels, roundish spots on young 
bark which function as stomata. 

Lenticular, shaped like a lens. 

Ligneous, hard and woody. 

Ligule, strap-shaped body such as 
the ray in the Sunflower Fam- 
ily; in Graminese the exserted 
portion of the hyaline mem- 
brane lining the sheath. 

Limb, a border, the spreading 
part of a sympetalous corolla. 

Line, fa of an inch. 

Linear, very narrow, with par- 
allel sides; 4 or 5 times as long 
as broad, or more. 

Lip, one of the two divisions of a 
bilabiate corolla or calyx. See 
Bilabiate. 

Littoral, growing near or under 
the influence of the sea. 

Lobe, a division of an organ, 
especially one which is rounded; 
leaf lobes are usually not deep; 
leaves may be lobed, parted or 
divided depending upon the 
depth of division. See Parted 
and Divided. 

Loculicidal, a capsule splitting 
longitudinally into the backs 
of the cells. 

Lodicules in Graminea}, minute 
hyaline scale-like organs at the 
base of the stamens, whose 
function is the opening of the 
floral envelope at anthesis. 

Lyrate, shaped like a lyre, the 
terminal lobe of the leaf large 
and rounded with the lower 
pairs smaller. 

Mammoeform, breast-shaped or 
bearing breast-shaped promi- 
nences. 

Marcescent, withering but per- 
sistent, not falling off. 



GLOSSARY. 



579 



Maritime, growing on the sea- 
coast. 

Mealy, as if covered with a fine 
meal. 

Membranous or membranaceous, 
thin, soft, and more or less 
pliable like an animal mem- 
brane. 

Mericarp, one of the carpels or 
achene-like halves of a cremo- 
carp, the fruit of the Parsley 
Family. 

Merous, parts or members, used 
in compounds; as 5-merous, 
having 5 parts. 

Mesophyte, a common type of 
plant growing under the most 
favorable conditions of soil and 
moisture, characterized as a 
whole by a lack of special 
adaptations and by a great 
and diverse development of 
the leaf surface; Maples, Al- 
ders, Oaks, Thorn Apples and 
Mustards are typical meso- 
phytes. 

Monadelphous, stamens united 
into one set. 

Moniliform, like a necklace or 
string of beads. 

Monocephalous, bearing a single 
head; said of a stem or pedun- 
cle, especially a naked one. 

Monce.cious, with stamens and 
pistils in separate flowers on 
the same plant. 

Montane, of or growing in the 
mountains. 

Mostly, used in describing char- 
acteristics of species in the 
sense of usually, but variable 
as to the individual; "leaflets 
mostly 5," i. e., mostly 5 on 
the individual, but there may 
be more or less. See Com- 
monly. 

Mucronate, tipped with a mucro 
or sharp but rather soft point. 



Muricate, bearing rough and 
rather sharp excrescences. 

Muriculate, diminutive of muri- 
cate. 

Naked heads, without foliaceous 
or other bracts surrounding or 
concealing the involucre or 
head; naked stems or scapes, 
leafless. 

Nate, termination meaning di- 
vided, as 2-nate, 3-nate. 

Nerve, simple or un branched 
vein, or a slender rib. 

Neutral, said of a flower having 
neither stamens nor pistils or 
at least without functional 
ones. 

Nigrescent, becoming blackened. 

Node, the place on a stem where 
a leaf is borne. 

Nut, an indehiscent fruit with a 
hard firm wall, resulting from 
a compound ovary. 

Nutlet, a diminutive nut, applied 
to a fruit derived from a simple 
ovary or to a compound ovary 
which splits up at maturity. 

Obcompressed, flattened on the 
anterior and posterior sides or 
fore and aft, instead of laterally 
or side wise; obcompressed pod 
in Cruciferse, flattened con- 
trary to the partition. 

Obcordate, inverted heart-shaped, 
with the notch at the apex. 

Oblique, unequal sided, as in 
leaves which are larger on 
one side than the other. 

Oblong, two or three times longer 
than broad and with nearly 
parallel sides, or somewhat 
tapering to each end from the 
middle. 

Obsolete, imperfectly or scarcely 
at all developed, or abortive; 
e. g., the lower lip of a calyx 
is obsolete when it is obscure 
or not very distinctly devel- 
oped. 



580 



GLOSS AR\ 



Obtuse, blunt or rounded. 

Onesided raceme, with the flow- 
ers all turned to one side; one- 
sided fruit, unequal-sided, etc. 

Opposite leaves or branches, two 
from each node, proceeding 
from opposite sides of the 
stem; "stamens opposite pet- 
als," when the stamen is set 
before the petal. 

Orbicular, round or roundish. 

Orthotropous ovule, a straight 
ovule, one not inverted on its 
stalk. 

Palea, chaff-like pappus borne on 
the achenes of the Sunflower 
Family; in the Grass Family 
the upper of the two modified 
leaves subtending an individual 
flower. 

Palmate leaf, with the leaflets 
all borne at the apex of the 
common petiole, or with the 
divisions or sinuses of the leaf 
pointing to the petiole. 

Palmatlfid, cleft so as to re- 
semble the outstretched linger? 
of the hand. 

Palustrine. living in a marsh or 
swamp. 

Panicle, a compound flower clus- 
ter, a raceme or corymb which 
is compounded by branching. 

Papillate, bearing minute nipple- 
shaped protuberances. 

Pappus, the modified calyx-limb 
borne on the achenes of the 
Sunflower Family, usually oc- 
curring as bristles, naked or 
plumose hairs, scales or chaff'. 

Parietal placenta, a placenta 
borne on the wall of the ovary 
or fruit. 

Parted, cleft nearly but not quite 
to the base, or to the midrib. 

Pectinate, cleft into closely set 
divisions like the teeth of a 
comb. 

Pedate, palmately divided with 



the lateral divisions 2-cleft, 
thus resembling a bird's foot. 

Pedicel, stalk or stem of a flower 
in a flower-cluster. 

Pedicellate, having or possessing 
a small or short pedicel. 

Peduncle, stalk or stem of a 
flower or flower-cluster. 

Pedunculate, having a peduncle. 

Peltate, round, with stalk or peti- 
ole attached on the under side 
at the middle. 

Penicillate, with a tip or cluster 
of fine hairs or bristles. 

Perfect, having both stamens and 
pistils in the same flower. 

Perfoliate, where a stem seems to 
pass through or pierce a leaf. 

Perianth, the floral envelopes 
consisting of calyx or corolla 
or both; applied here chiefly 
to those flowers in which 
there is no marked differentia- 
tion into calyx and corolla. 

Peri^/nous, inserted on the calyx. 

Persistent, falling away very 
tardily or not at all. 

Personate, when the bilabiate 
corolla has a very prominent 
palate or elevation in the 
throat. 

Petal, one of the parts or di- 
visions of a corolla, usually 
colored. 

Petiole, the stalk of a leaf. 

Petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet. 

Pinnate, with the leaflets ar- 
ranged along each side of a 
common petiole. 

Pinnatifid, cleft in a pinnate 
manner. 

Pistillate, provided with a pistil 
or pistils. 

Placenta, that particular portion 
of the ovary wall which bears 
the ovules; it is sometimes 
strongly differentiated. 
Plane, fiat and even, without 
elevations or depressions; here 






GLOSSARY. 



581 



used especially as opposed to 
concave, convex, revolute, etc. 

Plumose, finely and abundantly 
branched, like a plume. 

Polygamous, having perfect, pis- 
tillate and staniinate flowers 
on the same individuals 
(polygamo-monoecious) or on 
different individuals (polyg- 
amo-dioecious). 

Posterior, the side behind, in an 
axillary flower the side next to 
the axis; superior. 

Prickly, armed with prickles or 
short sharp hard outgrowths of 
the epiderms of leaves or stems. 

Prismatic, shaped like a prism, 
with flat faces separated by 
angles. 

Proliferous, bearing supplemen- 
tary flowering branches or 
shoots from or near the sum- 
mit or from the inflorescence, 
which surpass the stem or in- 
floresence. 

Prostrate, lying close along the 
ground. 

Puberulent, minutely pubescent. 

Pubescent, clothed with hairs, 
especially soft or downy hairs. 

Pungent, terminating in a rigid, 
sharp or prickly point. 

Pustulate, dilated. 

Quinate, borne in or divided into 
fives. 

Raceme, a flower cluster in which 
the flowers are borne along the 
peduncle on pedicels of nearly 
equal length. 

Racemose, like a raceme. 

Rachilla, in Gramineae, the axis 
of a spikelet, on which the 
bractlets and paleae, with their 
enclosed flowers, are borne. See 
Kachis. 

Rachis, the axis of a spike or 
raceme, the prolongation of the 
peduncle through the flower 
cluster; the axis or midrib of a 



compound leaf or prolongation 
of the petiole; in Graminese 
the main axis and branches of 
an inflorescene, on which the 
spikelets are borne. See Ra- 
chilla. 

Radiate, in the.Sunflower Family, 
the heads with ray-flowers or 
ligulate corollas. 

Radical, leaves are called radical 
when inserted so closely to the 
base of the stem as to appear 
to come from the root; or when 
arising from a rootstock or 
other underground organ. 

Rameal leaves, leaves borne on 
the branches. 

Ranks, successive rows. 

Ray, in the Parsley Family, one 
of the primary branches of an 
umbel; ray in the Sunflower 
Family, one of the marginal 
flowers bearing a ligulate 
corolla. 

Receptacle, in a flower, that por- 
tion of the stem on which the 
sepals, petals, stamens and 
pistils are borne; receptacle of 
the inflorescence is the axis of 
such a dense cluster as a head 
in the Sunflower Family. 

Reflexed, bent or turned down- 
ward. 

Refracted, bent abruptly down- 
ward or backward from the 
base, as if broken, as a pedicel 
on its stem or peduncle. 

Regular, the parts in circle hav- 
ing the same size and shape. 

Renvform, kidney-shaped. 

Repand, with slightly uneven 
margin. 

Reticulated, with a network; 
netted. 

Retuse, with a broad shallow 
notch. 

Revolute, rolled backward from 
each side. 

Rib, a primary vein of a leaf. 



582 



GLOSSARY. 



Rigidulous, somewhat rigid or 
stiff. 

Rootstock, prostrate or under- 
ground root-like stem, sending 
up from season to season herba- 
ceous shoots and bearing roots 
on the underside. 

Rostrate, with a • beak or spur; 
narrowed into a slender pro- 
cess. 

Rosulate leaves, radical leaves 
spreading in a circle or rosette 
on the ground. 

Rotate, wheel-shaped; spreading 
flat or horizontally and circular 
in outline. 

Rudiment, an imperfectly devel- 
oped organ, a vestige. 

Rugose, having wrinkles. 

Runcinate, sharply incised with 
the teeth or incisions turned 
downward. 

Sagittate, shaped like an arrow- 
head. 

Samara, an indehiscent winged 
fruit like the key of a maple. 

Scabrid, slightly scabrous. 

Scabrous, rough to the touch. 

Scale, a small thin body, not at 
all or little green, commonly 
scabrous; in GramineaB minute, 
hyaline, scale-like organs at 
the base of the stamens, whose 
function is the opening of the 
floral envelope at anthesis. 

Scape, a leafless flower-bearing 
stem arising from the ground. 

Scarious, thin, dry and not 
green. 

Scorpoid,, said of a 1 -sided in- 
florescence which is circinately 
coiled in the bud. 

Scurf, small, bran-like scales on 
the stem or leaves. 

Secund leaves or flowers, inserted 
on (or turned to) one side of 
the stem. 

Sepal, a leaf or division of the 
calvx. 



Septal, relating to a septum. 

Septicidal, a capsule splitting be- 
tween the partitions of the 
cells. 

Septum, a partition in an ovary 
or fruit. 

Sericeous, silky with straight soft 
hairs. 

Se7'ies, successive rows. 

Serrate, toothed or saw-like, with 
the teeth turned forward or up- 
ward. 

Sessile leaf, leaf without a petiole 
and the blade seated directly 
on the stem; sessile ovary, one 
without a stipe. 

Set, a cluster or collection of 
organs of the same kind; 
stamens may be disposed in 
several clusters or sets. 

Setaceous, bristle-like. 

Setose, beset with bristles. 

Sheath, in Graminea?, the basal 
portion of the leaf, which 
usually enwraps the stem. 

Sheathing, where the base of the 
blade or expanded petiole com- 
pletely encloses or sheathes the 
stem for some distance above 
the node. 

Sierras, short phrase for Sierra 
Nevada Mountains, used not 
only in western botanical liter- 
ature but also in the general 
literature and poetry of Cali- 
fornia. 

Silicle, a short silique not much 
longer than wide. 

Silique, a 2-celled capsule, several 
times longer than wide, the 
valves splitting from the bot- 
tom. 

Simple, unbranched or without 
branches; leaves are simple 
when the blade is composed of 
one piece; simple pistil, of one 
carpel. 

Sinuate, with a recessed margin. 



GLOSSARY. 



583 



Shut*, with a recess or indenta- 
tion, literally a bay. 

Smooth, not rough, opposed to 
scabrous, echinate, etc. 

Sordid, of a dull or dirty hue. 

Spadix, a spike with a Meshy 
axis. 

Spathaceous, spathe-like. 

Spathe, a bract enclosing a flower 
cluster. 

Spicate, in the form of a spike. 

Spike, a flower cluster in which 
the flowers are sessile and more 
or less densely arranged along 
the peduncle. 

Spikelet, a secondary spike; the 
flower-cluster of Grasses. 

Spine, a sharp-pointed hard 
woody organ. 

Spinescent, ending in a spine or 
sharp rigid point. 

Spinose, furnished with spines, as 
the involucral bracts in the 
head of a Thistle. 

Spur, a slender and hollow ex- 
tension or prolongation of some 
part of a flower, as the petal of 
a Columbine or calyx of a 
Larkspur. 

Squamella, a diminutive scale. 

Stalk of a leaf, the petiole. 

Stamen, one of the male organs 
of the flower. 

Staminate, provided with or con- 
taining stamens but no pistils; 
said of a flower or plant. 

Staminodium, a sterile stamen, 
usually one in which the anther 
is wholly obsolete and the fila- 
ment much developed or di- 
lated. 

Stellate, with rays like those of a 
star, star-shaped. 

Sterile, barren; a stamen without 
anther or an anther without 
pollen; a flower without a 
pistil or with imperfect pistil; 
ovary without good ovules. 

Stigma, the receptive part of the 



style which secretes a sticky or 
viscid substance. 

Stipe, stalk by which the ovary 
or fruit is raised above the 
receptacle. 

Stipels, stipules of the leaflet. 

Stipules, small supplementary or- 
gans or appendages of the leaf, 
borne in pairs at the base of 
the petiole. 

Stoloniferous, bearing stolons. 

Stoma, mouth-like opening, like 
the partly opened lips. 

Stramineous, straw-like or straw- 
colored. 

Striate, marked with longitudi- 
nal lines, grooves or ridges. 

Strict, close or narrow, closely 
upright and straight, not 
spreading. 

Strigose, with straight appressed 
hairs or bristles. 

Strophiole, an appendage near 
the hilum of seeds, as in the 
Bean. 

Style, the contracted or slender 
portion of a pistil between the 
ovary and stigma. 

Stylopiodium, the enlargement or 
disk-like expansion at the base 
of the style, as in Umbellif- 
erse. 

Sub-, prefix, meaning somewhat, 
or nearly or below, depending 
upon the context. 

Submerged or submersed, grow- 
ing under water. 

Subulate, awl-shaped. 

Succulent, juicy or fleshy. 

Suffrutescent, somewhat woody at 
base, with a persistent woody 
portion above ground. 

Suffruticose, somewhat shrubby 
or shrub-like. 

Superior, growing or placed 
above; superior ovary, one free 
from the calyx; superior sta- 
mens or superior lip of corolla, 



584 



GLOSSARY. 



the stamen or lip on the upper 
side. 

Symmetrical, with the same num- 
ber of parts in each circle of 
the flower throughout. 

Sympetalous, petals more or less 
united into one piece, so that 
one can not be taken away 
from the rest without tearing. 

Synsepalous, sepals more or less 
united. 

Taproot, a single and often strong 
root descending perpendicu- 
larly into the earth . 

Teratologlcal, relating to mon- 
strosities or malformations. 

Terete, round. 

Ternate, occurring or divided 
into threes. 

Throat, the upper expanded por- 
tion or oriflce of the corolla- 
tube. 

Thyme, a close or contracted 
ovate panicle. 

Thyrsoid, resembling a thyrse. 

Tomentose, covered with soft or 
woolly hairs. 

Trichotomous, forking, with the 
three divisions from the same 
point and nearly equal. 

Trifid, 3-cleft to the middle or 
somewhat more or less. 

Tripinnate, thrice pinnate. 

Triquetrous, 3-sided. 

Truncate, cut off squarely at the 
end. 

Tuber, a very much thickened 
fleshy and more or less rounded 
underground stem. 

Tuberous root, when the root or 
its branches are thickened and 
flesh v. 



Tubular , shaped like a tube or 
hollow cylinder. 

Tufted stems, short, close, and 
several or many together from 
the same stock. 

Turbinate, top-shaped. 

Turgid, distended or inflated. 

Umbel, branches nearly equal 
and proceeding from the same 
point, so as to form a flat- 
topped cluster. 

Umbellet, one of the secondary 
umbels of a compound umbel. 

Umbilicate, depressed in the cen- 
ter. 

Undulate, with strongly wavy 
margin, so that the leaf is not 
flat. 

Unguiculate, furnished with a 
claw. 

Unisexual, flowers containing 
pistils only, or stamens only. 

Vein, in a leaf, a branch of a 
secondary rib or nerve. 

Ventral, relating to or borne on 
the face. 

Ventricose, distended or swollen 
on one side and not on an- 
other. 

Versatile, swinging, turning 
freely on its support. 

Vitiform leaves, grape-vine-like. 

Xerojihyte, a plant adapted to 
live in dry soil, on the desert, 
in sand or on rocky ridges, 
chiefly characterized by great 
thickening of the epidermis, 
condensation of the plant body, 
or reduction of the leaf surface. 
Cactus, Nuttall's Ceanothus, 
Manzanita, and Pickeringia 
are typical xerophytes. 



INDEX 



Abronia 183 

lati folia 183 

umbellata 183 

Acaena 284 

trifida 284 

Acanthornintha 461 

lanceolata 461 

Acer 251 

circinatum 252 

glabrum 252 

macrophylluui 252 

Negundo var. Californicum 252 

Aceraceze 251 

Achillea 514 

millefolium 514 

Achyrachama 539 

mollis 539 

Achyrodes aureum 65 

Actsea 202 

spicata var. arguta .... 203 

Adenocaulon 553 

bicolor 553 

Adenostegia 416 

maritima 417 

mollis 417 

pilosa 416 

Pringlei 416 

rigida 416 

Adenostoma 277 

fasciculatum 277 

Adenostyles Nardosmia . . . 510 

^Esculus 251 

Californica 251 

Agoseris 499 

apargioides 500 

grandiflora 500 

var. intermedium. . . . 500 

heterophylla. 500 

hirsuta 500 

intermedia . . . . , . . 500 

major. 499 

plebeia 500 

retrorsa 500 

Agrimonia 283 



Eupatoria . 284 

gyrosepala. 284 

Agrimony 283, 284 

Agropyron. 75 

arenicolum 76 

repens var. tenerum . ... 76 

Kichardsoni 76 

tenerum. ........ 76 

scabrum 76 

Agrostemma 165 

Githago 166 

Agrostidese 37 

Agrostis 42 

alba var. stolonifera. . . .43 

asperifolia 44 

densiflora 43 

densijlora var. arenaria . . £4t 

Diegoensis 44 

exarata 44 

mucronata 44 

stolonifera 43 

verticillata 43 

Aira 49 

capillaris 50 

caryophyllea 49 

danthonioides 51 

elongata, 51 

holciformis 50 

Alchemilla 284 

arvensis. 284 

Alder 139 

Eed 139 

White 139 

Alfalfa 313 

Alfilerilla 248 

Alisma 104 

Plantago 104 

Alismacese 104 

Allenrolfea 181 

occidentalis 181 

Allium 119 

attenuifolium 120 

var. monospermum . .120 
Bolanderi 119 

585 



586 



INDEX. 



Breweri 120 

falcifolium 119 

lacunosum 120 

monospermum 120 

serratum 120 

unifolium 119 

Allocarya 441 

Californica 443 

var. stricta ...... 443 

var. subglochidiata . . . 443 

Chorisiana 442 

diffusa 443 

Greenei 443 

humistrata 443 

mollis var. vestita .... 442 

salina 442 

stipitata 443 

stricta 443 

trachycarpa 443 

vestita 44*2 

Allotropa virgata 367 

Alnus 139 

Oregana 139 

rhombifolia 139 

rubra 139 

tenuifolia 140 

Alopecurus ........ 40 

Californicus 41 

geniculatus 41 

var. aristulatus .... 41 

var. fulvus 41 

var. robustus 41 

pratensis 40 

Alum Root 271 

Alyssum. 226 

calycinum 226 

maritimum 226 

Alyssum, Small ' . 226 

Amapola 207 

Amarantaceae 172 

Amaranth 173 

Amaranth Family 172 

Amaranthus 173 

albus 173 

Californicus . 173 

deflexus 173 

retroflexus 173 

Ambrosia 545 

psilostachya 545 



Ambrosiese 488, 545 

Amelanchier 287 

alnifolia 288 

Ammannia 324 

coccinea 324 

humilis 325 

Ammi 351 

majus 352 

Ammophila 47 

arenaria 47 

arundinacea 47 

Amole 121 

Aniorpha 293 

hispidula 293 

Amsinckia 447 

collina ... 448 

echinata 448 

grandiliora 449 

intermedia 448 

lycopsoides 448 

spectabilis 448 

tesselata 448 

Anacardiaceae 250 

Anagallis 375 

arvensis 375 

Anaphalis 552 

Margaritacea 552 

var. occidentalis .... 552 

Andropogon 29 

Sorghum 29 

var. Halepensis .... 29 

Andropogoneae 28 

Androsace 376 

septentrionalis 376 

Anemone 198 

Grayi 198 

nemorosa var. Grayi . . . 198 
quinquefolia var. Grayi . . 198 

Anemopsis 162 

Californica 162 

Angelica 355 

Californica 356 

Hendersoni 355 

tomentosa 356 

var. Californica .... 356 
var. elata 356 

Angiospermae 26 

Anthemideae 485, 514 

Anthemis . . 514 



INDEX. 



587 



Cotula 514 

Anthoxanthum 36 

odoratum 36 

Antirrhinum 396 

Breweri 397 

glandulosum 396 

strictum 397 

vagans 396 

var. Bolanderi . . . , 397 

var. Breweri 397 

virga 396 

Aphyllon 420 

Californicum 421 

comosum 421 

fascicu latum 421 

tuberosum 421 

uniflorum 421 

Apiaetrum 348 

a ngusti folium 349 

Apium 350 

graveolens 350 

Aplopappus ericoides .... 559 
linear if olius 5">9 

Apocynaceae 380 

Apocynum 380 

androstemifolium var. pumi- 

lum 380 

cannabinum 381 

pumilum 381 

vestitum 381 

Apple 287 

Aquilegia 194 

truncata 195 

Arabis 218 

blepharophylla 219 

Breweri 220 

glabra 219 

hirsuta 219 

Ludoviciana. 219 

perfoliata 219 

Virginica 219 

Aralia 339 

Californica 339 

Aralia Family 339 

Araliacese 339 

Arbutus 372 

Menziesii 372 

Arceuthobium occidentalis . . 366 

Arctostaphylos 370 



Andersoni 371 

glauca 372 

Manzanita 371 

nummularia 370 

Stanfordiana 371 

tomentosa 371 

Arenaria 167 

Californica 168 

Douglasii 168 

macrophylla 168 

paludicola 168 

palustris 168 

Aristolocbia 364 

Californica 364 

Aristolochiacese 363 

Armeria 377 

vulgaris 378 

Arnica 511 

discoidea 511 

latifolia 511 

Arnica, Coast 511 

Arrhenatherum 54 

avenaceum 54 

elatius 54 

Arrow-grass, Common . . . 103 
Slender 103 

Arrow-grass Family . . . .102 

Arrow-head 104 

Common 105 

Sanford 105 

Stockton 105 

Artemisia 516 

biennis 516 

Californica 517 

dracunculoides 517 

heterophylla 516 

pycnocephala 517 

Artichoke 504 

Arundo 58 

Donax 59 

Asarum 363 

caudatum 363 

Hartwegi 364 

Lemmoni * . . . 364 

Asclepias 382 

Californica 384 

cordi folia 384 

eriocarpa 383 

Fremonti 383 



588 



INDEX. 



Mexicana 



speciosa 

vestita 

Asclepiadaceae . . . 

Ash 

Oregon 

Ash Family .... 

Asparagus .... 

officinalis .... 

Aspen 

Asperella 

Californica . . . 
Aspj-clla Californica 

Aster 

Chilensis .... 
var. invenustus 
var. lentus . . 
var. media . . 
var. Sonomensis 
exilis 



invenustus 

lentus 

Menziesii 

radulinus 

Sonomensis 

Aster ... 

Broad-leaved 

Common 

Purple 

Slender 

Aster Tribe 489, 

Astereae 489, 

Astragalus 

Breweri 

Clevelandi 

Crotalaria? 

didymocarpus 

Douglasii 

leucophyllus 

Menziesii 



mgrescens 

oxyphysus . 

pycnostachys 

tener . . . . 
Athysanus . . 

pusillus . ._. 

uni lateralis . 
A triplex . . . 

bracteosa . 



382 
383 
383 
381 
385 
385 
384 
128 
128 
139 
81 
81 
82 
565 
566 
506 
566 
566 
567 
567 
566 
566 
566 
565 
567 
565 
565 
566 
566 
567 
553 
553 
290 
291 
293 
292 
291 
292 
291 
292 
291 
292 
292 
291 
224 
224 
224 
177 
180 



Californica 180 

cordulata 179 

coronata 179 

var. verna 179 

depressa 179 

expansa 179 

fruticulosa ......... 180 

hastata 178 

leucophylla 181 

nodosa 180 

patula 178 

spicata 178 

var. Lagunita 179 

trinervata 180 

verna 179 

Atropis Californica 67 

Fendleriana 67 

Audibertia grandiflora . . . 461 

humilis 460 

polystachya 460 

stachyoides 460 

Avena 53 

barbata 54 

eiatior 54 

fatua 53 

var. glabrescens .... 53 

sativa 54 

Avenea? 48 

Avicularia 158 

Azalea 369 

Western 369 

Azulea 130 

Baby Blue Eyes 434 

Baccharis 569 

Douglasii 570 

pilufaris 570 

viminea 570 

Baeria 519 

carnosa . 521 

cbrysostoma 521 

Fremonti 520 

gracilis 521 

hirsutula 521 

macrantba 522 

maritima 520 

microglossa 521 

platvcarpha 521 

tenella 520 

uliginosa 521 



INDEX, 



589 



Balm 462 

Balsam Root 540 

Balsamea 327 

Balsam orrhiza 540 

Bolanderi 540 

deltoidea 540 

Hookeri 540 

Baneberry 202 

Barbarea 220 

vulgaris 220 

Barberry 203 

California 204 

Barberry Family 203 

Barley-grass 82, 83 

Gussoni's 83 

Meadow ........ 82 

Seaside 83 

Barley Tribe 72 

Barnyard-grass 31 

Bartonia 323 

Bastard Oats 53 

Bay Berry 146 

Bay, Sweet 146 

Bay Tree 191 

Beach-grass 47 

Bear Brush 363 

Bear Grass 38, 123 

Beard-grass 41 

Tawny 42 

Water 42 

Beard' s-tongue, Bush . . . 401 

Beckmannia 57 

erucasformis 57 

Bedstraw 467 

Sweet-scented 468 

Beet 175 

Beggar-ticks 544 

Bellardia Trixago 417 

Bell-flower 477 

Bell-flower Family . ... 476 

Bellis 564 

perennis 564 

Bent, Creeping 43 

Sea ... 43 

Bent-grass 42 

Keed 45 

San Diego 44 

Whorled 43 

Bent-grass Tribe 37 



Berberidaee* 203 

Berberis 203 

dictyota 203 

nervosa 204 

pinnata 204 

Bergia 234 

Texana 234 

Bermuda-grass 56 

Berula 354 

erecta 354 

Beta 175 

vulgaris 175 

Betula 140 

glandulosa 140 

occidentalis 140 

BetulaceaB. 139 

Bidens 543 

cernua 544 

chrysanthemoides .... 544 

var. Nashii 544 

frondosa ........ 544 

Icevls 544 

Nashii 544 

Big Boot 319 

Big Tree 24 

Bigelovia arbor escens. . . . 559 

veneta 560 

Bilberry 373 

Bindweed 386 

Black 161 

Common 388 

Hedge 387 

Blolettia riparia 571 

Birch . . 140 

Birch Family 139 

Bird's Eyes 426 

Birthwort Family 363 

Bitter-cress 222 

Bitter Dock 157 

Bitter Root 185 

Blackberry, Common . . . 280 

Bladder Campion 165 

Bladder wort 420 

Bladderwort Family .... 419 

Blazing Star 323 

Bleeding Heart 210 

Blennosperma 526 

Californicum ...... 526 

Blepharipappus 535 



590 



INDEX. 



carnosus 536 

chrysanthemoides .... 537 

Douglasii 538 

var. oligochaetus .... 538 

elegans 536 

Fremonti 538 

gaillardioides 537 

glandulosus 536 

var. heterotrichus . . . 536 

hieracioides 537 

hispidus 536 

nemorosus 537 

nutans 538 

pentachretus 537 

platyglossus 537 

Blepharizonia 534 

laxa 535 

plumosa 535 

Blessed Thistle 503 

Blite, Coast 176 

Sea 182 

Blood-root 336 

Bloomeria 118 

aurea 118 

Bloomeria, Golden 118 

Blue Curls 453 

Blue Dicks 117 

Blue-eyed Grass 129 

Blue-grass, Kentucky ... 66 

Bog Asphodel 124 

Boisduvalia 329 

bipartita 329 

campestris 330 

cleistogama 330 

densiflora 329 

var. itnbricata 330 

var. montanus 330 

glabella 330 

stricta 330 

Bolelia 480 

concolor 481 

var. tricolor 481 

cuspidata 481 

elegans 480 

humilis 482 

insignis 480 

ornatissima 481 

pulchella 481 

tricolo7 > 481 



Borage Family 440 

Boraginaceae 440 

Boscbniakia 422 

strobilacea 422 

Bottle-brush, California . . 81 

Bottle-brush-grass 81 

Bowlesia 342 

lobata 342 

Box Elder 252 

Bovkinia 269 

elata 269 

major 269 

Bra?sica 216 

alba 217 

arvensis 217 

campestris 216 

nigra 217 

Sinapistrum 217 

Brevoortia 114 

Ida-Maia 114 

Brickellia 571 

Brickellia Calif ornica. . . .571 

Bristly Ox-tongue 492 

Briza 64 

maxima 64 

media 64 

minor 64 

Brodicea capitata 117 

congesta 117 

grandifiora 117 

ixioides ......... 117 

lactea 118 

laxa 117 

minor 116 

peduncularis 118 

terrestris 115 

volubilis 116 

Brodiasa 114 

Golden 117 

Harvest 116 

Twining 116 

White 118 

Brome, Nodding 71 

Bed 71 

Soft 71 

Brome-grass 70 

Brornus 70 

barbatoides 52 

carinatus 72 



INDEX. 



591 



hordeaceus 71 

var. glabrescens .... 72 

hBvipes 71 

marginatus 72 

maximus 71 

mollis 72 

rigidus 71 

rubens 71 

Broncho-grass 71 

Brooklime 411 

Brook weed 374 

Broom-rape 420 

Naked 421 

Broom -rape Family .... 420 

Brunella 456 

vulgaris 456 

Buck-bean 378 

Buckeye 251 

Buckeye Family 251 

Buckthorn 253 

Buckthorn Family 253 

Buckwheat Family , . . .148 

Bulrush 86 

Olney's 87 

Panicled 88 

Salt-marsh 87 

Bunch-berry 361 

Bunch-grass, Feather ... 39 

Bunch-grasses 38 

Bur Clover 313 

Bur Marigold 543, 544 

Smaller 544 

Bur-reed 96 

Broad-fruited 96 

G-reene's 96 

Simple 97 

Burning Bush 253 

Butter-and-eggs 397 

Buttercup 199 

Common 200 

Lobb's 202 

Water 202 

Buttercup Family 193 

Button Bush 470 

Button Snakeroot 342 

CacaMopsis 510 

Nardosmia 510 

Cakile 216 

Americana 216 



Calabazilla 319 

Calais Kelloggii 494 

Calamagrostis 45 

Aleutica 46 

angusta 46 

fasciculata 47 

purpurascens 45 

rubescens .47 

subflexuosa 46 

sylvatica 46 

Calandrinia 185 

Breweri 185 

caulescens var. Menziesii . 185 

Menziesii 185 

Callichroa nutans 538 

Calli-prora, ixioides 117 

Callitrichacese 263 

Callitriche 264 

marginata 264 

palustris 264 

Calochortus 110 

albus 113 

amabilis 113 

collinus 112 

lilacinus 112 

luteus 112 

Maweanus 112 

pulchellus 113 

var. amabilis 113 

splendens Ill 

umbellatus 112 

uniflorus 112 

venustus Ill 

Calycadenia 533 

cephalotes 534 

hispida 534 

multiglandulosa ..... 534 

pauci flora 533 

spicata 534 

truncata 533 

Calycanthaceae 190 

Calycanthus 190 

• occidentalis 190 

Calypso 133, 134 

borealis 134 

Calyptridium 187 

quadripetalum 188 

umbellatum 188 

Camass Plant 121 



592 



INDEX. 



Camassia 120 

Leichtlinii 121 

Camelina 224 

sativa 224 

Campanula 477 

angustiflora 478 

exigua 478 

linnseifolia 477 

prenanthoidee 477 

Scouleri 477 

Campanulacea? 476 

Campion 164 

Canary-grass 83, 34 

Gnawed 35 

Lemmon's 35 

Purple 36 

Reed 36 

Small 34 

Southern 34 

Canary-grass Tribe 33 

Canchalagua 379 

Candy-grass 60 

Caper Family 229 

Caper Spurge 263 

Capparidacea3 229 

Caprifoliacea? 470 

Capriola Daetylon 56 

Capsella 223 

Bursa-pastoris 223 

divaricata 224 

elliptica 224 

procumbens 224 

Caraway 352 

Cardamine 222 

cardiophylla 222 

oligosperma 222 

(Jar dims callilepis 508 

candidissimus 509 

crassicaulis 506 

cymosus 507 

fontinalis 505 

hydrophilus 507 

occidentalis 509. 

venustus 507 

Carex 88 

aquatilis 91 

bifida 90 

Brongniartii 91 

var. densa . . 91 



Deweyana 92 

var. Bolanderi .^ . . . . 92 

echinata 92 

festiva 92 

globosa 91 

cjlomerata 91 

marcida 91 

muricata var. gracilis . . 92 

nudata 91 

obnupta 91 

panivulata 91 

Pseudo-cyperus var. comosa 90 

Sitchensis 91 

vesicaria 90 

Carpet Weed 188 

Carpet- weed Family . . . .188 

Carrot . ... 348 

Carthamus 503 

lanatum 504 

Carum 352 

Gairdneri 352 

Kelloggii 352 

Caryophyllaceae 163 

Cascara Sagrada , 254 

Castanea 145 

chrysophylla 145 

Castanopsis chrysophylla . . 145 

Castilleia 411 

affinis 412 

Diiiirjlasii 412 

foliolosa 413 

latifolia 412 

parviflora var. Douglasii . 412 

spiralis 412 

stenantha 412 

Catch-flv 164 

Sleepy 165 

Catnep 455 

Cat's Ears 113 

Cat-tail 96 

Cat-tail Family 95 

Caucalis 348 

microcarpa 348 

nodosa 348 

Ceanothus 254 

crassifolius 258 

cuneatus 257 

dentatus 257 

divergent- 259 



INDKX. 



593 



tbliosus 256 

incanus 257 

integerrimus 256 

Jepsonii 258 

papillosus 257 

Parryi 256 

prostratus 258 

var. divergens 258 

purpurea 258 

rigidus 258 

sorediatus 257 

thyrsiflorus 256 

velutinus 255 

var. laevigatas 255 

Ceanothus, Nuttall's .... 257 

Cedar 24 

Celastraceae 252 

Celery, Common 350 

Centaurea 502 

Calcitrapa 508 

Melitensis 502 

Salmantica 503 

solstitialis 503 

Centromadia 532 

Fitchii 532 

Parryi 532 

pungens 532 

var. Parryi 532 

Cephalanthus 470 

occidentalis 470 

Cerastium 166 

arvense 166 

var. maximum .... 166 

pilosum 166 

viscosum 166 

Cerasus 285 

demissa 286 

emarginata 285 

ilicifolia 286 

Ceraiochloa breviaristata , . 72 

Ceratophyllacese 191 

Ceratophyllum 192 

demersum 192 

Cercis 289 

occidentalis 289 

Cercocarpus 277 

betulaefolius 278 

Chsenactis 624 

Douglasii 525 



glabriuscula 525 

gracilenta 525 

heterocarpha 525 

lanosa 525 

Nevadensis 525 

Clnetochloa 32 

glauca 33 

Chamisal 277 

Chamiso 277 

Chamomile 514 

Charlock 217 

Jointed 218 

Checker-bloom, Wild ... 240 

Chenopodiacese 174 

Chenopodium . . . . . . .175 

album 175 

ambrosioides 176 

anthelminticum 176 

Botrys 176 

Californicum 177 

multifidum 177 

murale 176 

rubrum 176 

Cherry 285 

Red 285 

Chestnut 145 

Chia 459 

Chickweed 167 

Common 167 

Field 166 

Mouse-ear 166 

Chicory 490 

Chicory Tribe 483, 490 

Chimaphila 367 

Menziesii 368 

umbellata 368 

Chinese Houses 399 

Chinook Liquorice 316 

Chinquapin 145 

Chlorideae 55 

Chlorogalum 121 

angustifolium 121 

pomeridianum 121 

Choke-Cherry, Western . . 286 

Choripetalse 135 

Chorizanthe 149 

Clevelandi 151 

euspidata 151 

diffusa 151 



40 



594 



INDEX. 



Douglasii . . 

var. diffusa 

membranacea 



pungens 

robusta 

uniaristata .... 

valida 

Christmas Berry . . . 
Chrysanthemum . . . 

Leucanthemum . . 

segetum 

Chrysanthemum, Corn 
Chrysopsis 

echioides 

Oregana 

var. vudis .... 

rudis 

scssiliflora .... 

villosa 

var. Bolanderi . . 
var. echioides . . 
var. sessiliflora . . 

Cichorieie 

Cichorium 

Intybus 

Cicuta 

Bolanderi 

Calif omica 

virosa var. Californica . 
Circfea 

Pacifica 

Cirsium 

Andrewsii 

Breweri 

Californicum 

callilepe 

Coulteri 

crassicaule 

edule 

fontinale 

hydrophilum 

lanceolatum 

oecidentale 

quereetorum 

remotifolium 

Cistaeeae 

Clarkia 

Breweri 



150 
151 
150 
151 
150 
151 
150 
287 
515 
515 
515 
515 
557 
557 
558 
558 
558 
558 
557 






483. 



558 
490 
490 
490 



351 
351 
351 
351 
338 
338 
504 
506 
507 
508 
507 
508 
506 
506 
505 
507 
505 
509 
507 
508 
233 
331 
332 
332 



7 



elegans 331 

grandiflora 332 

rhomboidea 331 

Xantiana 332 

Claytonia diffusa 187 

gypsophiloides 186 

nubigena 186 

perfoliate/, 186 

Sibirica 186 

spathulata 187 

Cleavers 467 

Clematis 197 

lasiantha . 197 

ligustieifolia 198 

Clematis, Hill 198 

Large- flowered 197 

Cleomella 229 

obtusifolia 229 

Clintonia 125 

Andrewsiana 125 

uniflora .......... 126 

Clot bur, Spiny 547 

Clover 304 

Red 307 

Sour. 310 

Sweet. 312 

Club-rush 86 

Dwarf. 87 

Slender 86 

Cnicus 503 

benedietus 503 

Cnicus Andrewsii 506 

Breweri 507 

Calif amicus 508 

edulis 506 

quereetorum 507 

remotifolius 508 

Cockle Bur 546 

Coffee Berry 254 

Coleosanthus 571 

Californicus 571 

Collinsia 398 

arvensis 398 

bartsiaafolia 399 

bicolor 399 

Franciscana 399 

Greenei 400 

sparsiflora 398 

var. arvensis 398 



INDEX. 



595 



var. Franciscana .... 399 

tinctoria 399 

Oollomia 423 

fjilioides 425 

gracilis 425 

grandi flora. . 423 

beteropbvlla 424 

Coltsfoot, Sweet 509 

Columbine 195 

Compositae 482 

Coniferae 18 

Conium 349 

maculatum 349 

Convulvulaceae 385 

Convolvulus 386 

arvensis 388 

limnophilus 387 

luteolus 387 

var. purpurascens . . . 388 

var. Solanensis 388 

pentapetaloides 388 

sepium 387 

Soldanella 386 

suhaeaulis 387 

villosus 387 

Copa de Oro 2-7 

Corallorhiza 134 

Bigelovii 134 

multiflora 134 

Coral-root 134 

Cord-grass. 56 

Cordylanthus maritimus . . 41 7 

mollis. 417 

pilosus 416 

Coretbrogyne 563 

ccespitosa 565 

Californica 565 

var. oboyata 565 

Californica 565 

filasjini folia 564 

leucophylla 564 

obovata 565 

viscidula 564 

var. Greenei 564 

Corn Cockle 166 

Corn Gromwell 441 

Corn Speedwell 411 

Corn Spurrey 171 

Cornaceae . 360 



Cornel 360 

Cornus 360 

Californica 361 

Canadensis 361 

glabrata 361 

Greenei 361 

Greenei 362 

Nuttallii 361 

pubescens var. Californica. 361 

sessilis 361 

Torreyi 362 

Coronopus 228 

didymus 229 

Ruellii 229 

Corylaceae . 140 

Corylus 140 

rostrata var. Californica . 140 
Cotton-batting Plant .... 552 

Cotton-sedge 88 

Slender 88 

Cottonwood 138 

Balsam 139 

Black 138 

Common 138 

Cotula . . 517 

australis 517 

coronopifolia 518 

Cotyledon 266 

caespitosa 267 

var. paniculata .... 267 

farinosa 266 

laxa 267 

var. Setchellii 267 

Plattiana 267 

Cow Herb 164 

Cow Parsnip 360 

Crab Apple, Oregon .... 287 

Crab grass 31 

Cranesbill 246 

Crantzia 353 

lineata 353 

Crassulaceee 264 

Crataegus ! 287 

rivularis 287 

Cream -cups 205 

Cream Sacs 415 

Crepis 499 

occidentals 499 

virens 499 



59(1 



INDEX. 



Cressa 388 

Cretica 388 

Cress, Hoary 226 

Croton 261 

Californicus 261 

CruciferaB 210 

Cryptanthe 444 

ambigua 444 

flaccida 445 

Jonesii 445 

leiocarpa 445 

raicromeres 445 

microstachys 445 

muriculata 444 

Torreyana 446 

Cucurbita 319 

fcetidissima 319 

palmata 319 

Cucurbitaceae 319 

Cudweed 550 

Lowland 551 

Purple 551 

.Cupressus 25 

Goveniana 25 

Macnabiana 25 

macrocarpa 26 

Cupuliferoe 141 

Currant 272 

Flowering 273 

Cuscuta 388 

arvensis 389 

Californica 389 

salina 389 

subinclusa 389 

Cycladenia 381 

humilis 381 

Cynara 504 

Scolymus 604 

Cynarese 484, 502 

Cynodon 56 

Dactylon 50 

Cynoglossum 449 

grande 450 

Cyperaceaa 83 

Cyperus 84 

aristatus 84 

diandrus var. castaneus . . 84 

erythrorhizos 85 

serrulatus 84 



Cypress 26 

Gowen 25 

McNab 25 

Monterey 26 

Cypripediura 130 

Californicum 131 

montanum 131 

Cypselea 189 

humifusa 189 

j Dactylis 64 

glomerata 65 

Daisy 564 

Seaside 568 

Danthonia 55 

Californica 55 

Darnel 75 

Poison 75 

Datisca 321 

glomerata 321 

Datisca Family 321 

Datisca 821 

Datura 391 

meteloides 392 

Stramonium 392 

Tatula 892 

Daucus 347 

Carota 348 

pusillus 347 

Deer-weed 304 

Delphinium 195 

Californicum 195 

decorum 196 

hesperium 196 

Menziesii 197 

nudicaule . . . . ' . . . . 197 

recurvatum 196 

variegatum 196 

var. apiculatum .... 196 

Dendromecon 206 

rigidum 206 

Dentaria 221 

Californica 222 

cardiophylla 222 

integrifolia 221 

var. Californica .... 222 

Deschampsia 50 

calycina 51 

elongata 51 



var. ciliata 



51 



INDEX. 



5.97 



var. tenuis 51 

holciformis 50 

Deweya Hartwegi 350 

Kelloggii 350 

Dicentra 209 

chrysantha 210 

formosa 210 

Dichondra 386 

repens 386 

Dicotyledons 135 

Diplacus 402 

glutinosus 402 

Dipsaceae 475 

Dipsacus 476 

fullonum 476 

svlvestris 476 

Dirca 259 

occiden talis 260 

Disporum 127 

Hookeri 127 

Menziesii 127 

Distichlis 63 

iH'iritima 63 

spicata 63 

Ditch-grass 100 

Dock 156 

Bitter 157 

Curly 157 

Fiddle 157 

Golden 158 

Green 157 

Western 156 

Willow-leaved 157 

Dodder 388 

Dodecatheon 376 

Hendersoni 376 

patulum 377 

var. gracile 377 

var. Bernalium .... 377 

Dogbane Family 380 

Dog-fennel 514 

Dog's-tooth grass 56 

Dog.Violet 231 

Dogwood 360 

Nuttall's 361 

Dogwood Family 360 

Dormidera 207 

Downingia elegans 480 

pulchella 481 



Duckweed 97 

Gibbous 98 

Ivy-leaved 98 

Smaller 98 

Duckweed Family 97 

Dune Tansy 516 

Durango Boot , . 321 

Duravia 158 

Dutchman's Breeches . . . 209 

Dutchman's Pipe 364 

Dyer's Weed 230 

Echinocystis 319 

fabacea 320 

var. agrestis 320 

macrocarpa ....... 320 

Marah 320 

Watsonii 321 

Eclipta 540 

alba 540 

Eel-grass 101 

Pacific 102 

Torrey's 102 

Elatinacese 234 

Elatine 234 

brachysperma 234 

Californica 234 

Elder 470 

Eleocharis ........ 85 

acicularis 85 

palustris 85 

Ellisia 435 

chrysanthemifolia .... 435 

membranacea 435 

Elymus 76 

angustifolius 80 

var. caespitosus .... 81 

arenarius 77 

condensatus 78 

divergens 80 

glaucus 78 

var. breviaristatus ... 79 

var. Jepsonii 79 

var. maximus 79 

var. tenuis .*,... 79 

hispidulus 79 

pubescens 78 

Sibiricus 80 

Sitanion 81 

triticoides 78 



598 



INDEX. 



Emex australis 156 

Emrnenanthe 439 

penduliflora 439 

Enchanter's Nightshade . . 338 

Encina 143 

Epilobium 327 

adenocaulon var. occiden- 
tal 327 

Californicum 327 

Franciscanum 328 

hulosericeum 328 

minutum 328 

var. Biolettii 328 

var. foliosum 328 

obcordatum 329 

paniculatum 328 

spicatum 329 

AVatsoni 328 

Epipactis 132 

gigantea 132 

Eragrostis 59 

hypnoides 60 

major 60 

minor 60 

var. megastachya ... 60 
poceoides var. megastachya . .60 

reptans 60 

Eremocarpus 260 

setigerus 260 

Ericaceae 367 

Ericameria 559 

arborescens 559 

ericoides 559 

Erigeron 567 

angustatus 569 

Canadensis 567 

foliosus 568 

glaucus 568 

inornatus 569 

var. Bioletti 569 

var. viscidulus 569 

inornatus var. angustatus . 569 

miser 569 

Philadelphia 568 

Setchellii .* 568 

supplex 568 

Eriodictyon 440 

Californicum 440 

glutinosum- 440 



Eriogonum 152 

angulosum 155 

compositum 153 

dasyanthemum 155 

var. Jepsoni 155 

gracile 154 

hirtiflorum 151 

latifolium 153 

Nortoni 155 

nudum 153 

var. oblongifolium , . . 153 

saxatile 154 

stellatum 152 

trachygonum 154 

truncatum 154 

vimineum 154 

var. caninum 155 

virgatum 155 

AVrightii var. trachygonum 154 

Eriophorum 88 

gracile 88 

Eriophyllum 522 

arachnoideum 523 

confertiflorum 523 

idoneum 524 

Jepsonii 523 

lanatum var. grandiflorum. 524 
staachadifolium 523 

Erodium 247 

Botrys 247 

Californicum 247 

cicutarium 248 

macrophyllum 247 

var. Californicum . . . 247 
moschatum 247 

Eryngium 342 

armatum 343 

articulatum 344 

Californicum 343 

Harknessii 344 

petiolatum 343 

Vaseyi 343 

Eryngo, Point Reyes .... 343 
Vasey's 343 

Erysimum 218 

aspevum 218 

Californicum 218 

capitatum 218 

grandiflorum 218 



INDEX. 



599 



Erythnea .... 

Muhlenbergii . 

tricantba . . . 

Erythronium . . 

grandiflorum . 

Escb>eholtzia . . 

ambigua . . . 

caespitosa . . . 

Californica . . 

var. ambigua 

var. compacta 

var. crocea . 

var. Douglasii 

coynpacta . . . 



Douglasii . . . 

rhombipetala . 
Escobilla .... 
Escobita, Common 

Purple .... 
Eucharidum . . 

Breweri . . . 



379 
379 
379 
110 
110 
206 
208 
208 
207 
208 
208 
207 
208 
208 
207 
208 
208 
503 



cmcmnum 

Euclarkia 

Euonymus 

oecidentalis 

Eupatorieaa ...... 490, 

Eupatory Tribe .... 490, 

Euphorbia 

dictyosperma 

exigua 

hypericifolia 

Lathyrjs 

leptocera 

maculata 

oeellata 

oecidentalis . 

Peplus 

rugulosa 

serpyllifolia 

var. consanguinea . . . 
var. oecidentalis . . . . 

var. rugulosa 

Euphorbiacese 

Eusidalcea 

Euthamia oecidentalis . . . 
Evax 

acaulis 

caulescens 

var. humilis 



414 
414 

331 
332 
332 
331 
253 
253 
570 
570 
261 
263 
263 
262 
263 
263 
262 
262 
262 
263 
262 
262 
262 
262 
262 
260 
239 
560 
549 
549 
549 
549 



sparsi flora 549 

Evening- Primrose Family . 325 

Evening Snow 430 

Everlasting 552 

California 551 

Pearlv 552 

Pink' 551 

Small-headed 551 

Everlasting Tribe . . . 488, 547 

Faculty Onions 190 

Fairy Bells 127 

Fairy Lantern 113 

False Alum Root 270 

False Flax 224 

False Hellebore 122 

False Loose-strife 326 

False Lupine 289 

False Mallow 241 

False Mitre-wort 270 

False Pimpernel 235 

False Solomon's Seal .... 126 

Fennel, Sweet 355 

Fescue, California 64 

Red 68 

Squirrel -tail 69 

Western 69 

Fescue-grass 68 

Fescue Tribe 57 

Festuca 68 

Californica 69 

denticulata 69 

microstachys 69 

var. ciliata 69 

var. pauci flora .... 6)9 

Myuros 69 

var. cilitia 70 

var. sciuroides 70 

ovina var. rubra 69 

rubra 68 

scabrella 69 

sciuroides . 70 

Festuceae 57 

FicoideaB 188 

Field Chickweed 166 

Field Madder 470 

Fig Marigold 190 

Fig, Sea 190 

Figwort 400 

Figwort Family 394 

Filago 549 



600 



INDEX. 



Caiifornica 550 

Gallica 550 

Filaree 247 

Red-stemmed 248 

Fimbristylis 86 

apus 8G 

miliacea 86 

Finger-grass Tribe 55 

Fir 20 

Red 20 

Fire-crackers, Ida May's . .114 

Fire- weed 329 

Five Finger 281 

Flag 128 

Flax 248 

Blue 24:5 

Flax Family 248 

Fleabane 567 

Salt Marsh 653 

Flcerkea 248 

Douglasii 248 

Flowering Fern 204 

FuMiiculum 854 

vulgare 855 

Forget-me-not 441 

Four-o'clock Family .... 183 | 

Foxtail 40,-83 j 

Bristly 33 

California 41 

Meadow 40 I 

Water 41 

Fragaria 280 

Caiifornica 2nd 

Chilensis 281 

Frankenia 162 

grandifolia 163 

Frankenia Family 162 

Frankeniacea? 1*12 

Franseria 546 

bipinnatifida 546 

Chamissonis 546 

Frasera 378 

nitida 878 j 

speciosa 878 

Fraxinus 885 

dipetala 885 

Oregana 885 

Fremontia 236 | 

Caiifornica 286 • 



Fringe-pod 225 

Fritillaria 107 

agrestis 109 

biflora 108 

coccinea 108 

lanceolata 108 

(anceolata var. gracilis , . 108 

liliacea 109 

mutica 108, 377 

var. gracilis 108 

pluri flora 107 

Fritillaria 

Pink 107 

Scarlet 108 

White 109 

Fuller's Teasel 476 

Fumariaoea? 209 

Fumitory Family 209 

Galingale 84 

Galium 467 

Andrewsii 469 

anglicum 468 

Aparine 468 

Bolanderi 469 

Californicum 469 

Xuttallii 469 

Parisiense 468 

tricorne 468 

trifidum 468 

triflorum 468 

Galium, California .... 469 

Corn 468 

Wall 468 

Garden Balm 462 

Garrya 362 

buxifolia 363 

elliptica 362 

Fremonti ........ 363 

GarryaceaB 362 

Gastridium 44 

australe 45 

lendigerum 45 

Gaultlieria 373 

Shallon 373 

Gayophytum 325 

Gentian 378 

Gentian Family 378 

Gentiana 378 

Oregana 379 



INDEX. 



601 



Qentianaceae :!"s 

Geraniacea? 243 

Geranium 246 

Carolinianum 246 

dissectum 246 

niolle 246 

parviflorum 246 

pilosum 246 

Geranium, Carolina .... 246 

Common 246 

Geranium Family 245 

Gilia 424 

achilleae folia 426 

ambigua 430 

atractyloides ...... 428 

capitata 426 

ciliata 432 

cotul.-efolia 427 

densifolia 427 

dichotomy 430 

gilioides 425 

gracilis 425 

heterodoxa 428 

intertexta 427 

latiflora 426 

leucocephala 427 

I hi iflora . 430 

mellita 428 

micrantha 431 

multicaulis 425 

prostrata 427 

pubescens 428 

pusilla 430 

Rattani 431 

squarrosa 428 

tenella 432 

tricolor 426 

virgata yar. floribunda . . 426 

viscidulk 429 

Gilia Family 422 

Ginseng 339 

Githopsis 479 

diffusa 479 

specularioides 479 

var. diffusa 479 

Glasswort 181 

Glaux 374 

maritima 375 

Globe Tulip, White . . . .113 



Glyceric/, pauciflora .... 68 

Glvcyrrhiza 293 

lepidota var. glutinosa . . 293 

Gnapbalium 550 

Chilense 552 

decurrens var. Californi- 

cum 551 

microcephalum 551 

palustre 551 

var. nanum 551 

purpureum 551 

ramosissimum 551 

Sprengelii 552 

Godetia 332 

albescens 334 

var. micropetala .... 334 

amoena 333 

var. concolor 334 

biloba 333 

epilobioides 333 

lepida 335 

var. Arnotti 335 

micropetala 334 

quadrivulnera 334 

var. tenella 334 

tenella 334 

Gold Fields 519 

Golden Eggs 336 

Golden-eyed Grass 130 

Golden Lily Bell 113 

Golden Rod 560 

Coast 561 

Common 561 

Western 560 

Golden Thistle 490 

Golden-top 65 

Gomphocorpus eordifolws . 384 

purpurascens 384 

tomentosus 384 

Goodyera 133 

Menziesii 133 

Gooseberry 272 

Canon 274 

Hillside 274 

Straggly 273 

Victor's . 273 

Goosefoot 175 

Nettle-leaved 176 

White 175 



602 



INDEX. 



Goosefoot Family 


174 


exiguus . . . . 


. . 529 


Goose-grass . ... 281 


468 


Hawksbeard, Gray . . 


. . 499 


Gourd Family ...... 


319 


Smooth 


. . 499 


Gramineae . 


26 


Hawk weed . 


. 498 


Grape . . . 


259 


Hazel 


. . 140 


Grass Family . 


26 


California 


. 140 


Grass Nuts 


117 


Hazel Family .... 


. . 140 


Grass of Parnassus .... 


271 


Heart's Ease, Western 


231 


Grass-wrack . 


101 


Heath Family . . . 


. . 367 


Gratiola 


409 


Hedera 

helix ....... 

Hedge Mustard . . . 


. . 339 


ebracteata 


409 


. 339 


Grease-wood 


277 


. 215 


Kern . . . 


181 


Hedge Nettle .... 


. . 456 


Grindelia 


554 


Hedge Parsley, Knotted 


. . 348 


camporum 


.)•).) 


Heleneee . . . . 


486, 518 


cuneifolia 


555 


Helenium . 


525 


var. paludosa .... 


556 


Bigelovii 


. . 526 


paludosa . . 


556 


puberulum .... 


. 526 


patens 


554 
555 


HeliantheaB 

Helianthella .... 


487, 540 


procera . 


. 543 


robusta . 


554 


Californica . 


543 


var. Davyi , 


554 


castanea . . 


543 


var. maritima . . . 


554 


Helianthemum . . . 


. . 233 


var. patens 


554 


scopanum 


. . 233 


rubricaulis 


555 


Helianthus . 


. 542 


Ground Iris 


129 


annuus 


542 


Groundsel 




Bolanderi 


. 542 


Common . 


502 


Californicus . 


542 


Groundsel Tribe . . 486 


509 


exilis 


542 


Gum Plant 


554 


Heliotrope 


. 441 


Gutierrez! a 


553 


Heliotropium .... 


441 


Californica 


553 


Curassavicum . 


441 


Gymnospermae 


. 17 


Hemitomes congestum 


. 367 


Qym nosticum Calif or nicurn 


82 


Hemizonella . . 


. 529 


Habenaria 


. 131 
. 131 
. 132 


minima 

parvula 

Hemizonia 


. 529 


elegans . . . 


529 


leucostachys 


. . 529 


maritima . 


. 132 


angustifolia . 


. 350 


Michaeli 


131 


cltrlna 


530 


Hair-a;rass 


49 


Clevelandi 


* . .530 


California . 


54 


congesta . . . 


. 530 


Fine . 


50 
49 


coryrnbosa .... 
fasciculata . . 

Fitch i i . 


. 530 


Silvery . . 


. 531 


Slender . 


51 


. 533 


Halorageas 


338 


Heermanni 


. 531 


Hard -grass 


73 


Kelloggii . 


. 530 


Curved 


73 


luzulajfolia . 


. 530 


Cylindrical . 


73 


var. citrina . 


530 


Hare-bell, California . . . 


477 


var. lutescens . . 


. 530 


Harptecarpus 


528 


paudflora 


. 534 



INDEX. 



603 



plumosa 535 

var. subplumosa .... 535 

pungens 532 

truncata 533 

virgata 531 

Hemlock 18, 351 

Western 19 

Henbit 458 

Heracleum 360 

lanatum 360 

Herald of Summer 333 

Herniaria 171 

cinerea 172 

H&rpestis Eiseni 409 

Hesperalcea 239 

Hesperevax humilis .... 549 

sparsiflora 549 

Hesperocnide 148 

tenella 148 

Heterocodon 479 

rariflorum 479 

Heterodraba unilateralis , . 224 
Heterogaura 325 

Californica 325 

Heteromeles 286 

arbuti folia 287 

Heterotheca 556 

grandi flora 557 

Heuchera 271 

micrantha 271 

pilosissima 271 

rubescens 271 

Hibiscus 237 

Californicus 237 

Hieracium 498 

albiflorum 498 

Hierochloe 37 

macrophylla 37 

Hill Brush . 517 

Hippuris 338 

vulgaris 338 

Hog's" Potato 122 

Holcus 48 

lanatus 49 

Holocarpha 531 

macradenia 532 

Holodiscus 277 

discolor var. ariaefolius . . 277 
Holozonia 539 



Mipes 539 

Honeysuckle 472 

California 473 

Chaparral 473 

Honeysuckle Family .... 470 

Hookera 114 

capitata 117 

congesta 116 

coronaria 116 

hyacinthina 118 

var. lactea 118 

ixioides 117 

var. lugens 117 

laxa 117 

minor 115 

peduncularis 117 

terrestris 115 

volubilis 116 

Hop Tree . ■ 249 

Hordea 72 

Hordeum 82 

Gussonianum 83 

maratimum 83 

var. Gussonianum ... 83 

murinum 83 

nodosum 82 

pratense 82 

Horehound . 455 

Horkelia 

Bolanderi 283 

Californica 282, 283 

var. serieea 283 

fusea var. tenuiloba . . . 283 

Horned Pond weed 101 

Hornwort 192 

Horn wort Family 191 

Horse Chestnut 251 

Horseweed . 567 

Hosackia balsamifera . . . 300 

brachycarpa 303 

crassifolia 300 

cytisoides 304 

glabra 304 

gracilis 301 

grandifiora 301 

Hcermanni 303 

maritima 302 

nudiflora 302 

parviflora 302 



604 



INDEX. 



Purshiana 303 

rubella 302 

xtipularis \ 300 

tomentosa .' 303 

Torreyi ,.801 

Hound's Tongue 450 

Howellia 482 

limosa ' 432 

Huckleberry 373 

Hydrocotyle .,...., 342 

prolifera ] 342 

ranunculoides ...... 342 

Hydrophyllacea- ...... 432 

Hydrophyllum .' 433 

capitatum var. alpinurn . 433 

occidentale 433 

Hyperieacew 235 

Hypericum 235 

anagalloides ...'.... 235 

concinnum 235 

formoeum var. Scoulori . . 235 

mutilum 235 

Hypoch.rris 493 

glabra ' 493 

radicata 493 

[lysanthes ' 409 

gratioloidee 410 

Incense Cedar 24 

Indian Chick-weed .... 188 

Indian Hemp 380 

Common 381 

Indian Lettuce 185 

Indian Paint Brush .... 413 

Indian Pink \ \Q$ 

Indian Pond Lily . . . . . 193 

Indian Warrior 417 

Inside-out Flower ..... 204 

Inulere . 488, 547 

Iridacea' 128 

Iris ...... .' . . . . 128 

Douglasiana 129 

longipetala 129 

macrosiphon 129 

Iris Family ! 128 

Jslay . . . 286 

lsocoma 559 

«rguta " .-,60 

veneta .-,60 

var. arguta 560 



var. vernonioides . . . 500 

vernonioides 560 

Isopyrum "194 

occidentale 194 

Iy a \ \ \ 545 

axillaris 545 

Ivy , * 339 

Jacob's Ladder 423 

Jaumea 5ig 

carnosa 518 

Jerusalem Oak . . . . .' .' 176 

Jewel Flower \ 214 

Johnson -grass 29 

Jointed Charlock 218 

Judas Tree 289 

Juglandaceas 145 

Julians 145 

Californica 146 

Juncaceae 92 

Juncaginaoeae 102 

Junooides comomm .... 95 

Juncus 93 

bufonius 93 

etl'usus t 04 

var. Brunneus 94 

f'alcatus 94 

var. paniculatus . . , 94 

Leseurii 93 

patens 94 

phaaocephalus 95 

tenuis 04 

var. congestus 94 

uncialis . 93 

xiphioides 94 

var. auratus '.):, 

June Berry 287 

Juniper " 24 

California 25 

Sierra \ 25 

Juniperus ' 24 

Californica 25 

occidentalis ....... 25 

Jussiasa 325 

Californica 326 

Kern Grease wood . ..." 181 

Knot-grass 30 

Knotweed, Common . . . 16] 

Koeler-grass 60 

Crested 61 



INDEX. 



605 



Koeleria 60 

cristata (51 

var. longi folia 61 

var. pubescens .... (31 

Koellia 405 

Californica 465 

Labiatae 452 

Labrador Tea 369 

Lace-pod 225 

Lactuca 501 

sativa 501 

Scariola 501 

Lady's Mantle 284 

Lady's Slipper 130 

Lady's Thumb 161 

Lagophylla 538 

congesta 539 

JUipes ........ 539 

ramosissima 538 

var. congesta 539 

Lamarckia 65 

aurea 65 

Lamium amplexicaule . . . 458 

Larkspur 195 

Coast 195 

Ked 197 

Sacramento 196 

Western 196 

Lastarriaea 149 

Chilensis 149 

Lasthenia 519 

Californica 519 

cbrysantha 519 

conjugens 519 

glaberrima 519 

glabrata 519 

var. Californica . . . .519 

Lathyrus 297 

Bolanderi 298 

Calif or nicus 298 

Jepsonii 299 

littoralis 298 

puberulus 298 

Torreyi 297 

vestitus var. puberulu* . . 298 

Watsoni 298 

Lauraceae 191 

Laurel Family . 191 

Lavatera . 237 



assurgentifolia 237 

Layia 535 

Beach 536 

Layia calliglossa 538 

ohrysanthemoidefi .... 537 

elegans 536 

Fremonti 538 

glandulosa 536 

heterotricha 536 

hieracioidcH 537 

platyglos.sa 537 

Leather wood 259 

Western 260 

Ledum 369 

glandulosum 369 

Legouzia biflora 478 

Leguminosae 288 

Lemna 97 

cyclostasa 98 

gibba ... 98 

minima 98 

minor 98 

trisulca 98 

Lemnaceas 97 

Lemon Verbena 451 

Leontodon hirsutum .... 500 

Lepidium 226 

bipinnatifidum 227 

dictyotum 228 

Draba 226 

latipes . 227 

medium .... ... 227 

nitidum 227 

Oreganum 228 

oxycarpum 228 

strictum 228 

Leptosyne .... ... 544 

calliopsidea 545 

Stillmani 544 

Leptotaenia 356 

Californica 356 

var. platycarpa .... 357 

dissecta 357 

Lepturus 73 

Bolanderi 74 

cylindricus 73 

incurvatus 73 

Lessingia 561 

adenophora 563 



606 



INDEX. 



Germanorum 562 

glandulifera 562 

hololeuca 563 

leptoclada 563 

nana 563 

ramulosa 562 

virgata 563 

Lettuce 501 

Common 501 

Prickly 501 

Lewisia 184 

rediviva 185 

Libocedrus 24 

decurrens 24 

Lilac 

California 256 

Parry's 256 

Lilaea 103 

subulata 104 

Liliacese 106 

Lilium 109 

maritimum 110 

pardalinum 109 

rubescens 110 

Lily 109 

Black 108 

Chaparral 110 

Checker 108 

Coast 110 

Easter 110 

Kedwood 110 

Riceroot 108 

Tiger 109 

Lily Family 106 

Limosella 408 

aquatica 408 

Linacea? 243 

Linanthus 429 

acicularis 432 

ambiguus 430 

androsaceus 431 

bicolor 432 

Bolanderi 430 

eiliatus 432 

densiflorus 431 

dichotomus 430 

grandiflorus 431 

liniflorus 430 

parviflorus 431 



var. rosaceus .... 431 

pusillus 430 

Kattani 431 

rosaceus 431 

Linaria 397 

Canadensis 397 

vulgaris 397 

Linum 243 

adenophyllum 244 

Breweri 245 

Californicum 244 

congestum 244 

Lewisii 243 

micranthum 244 

spergulinum 244 

Lippia 451 

lanceolata 451 

nodi flora . 451 

Liquorice 293 

Lithospermum arvense . . . 441 

Lizard Tail 523 

Lizard-tail Family 162 

Loasa Family 321 

Loasaceae 321 

Lobelia Family 479 

Lobeliaceae 479 

Loco-weed 290 

Lceflingia 171 

squarrosa 171 

Lolium 74 

Italicum 75 

multiflorum 75 

perenne 75 

var. Italicum 75 

var. multiflorum .... 75 

var. tenue 75 

temulentum 75 

var. arvense 75 

tenue 75 

Lonicera 472 

Californica 473 

hispidula var. Californica . 473 
hispidula var. interrupta . 473 

interrupta 473 

var. subspicata .... 474 

involucrata 472 

Loose-strife 323 

Loose-strife Family .... 323 
Lophanthus . 455 



INDEX. 



607 



urticifolius 455 

Lophochlcena Califomica . . 68 

Loranthaceae 365 

Lotus 299 

Americanus 302 

Benthami 304 

Biolettii 304 

crassifolius 300 

eriophorus 303 

formosissimus 301 

glaber 304 

grandiflorus 301 

Heermauni 303 

hirtellus 302 

humistratus 302 

leucophaeus 301 

micranthus 302 

salsuginosus 301 

stipularis 300 

strigosus 302 

var. nudiflorus .... 302 
subpinnatus var. Wrangel- 

ianus 303 

Torreyi -3()0 

Wrangelianus 303 

Lousewort 417 

Lucern 313 

Ludwigia 326 

palustris 326 

Luina 510 

hypoleuca 511 

Lupine 313 

Lupinus 313 

affinis 317 

var. carnosulus . . . .317 

albifrons 315 

arboreus 314 

bicolor , 317 

carnosulus 317 

Chamissonis 315 

densiflorus 318 

eminens 315 

formosus 316 

jucundus 315 

latifolius 316 

littoralis 316 

luteolus 318 

micranthus 317 

var. bicolor 317 



var. pachylobus .... 318 

microcarpus 319 

nanus 317 

pachylobus 318 

polycarpus 818 

polyphyllus 316 

sericatus 316 

tritidus 318 

variicolor 315 

Luzula 95 

comosa 95 

var. congesta 95 

var. subsessilis 95 

Lycopus 465 

Americanus 466 

lucidus 466 

sinuatus 466 

Lythraceae 323 

Lythrum 323 

adsurgens 324 

Californicum 324 

Hyssopifolia 324 

Madder Family 467 

Madia ... 527 

anomalo. 527 

capitata 527 

var. anomala 527 

densifolia 528 

dissitiflora 528 

elegans 528 

var. densifolia 528 

filipes 529 

madioides 528 

Nuttallii 528 

radiata 528 

sativa 627 

Madia, Common 528 

Woodland 528 

Madieae 486, 527 

Madrona 372 

Mahala Mats 258 

Mahonia 204 

Maianthemum ..... 126 
bifolium var. dilatatum . 126 

Malacothrix 497 

Californica 498 

Clevelandi 498 

C'.ulteri 498 

obtusa 497 



608 



INDEX. 



parviflora 498 

Mallow 238 

Dwarf 238 

Large-flowered 238 

Small-flowered 238 

Mallow Family 236 

Malus 287 

rivularis 287 

Malva .238 

borealis 238 

parviflora 238 

rotundifolia 238 

Malvaceae 236 

Malvastrum 241 

arcuatum 242 

exile 242 

fasciculatum 242 

Fremonti 242 

var. cercophorum . . . 242 

Parryi 242 

Malveopsis arcitatm .... 242 

Manna-grass 67 

Smooth 08 

Man Root, Common .... 320 

Hill 320 

Manzanita 370 

Common 371 

Myacoma 371 

Maple 251 

Large-leaved 252 

Sierra 252 

Vine 252 

Maple Family 251 

Mare's Tail 338 

Mariposa Lilv 110. Ill 

White . Ill 

Yellow 112 

Marrubium 455 

vulgare 455 

Marsh Dodder 389 

Marsh Mallow 237 

Marsh Pennywort 342 

Marsh Rosemary .... -378 

Matricaria 515 

discoidea .515 

occiden talis 515 

Mavweed 514 

Mayweed Tribe .... 485. 514 
Meadow Foam 248 



Meadow-grass 66 

Creeping 60 

Meadow Rue 202 

Meadow Sweet, California . 277 

Meconopsis crassifolia . . . 209 
heterophylla 209 

Medicago 312 

apiculata 313 

denticulata 313 

lupulina 313 

maculata 313 

sativa 313 

Medick 312 

Black 313 

Spotted 313 

Megarrhiza Calif o mica . . 320 
Marah 320 

Melica 61 

bulbosa 62 

Californica 62 

imperfecta 61 

Torreyana 62 

Melic-grass 61 

California 62 

Slender 61 

Torrey's 62 

Melilot 

White 312 

Yellow 312 

Melilotus 312 

alba 312 

Indica 312 

Melissa 462 

officinalis 462 

Mentha 466 

Canadensis 466 

citrata 467 

piperita 467 

Pulegium 466 

spicata 467 

viridis 467 

Mentzelia 322 

aflinis 322 

dispersa 322 

gracilenta 323 

lasvicaulis 323 

Lindleyi 323 

micrantha 322 

Menvanthes 378 



INDEX. 



tsoy 



trifoliata ^78 | 

Mesembryanthemum .... 190 ' 

lequilaterale 190 

Mesquit-grass 49 

Mexican Tea 176 

Mezereum Family 259 

Microcala 379 

quadrangularis 380 

Micromeria 463 

Chamissonis 463 

Douglasii 463 

purpurea 466 

Micropus 547 j 

amphibolus 547 j 

Californicus 547 | 

Microseris 494 ! 

acuminata 496 j 

aphantocarpha 495 

var. indivisa 495 

var. tenella 495 

attenuata 495 

Bigelovii 495 

Bolanderi 497 

Douglasii 495 

elegans 495 

indivisa 495 

intermedia 496 

Lindleyi 494 

linearifolia 494 

maerochceta 494 

procera 497 

sylvatiea 496 

var. Stillmani 496 

Microsteris Californiea . . . 425 

Mignonette . .' 230 

Common 230 

White 230 

Mignonette Family .... 230 

Milfoil . ." 514 

Milk-maids 221 

Milk Thistle 509 

Milkweed 382 

Milkweed Family 381 

Milkwort .... ... 248 

Sea 375 

Millet 31 

Millet Tribe 29 

Mimetanthe 408 

pilosa 408 

41 6 



Stimulus 402 

androsaceus 405 

angustatus 403 

arvensis 407 

Bolanderi 404 

cardinalis 405 

Congdoni 404 

exilis 408 

floribundus 407 

glareosus 407 

guttatus ; . 406 

• inconspicuus var. latidens . 406 

inodorus 408 

Kelloggii . . " 404 

var. parviflorus .... 404 

Langsdorffii 406 

var. arvensis 407 

var. Californicum . . . 407 

var. grandis 407 

var. guttatus 406 

var. insignis 407 

var. nasutus 407 

latidens 406 

Layneae 405 

luteus 406 

moschatus var. sessilifolius.408 

nasutus 407 

Rattani 405 

rubellus 406 

subuni floras 404 

tricolor 404 

Miner's Lettuce 186 

Mint 466 

Mint Family 452 

Mission Bells 108 

Mistletoe 365 

Common 365 

Pine 366 

Yellow 365 

Mistletoe Family 365 

Mock Orange 319 

Mohavea 394 

Mollugo 188 

verticillata 188 

Monardella 463 

Breweri 464 

candicans 464 

Douglasii 464 

lanceolata 464 



610 



INDEX. 



leucocephala 464 

undulata 464 

villosa 465 

var. interior 465 

viridis 465 

Monkey-flower 402 

Bush 402 

Monniera 409 

rotundifolia var. Eiseni. . 409 

Monocotyledons 26 

Monolopia 522 

gracilens 522 

major 522 

Montia 185 

Chamissonis 187 

diffusa 187 



fontana . . . 
gypsophiloides 



187 
186 
187 
186 
186 
186 
186 
386 
386 
385 



parvifolia 

perfoliata 

var. nubigena 

Sibirica 

spathulata 

Morning-glory . . . 

Shore 

Morning-glory Family . 

Moronel 174 

Mosquito Bills 376 

Moth Mullein 395 

Mountain Balm 440 

Mountain Laurel 191 

Mountain Leatherwood . . 236 

Mountain Lilac 254 

Mountain Mahogany . . . 278 

Mountain Mint 465 

Mountain Rose 279 

Mourning Bride .... 476 
Mouse-ear Chickweed . . . 166 
Mouse Tail 198 

Antioch 198 

Mud Purslane 234 

Mud wort 408 

Mugwort, California .... 516 
Muilla 118 

maritima 118 

Mule Fat 570 

Mule's Ears 541 

Mullein 395 

Common 395 



Moth 395 

Musk Clover 247 

Mustard .... ... 216 

Black 217 

Common Yellow 216 

Tansv 215 

Tower 219 

Mustard Family 210 

Myosotis sylvatica . ... 441 

Myosurus 198 

alopecuroides 198 

minimus 198 

Myrica 14(1 

Californica 146 

Hartwegi 146 

Myricaceae 146 

Myriophyllum 339 

hippurioides 339 

spicatum 339 

Mvrtle 380 

Naiad 102 

Hollv-leaved 102 

Slender 102 

Naiadacea; 99 

Naias 102 

flexilis 102 

marina 102 

Napa Thistle 502 

Narthecium 124 

Californicum 124 

Nasturtium 220 

curvisiliqua 221 

dictyotum .... 221 

officinale 221 

palustris 221 

Navarretia nigellaformis . . 427 

parvula 427 

Neck weed 411 

Negundo Californicum . . . 252 

Neilha capitata 276 

Nemophila 433 

atomaria 434 

aurita 434 

insignis . 434 

var. atomaria 434 

var. intermedia .... 434 

intermedia 434 

maculata 434 

parviflora 433 



INDEX. 



611 



venosa 434 

Nemopliila, Purple . . . 434 
Nemoseris Californica . . . 493 

Nepeta 455 

cataria ......... 455 

Nettle 147 

Creek 147 

Small 147 

Nettle Family 140 

New Zealand Spinach . . . 189 

Nicotiana 390 

attenuata 391 

Bigelovii 390 

glauca 391 

Nievitas 444 

Nigger-babies 129 

Nightshade 392 

Black 392 

Nightshade Family .... 390 

Nine Bark 270 

Nitrophila 174 

occidentalis 174 

Nonsuch 313 

Nuphar 192 

advena 192 

polysepalum 193 

Nit-grass 45 

Nutmeg, California .... 18 
Nuttallia cerasiformis . . . 285 

Nyctaginacese 183 

Nymphaeacese 192 

Oak 141 

Black 144 

Blue ... 142 

Field 143 

Kellogg , 144 

Live 144 

Maul 143 

Mountain White .... 142 

Pacific Post 142 

Scrub 143 

Tanbark 144 

Valley 142 

Oak Family 141 

Oat-grass 51 

Brome-like 52 

Nodding 52 

Silvery 52 

Tall . 54 



Oats 53 

Barbed 54 

Bastard 53 

Common 54 

Wild 53 

Oats Tribe 48 

Odontostomum 113 

Hartwegi 114 

(Enanthe 353 

Californica 354 

sarmentosa 354 

(Enothera 335 

biennis var. grandiflora . 335 

Californica 330 

campestris 337 

cheiranthifolia 330 

dentata 337 

var. cruciata 338 

graciliflora 330 

hirtella 337 

micrantha 337 

ovata 336 

strigulosa 337 

trichocalyx 336 

Old Man 517 

Old Man in the Ground . . 320 

Old-witch-grass 32 

Oleaceas 384 

Olney's Bulrush 87 

Onagracere 325 

Onion 119 

Ookow . 116 

Opulaster 276 

opulifolius 276 

var. capitatus 276 

Orchard-grass 65 

Orchidacera 130 

Orchid Family . . . . . .130 

Orchis, Stream 132 

Orobanchaceas 420 

Orthocarpus 413 

attenuatus 414 

castilleioides 414 

densiflorus 414 

erianthus 415 

var. roseus 415 

var. versicolor 415 

faucibarbatus 415 

floribundus 415 



42 



612 



INDEX. 



lithospermoides . . . . , 

purpurascens 

pusillus 

versicolor , 

Osmaronia . . , 

cerasiformis 

Osmorrhiza , 

braehypoda 

nuda 

ooci den talis . . • . . . , 

Oso Berrv 

Owl's Clover 413, 

White 

Oxalis 

corniculata 

Oregana 

Wrightii 

Ox-eye Daisy 

Oxytheca 

hirtiflora 



415 
414 

414 
41-5 

285 



lnermis ......... 

Pachvstima Myrsinites . . 
Paeonia 

Brownii ....... 

Painted Cup, Seaside . . . 

Woolly 

Panic, Branched 

Paniceae 

Panic-grass 

Panicularia 

pauciflora 

Panicum 

capillare 

Crus-galli 

dichotomum 

niiliaceum 

sanguinale 

Pansy, Yellow 

Papaver 

Californicum 

heterophyllum .... 
var. crassifolium . . . 

Papaveraceae 

Parietaria debilis .... 
Parnassia 

palustris var. Californica 
Paronychia 

Chilensis 

pusilla 



285 

346 

347 

347 

347 

285 

415 

415 

245 

245 

246 

245 

515 

151 

151 

152 

253 

194 

194 

412 

413 

32 

29 

30 

67 

68 

30 

32 

31 

32 

31 

31 

232 

208 

209 

209 

209 

205 

148 

271 

271 

172 

172 

172 



Parsley Family 340 

Parsnip 360 

Paspalum 30 

distichum ........ 30 

Pastinaca 359 

sativa 360 

Pea 297 

Pea Family 288 

Pear, California 251 

Pearl Wort 168 

Pectocarya 449 

penicillata 449 

pusilla 449 

Pedicularis 417 

densiflora 417 

Pennyroyal 466 

Pennywort 342 

Pentaeaena 172 

ramosissima 172 

Pentaehaeta 556 

alsinoides 556 

exilis 556 

Pentstemon 401 

centranthifolius 402 

corymbosus 401 

heterophyllus 402 

Lemmoni 401 

Newberryi var. Sonomensis.401 

Sonomensis 401 

Peony 194 

Pepper-grass 226 

Common 227 

Long- winged 227 

Tall 227 

Wayside 227 

Peppermint 467 

Pepperwood 191 

Periwinkle 380 

Persicaria 159 

Petasites 509 

palmata 510 

Petty Spurge ...... 263 

Peucedanum 357 

caruifolium 359 

dasycarpum 358 

Hassei 358 

leiocarpum 357 

macrocarpum 358 

parvifolium 358 



INDEX. 



613 



robustum 357 

utriculatum 359 

Vaseyi 359 

Phacelia 435 

Breweri 439 

Califurnica 438 

var. irnbricata 439 

cilia ta 437 

cirrinatiformis 436 

distans 438 

divaricata 437 

Douglasii 436 

irnbricata 439 

inalvyefolia 438 

namatoides 435 

nemoralis 439 

ramosissima 437 

Rattani 438 

suaveolens 437 

tanacetifblia 438 

Phacelia Family 432 

Phacelia, Stinging 438 

Phalarideas 33 

Phalaris 33 

amethystina 36 

Arundinacea 86 

Canariensis 34 

Caroliniana 34 

Lemmoni 35 

minor 34 

paradoxa 35 

Phleum 39 

alpinum 40 

pratense 39 

Phoradendron 365 

BoLeanum 366 

flavesoens 365 

villosum 365 

Phragmites 59 

communis 59 

Phragmites 59 

vulgaris . 59 

Phvllospadix 101 

Scouleri 102 

Torreyi 102 

Pickeringia 290 

Pickle-weed 182 

Picris . 491 

echioides 492 



Pigweed 175 

Bough 173 

Pimpernel 375 

Pimpinel 353 

PimpineUa 352 

apiodora 353 

Pin Clover 248 

Pin Grass 248 

Pincushion 476 

Pine 20 

Beach 23 

Big-cone 21 

Bishop 23 

Bla^k 21 

Bull 21 

Digger 22 

Gray-leaf 22 

Knob-cone 22 

Lodgepole 23 

Monterey 22 

Oregon .20 

Scrub 23 

Sugar 20 

Yellow 21 

Pine Drops 367 

Pine Erigeron 569 

Pine Family 18 

Pink Familv 163 

Pink, Sea / 378 

Indian 165 

Pinus 20 

attenuata 22 

contorta 23 

var. Murray an a .... 23 

Coulteri 21 

insignis 22 

Lambertiana 20 

muricata 23 

ponderosa 21 

radiata 22 

Sabiniana 22 

tuberculata 22 

Pipe-stem 197 

Pipe Vine 364 

Pipsissewa 367 

Menzies .368 

Pitcher Sage 463 

Plagiobothrys 446 

campestris . 446 



614 



INDEX. 



canescens 447 

notbofulvus 447 

rufescens var. campestris . 446 

tenellus 446 

Plane Tree 275 

Plane-tree Family 274 

Plantaginaceae 418 

Plantago 418 

Bigelovii 419 

Californica 419 

hirtella 418 

lanceolata 418 

major 418 

var. Asiatica 419 

maritima 419 

Patagonica 419 

var. Californica . . . .419 

var. rosulata 419 

Plantago Family 418 

Plantain 418 

Common 418 

English 418 

Sea 419 

Platanaceoe 274 

Platanus 275 

racemosa 275 

Platystemon 205 

Californicus 205 

■Torreyi 206 

Platystigma 205 

Califomicum 206 

lineare 206 

Plectritis 474 

Davyana 475 

glabra 475 

Jepsonii 475 

macrocera 475 

var. ciliosa 475 

magna 475 

samolifolia 475 

Pleuricospora fimbriolata . . 367 

Pleuropogon .62 

Califomicum 63 

Pluchea -552 

camphorata 553 

Plum 286 

Sierra 286 

Plumbaginaceae 377 

Poa 66 



annua 66 

Douglasii 66 

pratensis 66 

secunda 67 

unilateralis 67 

Pogogyne 461 

Douglasii 461 

parviflora 462 

serpylloides 462 

ziziphoroides 462 

Poison Hemlock 349 

Poison Oak 250 

Polemoniacea* 422 

Polemonium 423 

carneum 423 

Polycarpon 171 

depressum 171 

tetraphyllum 171 

Polygala 248 

Californica 249 

cornuta 249 

Polygala Family 248 

Polygalaceae 248 

Polygonaceae 148 

Polygonum 158 

acre 161 

amphibium 160 

aviculare 160 

Bolanderi 159 

Califomicum 160 

coarctatum 160 

Convolvulus 161 

Hartwrightii 161 

lapathifolium 161 

Muhlenbergii 161 

nodosum 161 

Paronychia 159 

Parryi 160 

Persicaria 161 

punctatum 161 

spergulariseforme .... 160 

Polypogon 41 

littoralis 42 

Monspeliensis 42 

Pond Lily 192 

Yellow 192 

Pondweed 99 

Pondweed Family 99 

Poor Man's Weather-glass . 375 



[NDEX. 



(U5 



Pop-corn Flower 446 

Poplar 138 

Poppy 208 

California 207 

Tree 206 

Western 209 

Poppy Family 205 

Populus * ... 188 

Fremonti 138 

tremuloides 139 

trichocarpa 138 

Portulaca 184 

oleraeea 184 

Portulacacese 184 

Potamogeton 99 

lonchites 99 

lucens 100 

pauciflorus 100 

pectinatus 100 

pusillus 100 

Potato 393 

Potentilla 281 

Anserina 281 

Bolanderi 283 

Californica 282 

var. Carmeliana .... 282 

elata 283 

frondosa 282 

glandulosa 282 

var. Nevadensis . . . 282 

Kelloggii . , 283 

Micheneri . 283 

millegrana 282 

multijuga 282 

rivalis var. millegrana . . 292 

tenuiloba 283 

var. Micheneri .... 283 

Poverty-grass 72 

Poverty Weed 545 

Primrose, Sierra 377 

Primrose Family 374 

Primulaceae 374 

Primula suffrutescens . . .377 

Prince's Pine 368 

Prunus 286 

subcordata 286 

Pseudotsuga 19 

Douglasii 19 

taxifolia 19 



Psilocarphus 548 

brevissimus 549 

Oreganus var. brevissimus. 549 

tenellus 549 

Psoralea 294 

bracteata 294 

Californica 295 

Douglasii 295 

fruticosa 294 

glandulosa 294 

macrostachys 295 

orbicularis 294 

physodes 295 

strobilina 295 

Ptelea 249 

Baldwinii var. crenulata . 249 

crenulata 249 

Pterospora andromeda . . . 367 

Pterostegia 149 

drvmarioides 149 

Ptiloria 491 

canescens 491 

virgata 491 

Pugiopappus 

calliopsideus 545 

Purslane, Common .... 184 

Lowland 189 

Water 326 

Purslane Family 184 

Pussv's Ears 112 

Pussy's Paws .188 

Pycnanthemum Calif or nicum. 465 

Pyrola 368 

aphylla 368 

picta 368 

rotundifolia var. bracteata. 368 

secunda 368 

Pyrrocoma elata 559 

Pyrns rivularis 287 

Quaking-grass .• 64 

Annual 64 

Perennial 64 

Quamash 121 

Quercus 141 

agrifolia 143 

Californica 144 

chrysolepis 143 

densiflora 144 

Douglasii 142 



616 



INDEX. 



dumosa 143 

var. bullata 143 

Garryana 142 

Kelloggii 144 

lobata 142 

Wislizenii ]44 

Rabbit's Foot Clover .... 306 

Racine d'Amere 185 

Radish 217 

Rafinesquia 492 

Californica 492 

Ragweed 545 

Western 545 

Ragweed Tribe .... 488, 545 

Ramona 460 

Ramona humilis 460 

Rancheria-grass 77 

Ranuncu'aceae 193 

Ranunculus 199 

aquatilis 202 

Biolettii 200 

Bloomeri 200 

Californicus 200 

var. lsetus 201 

var. gratus 201 

canus var. hesperoxys. 200 

Flammulus var. inter- 

medius 199 

hebecarpus 201 

hesperoxys 200 

Lobbii 202 

maximus 200 

muricatus 201 

oecidentalis var. Rattani . 201 
orthorhyncus var. maximus. 200 

pusillus 199 

Raphanus 217 

Raphanistrum 218 

sativus 217 

Raspberry 280 

Rattlesnake-grass 64 

Rattlesnake Plantain. ... 133 

Rattlesnake Weed 347 

Rattle-weed 290 

Ray-grass 74 

Annual Italian 75 

English Perennial ... 75 

Paeey's 75 

Perennial Italian .... 75 



Razoumofskya 366 

Douglasii var. abietina . . 366 
oecidentalis 366 

Red Larkspur 197 

Redbud 289 

Western 289 

Red Maids 185 

Red-top, Northern ... .44 

Redwood 23 

Coast 23 

Reed, Common 59 

Giant 59 

Reed Grass, Aleutian ... 46 

Flexuous 46 

Narrow 46 

Purple 45 

Rein-orchis 131 

Sierra 132 

Wood. 131 

Reseda 230 

alba 230 

odorata 230 

ResedaceaB 230 

Rhagndiolus 490 

Hedypnois 491 

Rhamnaceae 253 

Rhamnus 253 

Californica 254 

var. tomentella .... 254 

crocea 254 

var. ilicifolia, 254 

ilicifolia 254 

Purshiana 254 

Rhododendron 369 

Californicum 369 

occidentale 369 

Rhus 250 

diversiloba 250 

trilobata var. quinata . . 250 

Ribes 272 

aureum var. tenuiflorum . 273 

Californicum 274 

divaricatum 273 

glutinosum 273 

malvaceum 273 

Menziesii 274 

sanguineum var. glutino- 
sum 273 

subvestitum. 274 



INDEX. 



617 



tenuijiorum 273 

Victoris 273 

Ribwort 418 

Rigiopappus 524 

leptocladus 624 

River Ball-flower Tree . . . 470 

Roble 142 

Rock Cress 218 

Brewer 220 

Hairy 219 

Rock-rose Family 233 

Romanzoflia 440 

Sitchensis 440 

Rosa 278 

Californica 278 

gymnocarpa 278 

Sonomensis 279 

spithamaea 279 

var. Sonomensis . . . 279 

Rosacese 275 

Rose 278 

California Wild. 278 

Mountain 279 

Sonoma 279 

Wood 278 

Rose Bay, California .... 369 

Rose Family 275 

Rose- Mallow ,237 

Rosilla 526 

Rosin Weed 533 

Roubieva 177 

multifida 177 

Rubiacese 467 

Rubus 279 

leucodermis 280 

parviflorus var. velutinus . 279 
spectabilis var. Menziesii . 280 

viiifolius - , . 280 

Rue Family 249 

Rumex 156 

Acetosella 156 

conglomerate 157 

crispus 157 

obtusifolius 157 

occidental is 156 

persicarioid.es 1 58 

pulcher 157 

salicifolius 157 

Ruppia 100 



maritima 101 

Rush 93 

Bog 94 

Common 94 

Dwarf 93 

Marsh 94 

Salt 93 

Toad 93 

Rush Family 92 

Rutaceae 249 

Rye. 76 

Sage 458 

Black 459 

Crimson 460 

White 460 

Sage Brush 516 

Sagina 168 

apetala 169 

crassicaulis 169 

occidentalis 169 

Sagittaria 104 

Greggii 105 

latifolia 105 

Montevidensis 105 

Sanfordii 105 

Sailors' Caps 376 

St. John's Wort 235 

St. John's Wort Familv . . 235 

Salal 373 

Salicaceae 135 

Salicornia 181 

ambigua 182 

Salix 135 

flavescens 137 

fluviatilis var. argyro- 

phylla . . 137 

laevigata 136 

lasiandra 136 

lasiolepis 137 

longifolia 137 

nigra 136 

Nuttallii var. brachys- 

tachya 137 

sessilifolia 137 

Sitchensis 137 

Salmon Berry 280 

Salsify 492 

Salt-grass . ....... 63 

Salvia 458 



618 



INDEX 



Californica 460 

carduacea 459 

Columbariae 459 

mellifera 459 

Sonomensis 460 

spatbacea 460 

Sambucus . 470 

callicarpa 471 

glauca 471 

racemosa var. callicarpa. . 471 

Samolus 374 

Valerandi var. Americanus374 

Samphire 181 

Sand Mat 172 

Sand Spurrey 169 

Sand Strawberry 281 

Sand-grass . . . 66 

Sand- Verbena, Common . . 183 

Yellow 183 

Sandwort 167 

Sanicula 344 

arctopoides 344 

bipinnata 346 

bipinnatifida 345 

laciniata 345 

niaritima 345 

Menziesii 345 

tuberosa 346 

Sapindaceae 251 

Sarcodes sanguinea 367 

Saururacese 162 

Savastana macrophylla ... 37 

Saxifraga 268 

bryophora 269 

Californica 268 

Mertensiana 268 

peltata 269 

Tolmiei 269 

Virginiensis var Californica268 

Saxifragaceae 267 

Saxifrage Family 267 

Scabiosa 476 

atropurpurea 476 

Scandix 346 

Pecten-Veneris 346 

Scarlet Bugler 402 

Scarlet Cup 412 

Schizonotus purpuraseens. . . 384 
Scirpus 86 



Americanu8 87 

Californicus 87 

carinatus 87 

lacustris var. occidentalis . 87 

maritimus 88 

microcarpus 88 

Olneyi 87 

pungens 87 

riparius 86 

robustus 87 

var. compactus 88 

sylvaticus var. digynus. . . 88 

Tatora '..... 87 

Scoliopus 124 

Bigelovii 124 

Scorzonella 496 

Bolanderi 497 

maxima 497 

paludosa 496 

procera 497 

sylvatica 496 

Scorzonera 491 

Hispanica 491 

Scolymus 490 

Hispanicus 490 

Scribneria 74 

Bolanderi 74 

Scrophularia 400 

Californica 400 

Scrophulariaceae 394 

Scutellaria 454 

angustifolia 454 

Bolanderi ... ... 454 

Californica 454 

tuberosa 454 

var. similis 454 

Sea Fig 190 

Sea Milkwort 375 

Sea Rocket 216 

Sea Spinach 189 

Sedge. 88 

Sedge Family 83 

Sedum 265 

pumilum 266 

radiatum 265 

spathulifolium 265 

Self Heal 456 

Selinum 355 

capitellatum 355 



619 



Paciticuin 366 

Senebiera 

Coronopus 229 

didyma 229 

Senecio 511 

cvphanactis 512 

aronicoides 513 

Clevelandi 513 

Douglasii 513 

eurycephalus 512 

Greenei 512 

hydrophilus 513 

mikanioides 514 

sylvaticus 512 

vulgaris 512 

Senecio Ivy 514 

Senecionese 485, 509 

Sequoia 23 

gigantea 24 

sempervirens 23 

Sesuvium 189 

sessile. 189 

Setaria glauca 33 

Shepherd's Needle 346 

Shepherd's Purse 223 

Sherardia 469 

arvensis 470 

Shin-leaf, White-veined . . 368 

Shooting Star 376, 377 

Sida 243 

hederacea 243 

Sidalcea 238 

calycosa 240 

delphinifolia 240 

diploscypha 239 

var. minor 239 

Hartwegi 239 

humilis 240 

malachroides 241 

malvgeflora 240 

Oregana 240 

secundiflora 239 

sulcata 240 

Side-heard 62 

California 63 

Silene 164 

antirrhina 165 

Californica 165 

conoidea 164 



Cucubalus 165 

dichotoma 165 

Gallica 165 

multinervia 164 

verecunda 165 

Silk-tassel Family 362 

Silk-tassel Tree. * 362 

Silybum 509 

Marianum ..." 509 

Sisymbrium 215 

cci7iesce?is 216 

officinale 215 

pinnatum 215 

Sisyrinchium 129 

helium 129 

Californicum 130 

Sitanion elymoides 81 

Sium 353 

angustifolium 354 

cicutaefolium var. heterophyl- 

lum 353 

heterophyllum. 353 

Skull-cap 454 

Blue 454 

Skunk weed 428 

Slough-grass 57 

Smart weed, Dotted 161 

Smilacina 126 

amplexicaulis 127 

sessilifolia 126 

Snake Pvoot 344 

Snake's Head 498 

Snapdragon 396 

Sneezeweed 525 

Bigelow's 526 

Sneezeweed Tribe . . . 486, 518 

Snow Berry . 472 

Snow Brush 255 

Snow Plant 367 

Soap Plant 121, 177 

Solanaceae 390 

Solanoa 384 

purpurascens 384 

Solanum 392 

cupuliferum 393 

nigrum var. Douglasii . . 392 

tuberosum 393 

umbelliferum 393 

villosum 393 



620 



INDEX. 



Xanti 393 

Solidago 560 

Californica 561 

elongata 561 

occidentalis 560 

sempervirens. 561 

epathulata 561 

Soliva 518 

sessilis 518 

Sonchus 501 

asper 502 

oleraceus. 501 

Sorghum 29 

Sorghum Halepense 29 

Sorghum Tribe 28 

Sorrel 156, 245 

Bed wood 246 

Wood 245 

Yellow 245 

Sow-Thistle 501 

Common 501 

Prickly 502 

Spanish Clover 302 

Sparganium 96 

Calif ornicurn 96 

eurycarpum 96. 

Greenei 96 

simplex 97 

Spartina 56 

stricta var. glabra 56 

Spearmint 467 

Spearwort 199 

Specularia 476 

biflora 478 

Speedwell 410 

Spergula 170 

arvensis 171 

Sphacele 463 

calycina 463 

Spice Tree 191 

Spike-rush 85 

Common 85 

Slender 85 

Spikeweed 532 

Common 532 

Fitch's 532 

Spinach, New Zealand . . . 189 

Spircea aricefolia 277 

Spiranthes .' 133 



porrifolia 133 

Romanzoffiana 133 

Spirostachys occidentalis. . . 181 

Spruce, Douglas 19 

False 19 

Spurge Family 260 

Spurge 261 

Caper 263 

Larger 262 

Petty 263 

Spotted 262 

Thyme-leaved 262 

Spurrey 170 

Squaw Bush. 250 

Stachys 456 

ajugoides 457 

var. stricta 457 

var. velutina 457 

albens 457 

bullata 457 

Californica 458 

Chamissonis 458 

pycnantha 456 

stricta 457 

velutina 457 

Staff-tree Family 252 

Star Flower 269, 375 

Star of Bethlehem 270 

Star Thistle 502 

Purple 503 

Yellow 503 

Star Zygadene 122 

Btatice. 378 

Armeria 378 

Limonium var. Californica. 378 

Stellaria 167 

littoralis 167 

media. 167 

nitens. 167 

Stenotus. 558 

linearifolius 558 

Stephanomeria virgata. . . 491 

Sterculia Family 236 

Sterculiaceae 236 

Stink Bells 109 

Stink-grass. 60 

Stink-weed 230 

Stipa 38 

Stipa, Anderson's 38 



INDEX. 



621 



eminens var. Andersoni . . 38 

setigera 38 

viridula 39 

Stone-crop. 266 

Stone-crop Family 264 

Storksbill 247 

Stramonium 392 

Strawberry 280 

Sand 281 

Wood 280 

Streptanthus 213 

albidus 215 

barbiger 214 

Biolettii. 215 

Breweri 214 

favescens. . 212 

glandulosus 214 

hispidus. 215 

Mildredce 215 

niger 214 

orbicularis. 214 

pulchellus 215 

secundus 215 

suffrutescens 213 

Stylocline 548 

filaginea 548 

y;naphalioides 548 

Suasda. 182 

Californica. 182 

Torreyana 183 

Sumach Family 250 

Sun Cups 336 

Sunflower 542 

Common 542 

Sunflower Family ..... 482 
Sunflower Tribe '. . . . 487, 540 

Sweet Alyssum 226 

Sweet Bay 146 

Sweet Cicely 346 

Common 347 

Sierra 347 

Sweet Clover 312 

Sweet Coltsfoot 509 

Sweet Fennel 355 

Sweet-gale Family 146 

Sweet-scented Shrub. West- 
ern . ... 190 

Sweet-shrub Family .... 190 
Swine-cress . . . 229 



Sycamore 275 

Sympetalte 366 

Symphoricarpos 471 

mollis 472 

oreophilus 472 

racemosus 472 

Synthyris 410 

rotundifolia 410 

Tamarack 23 

Tanacetum 515 

camphoratum 516 

Tansy Mustard 215 

Tare 296 

Tarweed 527, 529 

Adeline 532 

Chile 527 

Coast. . . . • 530 

Hayfield 530 

Tarweed Tribe .... 486, 527 

Taxaceae 17 

Taxus 17 

brevifolia 17 

Teasel Family 475 

Tellima. 269 

aflanis 270 

Bolanderi 270 

grandiflora 270 

heterophylla 270 

var. Bolanderi 270 

Tetragonia 189 

expansa 189 

Thalictrum 202 

hesperium 202 

polycarpum 202 

var. hesperium .... 202 

Thelypodium 211 

jlavescens 212 

flavescens 212 

Greenei 212 

Hookeri 213 

lasiophyllum 212 

var. inalienum 212 

var. rigidum ....*.. 212 

procerum 212 

Thermopsis 289 

Californica 289 

macrophvlla 289 

var. velutina 290 

Thimble Berry 279 



622 



INDEX. 



Thistle 


. . 504 ! 


Bull .... 


504 i 


Thistle-sage . 


. . . 459 


Thistle Tribe . 


484, 502 


Thorn-apple . . 


. . .391 


Purple . 


392 


Three Square . 


. . . 87 


Thrift . . . 


377 


Thrift Family • 


. . . 377 


ThymelaBaceas .... 


. . . 259 


Thysanocarpus . . . 




curvipes 


. . .225 


elegans . . . 


. 225 


emarginatus .... 


. . . 225 


radians .... 


225 


var. montanus . 


. . . 226 


Tiarella . . . 


. 270 


unifoliata .... 


. . . 270 


Tickle-grass . . 




Tidy Tips 


. . . 537 


Tillasa 


. 264 


Bolanderi . 


. . .265 


Drummondii 


. 265 


var. Bolanderi . 


. 265 


minima. 


866 


Timothy . 


39 


Mountain . 


. 40 


Tiniaria .... 


. . . 159 


Tissa . 


. . 169 


Cleveland! 


. . . 170 


leueantha . , 


. . . 170 


macro theca . 


. 169 


var. leueantha . 


. . . 170 


var. scanosa . 


. 170 


pallida 


. .170 


rubra var. perennans 


.170 


salina. 


170 


var. involucrata . 


170 


var. tenuis 


170 


tenuis 


. 170 


Toad Flax 


. . .397 


Tobacco .... 


390 


Tree 


. . . 391 


Wild. . . 


. . . 405 


Tocalote 


. 502 


Tolguacha . . 


. . 392 


Tonella . . . 


400 


collinsioides . 


. . 400 


tenella . 


400 



Tooth wort 221 

Torosa 207 

Torreya 17 

Tower Mustard 219 

Toyon 287 

Tragopogon 492 

porrifolius. 492 

Tree Poppy 206 

Trichocoronis 570 

Wrightii 571 

Trichostema 453 

lanatum 454 

lanceolatum 453 

laxum 453 

oblongum 454 

Trientalis 375 

Europaea var. latifoliu . . 375 

Trifolium 304 

agrarium 306 

albopurpureum 306 

amoenum 306 

amplectens 311 

var. hydrophilum . . .311 

appendiculatum 309 

appendiculatum 309 

barbigerum 310 

bifidum 307 

var. decipiens 307 

ciliolatum ........ 307 

coluinbinum ...... 306 

var. argillorum .... 307 

var. olivaceum .... 307 

depauperatum 311 

var. angustatuni . . . .311 
var. laciniatum . . . .311 

dichotornum 306 

var. turbinatum .... 306 
ft-avulum .... .310 

Franciscanum 311 

fucatum 310 

var. flavulum 310 

var. Gambellii . . . .311 

var. virescens 311 

Gambellii 311 

gracilentum . 307 

Grayi 310 

hydrophilum 311 

laciniatum 311 

Macraei 305 



INDEX. 



623 



Macrcei var. albopurpurewm.BOQ 

microcepbalum 308 

microdot] 308 

obtusiflorum 309 

oliganthum 308 

olivaceum 307 

pratense 307 

roscidum 309 

tridentatum 309 

variegatum 308 

trirescens 311 

Wormskjoldii 309 

Triglochin 103 

concirma 103 

maritima 103 

Trillium 125 

ovatum 125 

sessile var. Californicum . 125 

Trillium, Coast 125 

Trisetum 51 

canescens 52 

cernuum 52 

barbatum 52 

Triteleia laxa 117 

lugens 117 

Tropidocarpum 222 

capparideum 223 

dubium 223 

gracile 223 

Troximon apargoide* .... 500 

grandiflorum 500 

heterophyllurn 500 

retrorsum 501 

Tsuga 18 

heterophylla 19 

Mertensiana 19 

Pattoniana 19 

Tule . . .- 87 

Tule-mint 466 

Tumble Weed 173 

Tumion 17 

Californicum 18 

Turkey Mullein 260 

Twin-berry, Black 472 

Typba 96 

latifolia 96 

Typbaceae 95 

Umbelliferas 340 

Umbellularia 191 



Californica 191 

Uropappus 493 

Clevelandi 494 

Lindleyi 494 

var. Clevelandi .... 494 

linearifolius 493 

macrochaetus 494 

var. Kelloggii 494 

Urtica . . . 147 

California 147 

bolosericea 147 

Lyallii var. Californica . . 147 

urens 147 

Urticaceae. 146 

Utricularia ........ 420 

vulgaris 420 

Utriculariacea? 419 

Vaccaria 164 

vulgaris 164 

Vaccinium 373 

mvrtillus var. microphvl- 

lum 374 

occidentale 374 

ovatum 373 

parvifolium 373 

Valerian Family 474 

Valeriana sylvatica .... 474 

Valerianaceae 474 

Valerianella ciliosa .... 475 

magna 475 

samolifolia, 475 

Vancouveria 204 

chrysantha var. parviflora. 204 

parviflora 204 

Vanilla-grass 37 

Large-leaved 37 

Velam .349 

Hartwegi 350 

Kelloggii 350 

Velvet-grass 48 

Venus' Looking-glass . . . 478 

Veratrum 122 

Californicum 123 

fimbriatum 123 

Verbascum 395 

Blattaria 395 

Tbapsus 395 

virgatum 396 

Verbena . 450 



624 



INDEX. 



bracteosa 451 

hastata 450 

prostrata 4- r >0 

Verbena Family 450 

Verbenaeeas 450 

Vernal-grass, Sweet .... 36 

Veronica 410 

Americana 411 

arvensis 411 

Buxbaumii 410 

peregrina 411 

Vervain 450 

Blue 450 

Common 450 

Vervenia, Hill 438 

Valley 438 

Vetch 296 

California 296 

Common 296 

Vicia 296 

Americana 296 

var. linearis 297 

var. truncata 297 

exigua 296 

var. Hassei 296 

gigantea 297 

Hassei 296 

sativa 296 

Villela 130 

Vinca 380 

major 380 

Vine Family 259 

Vine Maple 252 

Vinegar Weed 453 

Viola 231 

canina var. adunca . . . 231 

chrysantha 233 

Douglasii 233 

glabella 232 

lobata 233 

var. integrifolia .... 233 

ocellata 231 

pedunculata 232 

purpurea 232 

sarmentosa 232 

Violaceaa 230 

Violet 231 

Dog 231 

Mountain 232 



Pine 233 

Wood 232 

Violet Family 230 

Viper's Grass 491 

Virgin's Bower .... 197, 198 

Vitaceaa 259 

Vitis 259 

Californica 259 

Wake Robin 125 

Common 125 

Walk-grass 66 

Wall Flower 218 

Western 218 

Walnut 145 

California 146 

Walnut Family 145 

Wart-cress 229 

Water-cress . 221 

Water Fennel 264 

Water Hemlock 351 

California 351 

Water Horehound 465 

Water-leaf 433 

Water-lily Family 192 

Water-Milfoil . . 339 

Water-Milfoil Family . . .338 

Water Montia 187 

Water Parsnip .... 353, 354 

Water Pennywort 342 

Water Persicaria 160 

Water Plantain 104 

Water-Plantain Family . . 104 

Water Purs'ane 326 

Water Starwort Family . . 263 
Water-weed, California . . 326 

Water-wort 234 

Water-wort Family .... 234 

Wax Myrtle 146 

Wheat-grass 75 

Australian 76 

Dane 76 

Richardson's 76 

Slender 76 

Whipplea 272 

modesta 272 

Whispering Bells 439 

White Man's Foot 419 

Whitlow-wort 172 

Wild Ginger .363 



INDEX. 



625 



Wild Grape, California . . . 259 

Wild Onion 119 

Wild Radish 217 

Wild Rose, California . . .278 

Wild Rve 76 

California 78 

Divergent 80 

Glaucous 78 

Hispid 79 

Narrow leaved 80 

Pubescent 78 

Slender 78 

Tufted 81 

Willow 135 

Arroyo 137 

Bebb 136 

Black 136 

River 136 

Sandbar 137 

Spotted-leaf 136 

Velvet 137 

Western Black 136 

Willow Family 135 

Willow Herb 327 

Wind-flower 198 

Wind Poppy 209 

Winter-cress 220 

W T intergreen 368 

Wire Grass 160 

Wislizenia 229 

refracta 230 

Wolffia 98 

lingulata ........ 99 

Wood-rush 95 

Common 95 

Wormseed 176 

Wyethia 541 



angustifolia 541 

glabra 541 

helenioides 541 

Xanthium 546 

Canudense 546 

spinosum 547 

Xerophyllum 123 

tenax 123 

Xylothermia 290 

montana 290 

Yard Grass 160 

Yard Rush 94 

Yarrow 514 

Yellow-cress, Marsh .... 221 

Western 221 

Yerba Buena 463 

Yerba del Pescado 261 

Yerba del Vibora 348 

Yerba Mansa 162 

Yerba Reuma 163 

Yerba Santa 440 

Yew 17 

Yew Family 17 

Zannichellia 101 

palustris 101 

Zauschneria '. .326 

Californica 327 

var. latifolia 327 

lafrfolia 327 

Zostera 101 

marina 101 

Zyg;adene 122 

Zygadenus 122 

Fremonti 122 

var. minor 122 

venenosus 122 



FLORA 

OF 

Western Middle California 

BY 

WILLIS L JEPSON 

A descriptive account of the seed plants of the region 
lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, 
south of the counties of Mendocino and Colusa, and north 
of the Pajaro River and Pacheco Pass. Many hundred 
extra-limital species are described, however, so that the 
volume will be almost if not quite as useful in the upper 
Sacramento Valley and upper San Joaquin Valley as in 
the region proper. The diagnoses are accompanied by 
numerous notes concerning distribution, range, behavior 
in the dry or wet season, and observations of a like char- 
acter. Common names for the species have been inserted 
whenever available, and it is hoped that these will be of 
service and interest to the novice. 

Price, by mat/, post-paid, $2.50 

ADDRESS 

Encina Publishing Company 

Berkeley, California 



The Trees of California 



BY 

WILLIS L. JEPSON 
(In advanced preparation) 

A popular account of the trees of California, con- 
taining descriptions of all the native species of the state, 
accompanied by two hundred pen-and-ink drawings and 
figures, mainly the work of Miss M. H. Swift, and 
by numerous illustrations from a very fine series of 
photographs. 

This book is expressly written for the use of the 
tourist, mountaineer, and botanical amateur who may 
have no technical knowledge of botany. The key to 
the species is very carefully worked out and is based 
upon characters of the leaves or other easily recognized 
parts. 

Encina Publishing Company 

Berkeley, California 



ERYTHEA 



EDITED BY 

WILLIS L JEPSON 

A journal of Botany, West American and general, devoted to 
problems of general and special morphology, papers upon the 
geographical distribution and classification of West American 
plants, and historical and descriptive articles. Seven volumes 
1893 to 1899. 

The following are some of the contributors: Prof. L. H. Bailey, 
Cornell University; Dr. H. H. Behr, College of Pharmacy, Univer- 
sity of California; Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, San Diego; Dr. 
N. L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Gardens; Prof. 
D. H. Campbell, Stanford University; Mr. F. S. Collins, Maiden, 
Mass.; Mr. J. B. Davy, University of California; Dr. A. Davidson, 
Los Angeles; Dr. P. Dietel, Leipzig, Germany; Mr. J. B. Ellis, 
Newfield, N. J.; Miss Alice Eastwood, California Academy of 
vSciences; Prof. W\ G. Farlow, Harvard University; Mr. M. L. 
Fernald, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Prof. E. L. Greene, 
Catholic University of America; Mr. J. M. Greenman, Gray Her- 
barium, Harvard University; Karl E. Hirn, Magister Phil., Jyriis- 
kylii, Finland; Dr. M. A. Howe, Columbia University; Dr. Otto 
Kuntze, San Remo, Italy; Mr. J. G. Lemmon, Oakland; Mr. John 
Macoun, Canadian Botanical Survej^; Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, 
late Government Botanist, Melbourne, Australia; Prof. Aven Nelson , 
University of Wyoming; Mr. S. B. Parish, San Bernardino; Prof. 
C. V. Piper, College of Agriculture, Pullman, Wash.; Prof. B. L. 
Robinson, Harvard University; Dr. J. N. Rose, Smithsonian In- 
stitution; Prof. W. A. Setchell, University of California; Dr. E. 
Stitzenberger, Germany, and many others. 

Complete sets, single volumes or numbers may be had 
by addressing 

Encina Publishing Company 

Berkeley, California 



FEB £7 1903 



